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Niu L, Du Z, Xie Z, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Wang H, Hao C, Xue D, Wang L. Total testosterone plays a crucial role in the pathway from hypothyroidism to broad depression in women. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:164-170. [PMID: 38768827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression tends to develop in correlation with hypothyroidism, however it's unclear how testosterone traits contribute to this association. We examined the causal association between depression, testosterone traits, and hypothyroidism using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHOD We conducted univariable and multivariable MR studies using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Hypothyroidism (n = 213,990), broad depression (n = 322,580), probable major depressive disorder (probable MDD) (n = 174,519), and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 or ICD-10-coded MDD (n = 217,584) from European ancestry. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main MR analysis. RESULTS In univariate MR analysis, there is a positive causal relationship between hypothyroidism and broad depression (P = 0.0074; OR = 1.0066; 95%CI: 1.0018-1.0114) and probable MDD (P = 0.0242; OR = 1.0056; 95%CI: 1.0007-1.0105). In females, there is a causal relationship between hypothyroidism and decreased total testosterone (P < 0.001; OR = 0.9747; 95%CI: 0.9612-0.9885) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels (P = 0.0418; OR = 0.9858; 95%CI: 0.9723-0.9995). In females, there is an inverse causal relationship between total testosterone and broad depression (P = 0.0349; OR = 0.9898; 95%CI: 0.9804-0.9993). Furthermore, in multivariate MR analysis, after adjusting for total testosterone in females, hypothyroidism only has a positive causal relationship with probable MDD, and the relationship with broad depression is no longer significant. Most notably, after adjusting for hypothyroidism, the inverse causal effect of female total testosterone levels on broad depression becomes more significant (P = 0.0154; OR = 0.9878; 95%CI: 0.9780-0.9977). CONCLUSION Hypothyroidism increases the risk of broad depression and probable MDD development. Total Testosterone appears to play an important role in the relationship between hypothyroidism and broad depression in female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Du
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuxu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenjun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongbo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Liyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Zhang X, Lu Q, Luo Y, Wang L, Tian Y, Luo X. The causal relationship between major depression disorder and thyroid diseases: A Mendelian randomization study and mediation analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:287-299. [PMID: 38788859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have been conducted on the relationship between depression and thyroid diseases and function, its causal relationship remains unclear. METHODS Using summary statistics of genome-wide association studies of European and East Asian ancestry, we conducted 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization to estimate the association between MDD and thyroid function (European: normal range TSH, T4, T3, fT4, TPOAb levels and TPOAb-positives; East Asian: T4) and thyroid diseases (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and used Mediation analysis to evaluate potential mediators (alcohol intake, antidepressant) of the association and calculate the mediated proportions. RESULTS It was observed a significant causal association between MDD on hypothyroidism (P = 8.94 × 10-5), hyperthyroidism (P = 8.68 × 10-3), and hashimoto's thyroiditis (P = 3.97 × 10-5) among European ancestry, which was mediated by Alcohol intake (alcohol intake versus 10 years previously for hypothyroidism (P = 0.026), hashimoto's thyroiditis (P = 0.042), and alcohol intake frequency for hypothyroidism (P = 0.015)) and antidepressant (for hypothyroidism (P = 0.008), hashimoto's thyroiditis (P = 0.010)), but not among East Asian ancestry (PMDD-hypothyroidism = 0.016, but β direction was different; PMDD-hyperthyroidism = 0.438; PMDD-hashimoto's thyroiditis = 0.496). There was no evidence for bidirectional causal association between thyroid function mentioned above and MDD among both ancestry (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION We importantly observed a significant causal association between MDD on risk of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and hashimoto's thyroiditis among European ancestry, and Alcohol intake and antidepressant as mediators for prevention of hypothyroidism, hashimoto's thyroiditis attributable to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Qiao Lu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yiping Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
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3
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Wang B, Xiong Y, Li R, Zhang S. Depression increases the risk of gallstone: A cross-sectional study and Mendelian randomization analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:606-614. [PMID: 39029662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallstone, a common digestive disorder, poses a significant public health burden. Concurrently, depression is acknowledged as a health risk. However, limited information exists on depression's impact on gallstone formation. This study investigates depression's causal effect on gallstone risk. METHODS Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, we conducted an observational study. The severity of depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses explored the correlation between depression and gallstone risk. Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, leveraging Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) data, reduced observational bias and elucidated causality. Inverse Variance Weighting (IVW) was the primary method, with sensitivity analyses validating results. RESULTS In the observational study (7707 participants), gallstone risk was elevated in mild (OR: 1.58, 95 % CI 1.31-1.90, P < 0.001), moderate (OR: 2.07, 95 % CI 1.59-2.67, P < 0.001), and severe (OR: 2.41, 95 % CI 1.70-3.34, P < 0.001) depression groups (P for trend <0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed a stronger association in those under 65, females, non-Hispanic Black, individuals with obesity, smokers, and those with college education or higher. Mendelian Randomization indicated a causal link between genetically predicted depression and higher cholelithiasis risk (OR: 2.06, 95 % CI 1.34-3.17, P = 0.001), validated through sensitivity analyses and multi-cohort verification. CONCLUSION Depression independently increases gallstone risk, particularly in those under 65, females, non-Hispanic Black, individuals with obesity, smokers, and those with college education or higher. Further validation is needed through multi-center, prospective cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Geriatric Digestive Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongqiang Xiong
- Department of Geriatric Digestive Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ren Li
- Department of Geriatric Digestive Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Digestive Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Experimental Teaching Center for Clinical Skills, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Gao N, Yu Z, Fan Y, Jiang X, Hu T. Impact of negative emotions on upper gastrointestinal diseases: A Mendel randomization study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304121. [PMID: 38995968 PMCID: PMC11244763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mendelian randomization method is a powerful tool in epidemiological research. The core idea is to use genetic variation as a tool to assess the causal relationship between risk factors and specific diseases. Confounding factors are important interference factors for causal inference in epidemiological studies, and genetic variation in Mendelian randomization studies follows the principle of random distribution of alleles to offspring, which is similar to randomized controlled trials. Mendel 's randomization method can effectively avoid the confounding factors, reverse causality in observational studies and the representativeness and feasibility of randomized controlled trials. Previous observational studies have reported a relationship between negative emotions and upper gastrointestinal disease. However, whether this relationship is causal remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the causal relationship between negative emotions and upper gastrointestinal diseases using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Three sets of genetic instruments from the database were obtained for analysis, including 12 anxiety-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 