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Eliadis P, Mais A, Papazisis A, Loxa EK, Dimitriadis A, Sarrigeorgiou I, Backovic M, Agallou M, Zouridakis M, Karagouni E, Lazaridis K, Mamalaki A, Lymberi P. Novel Competitive ELISA Utilizing Trimeric Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2, Could Identify More Than RBD-RBM Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Hybrid Sera. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:914. [PMID: 39204038 PMCID: PMC11359269 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a need for the development of diagnostic methods to determine the factors implicated in mounting an immune response against the virus. The most promising indicator has been suggested to be neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), which mainly block the interaction between the Spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and the host entry receptor ACE2. In this study, we aimed to develop and optimize conditions of a competitive ELISA to measure serum neutralizing titer, using a recombinant trimeric Spike protein modified to have six additional proline residues (S(6P)-HexaPro) and h-ACE2. The results of our surrogate Virus Neutralizing Assay (sVNA) were compared against the commercial sVNT (cPass, Nanjing GenScript Biotech Co., Nanjing City, China), using serially diluted sera from vaccinees, and a high correlation of ID50-90 titer values was observed between the two assays. Interestingly, when we tested and compared the neutralizing activity of sera from eleven fully vaccinated individuals who subsequently contracted COVID-19 (hybrid sera), we recorded a moderate correlation between the two assays, while higher sera neutralizing titers were measured with sVNA. Our data indicated that the sVNA, as a more biologically relevant model assay that paired the trimeric S(6P) with ACE2, instead of the isolated RBD-ACE2 pairing cPass test, could identify nAbs other than the RBD-RBM specific ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Eliadis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Annie Mais
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Papazisis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Eleni K. Loxa
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Université Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR3569, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Marios Zouridakis
- Structural Neurobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Lazaridis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Avgi Mamalaki
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Peggy Lymberi
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
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2
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Cheng SMS, Lau JJ, Tsang LCH, Leung K, Lee CK, Hachim A, Kavian N, Chaothai S, Wong RWK, Yu JKM, Chai ZYH, Mori M, Wu C, Yiu K, Hui DSC, Amarasinghe GK, Poon LLM, Wu JT, Valkenburg SA, Peiris M. Serological assays for differentiating natural COVID-19 infection from vaccine induced immunity. J Clin Virol 2024; 170:105621. [PMID: 38056114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection may elicit antibodies to a range of viral proteins including non-structural protein ORF8. RNA, adenovirus vectored and sub-unit vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike would be only expected to elicit S-antibodies and antibodies to distinct domains of nucleocapsid (N) protein may reliably differentiate infection from vaccine-elicited antibody. However, inactivated whole virus vaccines may potentially elicit antibody to wider range of viral proteins, including N protein. We hypothesized that antibody to ORF8 protein will discriminate natural infection from vaccination irrespective of vaccine type. METHODS We optimized and validated the anti-ORF8 and anti-N C-terminal domain (NCTD) ELISA assays using sera from pre-pandemic, RT-PCR confirmed natural infection sera and BNT162b2 (BNT) or CoronaVac vaccinees. We then applied these optimized assays to a cohort of blood donor sera collected in April-July 2022 with known vaccination and self-reported infection status. RESULTS We optimized cut-off values for the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD IgG ELISA assays using receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves. The sensitivity of the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD ELISA for detecting past infection was 83.2% and 99.3%, respectively. Specificity of anti-ORF8 ELISA was 96.8 % vs. the pre-pandemic cohort or 93% considering the pre-pandemic and vaccine cohorts together. The anti-N-CTD ELISA specificity of 98.9% in the pre-pandemic cohort, 93% in BNT vaccinated and only 4 % in CoronaVac vaccinated cohorts. Anti-N-CTD antibody was longer-lived than anti-ORF8 antibody after natural infection. CONCLUSIONS Anti-N-CTD antibody assays provide good discrimination between natural infection and vaccination in BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals. Anti-ORF8 antibody can help discriminate infection from vaccination in either type of vaccine and help estimate infection attack rates (IAR) in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan J Lau
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo C H Tsang
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, & Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ricky W K Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jennifer K M Yu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zacary Y H Chai
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Chao Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangdong, China
| | - Karen Yiu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and SH Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and SH Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph T Wu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Immunology and Infection(C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Odak I, Riemann L, Sandrock I, Cossmann A, Ramos GM, Hammerschmidt SI, Ritter C, Friedrichsen M, Hassan A, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Stankov MV, Weskamm LM, Addo MM, Ravens I, Willenzon S, Schimrock A, Ristenpart J, Janssen A, Barros-Martins J, Hansen G, Falk C, Behrens GMN, Förster R. Systems biology analysis reveals distinct molecular signatures associated with immune responsiveness to the BNT162b COVID-19 vaccine. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104947. [PMID: 38160529 PMCID: PMC10792461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines display a large heterogeneity of induced immunity and the underlying immune mechanisms for this remain largely unknown. METHODS Using a systems biology approach, we longitudinally profiled a unique cohort of female high and low responders to the BNT162b vaccine, who were known from previous COVID-19 vaccinations to develop maximum and minimum immune responses to the vaccine. We utilized high dimensional flow cytometry, bulk and single cell mRNA sequencing and 48-plex serum cytokine analyses. FINDINGS We revealed early, transient immunological and molecular signatures that distinguished high from low responders and correlated with B and T cell responses measured 14 days later. High responders featured a distinct transcriptional activity of interferon-driven genes and genes connected to enhanced antigen presentation. This was accompanied by a robust cytokine response related to Th1 differentiation. Both transcriptome and serum cytokine signatures were confirmed in two independent confirmatory cohorts. INTERPRETATION Collectively, our data contribute to a better understanding of the immunogenicity of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, which might lead to the optimization of vaccine designs for individuals with poor vaccine responses. FUNDING German Center for Infection Research, German Center for Lung Research, German Research Foundation, Excellence Strategy EXC 2155 "RESIST" and European Regional Development Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Odak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Lennart Riemann
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Clinician Scientist Program TITUS, Else-Kröner-Fresenius Foundation, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Anne Cossmann
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Gema Morillas Ramos
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Hassan
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Leonie M Weskamm
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | - Anja Schimrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Clinician Scientist Program TITUS, Else-Kröner-Fresenius Foundation, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Center of Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute for Transplantation Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Clinician Scientist Program TITUS, Else-Kröner-Fresenius Foundation, Hannover Medical School, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany; German Center of Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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4
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Gize A, Belete Y, Kassa M, Tsegaye W, Hundie GB, Belete BM, Bekele M, Ababaw B, Tadesse Y, Fantahun B, Sirgu S, Ali S, Tizazu AM. Baseline and early changes in laboratory parameters predict disease severity and fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1252358. [PMID: 38152668 PMCID: PMC10751315 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the worst catastrophe of the twenty-first century and has led to the death of more than 6.9 million individuals across the globe. Despite the growing knowledge of the clinicopathological features of COVID-19, the correlation between baseline and early changes in the laboratory parameters and the clinical outcomes of patients is not entirely understood. Methods Here, we conducted a time series cross-sectional study aimed at assessing different measured parameters and socio-demographic factors that are associated with disease severity and the outcome of the disease in 268 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 Patients. Results We found COVID-19 patients who died had a median age of 61 years (IQR, 50 y - 70 y), which is significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to those who survived and had a median age of 54 years (IQR, 42y - 65y). The median RBC count of COVID-19 survivors was 4.9 × 106/μL (IQR 4.3 × 106/μL - 5.2 × 106/μL) which is higher (p < 0.05) compared to those who died 4.4 × 106/μL (3.82 × 106/μL - 5.02 × 106/μL). Similarly, COVID-19 survivors had significantly (p < 0.05) higher lymphocyte and monocyte percentages compared to those who died. One important result we found was that COVID-19 patients who presented with severe/critical cases at the time of first admission but managed to survive had a lower percentage of neutrophil, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, higher lymphocyte and monocyte percentages, and RBC count compared to those who died. Conclusion To conclude here, we showed that simple laboratory parameters can be used to predict severity and outcome in COVID-19 patients. As these parameters are simple, inexpensive, and radially available in most resource-limited countries, they can be extrapolated to future viral epidemics or pandemics to allocate resources to particular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Gize
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- CIHLMU Center for International Health, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Yerega Belete
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melkayehu Kassa
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondewosen Tsegaye
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gadissa Bedada Hundie
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan Mesele Belete
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mahteme Bekele
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhan Ababaw
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Tadesse
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Fantahun
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Sirgu
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Ali
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anteneh Mehari Tizazu
- School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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5
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Schoefbaenker M, Neddermeyer R, Guenther T, Mueller MM, Romberg ML, Classen N, Hennies MT, Hrincius ER, Ludwig S, Kuehn JE, Lorentzen EU. Surrogate Virus Neutralisation Test Based on Nanoluciferase-Tagged Antigens to Quantify Inhibitory Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Characterise Omicron-Specific Reactivity in a Vaccination Cohort. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 38140236 PMCID: PMC10748151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific antibodies are crucial for protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Assessing functional antibodies through conventional or pseudotyped virus neutralisation tests (pVNT) requires high biosafety levels. Alternatively, the virus-free surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT) quantifies antibodies interfering with spike binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We evaluated secreted nanoluciferase-tagged spike protein fragments as diagnostic antigens in the sVNT in a vaccination cohort. Initially, spike fragments were tested in a capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), identifying the receptor binding domain (RBD) as the optimal diagnostic antigen. The sensitivity of the in-house sVNT applying the nanoluciferase-labelled RBD equalled or surpassed that of a commercial sVNT (cPass, GenScript Diagnostics) and an in-house pVNT four weeks after the first vaccination (98% vs. 94% and 72%, respectively), reaching 100% in all assays four weeks after the second and third vaccinations. When testing serum reactivity with Omicron BA.1 spike, the sVNT and pVNT displayed superior discrimination between wild-type- and variant-specific serum reactivity compared to a capture EIA. This was most pronounced after the first and second vaccinations, with the third vaccination resulting in robust, cross-reactive BA.1 construct detection. In conclusion, utilising nanoluciferase-labelled antigens permits the quantification of SARS-CoV-2-specific inhibitory antibodies. Designed as flexible modular systems, the assays can be readily adjusted for monitoring vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoefbaenker
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (M.S.); (E.R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Rieke Neddermeyer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Theresa Guenther
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Marlin M. Mueller
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Marie-Luise Romberg
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Nica Classen
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Marc T. Hennies
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Eike R. Hrincius
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (M.S.); (E.R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (M.S.); (E.R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Joachim E. Kuehn
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Eva U. Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Department of Clinical Virology, University of Muenster, Von-Stauffenberg-Str. 36, D-48151 Muenster, Germany; (R.N.); (T.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.-L.R.); (N.C.); (M.T.H.); (J.E.K.)
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6
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Wei Z, Angrisano F, Eriksson EM, Mazhari R, Van H, Zheng S, Center RJ, Boo I, McMahon J, Lau J, Kiernan‐Walker N, Ruybal‐Pesántez S, Mueller I, Robinson LJ, Anderson DA, Drummer HE. Serological assays to measure dimeric IgA antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:857-866. [PMID: 37593973 PMCID: PMC10952984 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Current serological tests cannot differentiate between total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and dimeric IgA (dIgA) associated with mucosal immunity. Here, we describe two new assays, dIgA-ELISA and dIgA-multiplex bead assay (MBA), that utilize the preferential binding of dIgA to a chimeric form of secretory component, allowing the differentiation between dIgA and monomeric IgA. dIgA responses elicited through severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were measured in (i) a longitudinal panel, consisting of 74 samples (n = 20 individuals) from hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); (ii) a longitudinal panel, consisting of 96 samples (n = 10 individuals) from individuals with mild COVID-19; (iii) a cross-sectional panel with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with mild COVID-19 (n = 199) and (iv) pre-COVID-19 samples (n = 200). The dIgA-ELISA and dIgA-MBA demonstrated a specificity for dIgA of 99% and 98.5%, respectively. Analysis of dIgA responses in the longitudinal panels revealed that 70% (ELISA) and 50% (MBA) of patients elicited a dIgA response by day 20 after PCR diagnosis with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals with mild COVID-19 displayed increased levels of dIgA within the first 3 weeks after diagnosis but responses appeared to be short lived, compared with sustained IgA levels. However, in samples from hospitalized patients with COVID-19 we observed high and sustained levels of dIgA, up to 245 days after PCR diagnosis. Our results suggest that severe COVID-19 infections are associated with sustained levels of plasma dIgA compared with mild cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Wei
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Fiona Angrisano
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Department of Population Health and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- The University of MelbourneDepartment of Medical BiologyParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Ramin Mazhari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Department of Population Health and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- The University of MelbourneDepartment of Medical BiologyParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Huy Van
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Shuning Zheng
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Rob J Center
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at The University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Irene Boo
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Monash UniversityDepartment of Infectious Diseases Alfred HealthMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Jillian Lau
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at The University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Monash UniversityDepartment of Infectious Diseases Alfred HealthMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Nicholas Kiernan‐Walker
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Department of Population Health and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Shazia Ruybal‐Pesántez
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Department of Population Health and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- The University of MelbourneDepartment of Medical BiologyParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Department of Population Health and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Department of Population Health and ImmunityParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - David A Anderson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
| | - Heidi E Drummer
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial RoadDepartment of Life SciencesMelbourneVIC3004Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at The University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Monash UniversityDepartment of MicrobiologyClaytonVIC3168Australia
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Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
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8
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Li Y, He J, Zhang Y, Liang D, Zhang J, Ji R, Wu Y, Su Z, Ke C, Xu N, Tang Y, Xu J. The instantly blocking-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1203625. [PMID: 37736103 PMCID: PMC10509472 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1203625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction At present, there is an urgent need for the rapid and accurate detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to evaluate the ability of the human body to resist coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after infection or vaccination. The current gold standard for neutralizing antibody detection is the conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT), which requires live pathogens and biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) laboratories, making it difficult for this method to meet the requirements of large-scale routine detection. Therefore, this study established a time-resolved fluorescence-blocking lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (TRF-BLFIA) that enables accurate, rapid quantification of NAbs in subjects. Methods This assay utilizes the characteristic that SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody can specifically block the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to rapidly detect the content of neutralizing antibody in COVID-19-infected patients and vaccine recipients. Results When 356 samples of vaccine recipients were measured, the coincidence rate between this method and cVNT was 88.76%, which was higher than the coincidence rate of 76.97% between cVNT and a conventional chemiluminescence immunoassay detecting overall binding anti-Spike-IgG. More importantly, this assay does not need to be carried out in BSL-2 or 3 laboratories. Discussion Therefore, this product can detect NAbs in COVID-19 patients and provide a reference for the prognosis and outcome of patients. Simultaneously, it can also be applied to large-scale detection to better meet the needs of neutralizing antibody detection after vaccination, making it an effective tool to evaluate the immunoprotective effect of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruili Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zejie Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Laboratory Science, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Maoming Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Maoming, Guangdong, China
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Gao ZZ, Jiao JY, Zhou YQ, Qi J, Zhu SS, Xu JY, Nie L, Wang HB. A novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv) 2 version shown enhanced neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:283. [PMID: 37501919 PMCID: PMC10368608 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) have been proved to be effective therapeutics in treating coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To enhance the potency of nMAB 553-15, we generated a novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv)2 version. This was achieved by covalently fusing two forms of 553-15-derived single chain variable fragments (scFv) to the C-terminus of the hIgG1 (human Immunoglobulin G1) Fc fragment. We found that the Fc-fused VL-linker-VH format achieved similar binding affinity and neutralizing behavior as 553-15. The tetravalent versions were constructed by fusing the scFv domains to the C-terminus of nMAB 553-15. As a result, the tetravalent version 55,315-VLVH exhibited significantly higher binding activity to target spike protein variants and enhanced neutralization against VOCs (variants of concern) pseudovirus compared to 553-15. We also measured the Fc effector responses of candidates using wild-type Spike-expressing CHOK1 cells. The 55,315-VLVH enhanced the function of ADCP (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis) but had similar IL-6 release levels compared to the bivalent 553-15. It seemed that the novel tetravalent version avoids the pro-inflammatory effect induced by macrophage activation. However, the 55,315-VLVH displayed slightly increased potency in ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), which might contribute to higher systemic inflammation. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the tetravalent version is beneficial to balance efficiency and safety against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-zhao Gao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-yu Jiao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Ya-qiong Zhou
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Qi
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Shan-shan Zhu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-ya Xu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Lei Nie
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Hai-bin Wang
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
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10
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Dong T, Wang M, Liu J, Ma P, Pang S, Liu W, Liu A. Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6149-6206. [PMID: 37325147 PMCID: PMC10266450 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disastrous spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has induced severe public healthcare issues and weakened the global economy significantly. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is not as fatal as the initial outbreak, many infected victims suffer from long COVID. Therefore, rapid and large-scale testing is critical in managing patients and alleviating its transmission. Herein, we review the recent advances in techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2. The sensing principles are detailed together with their application domains and analytical performances. In addition, the advantages and limits of each method are discussed and analyzed. Besides molecular diagnostics and antigen and antibody tests, we also review neutralizing antibodies and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the characteristics of the mutational locations in the different variants with epidemiological features are summarized. Finally, the challenges and possible strategies are prospected to develop new assays to meet different diagnostic needs. Thus, this comprehensive and systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies may provide insightful guidance and direction for developing tools for the diagnosis and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to support public healthcare and effective long-term pandemic management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Junchong Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Pengxin Ma
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wanjian Liu
- Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., Ltd 369 Hedong Road, Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Qingdao 266112 China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
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11
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Uzun G, Müller R, Althaus K, Becker M, Marsall P, Junker D, Nowak-Harnau S, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Klüter H, Schrezenmeier H, Bugert P, Bakchoul T. Correlation between Clinical Characteristics and Antibody Levels in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donor Candidates. Viruses 2023; 15:1357. [PMID: 37376656 DOI: 10.3390/v15061357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) with high neutralizing antibodies has been suggested in preventing disease progression in COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the relationship between clinical donor characteristics and neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in CCP donors. COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors were included into the study. Clinical parameters were recorded and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (Spike Trimer, Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), S1, S2 and nucleocapsid protein) as well as ACE2 binding inhibition were measured. An ACE2 binding inhibition < 20% was defined as an inadequate neutralization capacity. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to detect the predictors of inadequate neutralization capacity. Ninety-one CCP donors (56 female; 61%) were analyzed. A robust correlation between all SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and ACE2 binding inhibition, as well as a positive correlation between donor age, body mass index, and a negative correlation between time since symptom onset and antibody levels were found. We identified time since symptom onset, normal body mass index (BMI), and the absence of high fever as independent predictors of inadequate neutralization capacity. Gender, duration of symptoms, and number of symptoms were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels or neutralization. Neutralizing capacity was correlated with SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and associated with time since symptom onset, BMI, and fever. These clinical parameters can be easily incorporated into the preselection of CCP donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günalp Uzun
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Müller
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karina Althaus
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Marsall
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Nowak-Harnau