46 depression-related SNPs, and 58 nervous-related SNPs. SNPs were filtered using the Phenoscanner website, and the inverse variance weighted method, weighted median method, MR-Egger regression, MR pleiotropy residual sum, and outlier test were used for analysis. In inverse variance weighted analysis, anxiety and depression had an effect on gastroduodenal ulcer (p = 2.849×10-3, β = 4.908, 95% CI = 1.684-8.132; and p = 6.457×10-4, β = 1.767, 95% CI = 0.752-2.782, respectively). Additionally, depression had an effect on diseases of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (p = 3.498×10-5, β = 0.926, 95% CI = 0.487-1.364). Cochran's Q-derived p-values were 0.457, 0.603, and 0.643, and MR-Egger intercept-derived p-values were 0.697, 0.294, and 0.362, respectively. Here, we show that anxiety and depression have a causal relationship with gastroduodenal ulcers, and depression has a causal relationship with diseases of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhun Yu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Liu T, Wang Z, Kang X, Wang X, Ren G, Lv Y, Li J, Liu Y, Liang S, Nie Y, Luo H, Pan Y. Causal relationships between psychological disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:00042737-990000000-00383. [PMID: 38973539 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Observational studies have shown bidirectional associations between psychological disorders (e.g. depression and anxiety) and functional gastrointestinal disorders. However, whether the relationships are causal is uncertain. Here, we used a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization method to investigate the association between psychological disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). METHODS We obtained genome-wide association study summary statistics for two common psychological disorders: depression (170 756 cases) and anxiety (31 977 cases), as well as for three common FGIDs: functional dyspepsia with 6666 cases, constipation with 26 919 cases, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with 7053 cases. These summary statistics were retrieved from several publicly available genome-wide association study databases. The inverse variance weighted method was used as the main Mendelian randomization method. RESULTS Inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization analyses showed statistically significant associations between genetically predicted depression and risk of functional dyspepsia [odds ratio (OR): 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.82], constipation (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13-1.44), and IBS (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.37-1.67). Genetically predicted anxiety was associated with a higher risk of IBS (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.10-1.17) instead of functional dyspepsia and constipation. In addition, genetically predicted IBS instead of functional dyspepsia and constipation was associated with a higher risk of depression (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.12-1.57) and anxiety (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.05-4.03). CONCLUSION Depression is a causal risk factor for three common FGIDs. A bidirectional causal relationship between IBS and anxiety or depression was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Xu B, Forthman KL, Kuplicki R, Ahern J, Loughnan R, Naber F, Thompson WK, Nemeroff CB, Paulus MP, Fan CC. Genetic Correlates of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Insights from Polygenic Scores Across Cognitive, Temperamental, and Sleep Traits in the All of US cohort. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.03.24309914. [PMID: 39006419 PMCID: PMC11245070 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.24309914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a major challenge in mental health, affecting a significant number of patients and leading to considerable economic and social burdens. The etiological factors contributing to TRD are complex and not fully understood. Objective To investigate the genetic factors associated with TRD using polygenic scores (PGS) across various traits, and to explore their potential role in the etiology of TRD using large-scale genomic data from the All of Us Research Program (AoU). Methods Data from 292,663 participants in the AoU were analyzed using a case-cohort design. Treatment resistant depression (TRD), treatment responsive Major Depressive Disorder (trMDD), and all others who have no formal diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (non-MDD) were identified through diagnostic codes and prescription patterns. Polygenic scores (PGS) for 61 unique traits from seven domains were used and logistic regressions were conducted to assess associations between PGS and TRD. Finally, Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the predictive value of PGS for progression rate from the diagnostic event of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) to TRD. Results In the discovery set (104128 non-MDD, 16640 trMDD, and 4177 TRD), 44 of 61 selected PGS were found to be significantly associated with MDD, regardless of treatment responsiveness. Eleven of them were found to have stronger associations with TRD than with trMDD, encompassing PGS from domains in education, cognition, personality, sleep, and temperament. Genetic predisposition for insomnia and specific neuroticism traits were associated with increased TRD risk (OR range from 1.05 to 1.15), while higher education and intelligence scores were protective (ORs 0.88 and 0.91, respectively). These associations are consistent across two other independent sets within AoU (n = 104,388 and 63,330). Among 28,964 individuals tracked over time, 3,854 developed TRD within an average of 944 days (95% CI: 883 ~ 992 days) after MDD diagnosis. All eleven previously identified and replicated PGS were found to be modulating the conversion rate from MDD to TRD. Thus, those having higher education PGS would experiencing slower conversion rates than those who have lower education PGS with hazard ratios in 0.79 (80th versus 20th percentile, 95% CI: 0.74 ~ 0.85). Those who had higher insomnia PGS experience faster conversion rates than those who had lower insomnia PGS, with hazard ratios in 1.21 (80th versus 20th percentile, 95% CI: 1.13 ~ 1.30). Conclusions Our results indicate that genetic predisposition related to neuroticism, cognitive function, and sleep patterns play a significant role in the development of TRD. These findings underscore the importance of considering genetic and psychosocial factors in managing and treating TRD. Future research should focus on integrating genetic data with clinical outcomes to enhance our understanding of pathways leading to treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Xu
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jonathan Ahern
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Firas Naber
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, the Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Brasher MS, Grotzinger AD, Friedman NP, Smolker HR, Evans LM. Disentangling differing relationships between internalizing disorders and alcohol use. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024; 195:e32975. [PMID: 38375614 PMCID: PMC11147714 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Both internalizing disorders and alcohol use have dramatic, wide-spread implications for global health. Previous work has established common phenotypic comorbidity among these disorders, as well as shared genetic variation underlying them both. We used genomic structural equation modeling to investigate the shared genetics of internalizing, externalizing, and alcohol use traits, as well as to explore whether specific domains of internalizing symptoms mediate the contrasting relationships with problematic alcohol use compared to alcohol consumption. We also examined patterns of genetic correlations between similar traits within additional Finnish and East Asian ancestry groups. When the shared genetic influence of externalizing psychopathology was accounted for, the genetic effect of internalizing traits on alcohol use was reduced, suggesting the important role of common genetic factors underlying multiple psychiatric disorders and their genetic influences on comorbidity of internalizing and alcohol use traits. Individual internalizing domains had contrasting effects on frequency of alcohol consumption, which demonstrate the complex system of pleiotropy that exists, even within similar disorders, and can be missed when evaluating only relationships among formal diagnoses. Future work must consider the broad effects of shared psychopathology along with the fine-scale effects of heterogeneity within disorders to more fully understand the biology underlying complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maizy S Brasher
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew D Grotzinger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Harry R Smolker