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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Gattinger P, Ohradanova-Repic A, Valenta R. Importance, Applications and Features of Assays Measuring SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065352. [PMID: 36982424 PMCID: PMC10048970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than three years ago, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic with millions of deaths. In the meantime, SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic and is now part of the repertoire of viruses causing seasonal severe respiratory infections. Due to several factors, among them the development of SARS-CoV-2 immunity through natural infection, vaccination and the current dominance of seemingly less pathogenic strains belonging to the omicron lineage, the COVID-19 situation has stabilized. However, several challenges remain and the possible new occurrence of highly pathogenic variants remains a threat. Here we review the development, features and importance of assays measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). In particular we focus on in vitro infection assays and molecular interaction assays studying the binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) with its cognate cellular receptor ACE2. These assays, but not the measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies per se, can inform us of whether antibodies produced by convalescent or vaccinated subjects may protect against the infection and thus have the potential to predict the risk of becoming newly infected. This information is extremely important given the fact that a considerable number of subjects, in particular vulnerable persons, respond poorly to the vaccination with the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, these assays allow to determine and evaluate the virus-neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced by vaccines and administration of plasma-, immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies, ACE2 variants or synthetic compounds to be used for therapy of COVID-19 and assist in the preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Both types of assays can be relatively quickly adapted to newly emerging virus variants to inform us about the magnitude of cross-neutralization, which may even allow us to estimate the risk of becoming infected by newly appearing virus variants. Given the paramount importance of the infection and interaction assays we discuss their specific features, possible advantages and disadvantages, technical aspects and not yet fully resolved issues, such as cut-off levels predicting the degree of in vivo protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gombe B, Streatfield C, Leal L, Opio S, Joseph S, Weber J, Hare J, Kaleebu P, Serwanga J. Optimization and validation of an ELISA assay for the determination of antibody responses to CN54gp140 and AIDSVAX BE for use in the Phase IIb PrEPVacc vaccine trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275927. [PMID: 36327320 PMCID: PMC9632806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PrEPVacc is an international, multi-centre, double-blind vaccine study comparing experimental combination vaccine regimens including DNA/AIDSVAX BE and DNA/CN54gp140 with placebo control. Simultaneously, daily oral PrEP is compared for efficacy against daily Truvada in the context of the current PrEP availability situation at the study sites. An important clinical trial outcome is the accurate measurement of in vivo antibody titer induced through vaccination. Here we report the validation of two ELISAs for CN54gp140 and AIDSVAX BE at Uganda Virus Research Institute that demonstrates precision, specificity, and robustness for assessing the reciprocal antibody end point titer in human serum. This is a critical endpoint for determining whether vaccination can provide any protection against HIV in populations at risk of acquiring HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gombe
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Claire Streatfield
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Leal
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- AIDS and HIV Infection Research Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Solomon Opio
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sarah Joseph
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hare
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- IAVI, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail:
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14
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Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Neutralizing Antibody Titers with Anti-Spike Antibodies and ACE-2 Inhibition among Vaccinated Individuals. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0131522. [PMID: 36121252 PMCID: PMC9602390 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01315-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody concentrations and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) inhibition have been used as surrogates to live viral neutralizing antibody titers; however, validity among vaccinated individuals is unclear. We tested the correlation of these measures among vaccinated participants, and examined subgroups based on duration since vaccination and vaccine dosing intervals. We analyzed 120 samples from two-dose mRNA vaccinees without previous COVID-19. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between wild-type viral neutralizing antibody titers and: anti-spike (total and IgG), anti-receptor-binding-domain (RBD), and anti-N-terminal-domain (NTD) antibodies; and ACE-2 binding by RBD. We performed three secondary analyses, dichotomizing samples by the first vaccination-to-blood collection interval, second vaccination-to-blood collection interval, and by the vaccine dosing interval (all groups divided by the median), and compared correlation coefficients (Fisher's Z test). Of 120 participants, 63 (53%) were women, 91 (76%) and 29 (24%) received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines, respectively. Overall, live viral neutralization was correlated with anti-spike total antibody (correlation coefficient = 0.80), anti-spike IgG (0.63), anti-RBD IgG (0.62), anti-NTD IgG (0.64), and RBD ACE2 binding (0.65). Samples with long (>158 days) first vaccination-to-blood collection and long (>71 days) second vaccination-to-blood collection intervals demonstrated higher correlation coefficients, compared with short groups. When comparing cases divided by short (≤39 days) versus long vaccine dosing intervals, only correlation with RBD-ACE-2 binding inhibition was higher in the long group. Among COVID-negative mRNA vaccinees, anti-spike antibody and ACE-2 inhibition concentrations are correlated with live viral neutralizing antibody titers. Correlation was stronger among samples collected at later durations from vaccination. IMPORTANCE Live viral neutralizing antibody titers are an accepted measure of immunity; however, testing procedures are labor-intensive. COVID-19 antibody and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) levels have been used as surrogates to live viral neutralizing antibody titers; however, validity among vaccinated individuals is unclear. Using samples from 120 two-dose mRNA vaccinees without previous COVID-19, we found that live viral neutralization was correlated with COVID-19 antibody and ACE2 binding levels. When grouping samples by the time interval between vaccination and sample blood collection, samples collected over 158 days after the first vaccine and over 71 days from the second vaccine demonstrated stronger correlation between live viral neutralization titers and both antibody and ACE2 levels, in comparison to those collected earlier.
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15
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Ultrasensitive monitoring of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses based on a digital approach reveals one week of IgG seroconversion. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114710. [PMID: 36174360 PMCID: PMC9476360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is still unfolding, while many people have been vaccinated. In comparison to nucleic acid testing (NAT), antibody-based immunoassays are faster and more convenient. However, its application has been hampered by its lower sensitivity and the existing fact that by traditional immunoassays, the measurable seroconversion time of pathogen-specific antibodies, such as IgM or IgG, lags far behind that of nucleic acids. Herein, by combining the single molecule array platform (Simoa), RBD, and a previously identified SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein derivatized 12-aa peptide (S2-78), we developed and optimized an ultrasensitive assay (UIM-COVID-19 assay). Sera collected from three sources were tested, i.e., convalescents, inactivated virus vaccine-immunized donors and wild-type authentic SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus monkeys. The sensitivities of UIM-COVID-19 assays are 100–10,000 times higher than those of conventional flow cytometry, which is a relatively sensitive detection method at present. For the established UIM-COVID-19 assay using RBD as a probe, the IgG and IgM seroconversion times after vaccination were 7.5 and 8.6 days vs. 21.4 and 24 days for the flow cytometry assay, respectively. In addition, using S2-78 as a probe, the UIM-COVID-19 assay could differentiate COVID-19 patients (convalescents) from healthy people and patients with other diseases, with AUCs ranging from 0.85–0.95. In summary, the UIM-COVID-19 we developed here is a promising ultrasensitive biodetection strategy that has the potential to be applied for both immunological studies and diagnostics.
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BNT162b2-boosted immune responses six months after heterologous or homologous ChAdOx1nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination against COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4872. [PMID: 35982040 PMCID: PMC9387891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime/boost vaccination with a vector-based approach (ChAdOx-1nCov-19, ChAd) followed by an mRNA vaccine (e.g. BNT162b2, BNT) has been reported to be superior in inducing protective immunity compared to repeated application of the same vaccine. However, data comparing immunity decline after homologous and heterologous vaccination as well as effects of a third vaccine application after heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination are lacking. Here we show longitudinal monitoring of ChAd/ChAd (n = 41) and ChAd/BNT (n = 88) vaccinated individuals and the impact of a third vaccination with BNT. The third vaccination greatly augments waning anti-spike IgG but results in only moderate increase in spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell numbers in both groups, compared to cell frequencies already present after the second vaccination in the ChAd/BNT group. More importantly, the third vaccination efficiently restores neutralizing antibody responses against the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants of the virus, but neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant remains severely impaired. In summary, inferior SARS-CoV-2 specific immune responses following homologous ChAd/ChAd vaccination can be compensated by heterologous BNT vaccination, which might influence the choice of vaccine type for subsequent vaccination boosts.
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Inchingolo AD, Malcangi G, Ceci S, Patano A, Corriero A, Vimercati L, Azzollini D, Marinelli G, Coloccia G, Piras F, Barile G, Settanni V, Mancini A, De Leonardis N, Garofoli G, Palmieri G, Isacco CG, Rapone B, Scardapane A, Curatoli L, Quaranta N, Ribezzi M, Massaro M, Jones M, Bordea IR, Tartaglia GM, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Macchia L, Larocca AMV, Aityan SK, Tafuri S, Stefanizzi P, Migliore G, Brienza N, Dipalma G, Favia G, Inchingolo F. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines for Short- and Long-Term Immunity: A General Overview for the Pandemic Contrast. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8485. [PMID: 35955621 PMCID: PMC9369331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant increase in cases and an emergency state was induced worldwide. The current knowledge about the COVID-19 disease concerning diagnoses, patient tracking, the treatment protocol, and vaccines provides a consistent contribution for the primary prevention of the viral infection and decreasing the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. The aim of the present investigation was to produce a general overview about the current findings for the COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 interaction mechanisms with the host, therapies and vaccines' immunization findings. METHODS A literature overview was produced in order to evaluate the state-of-art in SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, prognoses, therapies, and prevention. RESULTS Concerning to the interaction mechanisms with the host, the virus binds to target with its Spike proteins on its surface and uses it as an anchor. The Spike protein targets the ACE2 cell receptor and enters into the cells by using a special enzyme (TMPRSS2). Once the virion is quietly accommodated, it releases its RNA. Proteins and RNA are used in the Golgi apparatus to produce more viruses that are released. Concerning the therapies, different protocols have been developed in observance of the disease severity and comorbidity with a consistent reduction in the mortality rate. Currently, different vaccines are currently in phase IV but a remarkable difference in efficiency has been detected concerning the more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. CONCLUSIONS Among the many questions in this pandemic state, the one that recurs most is knowing why some people become more seriously ill than others who instead contract the infection as if it was a trivial flu. More studies are necessary to investigate the efficiency of the treatment protocols and vaccines for the more recent detected SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Sabino Ceci
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Alberto Corriero
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Daniela Azzollini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Coloccia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Barile
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Vito Settanni
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Nicole De Leonardis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Grazia Garofoli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Palmieri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Arnaldo Scardapane
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Luigi Curatoli
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Quaranta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mario Ribezzi
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Maria Massaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Megan Jones
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angela Maria Vittoria Larocca
- Hygiene Complex Operating Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Place Giulio Cesare 11 BARI CAP, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Migliore
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Nicola Brienza
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Favia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
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18
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Sancilio A, Schrock JM, Demonbreun AR, D'Aquila RT, Mustanski B, Vaught LA, Reiser NL, Velez MP, Hsieh RR, Ryan DT, Saber R, McNally EM, McDade TW. COVID-19 symptom severity predicts neutralizing antibody activity in a community-based serological study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12269. [PMID: 35851303 PMCID: PMC9293881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies is used to assess their presence in blood samples from exposed individuals and provides a measure of the magnitude of immune response to infection. The measurement of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in particular provides information about the severity of prior infection and level of protective immunity against re-infection. Much of the work investigating the association between prior infection severity and NAb levels has been conducted among clinical populations, and less is known about this relationship in the general population. Accordingly, we utilize data from a large (n = 790) community-based cohort of unvaccinated, seropositive participants. We analyzed the association between NAb response, measured via surrogate virus neutralization assay, with patterns of symptoms and household exposure. Our results indicate no detectable NAb activity in 63.8% of the seropositive participants (n = 504). Those with detectable NAb levels demonstrated a positive relationship between NAb activity and both self-reported previous symptom severity and household exposure. These findings are significant in light of recent concerns about degree of protective immunity conferred by prior infection or vaccination, and we highlight the value of community-based research for investigating variation in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Sancilio
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Ave, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Joshua M Schrock
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Alexis R Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Lauren A Vaught
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Nina L Reiser
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Matt P Velez
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Ryan R Hsieh
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Daniel T Ryan
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Rana Saber
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Ave, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
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19
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Batchi-Bouyou AL, Djontu JC, Vouvoungui JC, Mfoutou Mapanguy CC, Lobaloba Ingoba L, Mougany JS, Boumpoutou KR, Diafouka-kietela S, Ampa R, Ntoumi F. Assessment of neutralizing antibody responses after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in congolese individuals. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:610. [PMID: 35831798 PMCID: PMC9277981 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing immune responses after vaccination is part of the evaluation package of vaccine effectiveness in the real world. Regarding SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibody levels has been shown to be a good indicator of antibody immune response boosting. So far, limited data have been reported from Africa including in Central Africa. The objective of this study was to provide data on anti-S1 spike total IgG and neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated and non-vaccinated including naturally infected Congolese population during B.1.214.1 and B.1.617.2 variant waves. METHODS Recruited patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) Naturally infected by the B.1.214.1 variant on January 2021 and followed up until September 2021. These patients have been vaccinated at month 07 and then followed up for 2 months post vaccination; (2) Naturally infected by the B.1.617.2 variant from June 2021; (3) unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 individuals with no history of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection; (4) fully vaccinated individuals with sinopharm/BBIP-CorV or Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by qRT-PCR and sequenced using Next-Generation Sequencing. ELISA method was used for detecting IgG, and neutralizing Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 antigens using commercial neutralizing assay. RESULTS Individuals infected by the B.1214.1 variant elicited consistently high IgG titers at 02, 03 and 06 months. Two months post vaccination with BBIP-CorV, participants showed a significant increase by × 2.5 fold (p < 0.0001) of total IgG and X1.5 fold for neutralizing antibody capacity. This study showed that natural infection with B1.617.2 (delta) variant was more immunogenic compared to those being infected with B1.214.2 variant. We found a significantly higher concentration in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (p < 0.0002) and antibodies neutralization capacity (P < 0.0001) in fully vaccinated compared to unvaccinated participants. Two months post vaccination, individuals who received Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S presented higher (p = 0.01) total IgG to spike protein compared to BBIP-CorV. CONCLUSION Both natural infection and vaccination with BBIP-CorV and Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S induced antibody response in Congolese population. In addition, Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S was more immunogenic than Sinopharm/BBIP-CorV. There is a need to investigate the duration of these antibodies both in previously infected and naive vaccinated Congolese to allow public heath stakeholders to make evidence-based decision on vaccine schedule for the Congolese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Landry Batchi-Bouyou
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Claujens Chastel Mfoutou Mapanguy
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Line Lobaloba Ingoba
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jiré Séphora Mougany
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Kamal Rauchelvy Boumpoutou
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Steve Diafouka-kietela
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Raoul Ampa
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS, Djoué, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Kostin NN, Bobik TV, Skryabin GA, Simonova MA, Knorre VD, Abrikosova VA, Mokrushina YA, Smirnov IV, Aleshenko NL, Kruglova NA, Mazurov DV, Nikitin AE, Gabibov AG. An ELISA Platform for the Quantitative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing Antibodies As an Alternative to Monitoring of the Virus-Neutralizing Activity. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:109-119. [PMID: 36348715 PMCID: PMC9611858 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of the level of the virus-neutralizing activity of serum immunoglobulins ensures that one can reliably assess the effectiveness of any protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. For SARS-CoV-2, the RBD-ACE2 neutralizing activity of sera is almost equivalent to the virus-neutralizing activity of their antibodies and can be used to assess the level of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. We are proposing an ELISA platform for performing a quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing antibodies, as an alternative to the monitoring of the virus-neutralizing activity using pseudovirus or "live" virus assays. The advantage of the developed platform is that it can be adapted to newly emerging virus variants in a very short time (1-2 weeks) and, thereby, provide quantitative data on the activity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing antibodies. The developed platform can be used to (1) study herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2, (2) monitor the effectiveness of the vaccination drive (revaccination) in a population, and (3) select potential donors of immune plasma. The protective properties of the humoral immune response in hospitalized patients and outpatients, as well as after prophylaxis with the two most popular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Russia, were studied in detail using this platform. The highest RBD-neutralizing activity was observed in the group of hospitalized patients. The protective effect in the group of individuals vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was 25% higher than that in outpatients and almost four times higher than that in individuals vaccinated with the CoviVac vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Kostin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - T. V. Bobik
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - G. A. Skryabin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - M. A. Simonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. D. Knorre
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. A. Abrikosova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Y. A. Mokrushina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - I. V. Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - N. L. Aleshenko
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117593 Russia
| | - N. A. Kruglova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - D. V. Mazurov
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - A. E. Nikitin
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117593 Russia
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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21
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Mengist HM, Kombe Kombe JA, Jin T. Immune Evasion by the Highly Mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant. Infect Drug Resist 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/idr.s366437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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Rajpal VR, Sharma S, Sehgal D, Singh A, Kumar A, Vaishnavi S, Tiwari M, Bhalla H, Goel S, Raina SN. A comprehensive account of SARS-CoV-2 genome structure, incurred mutations, lineages and COVID-19 vaccination program. Future Virol 2022. [PMID: 35747328 PMCID: PMC9203033 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review collates information on the onset of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture, emergence of novel viral lineages that drove multiple waves of infection around the world and standard and fast track development of vaccines. With the passage of time, the continuously evolving SARS-CoV-2 has acquired an expanded mutational landscape. The functional characterization of spike protein mutations, the primary target of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines has revealed increased transmission, pathogenesis and immune escape potential in the variant lineages of the virus. The incurred mutations have also resulted in substantial viral neutralization escape to vaccines, monoclonal, polyclonal and convalescent antibodies presently in use. The present situation suggests the need for development of precise next-generation vaccines and therapeutics by targeting the more conservative genomic viral regions for providing adequate protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Virology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474002, India
| | - Deepmala Sehgal
- International Maize & Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Carretera México-Veracruz Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, 56237, México
| | - Apekshita Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Botany, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag, Jharkhand, 825319, India
| | - Samantha Vaishnavi
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya Suchani (Bagla), Distt. Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Mugdha Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR-NIOH), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, 380016, India
| | - Hemal Bhalla
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Shailendra Goel
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Soom Nath Raina
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Lee HJ, Jung J, Lee JH, Lee DG, Kim YB, Oh EJ. Comparison of Six Serological Immunoassays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Levels in the Vaccinated Population. Viruses 2022; 14:946. [PMID: 35632688 PMCID: PMC9147836 DOI: 10.3390/v14050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NAb) detection is critical for evaluating herd immunity and monitoring the efficacy of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after vaccination were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassays, enzyme immunoassays, and surrogate virus neutralization tests (sVNTs), as well as plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT). Sequential blood samples were collected before and 1 and 3 months after vaccination in 30 healthy participants (two doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca [AZ] or Pfizer-BioNTech [BNT]). After vaccination, all sera tested positive for PRNT, with NAb titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:723. Median NAb titers were higher in the BNT vaccine group than in the AZ vaccine group at both one and three months post-vaccination. Excellent overall concordance rates were observed between serological assays and PRNT. In a quantitative correlation analysis, the results of sVNTs showed a strong correlation with those of PRNT. Results of the four binding antibody assays showed a significant correlation with those of PRNT. The serologic assays evaluated in this study could be used as sVNTs to evaluate the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jin Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Research and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices of Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Research and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices of Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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24
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Would New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Change the War against COVID-19? EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:229-237. [PMID: 36417254 PMCID: PMC9620871 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The scientific, private, and industrial sectors use a wide variety of technological platforms available to achieve protection against SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), including vaccines. However, the virus evolves continually into new highly virulent variants, which might overcome the protection provided by vaccines and may re-expose the population to infections. Mass vaccinations should be continued in combination with more or less mandatory non-pharmaceutical interventions. Therefore, the key questions to be answered are: (i) How to identify the primary and secondary infections of SARS-CoV-2? (ii) Why are neutralizing antibodies not long-lasting in both cases of natural infections and post-vaccinations? (iii) Which are the factors responsible for this decay in neutralizing antibodies? (iv) What strategy could be adapted to develop long-term herd immunity? (v) Is the Spike protein the only vaccine target or is a vaccine cocktail better?
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25
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Richardson JR, Götz R, Mayr V, Lohse MJ, Holthoff HP, Ungerer M. SARS-CoV2 wild type and mutant specific humoral and T cell immunity is superior after vaccination than after natural infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266701. [PMID: 35468147 PMCID: PMC9037910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated blood samples from fully SARS-CoV2-vaccinated subjects and from previously positive tested patients up to one year after infection with SARS-CoV2, and compared short- and long-term T cell and antibody responses, with a special focus on the recently emerged delta variant (B.1.617.2). Methods and results In 23 vaccinated subjects, we documented high anti-SARS-CoV2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody titers. Average virus neutralization by antibodies, assessed as inhibition of ACE2 binding to RBD, was 2.2-fold reduced for delta mutant vs. wild type (wt) RBD. The mean specific antibody titers were lower one year after natural infection than after vaccination; ACE2 binding to delta mutant vs. wt RBD was 1.65-fold reduced. In an additional group, omicron RBD binding was reduced compared to delta. Specific CD4+ T cell responses were measured after stimulation with peptides pools from wt, alpha, beta, gamma, or delta variant SARS-CoV2 spike proteins by flow cytometric intracellular cytokine staining. There was no significant difference in cytokine production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-2 between vaccinated subjects. T cell responses to wt or mutant SARS-CoV2 spike were significantly weaker after natural occurring infections compared to those in vaccinated individuals. Conclusion Antibody neutralisation of the delta mutant was reduced compared to wt, as assessed in a novel inhibition assay with a finger prick blood drop. Strong CD4 T cell responses were present against wt and mutant SARS-CoV2 variants, including the delta (B.1.617.2) strain, in fully vaccinated individuals, whereas they were partly weaker 1 year after natural infection. Hence, immune responses after vaccination are stronger compared to those after naturally occurring infection, pointing out the need of the vaccine to overcome the pandemic.