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Luke M Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Benstock SE, Weaver K, Hettema JM, Verhulst B. Using Alternative Definitions of Controls to Increase Statistical Power in GWAS. Behav Genet 2024; 54:353-366. [PMID: 38869698 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-024-10187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often underpowered due to small effect sizes of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on phenotypes and extreme multiple testing thresholds. The most common approach for increasing statistical power is to increase sample size. We propose an alternative strategy of redefining case-control outcomes into ordinal case-subthreshold-asymptomatic variables. While maintaining the clinical case threshold, we subdivide controls into two groups: individuals who are symptomatic but do not meet the clinical criteria for diagnosis (subthreshold) and individuals who are effectively asymptomatic. We conducted a simulation study to examine the impact of effect size, minor allele frequency, population prevalence, and the prevalence of the subthreshold group on statistical power to detect genetic associations in three scenarios: a standard case-control, an ordinal, and a case-asymptomatic control analysis. Our results suggest the ordinal model consistently provides the greatest statistical power while the case-control model the least. Power in the case-asymptomatic control model reflects the case-control or ordinal model depending on the population prevalence and size of the subthreshold category. We then analyzed a major depression phenotype from the UK Biobank to corroborate our simulation results. Overall, the ordinal model improves statistical power in GWAS consistent with increasing the sample size by approximately 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Benstock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Weaver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brad Verhulst
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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Crestol A, de Lange AMG, Schindler L, Subramaniapillai S, Nerland S, Oppenheimer H, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Tamnes CK, Barth C. Linking menopause-related factors, history of depression, APOE ε4, and proxies of biological aging in the UK biobank cohort. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105596. [PMID: 38944998 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In a subset of females, postmenopausal status has been linked to accelerated aging and neurological decline. A complex interplay between reproductive-related factors, mental disorders, and genetics may influence brain function and accelerate the rate of aging in the postmenopausal phase. Using multiple regressions corrected for age, in this preregistered study we investigated the associations between menopause-related factors (i.e., menopausal status, menopause type, age at menopause, and reproductive span) and proxies of cellular aging (leukocyte telomere length, LTL) and brain aging (white and gray matter brain age gap, BAG) in 13,780 females from the UK Biobank (age range 39-82). We then determined how these proxies of aging were associated with each other, and evaluated the effects of menopause-related factors, history of depression (= lifetime broad depression), and APOE ε4 genotype on BAG and LTL, examining both additive and interactive relationships. We found that postmenopausal status and older age at natural menopause were linked to longer LTL and lower BAG. Surgical menopause and longer natural reproductive span were also associated with longer LTL. BAG and LTL were not significantly associated with each other. The greatest variance in each proxy of biological aging was most consistently explained by models with the addition of both lifetime broad depression and APOE ε4 genotype. Overall, this study demonstrates a complex interplay between menopause-related factors, lifetime broad depression, APOE ε4 genotype, and proxies of biological aging. However, results are potentially influenced by a disproportionate number of healthier participants among postmenopausal females. Future longitudinal studies incorporating heterogeneous samples are an essential step towards advancing female health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Crestol
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ann-Marie G de Lange
- Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Schindler
- Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sivaniya Subramaniapillai
- Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stener Nerland
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hannah Oppenheimer
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Barth
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Jareebi MA, Alqassim AY. The impact of educational attainment on mental health: A Causal Assessment from the UKB and FinnGen Cohorts. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38602. [PMID: 38941394 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies report inverse associations between educational attainment and depression/anxiety risks, but confounding hinders causal inference. This study aimed to assess potential causal relationships using Mendelian randomization (MR). Two-sample MR analysis was conducted using genetic instruments for education, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity from published genome-wide association studies. Depression and anxiety data came from the UK Biobank ([UKB] 117,782 individuals) and FinnGen (215,644 individuals) cohorts. Inverse variance weighted regression determined associations between exposures and mental health outcomes. Increased educational attainment was causally associated with reduced risks of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 0.99 per year, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.990-0.996, P < .001) and anxiety (OR = 0.99, CI: 0.98-0.991, P < .001) in both cohorts. Smoking initiation conferred higher risks of depression (UKB OR = 1.05, CI: 1.03-1.06, P < .001; FinnGen OR = 1.20, CI: 1.10-1.32, P < .001) and anxiety (FinnGen only, OR = 1.10, CI: 1.01-1.21, P < .05). Likewise, maternal smoking history associated with greater depression (UKB OR = 1.15, CI: 1.10-1.35, P = .027) and anxiety susceptibility (FinnGen OR = 3.02, CI: 1.67-5.46, P = .011). Higher body mass index elevated depression risk in both cohorts. Physical activity showed no clear associations. This MR study provides evidence that education may causally reduce mental health disorder risk. Smoking, obesity, and low activity appear detrimentally linked to depression and anxiety. Improving access to education could offer effective strategies for lowering population psychiatric burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Jareebi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Fu X, Chen Y, Luo X, Ide JS, Li CSR. Gray matter volumetric correlates of the polygenic risk of depression: A study of the Human Connectome Project data. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 87:2-12. [PMID: 38936229 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Genetic factors confer risks for depression. Understanding the neural endophenotypes, including brain morphometrics, of genetic predisposition to depression would help in unraveling the pathophysiology of depression. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine how gray matter volumes (GMVs) were correlated with the polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression in 993 young adults of the Human Connectome Project. The phenotype of depression was quantified with a DSM-oriented scale of the Achenbach Adult Self-Report. The PRS for depression was computed for each subject using the Psychiatric Genomics Association Study as the base sample. In multiple regression with age, sex, race, drinking severity, and total intracranial volume as covariates, regional GMVs in positive correlation with the PRS were observed in bilateral hippocampi and right gyrus rectus. Regional GMVs in negative correlation with the PRS were observed in a wide swath of brain regions, including bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, lingual gyri, cerebellum, and the left postcentral gyrus, cuneus, and parahippocampal gyrus. We also found sex difference in anterior cingulate volumes in manifesting the genetic risk of depression. In addition, the GMV of the right cerebellum crus I partially mediated the link from PRS to depression severity. These findings add to the literature by highlighting 1) a more diverse pattern of the volumetric markers of depression, with most regions showing lower but others higher GMVs in association with the genetic risks of depression, and 2) the cerebellar GMV as a genetically informed neural phenotype of depression, in neurotypical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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12
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Rivier C, Szejko N, Renedo D, Clocchiatti-Tuozzo S, Huo S, de Havenon A, Zhao H, Gill T, Sheth K, Falcone G. Bidirectional relationship between epigenetic age and brain health events. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4378855. [PMID: 38978587 PMCID: PMC11230493 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4378855/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Chronological age offers an imperfect estimate of the molecular changes that occur with aging. Epigenetic age, which is derived from DNA methylation data, provides a more nuanced representation of aging-related biological processes. This study examines the bidirectional relationship between epigenetic age and the occurrence of brain health events (stroke, dementia, and late-life depression). Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we analyzed blood samples from over 4,000 participants to determine how epigenetic age relates to past and future brain health events. Study participants with a prior brain health event prior to blood collection were 4% epigenetically older (beta 0.04, SE 0.01), suggesting that these conditions are associated with faster aging than that captured by chronological age. Furthermore, a one standard deviation increase in epigenetic age was associated with 70% higher odds of experiencing a brain health event in the next four years after blood collection (OR 1.70, 95%CI 1.16-2.50), indicating that epigenetic age is not just a consequence but also a predictor of poor brain health. Both results were replicated through Mendelian Randomization analyses, supporting their causal nature. Our findings support the utilization of epigenetic age as a useful biomarker to evaluate the role of interventions aimed at preventing and promoting recovery after a brain health event.
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13
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Nothdurfter D, Jawinski P, Markett S. White Matter Tract Integrity Is Reduced in Depression and in Individuals With Genetic Liability to Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1063-1071. [PMID: 38103877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While major depression has been linked to changes in white matter architecture, it remains unclear whether risk factors for depression are directly associated with these alterations. We reexamined white matter fiber tracts in individuals with depressive symptoms and investigated the connection between genetic and environmental risk for depression and structural changes in the brain. METHODS We included 19,183 participants from the UK Biobank imaging cohort, with depression status and adverse life experience based on questionnaire data and genetic liability for depression quantified by polygenic scores. The integrity of 27 white matter tracts was assessed using mean fractional anisotropy derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS White matter integrity was reduced, particularly in thalamic and intracortical fiber tracts, in individuals with depressive symptoms, independent of current symptom status. In a group of healthy individuals without depression, increasing genetic risk and increasing environmental risk were associated with reduced integrity in relevant fiber tracts, particularly in thalamic radiations. This association was stronger than expected based on statistical dependencies between samples, as confirmed by subsequent in silico simulations and permutation tests. CONCLUSIONS White matter alterations in thalamic and association tracts are associated with depressive symptoms and genetic risk for depression in unaffected individuals, suggesting an intermediate phenotype at the brain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Markett
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Farré X, Blay N, Espinosa A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Carreras A, Garcia-Aymerich J, Cardis E, Kogevinas M, Goldberg X, de Cid R. Decoding depression by exploring the exposome-genome edge amidst COVID-19 lockdown. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13562. [PMID: 38866890 PMCID: PMC11169603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Risk of depression increased in the general population after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. By examining the interplay between genetics and individual environmental exposures during the COVID-19 lockdown, we have been able to gain an insight as to why some individuals are more vulnerable to depression, while others are more resilient. This study, conducted on a Spanish cohort of 9218 individuals (COVICAT), includes a comprehensive non-genetic risk analysis, the exposome, complemented by a genomics analysis in a subset of 2442 participants. Depression levels were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Together with Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS), we introduced a novel score; Poly-Environmental Risk Scores (PERS) for non-genetic risks to estimate the effect of each cumulative score and gene-environment interaction. We found significant positive associations for PERSSoc (Social and Household), PERSLife (Lifestyle and Behaviour), and PERSEnv (Wider Environment and Health) scores across all levels of depression severity, and for PRSB (Broad depression) only for moderate depression (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.03-1.40). On average OR increased 1.2-fold for PERSEnv and 1.6-fold for PERLife and PERSoc from mild to severe depression level. The complete adjusted model explained 16.9% of the variance. We further observed an interaction between PERSEnv and PRSB showing a potential mitigating effect. In summary, stressors within the social and behavioral domains emerged as the primary drivers of depression risk in this population, unveiling a mitigating interaction effect that should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Farré
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Research Group on the Impact of Chronic Diseases and Their Trajectories (GRIMTra), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Natalia Blay
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Research Group on the Impact of Chronic Diseases and Their Trajectories (GRIMTra), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Carreras
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ximena Goldberg
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
- Research Group on the Impact of Chronic Diseases and Their Trajectories (GRIMTra), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
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15
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Fass SB, Mulvey B, Chase R, Yang W, Selmanovic D, Chaturvedi SM, Tycksen E, Weiss LA, Dougherty JD. Relationship between sex biases in gene expression and sex biases in autism and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:47. [PMID: 38844994 PMCID: PMC11157820 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in the brain may play an important role in sex-differential prevalence of neuropsychiatric conditions. METHODS In order to understand the transcriptional basis of sex differences, we analyzed multiple, large-scale, human postmortem brain RNA-Seq datasets using both within-region and pan-regional frameworks. RESULTS We find evidence of sex-biased transcription in many autosomal genes, some of which provide evidence for pathways and cell population differences between chromosomally male and female individuals. These analyses also highlight regional differences in the extent of sex-differential gene expression. We observe an increase in specific neuronal transcripts in male brains and an increase in immune and glial function-related transcripts in female brains. Integration with single-nucleus data suggests this corresponds to sex differences in cellular states rather than cell abundance. Integration with case-control gene expression studies suggests a female molecular predisposition towards Alzheimer's disease, a female-biased disease. Autism, a male-biased diagnosis, does not exhibit a male predisposition pattern in our analysis. CONCLUSION Overall, these analyses highlight mechanisms by which sex differences may interact with sex-biased conditions in the brain. Furthermore, we provide region-specific analyses of sex differences in brain gene expression to enable additional studies at the interface of gene expression and diagnostic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Fass
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bernard Mulvey
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St. Ste 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca Chase
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Din Selmanovic
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sneha M Chaturvedi
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lauren A Weiss
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSE901, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSE901, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSE901, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Genetics, 4566 Scott Ave., Campus Box 8232, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA.