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26
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Chekol Abebe E, Tiruneh G/Medhin M, Behaile T/Mariam A, Asmamaw Dejenie T, Mengie Ayele T, Tadele Admasu F, Tilahun Muche Z, Asmare Adela G. Mutational Pattern, Impacts and Potential Preventive Strategies of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant Infection. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1871-1887. [PMID: 35450114 PMCID: PMC9017707 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s360103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID 19, the authentic SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a range of novel variants that are of more global concern. In late November 2021, the Omicron (lineage B.1.1.529) variant was identified as a new variant and considered as the fifth variant of concern. Omicron harbors a genetic profile that is exceedingly unusual, with a huge number of mutations. Above thirty mutations are localized in the S protein, while some are found in other structural and non-structural proteins. Half of the mutations in the S protein are in the RBD, which is a major target of antibodies, showing that Omicron mutations may affect antibody binding affinity to the S protein. The Omicron variant has been found to result in immune escape, therapeutic or vaccine escape, as well as increased transmissibility and reinfection risk, explaining its rapid international spread that sparks a global alarm even more serious than the previously reported variants. Omicron has the capability to bypass at least some of the multi-faceted immune responses induced by prior infection or vaccination. It is shown to extensively escape neutralizing antibodies while evading cell mediated immune defense to a lesser extent. The efficacy of COVID 19 vaccines against Omicron variant is decreased with primary vaccination, showing that the vaccine is less efficient in preventing Omicron infections. However, after receiving a booster vaccine dose, the immunological response to Omicron significantly improved and hold promising results. Despite the mild nature of the disease in most vaccinated people, the rapid spread of Omicron, as well as the increased risk of re-infection, poses yet another major public health concern. Therefore, effort should be devoted to maintaining the existing COVID 19 preventive measures as well as developing new vaccination strategies in order to control the fast dissemination of Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Markeshaw Tiruneh G/Medhin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Awgichew Behaile T/Mariam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teklie Mengie Ayele
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Fitalew Tadele Admasu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tilahun Muche
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Asmare Adela
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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27
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Hagemann K, Riecken K, Jung J, Hildebrandt H, Menzel S, Bunders M, Fehse B, Koch-Nolte F, Heinrich F, Peine S, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Brehm TT, Addo MM, Lütgehetmann M, Altfeld M. Natural killer cell-mediated ADCC in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and vaccine recipients. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1297-1307. [PMID: 35416291 PMCID: PMC9087393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, has emerged as a global pandemic. While immune responses of the adaptive immune system have been in the focus of research, the role of NK cells in COVID‐19 remains less well understood. Here, we characterized NK cell‐mediated SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against SARS‐CoV‐2 spike‐1 (S1) and nucleocapsid (NC) protein. Serum samples from SARS‐CoV‐2 resolvers induced significant CD107a‐expression by NK cells in response to S1 and NC, while serum samples from SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative individuals did not. Furthermore, serum samples from individuals that received the BNT162b2 vaccine induced strong CD107a expression by NK cells that increased with the second vaccination and was significantly higher than observed in infected individuals. As expected, vaccine‐induced responses were only directed against S1 and not against NC protein. S1‐specific CD107a responses by NK cells were significantly correlated to NK cell‐mediated killing of S1‐expressing cells. Interestingly, screening of serum samples collected prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic identified two individuals with cross‐reactive antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 S1, which also induced degranulation of NK cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that antibodies induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines can trigger significant NK cell‐mediated ADCC activity, and identify some cross‐reactive ADCC‐activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 by endemic coronavirus‐specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Hagemann
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes Jung
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Heike Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Madeleine Bunders
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Fabian Heinrich
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas T Brehm
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.,German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Lafon E, Jäger M, Bauer A, Reindl M, Bellmann-Weiler R, Wilflingseder D, Lass-Flörl C, Posch W. Comparative analyses of IgG/IgA neutralizing effects induced by three COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concern. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1242-1252.e12. [PMID: 35093484 PMCID: PMC8799473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have directly compared virus-specific antibodies and their neutralizing capacity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wild type (WT) and circulating variants of concern despite the reported high efficacy of messenger RNA (mRNA)- and vector-based vaccines. OBJECTIVE We assessed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein region 1 (S1)-specific antibodies of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1 vaccinated as well as convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We also determined the neutralization ability against SARS-CoV-2 WT and B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B1.1.7 E484K (Alpha-E484K), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants. METHODS Serum samples of 107 fully vaccinated or convalescent individuals were analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2-S1 IgG and IgA as well as for total anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain Ig. Furthermore, neutralization capacity as 50% and 90% neutralization titer values against SARS-CoV-2 WT virus and circulating variants were determined. RESULTS We observed a robust IgG response in all participants; however, the highest titers were detected in mRNA-based vaccine recipients. In case of serum IgA responses, the difference between mRNA- and vector-based vaccines or convalescent patients was even more pronounced. Interestingly, all 3 vaccines could neutralize all tested variants of concern in addition to WT virus, but in some individuals, only low or no neutralization, especially against Alpha-E484K and the Delta variant, was detected. CONCLUSION Our study of the efficacy of various COVID-19 vaccines found that mRNA-1273 had the highest neutralization abilities compared to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1. COVID-19 convalescent patients demonstrated the most heterogeneous range of antibody titers and neutralization abilities, making it hard to assess protection. Furthermore, a significant positive relation between antibodies and the 50% neutralization titer values for immunized and convalescent individuals was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Lafon
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Jäger
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Bauer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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29
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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30
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Longitudinal Analysis of Neutralizing Potency against SARS-CoV-2 in the Recovered Patients after Treatment with or without Favipiravir. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040670. [PMID: 35458400 PMCID: PMC9024984 DOI: 10.3390/v14040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of treatment with favipiravir, an antiviral purine nucleoside analog, for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the production and duration of neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 was explored. There were 17 age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched pairs of favipiravir treated versus control selected from a total of 99 patients recovered from moderate COVID-19. These subjects participated in the longitudinal (>6 months) analysis of (i) SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s receptor-binding domain IgG, (ii) virus neutralization assay using authentic virus, and (iii) neutralization potency against original (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and cross-neutralization against B.1.351 (beta) variant carrying triple mutations of K417N, E484K, and N501Y. The results demonstrate that the use of favipiravir: (1) significantly accelerated the elimination of SARS-CoV-2 in the case vs. control groups (p = 0.027), (2) preserved the generation and persistence of neutralizing antibodies in the host, and (3) did not interfere the maturation of neutralizing potency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 and neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In conclusion, treatment of COVID-19 with favipiravir accelerates viral clearance and does not interfere the generation or maturation of neutralizing potency against both WT SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Yan LN, Liu PP, Li XG, Zhou SJ, Li H, Wang ZY, Shen F, Lu BC, Long Y, Xiao X, Wang ZD, Li D, Han HJ, Yu H, Zhou SH, Lv WL, Yu XJ. Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:803031. [PMID: 35310397 PMCID: PMC8928406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.803031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has caused more than 2.6 billion infections and several million deaths since its outbreak 2 years ago. We know very little about the long-term cellular immune responses and the kinetics of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 because it has emerged only recently in the human population. Methods We collected blood samples from individuals who were from the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan between December 30, 2019, and February 24, 2020. We analyzed NAbs to SARS-CoV-2 using pseudoviruses and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients’ sera and determined SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses of patients with ELISpot assays. Results We found that 91.9% (57/62) and 88.9% (40/45) of COVID-19 patients had NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in a year (10–11 months) and one and a half years (17–18 months), respectively, after the onset of illness, indicating that NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 waned slowly and possibly persisted over a long period time. Over 80% of patients had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein one and a half years after illness onset. Most patients also had robust memory T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 one and a half years after the illness. Among the patients, 95.6% (43/45) had an IFN-γ-secreting T-cell response and 93.8% (15/16) had an IL-2-secreting T-cell response. The T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were positively correlated with antibodies (including neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies to S and N protein) in COVID-19 patients. Eighty percent (4/5) of neutralizing antibody-negative patients also had SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response. After long-term infection, protective immunity was independent of disease severity, sex, and age. Conclusions We concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited a robust and persistent neutralizing antibody and memory T-cell response in COVID-19 patients, indicating that these sustained immune responses, among most SARS-CoV-2-infected people, may play a crucial role in protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Gui Li
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei 672 Orthopaedics Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Jing Zhou
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei 672 Orthopaedics Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Huangjiahu Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Shen
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Chao Lu
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Long
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Ju Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Han Zhou
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Liang Lv
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Schubert M, Bertoglio F, Steinke S, Heine PA, Ynga-Durand MA, Maass H, Sammartino JC, Cassaniti I, Zuo F, Du L, Korn J, Milošević M, Wenzel EV, Krstanović F, Polten S, Pribanić-Matešić M, Brizić I, Baldanti F, Hammarström L, Dübel S, Šustić A, Marcotte H, Strengert M, Protić A, Piralla A, Pan-Hammarström Q, Čičin-Šain L, Hust M. Human serum from SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated and COVID-19 patients shows reduced binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. BMC Med 2022; 20:102. [PMID: 35236358 PMCID: PMC8890955 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In November 2021, the Omicron variant was discovered and immediately classified as a variant of concern (VOC), since it shows substantially more mutations in the spike protein than any previous variant, especially in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). We analyzed the binding of the Omicron RBD to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor (ACE2) and the ability of human sera from COVID-19 patients or vaccinees in comparison to Wuhan, Beta, or Delta RBD variants. METHODS All RBDs were produced in insect cells. RBD binding to ACE2 was analyzed by ELISA and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Similarly, sera from 27 COVID-19 patients, 81 vaccinated individuals, and 34 booster recipients were titrated by ELISA on RBDs from the original Wuhan strain, Beta, Delta, and Omicron VOCs. In addition, the neutralization efficacy of authentic SARS-CoV-2 wild type (D614G), Delta, and Omicron by sera from 2× or 3× BNT162b2-vaccinated persons was analyzed. RESULTS Surprisingly, the Omicron RBD showed a somewhat weaker binding to ACE2 compared to Beta and Delta, arguing that improved ACE2 binding is not a likely driver of Omicron evolution. Serum antibody titers were significantly lower against Omicron RBD compared to the original Wuhan strain. A 2.6× reduction in Omicron RBD binding was observed for serum of 2× BNT162b2-vaccinated persons. Neutralization of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 was completely diminished in our setup. CONCLUSION These results indicate an immune escape focused on neutralizing antibodies. Nevertheless, a boost vaccination increased the level of anti-RBD antibodies against Omicron, and neutralization of authentic Omicron SARS-CoV-2 was at least partially restored. This study adds evidence that current vaccination protocols may be less efficient against the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Schubert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Alberto Ynga-Durand
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Viral Immunology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henrike Maass
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Viral Immunology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fanglei Zuo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Likun Du
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Janin Korn
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig-Süd, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marko Milošević
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig-Süd, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Saskia Polten
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alan Šustić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Monika Strengert
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alen Protić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Viral Immunology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), a joint venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Evaluation of a commercial ELISA as alternative to plaque reduction neutralization test to detect neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3549. [PMID: 35241780 PMCID: PMC8894493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 presents a valuable tool for vaccine trials or investigations of population immunity. We evaluate the performance of the first commercial surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT, GenScript Biotech) against SARS-CoV-2 plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in convalescent and vaccinated individuals. We compare it to five other ELISAs, two of which are designed to detect neutralizing antibodies. In 491 pre-vaccination serum samples, sVNT missed 23.6% of PRNT-positive samples when using the manufacturer-recommended cutoff of 30% binding inhibition. Introducing an equivocal area between 15 and 35% maximized sensitivity and specificity against PRNT to 72.8–93.1% and 73.5–97.6%, respectively. The overall diagnostic performance of the other ELISAs for neutralizing antibodies was below that of sVNT. Vaccinated individuals exhibited higher antibody titers by PRNT (median 119.8, IQR 56.7–160) and binding inhibition by sVNT (median 95.7, IQR 88.1–96.8) than convalescent patients (median 49.1, IQR 20–62; median 52.9, IQR 31.2–76.2). GenScript sVNT is suitable to screen for SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies; however, to obtain accurate results, confirmatory testing by PRNT in a equivocal area is required. This equivocal area may require adaptation for use in vaccinated individuals, due to higher antibody titers.