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16
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Chen Y, Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Lin J, Wang Y. Night shift work, genetic risk, and the risk of depression: A prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:735-742. [PMID: 38548197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors and night shift work both contribute to the risk of depression, but whether the association of night shift work with depression varies by genetic predisposition remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess whether night shift work is associated with a higher risk of depression regardless of genetic predisposition. METHODS We used data from the UK biobank of 247,828 adults aged 38-71 free of depression at baseline from March 13, 2006, to October 1, 2010. Genetic predisposition to depression was assessed using polygenic risk scores (PRS) weighted sums of genetic variant indicator variables and classified as low (lowest tertile), intermediate (tertile 2), and high (highest tertile). Night shift work exposures were collected using a touchscreen questionnaire and were divided into four categories. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 12.7 years, 7315 participants developed depression. Compared with day workers, HRs (95 % CIs) of depression were 1.28 (1.19-1.38) for shift work, but never or rarely night shifts, 1.32 (1.20-1.45) for irregular night shifts, and 1.20 (1.07-1.34) for permanent night shifts. Considering lifetime employment and compared with never shift workers, >8 nights/month (HR: 1.40; 95 % CI: 1.19-1.66) and <10 years (HR: 1.30; 95 % CI: 1.09-1.54) of night shift work were associated with a higher risk of depression. In joint effect analyses, compared to participants with low genetic predisposition and day workers, the HRs (95 % CIs) of depression were 1.49 (1.32-1.69) in those with high genetic predisposition and shift work, but never or rarely night shifts, and 1.36 (1.20-1.55) for those with high genetic predisposition and irregular/permanent night shifts. In addition, there was neither multiplicative nor additive interaction between genetic predisposition and night shift work on the risk of depression. CONCLUSIONS Night shift work was associated with an increased risk of depression regardless of genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Chen
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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17
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Safiri S, Mousavi SE, Nejadghaderi SA, Noori M, Sullman MJM, Kolahi AA, Shekarriz-Foumani R. The burden of major depressive disorder in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990-2019. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2024; 36:139-152. [PMID: 37690795 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading causes of disability. We aimed to report the MDD-attributable prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from 1990 to 2019 by age, sex and socio-demographic index (SDI). METHODS Publicly available data on the burden of MDD were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019 for the 21 countries in MENA. The counts and age-standardised rates (per 100,000) were presented, along with their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals. RESULTS In 2019, MDD had an age-standardised point prevalence of 3322.1 and an incidence rate of 4921.7 per 100,000 population in MENA. Furthermore, there were 4.1 million YLDs in 2019. However, there were no substantial changes in the MDD burden over the period 1990-2019. In 2019, Palestine had the highest burden of MDD. The highest prevalence, incidence and YLDs attributable to MDD were found in the 35-39 age group. In 2019, the YLD rate in MENA was higher than the global rate for almost all age groups. Furthermore, there was a broadly negative association between the YLD rate and SDI. CONCLUSION The study highlights the need to prevent the disorder using a multidisciplinary approach and for the provision of cost-effective treatments for those affected, in order to increase their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Safiri
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Mousavi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shekarriz-Foumani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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He Y, Wang L, Tang R, Jin H, Liu B, Chen S, Mu H, Wang X. Common mental disorders and risk of spontaneous abortion or recurrent spontaneous abortion: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:258-266. [PMID: 38484879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The direct causal relationships between common mental disorders (anxiety disorders, broad depression, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and insomnia) and miscarriage or recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these, using Mendelian randomization. METHODS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses with the largest sample size possible and selected independent single individuals of European ancestry were selected. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the main analysis method. The heterogeneity of the instrumental variables (IVs) was assessed using IVW and MR-Egger, and the horizontal pleiotropy of the IVs was assessed using MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO. RESULTS Based on IVW results, the four mental disorders were found to be causally associated with spontaneous abortion (anxiety disorder: OR (95%CI), 1.230 (1.063-1.420), P = 0.0050; major depressive disorder: 1.690 (1.239-2.307), P = 0.0009; bipolar disorder: 1.110 (1.052-1.170), P = 0.0001; insomnia: 1.292 (1.076-1.552), P = 0.0060). Furthermore, no causal relationship was observed between broad depression and spontaneous abortion. Five common mental disorders were not causally associated with the RSA. LIMITATIONS (1) Our analysis was limited to the European population; (2) the duration of mental disorders was not analyzed, as no information was available; and (3) it was difficult to completely detect genetic pleiotropy. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety disorders, MDD, bipolar disorder, and insomnia may contribute to spontaneous abortion. Therefore, we should focus on the mental and sleep health of pregnant women. Future studies may be required on whether mental disorders directly lead to RSA, especially unexplained RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrine Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrine Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Ruonan Tang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrine Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710038, China; Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Hongbin Jin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bangshan Liu
- National Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha 410011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China; Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrine Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Hui Mu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrine Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrine Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710038, China.