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Papadopoulou G, Manoloudi E, Repousi N, Skoura L, Hurst T, Karamitros T. Molecular and Clinical Prognostic Biomarkers of COVID-19 Severity and Persistence. Pathogens 2022; 11:311. [PMID: 35335635 PMCID: PMC8948624 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses several challenges to clinicians, due to its unpredictable clinical course. The identification of laboratory biomarkers, specific cellular, and molecular mediators of immune response could contribute to the prognosis and management of COVID-19 patients. Of utmost importance is also the detection of differentially expressed genes, which can serve as transcriptomic signatures, providing information valuable to stratify patients into groups, based on the severity of the disease. The role of biomarkers such as IL-6, procalcitonin, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, white blood cell counts, etc. has already been highlighted in recently published studies; however, there is a notable amount of new evidence that has not been summarized yet, especially regarding transcriptomic signatures. Hence, in this review, we assess the latest cellular and molecular data and determine the significance of abnormalities in potential biomarkers for COVID-19 severity and persistence. Furthermore, we applied Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis using the genes reported as differentially expressed in the literature in order to investigate which biological pathways are significantly enriched. The analysis revealed a number of processes, such as inflammatory response, and monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis, which occur as part of the complex immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethsimani Papadopoulou
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (E.M.); (N.R.)
| | - Eleni Manoloudi
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (E.M.); (N.R.)
| | - Nikolena Repousi
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (E.M.); (N.R.)
| | - Lemonia Skoura
- Department of Microbiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Tara Hurst
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK;
| | - Timokratis Karamitros
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (E.M.); (N.R.)
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Jonczyk R, Stanislawski N, Seiler LK, Blume H, Heiden S, Lucas H, Sarikouch S, Pott PC, Stiesch M, Hauß C, Saletti G, González-Hernández M, Kaiser FK, Rimmelzwaan G, Osterhaus A, Blume C. Combined Prospective Seroconversion and PCR Data of Selected Cohorts Indicate a High Rate of Subclinical SARS-CoV-2 Infections-an Open Observational Study in Lower Saxony, Germany. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0151221. [PMID: 35171028 PMCID: PMC8849099 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01512-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite lockdown measures, intense symptom-based PCR, and antigen testing, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic spread further. In this open observational study conducted in Lower Saxony, Germany, voluntary SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were performed from April 2020 until June 2021, supported by serum antibody testing to prove whether PCR testing in subjects with none or few symptoms of COVID-19 is a suitable tool to manage the pandemic. In different mobile stations, 4,817 subjects from three different working fields participated in the PCR testing. Serum antibody screening using the SARS-CoV-2 ViraChip IgG (Viramed, Germany) and the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay (Roche, Germany) was performed alongside virus neutralization testing. Subjects were questioned regarding comorbidities and COVID-19 symptoms. Fifty-one subjects with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected of which 31 subjects did not show any symptoms possibly characteristic for COVID-19. An additional 37 subjects reported a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (total prevalence 1.82%). Seroconversion was discovered in 58 subjects with known SARS-CoV-2 infection and in 58 subjects that never had a positive PCR test. The latter had a significantly lower Charlson Comorbidity Index, and one third of them were asymptomatic. In 50% of all seroconverted subjects, neutralizing serum antibodies (NAbs) were detectable in parallel to N/S1 (n = 16) or N/S1/S2 antigen specific antibodies (n = 40) against SARS-CoV-2. NAb titers decreased within 100 days after PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 acute infection by at least 2.5-fold. A relatively high rate of subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infections may contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that in addition to other intervention strategies, systematic screening of asymptomatic persons by PCR testing may significantly enable better pandemic control. IMPORTANCE Within this open observational study, repeated PCR (n > 4,700) and antibody screening (n > 1,600) tests were offered in three different working fields. The study identified 51 subjects with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and 37 subjects reported to have had a positive PCR test taken externally. Thirty-one of the 51 subjects did not display any symptoms prior to testing. In addition, 58 subjects without PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified by seroconversion. Subjects, that had undergone SARS-CoV-2 infection without having noticed, more often had a low grade of immunization with no NAbs, but may have relevantly contributed to the spread of the pandemic. Based on these results, we suggest that both regular PCR and rapid test screening of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, specifically within groups or workplaces identifiable as having close quarter contact, thus increased infection transference risk, is necessary to better assess and therefore reduce the spread of a pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa K. Seiler
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Blume
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heiden
- Institute of Innovation Research, Technology Management & Entrepreneurship, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Lucas
- Institute of Innovation Research, Technology Management & Entrepreneurship, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samir Sarikouch
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp-Cornelius Pott
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariana González-Hernández
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Karola Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Panahibakhsh M, Amiri F, Doroudi T, Sadeghi M, Kolivand P, Alipour F, Gorji A. The association between micronutrients and the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in convalescent patients. Infection 2022; 50:965-972. [PMID: 35190974 PMCID: PMC8860137 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various micronutrients play key roles in the immune responses to viral infection, antibody synthesis, and susceptibility to infection. This study aimed to investigate the role of micronutrients on the immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS To evaluate humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG, as well as the concentrations of different micronutrients, were determined in 36 convalescent COVID-19 patients 60 days after infection. Furthermore, the correlation between biochemical and hematological parameters, clinical features, and the changes in adiposity with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was evaluated. RESULTS Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in 38.8% and 83.3% of recovered patients after 60 days of COVID-19 infection, respectively. The values of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG were negatively correlated with the number of the platelet. Moreover, the values of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM were positively correlated with LDH and the vitamin B12 concentration. Furthermore, a gender-specific association of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM with vitamins D as well as with B9 and zinc was observed. A significant negative correlation was observed between the values of IgG with vitamin D in male participants and a positive correlation was detected between IgG values and B9 in female participants. Moreover, IgM levels with serum zinc values in females were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION Our study suggests the potential role of micronutrients in gender-specific humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required with a greater sample of subjects to substantiate the validity and robustness of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faramarz Amiri
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Doroudi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Sadeghi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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Comparison of the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Neutralization Assays by TECOmedical and DiaPROPH-Med with Samples from Vaccinated and Infected Individuals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020315. [PMID: 35215912 PMCID: PMC8877287 DOI: 10.3390/v14020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific serological responses are a topic of ongoing evaluation studies. In the study presented here, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 surrogate neutralization assays by TECOmedical and DiaPROPH -Med were assessed in a head-to-head comparison with serum samples of individuals after vaccination as well as after previous infection with SARS-CoV-2. In case of discordant results, a cell culture-based neutralization assay was applied as a reference standard. The TECOmedical assay showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 61.3%, respectively, the DiaPROPH-Med assay 95.0% and 48.4%, respectively. As a side finding of the study, differences in the likelihood of expressing neutralizing antibodies could be shown for different exposition types. So, 60 of 81 (74.07%) of the samples with only one vaccination showed an expression of neutralizing antibodies in contrast to 85.71% (60 of 70 samples) of the samples with two vaccinations and 100% (40 of 40) of the samples from previously infected individuals. In conclusion, the both assays showed results similar to previous assessments. While the measured diagnostic accuracy of both assays requires further technical improvement of this diagnostic approach, as the calculated specificity values of 61.3% and 48.4%, respectively, appear acceptable for diagnostic use only in populations with a high percentage of positive subjects, but not at expectedly low positivity rates.
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Jeewandara C, Fernando S, Pushpakumara PD, Ramu ST, Kamaladasa A, Gunasekara B, Aberathna IS, Kuruppu H, Ranasinghe T, Dayarathne S, Dissanayake O, Gamalath N, Ekanayake D, Jayamali J, Wijesinghe A, Dissanayake M, Somathilake G, Harvie M, Danasekara S, Jayathilaka D, Wijayatilake HDK, Weerasooriya N, Kekulandara C, Schimanski L, Rijal P, Tan TK, Dong T, Townsend A, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Immune responses following the first dose of the Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac). Sci Rep 2022; 12:1727. [PMID: 35110645 PMCID: PMC8810924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first dose of Gam-COVID-Vac, is currently used as a single dose vaccine in some countries, we investigated the immunogenicity of this at 4 weeks (327 naïve individuals). 88.7% seroconverted, with significantly lower seroconversion rates in those over 60 years (p = 0.004) and significantly lower than previously seen with AZD1222 (p = 0.018). 82.6% developed ACE2 receptor blocking antibodies, although levels were significantly lower than following natural infection (p = 0.0009) and a single dose of AZD1222 (p < 0.0001). Similar titres of antibodies were observed to the receptor binding domain of WT, B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2 compared to AZD1222, while the levels for B.1.351 were significantly higher (p = 0.006) for Gam-COVID-Vac. 30% developed ex vivo IFNγ ELISpot responses (significantly lower than AZD1222), and high frequency of CD107a expressing T cells along with memory B cell responses. Although single dose of Gam-COVID-Vac was highly immunogenic, administration of a second dose is likely to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Pradeep Darshana Pushpakumara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shyrar Tanussiya Ramu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Achala Kamaladasa
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Banuri Gunasekara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka Sepali Aberathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Heshan Kuruppu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thushali Ranasinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shashika Dayarathne
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Osanda Dissanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayanathara Gamalath
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinithi Ekanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Jewantha Jayamali
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayesha Wijesinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Madushika Dissanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayasha Somathilake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Harvie
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Saubhagya Danasekara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshni Jayathilaka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong K Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Mousa ZS, Abdulamir AS. Application and Validation of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Neutralizing ELISA Assay. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:391-402. [PMID: 35891753 PMCID: PMC9288645 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356677.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of an approach for detecting the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-receptor-binding domain (RBD) neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) by a safe, easy, and rapid technique without requiring the use of live viruses is essential for facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depending on competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology, the current study assay was designed to simulate the virus-host interaction using purified SARS-COV-2-RBD from the spike protein and the host cell receptor human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein. The performance of this in-house neutralizing ELISA assay was validated using freshly prepared standards with different known concentrations of the assay. In this regard, a cohort of 50 serum samples from convalescent COVID-19 individuals with different disease severity at different time points post-recovery and a cohort of 50 serum samples from healthy individuals were processed by the in-house developed assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 nAbs, in comparison with a commercial total anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay as a gold standard. The assay obtained a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 75.69-95.47) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI: 80.77- 97.78%). A negative strong correlation was demonstrated in the standard curve between the optical density absorbance and log concentration of the nAbs with a statistical measure of r2 (coefficient of determination) = 0.9539. The SARS-COV-2-RBD neutralizing ELISA assay serves as a high throughput qualitative and quantitative tool that can be applied in most laboratory settings without special biosafety requirements to detect anti-RBD nAbs for seroprevalence, pre-clinical, and clinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines efficiency and the rapid selection of convalescent plasma donors for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Mousa
- Baghdad Veterinary Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - A S Abdulamir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Lynch KL, Zhou S, Kaul R, Walker R, Wu AH. Evaluation of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants after infection and vaccination using a multiplexed surrogate virus neutralization test. Clin Chem 2022; 68:702-712. [PMID: 35018416 PMCID: PMC8755391 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 virus has mutated and evolved since the inception of the COVID-19 pandemic bringing into question the future effectiveness of current vaccines and antibody therapeutics. With evolution of the virus updated methods for the evaluation of the immune response in infected and vaccinated individuals are required to determine the durability of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants. METHODS We developed a multiplexed surrogate virus neutralization test (plex-sVNT) that simultaneously measures the ability of antibodies in serum to inhibit binding between angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and 7 SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein variants, including wild type, B.1.1.7(α), B.1.351(β), P.1(γ), B.1.617.2(δ), B.1.617.1(κ), and B.1.429(ε). The assay was validated against a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). We evaluated 170 samples from 97 COVID-19 patients and 281 samples from 188 individuals that received the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA vaccines. RESULTS The plex-sVNT demonstrated >96% concordance with PRNT. Antibody neutralization activity was significantly reduced for all SARS-CoV-2 variants compared to wild type in both the infected and vaccinated cohorts. There was a decline in overall antibody neutralization activity, within both cohorts, out to 5 months post infection or vaccination, with the rate of decline being more significant for the vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS The plex-sVNT provides a correlative measure to PRNT and a convenient approach for evaluating antibody neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants is reduced compared to wild type and declines over the ensuing months after exposure or vaccination within each cohort, however it is still unknown what degree of neutralizing capacity is protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuxia Zhou
- Research and Development, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Benicia, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Kaul
- Research and Development, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Benicia, CA, USA
| | - Roger Walker
- Research and Development, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Benicia, CA, USA
| | - Alan H Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mohsen MO, Balke I, Zinkhan S, Zeltina V, Liu X, Chang X, Krenger PS, Plattner K, Gharailoo Z, Vogt AS, Augusto G, Zwicker M, Roongta S, Rothen DA, Josi R, da Costa JJ, Sobczak JM, Nonic A, Brand L, Nuss K, Martina B, Speiser DE, Kündig T, Jennings GT, Walton SM, Vogel M, Zeltins A, Bachmann MF. A scalable and highly immunogenic virus-like particle-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Allergy 2022; 77:243-257. [PMID: 34496033 PMCID: PMC8653185 DOI: 10.1111/all.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 caused one of the most devastating pandemics in the recent history of mankind. Due to various countermeasures, including lock-downs, wearing masks, and increased hygiene, the virus has been controlled in some parts of the world. More recently, the availability of vaccines, based on RNA or adenoviruses, has greatly added to our ability to keep the virus at bay; again, however, in some parts of the world only. While available vaccines are effective, it would be desirable to also have more classical vaccines at hand for the future. Key feature of vaccines for long-term control of SARS-CoV-2 would be inexpensive production at large scale, ability to make multiple booster injections, and long-term stability at 4℃. METHODS Here, we describe such a vaccine candidate, consisting of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding motif (RBM) grafted genetically onto the surface of the immunologically optimized cucumber mosaic virus, called CuMVTT -RBM. RESULTS Using bacterial fermentation and continuous flow centrifugation for purification, the yield of the production process is estimated to be >2.5 million doses per 1000-litre fermenter run. We demonstrate that the candidate vaccine is highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and induces more high avidity antibodies compared to convalescent human sera. The induced antibodies are more cross-reactive to mutant RBDs of variants of concern (VoC). Furthermore, antibody responses are neutralizing and long-lived. In addition, the vaccine candidate was stable for at least 14 months at 4℃. CONCLUSION Thus, the here presented VLP-based vaccine may be a good candidate for use as conventional vaccine in the long term.
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Gededzha MP, Jugwanth S, Mampeule N, Zwane N, David A, Scott L, Stevens W, Mayne ES. Evaluation Protocol for SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2511:307-319. [PMID: 35838970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2395-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative agent of COVID-19. Accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not only important for management of infected individuals but also to break the chain of transmission. Although the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are a number of limitations of these assays, which include the inability to detect past infection and decline in sensitivity 14 days post-symptom onset. There are several serology tests developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies including high-throughput serology platforms and lateral flow immunoassays. These tests should be evaluated for their performance to meet local regulations acceptance criteria. To optimize the diagnostic algorithm for SARS-CoV-2, this protocol describes the evaluation of serological antibody testing using various automated serology platforms and lateral flow immunoassays. This protocol was evaluated in both serum and plasma samples. The sample preparation, procedure, and data analysis are described. The protocol can be adapted for any serological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maemu P Gededzha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Sarika Jugwanth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nakampe Mampeule
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko Zwane
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anura David
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lesley Scott
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy Stevens
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Mayne
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Tran TNM, May BP, Ung TT, Nguyen MK, Nguyen TTT, Dinh VL, Doan CC, Tran TV, Khong H, Nguyen TTT, Hua HQH, Nguyen VA, Ha TP, Phan DL, Nguyen TA, Bui TN, Tu TM, Nguyen TT, Le TTH, Dong TL, Huynh TH, Ho PH, Le NTT, Truong CT, Pham HP, Luong CY, Y NL, Cao MN, Nguyen DK, Le TT, Vuong DC, Nguyen LKH, Do MS. Preclinical Immune Response and Safety Evaluation of the Protein Subunit Vaccine Nanocovax for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766112. [PMID: 34938290 PMCID: PMC8685539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health concern. The development of vaccines with high immunogenicity and safety is crucial for controlling the global COVID-19 pandemic and preventing further illness and fatalities. Here, we report the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, Nanocovax, based on recombinant protein production of the extracellular (soluble) portion of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that Nanocovax induced high levels of S protein-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in three animal models: BALB/c mouse, Syrian hamster, and a non-human primate (Macaca leonina). In addition, a viral challenge study using the hamster model showed that Nanocovax protected the upper respiratory tract from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nanocovax did not induce any adverse effects in mice (Mus musculus var. albino) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). These preclinical results indicate that Nanocovax is safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nhu Mai Tran
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bruce Pearson May
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Khoi Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Van Long Dinh
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Chung Doan
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - The Vinh Tran
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hiep Khong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Truc Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Quoc Huy Hua
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Viet Anh Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tan Phat Ha
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dang Luu Phan
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truong An Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngoc Bui
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tieu My Tu
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Theo Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Hang Le
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lan Dong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trong Hieu Huynh
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phien Huong Ho
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Thao Le
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Thao Truong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Phi Pham
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Y. Luong
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nie Lim Y
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Ngoc Cao
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Cuong Vuong
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Khanh Hang Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Si Do
- Department of Research and Development, Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company (JSC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Rockstroh A, Wolf J, Fertey J, Kalbitz S, Schroth S, Lübbert C, Ulbert S, Borte S. Correlation of humoral immune responses to different SARS-CoV-2 antigens with virus neutralizing antibodies and symptomatic severity in a German COVID-19 cohort. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:774-781. [PMID: 33830901 PMCID: PMC8079054 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1913973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the humoral protective immune response and its durability after SARS-CoV-2 infections is essential for risk assessment of reinfections, the improvement of diagnostic methods and the evaluation of vaccine trials. We have analyzed neutralizing antibodies and IgG responses specific to different antigens, including the inactivated whole-virion of SARS-CoV-2, the spike subunit 1 protein and its receptor binding domain, as well as the nucleocapsid protein. We show the dynamic developments of the responses from the early convalescent stages up to 9 months post symptoms onset in follow-up samples from 57 COVID-19 patients with varying clinical severity. By correlating antibody signals to neutralizing titres, valid diagnostic markers for the estimation of neutralizing protection could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig (IDCL) at Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fertey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Kalbitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroth
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Borte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig (IDCL) at Hospital St. Georg Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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Serum Antibody Response Comparison and Adverse Reaction Analysis in Healthcare Workers Vaccinated with the BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121379. [PMID: 34960125 PMCID: PMC8708890 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is changing rapidly and requires different strategies to maintain immunization. In Korea, different COVID-19 vaccines are recommended and available for various populations, including healthcare workers (HCWs) at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We plan to evaluate the adverse events (AEs) and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines in HCWs at a single center. This cohort study included HCWs fully vaccinated with either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Blood samples were taken eight weeks after the second vaccination with both COVID-19 vaccines and six months after the second vaccination from participants with the BNT162b2 vaccine. The primary endpoint for immunogenicity was the serum neutralizing antibody responses eight weeks after vaccination. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of various AEs within 28 days of each vaccination. Between 16 March and 23 June 2021, 115 participants were enrolled (65 in the ChAdOx1 group and 50 in the BNT162b2 group). Significantly higher surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) inhibition was observed in participants vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 (mean (SD) 91.4 (9.68)%) than in those vaccinated with ChAdOx1 (mean (SD) 73.3 (22.57)%). The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine was maintained across all age and gender categories. At six months after the second dose, serum antibody levels declined significantly in the BNT162b2 group. The main adverse events, including fever, myalgia, fatigue, and headache, were significantly higher in the ChAdOx1 group after the first dose, whereas, after the second dose, those AEs were significantly higher in the BNT162b2 group (p < 0.05). Two doses of either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine resulted in very high seropositivity among the HCWs at our center. The quality of the antibody response, measured by sVNT inhibition, was significantly better with the BNT162b2 vaccine than with the ChAdOx1 vaccine. There was no significant association between neutralizing antibody response and AE after each vaccination in our cohort.