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19
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El Yacoubi M, Altersitz C, Latapie V, Rizkallah E, Arthaud S, Bougarel L, Pereira M, Wierinckx A, El-Hage W, Belzeaux R, Turecki G, Svenningsson P, Martin B, Lachuer J, Vaugeois JM, Jamain S. Two polygenic mouse models of major depressive disorders identify TMEM161B as a potential biomarker of disease in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1129-1139. [PMID: 38326457 PMCID: PMC11109134 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Treatments are only partially effective in major depressive disorders (MDD) but no biomarker exists to predict symptom improvement in patients. Animal models are essential tools in the development of antidepressant medications, but while recent genetic studies have demonstrated the polygenic contribution to MDD, current models are limited to either mimic the effect of a single gene or environmental factor. We developed in the past a model of depressive-like behaviors in mice (H/Rouen), using selective breeding based on behavioral reaction after an acute mild stress in the tail suspension test. Here, we propose a new mouse model of depression (H-TST) generated from a more complex genetic background and based on the same selection process. We first demonstrated that H/Rouen and H-TST mice had similar phenotypes and were more sensitive to glutamate-related antidepressant medications than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. We then conducted an exome sequencing on the two mouse models and showed that they had damaging variants in 174 identical genes, which have also been associated with MDD in humans. Among these genes, we showed a higher expression level of Tmem161b in brain and blood of our two mouse models. Changes in TMEM161B expression level was also observed in blood of MDD patients when compared with controls, and after 8-week treatment with duloxetine, mainly in good responders to treatment. Altogether, our results introduce H/Rouen and H-TST as the two first polygenic animal models of MDD and demonstrate their ability to identify biomarkers of the disease and to develop rapid and effective antidepressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika El Yacoubi
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Claire Altersitz
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Violaine Latapie
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Elari Rizkallah
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- SLEEP Team, CNRS UMR5292; INSERM U1028; Lyon Neuroscience Research; Center, Lyon, F-69372, France
- University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Bougarel
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, F-94010, Créteil, France
- NETRIS Pharma, Lyon, France
| | - Marcela Pereira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anne Wierinckx
- ProfileXpert, SFR Santé Lyon-Est, UCBL UMS 3453 CNRS, US7 INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France
- Centre Expert Dépression Résistante, Fondation FondaMental, Tours, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, F-94000, France
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Benoît Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, LTSI (Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image), UMR-1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Joël Lachuer
- ProfileXpert, SFR Santé Lyon-Est, UCBL UMS 3453 CNRS, US7 INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Vaugeois
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTE UR 4651, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, F-94010, Créteil, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, F-94000, France.
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20
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Zhang Z, Song Y. Causal relationship between depression and hypercholesterolemia: A bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38234. [PMID: 38788001 PMCID: PMC11124720 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although observational studies have found both a positive and negative association between depression and hypercholesterolemia, the findings are mixed and contradictory. To our knowledge, this is the first study that employs the bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariable MR analysis with extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data to examine the causal effect between depression and hypercholesterolemia. Using summary statistics obtained from GWAS of individuals with European ancestry, we utilize a bidirectional 2-sample MR approach to explore the potential causal association between hypercholesterolemia and depressive symptoms. Multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis was used to examine whether the direct causal effect of depression on the risk of hypercholesterolemia can be affected by traits associated with the increased risk of hypercholesterolemia. This MR analysis utilized inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted mode, and weighted median methods. Data on the summary level of depression were acquired from a GWAS that involved 500,199 participants. We used summary GWAS datasets for hypercholesterolemia including 206,067 participants. We also used another GWAS databases of hypercholesterolemiat (n = 463,010) to validate our results. By utilizing IVW, it was discovered that there is a possibility of a 31% rise in the risk of hypercholesterolemia due to depression (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.10-1.57, P = .002). We found a consistent causal effect of depression on hypercholesterolemia from the IVW analyses using different hypercholesterolemia datasets. After adjustment of smoking, physical activity, and obesity, there remains significant causal relationship between depression and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01-1.54, P = .040). However, we did not find any evidence indicating that hypercholesterolemia leads to depression in the opposite direction. Directional pleiotropy was not observed in the MR-Egger regression analysis. Additionally, the MR-PRESSO analysis validated these discoveries. Neither the leave-one-out sensitivity test nor the funnel plots revealed any outliers. In both the unadjusted and adjusted estimates, depression has a consistent direct causal effect on hypercholesterolemia. Our study has led to an improved comprehension of the causal connections between hypercholesterolemia and depression, which could aid in the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongyan Song
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Daskalakis NP, Iatrou A, Chatzinakos C, Jajoo A, Snijders C, Wylie D, DiPietro CP, Tsatsani I, Chen CY, Pernia CD, Soliva-Estruch M, Arasappan D, Bharadwaj RA, Collado-Torres L, Wuchty S, Alvarez VE, Dammer EB, Deep-Soboslay A, Duong DM, Eagles N, Huber BR, Huuki L, Holstein VL, Logue ΜW, Lugenbühl JF, Maihofer AX, Miller MW, Nievergelt CM, Pertea G, Ross D, Sendi MSE, Sun BB, Tao R, Tooke J, Wolf EJ, Zeier Z, Berretta S, Champagne FA, Hyde T, Seyfried NT, Shin JH, Weinberger DR, Nemeroff CB, Kleinman JE, Ressler KJ. Systems biology dissection of PTSD and MDD across brain regions, cell types, and blood. Science 2024; 384:eadh3707. [PMID: 38781393 PMCID: PMC11203158 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The molecular pathology of stress-related disorders remains elusive. Our brain multiregion, multiomic study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) included the central nucleus of the amygdala, hippocampal dentate gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Genes and exons within the mPFC carried most disease signals replicated across two independent cohorts. Pathways pointed to immune function, neuronal and synaptic regulation, and stress hormones. Multiomic factor and gene network analyses provided the underlying genomic structure. Single nucleus RNA sequencing in dorsolateral PFC revealed dysregulated (stress-related) signals in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Analyses of brain-blood intersections in >50,000 UK Biobank participants were conducted along with fine-mapping of the results of PTSD and MDD genome-wide association studies to distinguish risk from disease processes. Our data suggest shared and distinct molecular pathology in both disorders and propose potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chris Chatzinakos