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46
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Kongsuphol P, Jia H, Cheng HL, Gu Y, Shunmuganathan BD, Chen MW, Lim SM, Ng SY, Tambyah PA, Nasir H, Gao X, Tay D, Kim S, Gupta R, Qian X, Kozma MM, Purushotorman K, McBee ME, MacAry PA, Sikes HD, Preiser PR. A rapid simple point-of-care assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:46. [PMID: 35602218 PMCID: PMC9053278 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) prevent pathogens from infecting host cells. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs is critical to evaluate herd immunity and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. All currently available NAb tests are lab-based and time-intensive. Method We develop a 10 min cellulose pull-down test to detect NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 from human plasma. The test evaluates the ability of antibodies to disrupt ACE2 receptor-RBD complex formation. The simple, portable, and rapid testing process relies on two key technologies: (i) the vertical-flow paper-based assay format and (ii) the rapid interaction of cellulose binding domain to cellulose paper. Results Here we show the construction of a cellulose-based vertical-flow test. The developed test gives above 80% sensitivity and specificity and up to 93% accuracy as compared to two current lab-based methods using COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Conclusions A rapid 10 min cellulose based test has been developed for detection of NAb against SARS-CoV-2. The test demonstrates comparable performance to the lab-based tests and can be used at Point-of-Care. Importantly, the approach used for this test can be easily extended to test RBD variants or to evaluate NAbs against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patthara Kongsuphol
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Hoi Lok Cheng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Bhuvaneshwari D/O Shunmuganathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Ming Wei Chen
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Sing Mei Lim
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Say Yong Ng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Paul Ananth Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital (NUH), 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
- The Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (ID TRP), NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Haziq Nasir
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital (NUH), 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Dousabel Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Xinlei Qian
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Mary M. Kozma
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Kiren Purushotorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Megan E. McBee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Paul A. MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Peter R. Preiser
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
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47
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Bošnjak B, Odak I, Barros-Martins J, Sandrock I, Hammerschmidt SI, Permanyer M, Patzer GE, Greorgiev H, Gutierrez Jauregui R, Tscherne A, Schwarz JH, Kalodimou G, Ssebyatika G, Ciurkiewicz M, Willenzon S, Bubke A, Ristenpart J, Ritter C, Tuchel T, Meyer zu Natrup C, Shin DL, Clever S, Limpinsel L, Baumgärtner W, Krey T, Volz A, Sutter G, Förster R. Intranasal Delivery of MVA Vector Vaccine Induces Effective Pulmonary Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rodents. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772240. [PMID: 34858430 PMCID: PMC8632543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) and neutralizing IgA antibodies provide the most effective protection of the lungs from viral infections. To induce those essential components of lung immunity against SARS-CoV-2, we tested various immunization protocols involving intranasal delivery of a novel Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-SARS-2-spike vaccine candidate. We show that a single intranasal MVA-SARS-CoV-2-S application in mice strongly induced pulmonary spike-specific CD8+ T cells, albeit restricted production of neutralizing antibodies. In prime-boost protocols, intranasal booster vaccine delivery proved to be crucial for a massive expansion of systemic and lung tissue-resident spike-specific CD8+ T cells and the development of Th1 - but not Th2 - CD4+ T cells. Likewise, very high titers of IgG and IgA anti-spike antibodies were present in serum and broncho-alveolar lavages that possessed high virus neutralization capacities to all current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Importantly, the MVA-SARS-2-spike vaccine applied in intramuscular priming and intranasal boosting treatment regimen completely protected hamsters from developing SARS-CoV-2 lung infection and pathology. Together, these results identify intramuscular priming followed by respiratory tract boosting with MVA-SARS-2-S as a promising approach for the induction of local, respiratory as well as systemic immune responses suited to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivan Odak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hristo Greorgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Alina Tscherne
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Schwarz
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgia Kalodimou
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Tamara Tuchel
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Clever
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonard Limpinsel
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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48
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Arora P, Kempf A, Nehlmeier I, Graichen L, Sidarovich A, Winkler MS, Schulz S, Jäck HM, Stankov MV, Behrens GMN, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) sublineages do not show increased neutralization resistance. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2557-2559. [PMID: 34635807 PMCID: PMC8503871 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Arora
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amy Kempf
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Nehlmeier
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Graichen
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anzhalika Sidarovich
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S. Winkler
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Anesthesiology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Metodi V. Stankov
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M. N. Behrens
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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49
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Lau EHY, Hui DSC, Tsang OTY, Chan WH, Kwan MYW, Chiu SS, Cheng SMS, Ko RLW, Li JKC, Chaothai S, Tsang CH, Poon LLM, Peiris M. Long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses after infection and estimates of the duration of protection. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101174. [PMID: 34746725 PMCID: PMC8556690 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The duration of immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected people remains unclear. Neutralizing antibody responses are the best available correlate of protection against re-infection. Recent studies estimated that the correlate of 50% protection from re-infection was 20% of the mean convalescent neutralizing antibody titre. METHODS We collected sera from a cohort of 124 individuals with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections from Prince of Wales Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Queen Mary Hospitals of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, for periods up to 386 days after symptom onset and tested these for antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using 50% virus plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT50), surrogate neutralization tests and spike receptor binding domain (RBD) binding antibody. Patients were recruited from 21 January 2020 to 16 February 2021 and follow-up samples were collected until 9th March 2021. FINDINGS Because the rate of antibody waning slows with time, we fitted lines of decay to 115 sera from 62 patients collected beyond 90 days after symptom onset and estimate that PRNT50 antibody will remain detectable for around 1,717 days after symptom onset and that levels conferring 50% protection will be maintained for around 990 days post-symptom onset, in symptomatic patients. This would potentially be affected by emerging virus variants. PRNT titres wane faster in children. There was a high level of correlation between PRNT50 antibody titers and the % of inhibition in surrogate virus neutralization tests. INTERPRETATION The data suggest that symptomatic COVID-19 disease is followed by relatively long-lived protection from re-infection by antigenically similar viruses. FUNDING Health and Medical Research Fund, Commissioned research on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) (Reference Nos. COVID190126 and COVID1903003) from the Food and Health Bureau and the Theme-based Research Scheme project no. T11-712/19-N, the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong SAR Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric HY Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - David SC Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen TY Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Hung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Mike YW Kwan
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel MS Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald LW Ko
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - John KC Li
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi H Tsang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo LM Poon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
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50
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Lei Q, Hou H, Yu C, Zhang Y, Ndzouboukou JLB, Lin X, Yao Z, Fu H, Sun Z, Wang F, Fan X. Kinetics of Neutralizing Antibody Response Underscores Clinical COVID-19 Progression. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9822706. [PMID: 34712742 PMCID: PMC8548120 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9822706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibody (nAb) response is generated following infection or immunization and plays an important role in the protection against a broad of viral infections. The role of nAb during clinical progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains little known. METHODS 123 COVID-19 patients during hospitalization in Tongji Hospital were involved in this retrospective study. The patients were grouped based on the severity and outcome. The nAb responses of 194 serum samples were collected from these patients within an investigation period of 60 days after the onset of symptoms and detected by a pseudotyped virus neutralization assay. The detail data about onset time, disease severity and laboratory biomarkers, treatment, and clinical outcome of these participants were obtained from electronic medical records. The relationship of longitudinal nAb changes with each clinical data was further assessed. RESULTS The nAb response in COVID-19 patients evidently experienced three consecutive stages, namely, rising, stationary, and declining periods. Patients with different severity and outcome showed differential dynamics of the nAb response over the course of disease. During the stationary phase (from 20 to 40 days after symptoms onset), all patients evolved nAb responses. In particular, high levels of nAb were elicited in severe and critical patients and older patients (≥60 years old). More importantly, critical but deceased COVID-19 patients showed high levels of several proinflammation cytokines, such as IL-2R, IL-8, and IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in vivo, which resulted in lymphopenia, multiple organ failure, and the rapidly decreased nAb response. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that nAb plays a crucial role in preventing the progression and deterioration of COVID-19, which has important implications for improving clinical management and developing effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caizheng Yu
- Department of Public Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jo-Lewis Banga Ndzouboukou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaosong Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongjie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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