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USA
| | - Aarti Jajoo
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Clara Snijders
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dennis Wylie
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Christopher P. DiPietro
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ioulia Tsatsani
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cameron D. Pernia
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Marina Soliva-Estruch
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Dhivya Arasappan
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Rahul A. Bharadwaj
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stefan Wuchty
- Departments of Computer Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Victor E. Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
- National Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Brain Bank, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta GA, 30329, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nick Eagles
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bertrand R. Huber
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- National Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Brain Bank, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Louise Huuki
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vincent L Holstein
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Μark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Justina F. Lugenbühl
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Geo Pertea
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deanna Ross
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mohammad S. E Sendi
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James Tooke
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Zane Zeier
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | | - Sabina Berretta
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta GA, 30329, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development; Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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22
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Wen C, Margolis M, Dai R, Zhang P, Przytycki PF, Vo DD, Bhattacharya A, Matoba N, Tang M, Jiao C, Kim M, Tsai E, Hoh C, Aygün N, Walker RL, Chatzinakos C, Clarke D, Pratt H, Peters MA, Gerstein M, Daskalakis NP, Weng Z, Jaffe AE, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Bray NJ, Sestan N, Geschwind DH, Roeder K, Gusev A, Pasaniuc B, Stein JL, Love MI, Pollard KS, Liu C, Gandal MJ. Cross-ancestry atlas of gene, isoform, and splicing regulation in the developing human brain. Science 2024; 384:eadh0829. [PMID: 38781368 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric genome-wide association studies (GWASs), including those for autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, show strong enrichment for regulatory elements in the developing brain. However, prioritizing risk genes and mechanisms is challenging without a unified regulatory atlas. Across 672 diverse developing human brains, we identified 15,752 genes harboring gene, isoform, and/or splicing quantitative trait loci, mapping 3739 to cellular contexts. Gene expression heritability drops during development, likely reflecting both increasing cellular heterogeneity and the intrinsic properties of neuronal maturation. Isoform-level regulation, particularly in the second trimester, mediated the largest proportion of GWAS heritability. Through colocalization, we prioritized mechanisms for about 60% of GWAS loci across five disorders, exceeding adult brain findings. Finally, we contextualized results within gene and isoform coexpression networks, revealing the comprehensive landscape of transcriptome regulation in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Wen
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rujia Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pawel F Przytycki
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel D Vo
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nana Matoba
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chuan Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Team Krebs, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ellen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Celine Hoh
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca L Walker
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christos Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Declan Clarke
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Henry Pratt
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mette A Peters
- CNS Data Coordination Group, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Neumora Therapeutics, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yang X, Cheng B, Cheng S, Liu L, Pan C, Meng P, Li C, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wen Y, Jia Y, Liu H, Zhang F. A genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes for sleep disturbances in depressed individuals. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:51. [PMID: 38778419 PMCID: PMC11110369 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify candidate loci and genes related to sleep disturbances in depressed individuals and clarify the co-occurrence of sleep disturbances and depression from the genetic perspective. METHODS The study subjects (including 58,256 self-reported depressed individuals and 6,576 participants with PHQ-9 score ≥ 10, respectively) were collected from the UK Biobank, which were determined based on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and self-reported depression status, respectively. Sleep related traits included chronotype, insomnia, snoring and daytime dozing. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of sleep related traits in depressed individuals were conducted by PLINK 2.0 adjusting age, sex, Townsend deprivation index and 10 principal components as covariates. The CAUSALdb database was used to explore the mental traits associated with the candidate genes identified by the GWAS. RESULTS GWAS detected 15 loci significantly associated with chronotype in the subjects with self-reported depression, such as rs12736689 at RNASEL (P = 1.00 × 10- 09), rs509476 at RGS16 (P = 1.58 × 10- 09) and rs1006751 at RFX4 (P = 1.54 × 10- 08). 9 candidate loci were identified in the subjects with PHQ-9 ≥ 10, of which 2 loci were associated with insomnia such as rs115379847 at EVC2 (P = 3.50 × 10- 08), and 7 loci were associated with daytime dozing, such as rs140876133 at SMYD3 (P = 3.88 × 10- 08) and rs139156969 at ROBO2 (P = 3.58 × 10- 08). Multiple identified genes, such as RNASEL, RGS16, RFX4 and ROBO2 were reported to be associated with chronotype, depression or cognition in previous studies. CONCLUSION Our study identified several candidate genes related to sleep disturbances in depressed individuals, which provided new clues for understanding the biological mechanism underlying the co-occurrence of depression and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuena Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peilin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun'e Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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24
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Liu Y, Yu J, Yang Y, Han B, Wang Q, Du S. Investigating the causal relationship of gut microbiota with GERD and BE: a bidirectional mendelian randomization. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:471. [PMID: 38745153 PMCID: PMC11092028 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota(GM) have been proven associated with lots of gastrointestinal diseases, but its causal relationship with Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) and Barrett's esophagus(BE) hasn't been explored. We aimed to uncover the causal relation between GM and GERD/BE and potential mediators by utilizing Mendelian Randomization(MR) analysis. METHODS Summary statistics of GM(comprising 301 bacteria taxa and 205 metabolism pathways) were extracted from MiBioGen Consortium(N = 18,340) and Dutch Microbiome Project(N = 7,738), GERD and BE from a multitrait meta-analysis(NGERD=602,604, NBE=56,429). Bidirectional two-sample MR analysis and linkage disequilibrium score regression(LDSC) were used to explore the genetic correlation between GM and GERD/BE. Mediation MR analysis was performed for the risk factors of GERD/BE, including Body mass index(BMI), weight, type 2 diabetes, major depressive disorder(MDD), smoking initiation, alcohol consumption, and dietary intake(including carbohydrate, sugar, fat, protein intake), to detect the potential mediators between GM and GERD/BE. RESULTS 11 bacterial taxa and 13 metabolism pathways were found associated with GERD, and 18 taxa and 5 pathways exhibited causal relationship with BE. Mediation MR analysis suggested weight and BMI played a crucial role in these relationships. LDSC identified 1 taxon and 4 metabolism pathways related to GERD, and 1 taxon related to BE. Specie Faecalibacterium prausnitzii had a suggestive impact on both GERD(OR = 1.087, 95%CI = 1.01-1.17) and BE(OR = 1.388, 95%CI = 1.03-1.86) and LDSC had determined their correlation. Reverse MR indicated that BE impacted 10 taxa and 4 pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study established a causal link between gut microbiota and GERD/BE, and identified the probable mediators. It offers new insights into the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of GERD and BE in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China-Japan Friendship Hospital(Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyu Han
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
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25
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Voorhies K, Hecker J, Lee S, Hahn G, Prokopenko D, McDonald ML, Wu AC, Wu A, Hokanson JE, Cho MH, Lange C, Hoth KF, Lutz SM. Examining the Effect of Genes on Depression as Mediated by Smoking and Modified by Sex. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:565. [PMID: 38790194 PMCID: PMC11120779 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is heritable, differs by sex, and has environmental risk factors such as cigarette smoking. However, the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on depression through cigarette smoking and the role of sex is unclear. In order to examine the association of SNPs with depression and smoking in the UK Biobank with replication in the COPDGene study, we used counterfactual-based mediation analysis to test the indirect or mediated effect of SNPs on broad depression through the log of pack-years of cigarette smoking, adjusting for age, sex, current smoking status, and genetic ancestry (via principal components). In secondary analyses, we adjusted for age, sex, current smoking status, genetic ancestry (via principal components), income, education, and living status (urban vs. rural). In addition, we examined sex-stratified mediation models and sex-moderated mediation models. For both analyses, we adjusted for age, current smoking status, and genetic ancestry (via principal components). In the UK Biobank, rs6424532 [LOC105378800] had a statistically significant indirect effect on broad depression through the log of pack-years of cigarette smoking (p = 4.0 × 10-4) among all participants and a marginally significant indirect effect among females (p = 0.02) and males (p = 4.0 × 10-3). Moreover, rs10501696 [GRM5] had a marginally significant indirect effect on broad depression through the log of pack-years of cigarette smoking (p = 0.01) among all participants and a significant indirect effect among females (p = 2.2 × 10-3). In the secondary analyses, the sex-moderated indirect effect was marginally significant for rs10501696 [GRM5] on broad depression through the log of pack-years of cigarette smoking (p = 0.01). In the COPDGene study, the effect of an SNP (rs10501696) in GRM5 on depressive symptoms and medication was mediated by log of pack-years (p = 0.02); however, no SNPs had a sex-moderated mediated effect on depressive symptoms. In the UK Biobank, we found SNPs in two genes [LOC105378800, GRM5] with an indirect effect on broad depression through the log of pack-years of cigarette smoking. In addition, the indirect effect for GRM5 on broad depression through smoking may be moderated by sex. These results suggest that genetic regions associated with broad depression may be mediated by cigarette smoking and this relationship may be moderated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Voorhies
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Julian Hecker
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medical Consilience, Graduate School, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Georg Hahn
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit and the McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Merry-Lynn McDonald
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - Ann Wu
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John E. Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin F. Hoth
- Department of Psychiatry and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sharon M. Lutz
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Wang Z, Du Z, Lu R, Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Zhu H. Causal relationship between diabetes and depression: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:956-961. [PMID: 38355055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores the causal relationship between diabetes and depression using a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) method. METHODS The study selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely associated with diabetes and depression in European populations from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) database, to serve as instrumental variables (IVs). The main evaluation method was inverse variance weighted analysis (IVW), supplemented by verification using Weighted median, Weighted mode, and MR Egger methods. The Odds Ratio (OR) and 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) were used as the main evaluation indicators, along with sensitivity analysis. RESULTS This study found a negative correlation between diabetes and depression, suggesting that diabetes may reduce the risk of depression [IVW(FE): OR: 0.901, 95 % CI: 0.823 to 0.987; P = 0.025 < 0.05]. This finding was further confirmed by the Weighted median [OR: 0.844, 95 % CI: 0.730 to 0.974; P = 0.021 < 0.05] and Weighted mode method [OR: 0.766, 95 % CI: 0.637 to 0.921; P = 0.006 < 0.05]. However, the reverse showed no causal relationship between depression and diabetes (P > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis found no pleiotropy, and there were no large influences from individual SNPs on the result's robustness; the results are stable and reliable. CONCLUSION For the first time, this study using TSMR analysis found a negative correlation between diabetes and the risk of depression onset in European populations, suggesting that diabetes might reduce the risk of depression. But as the mechanisms are still unclear, these findings warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Lu
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haohao Zhu
- Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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27
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Zhou P, Li L, Ming X, Cai W, Hao B, Hu Y, He Z, Chen X. Causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and sensorineural hearing loss: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization analysis. J Psychosom Res 2024; 179:111641. [PMID: 38461621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study employed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal links between psychiatric disorders and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). METHODS Instrumental variables were chosen from genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia (SCH, N = 127,906), bipolar disorder (BD, N = 51,710), major depressive disorder (MDD, N = 500,199), and SNHL (N = 212,544). In the univariable MR analysis, the inverse-variance weighted method (IVW) was conducted as the primary analysis, complemented by various sensitivity analyses to ensure result robustness. RESULTS SCH exhibited a decreased the risk of SNHL (OR = 0.949, P = 0.005), whereas BD showed an increased incidence of SNHL (OR = 1.145, P = 0.005). No causal association was found for MDD on SNHL (OR = 1.088, P = 0.246). Multivariable MR validated these results. In the reverse direction, genetically predicted SNHL was linked to a decreased risk of SCH with suggestive significance (OR = 0.912, P = 0.023). No reverse causal relationships were observed for SNHL influencing BD or MDD. These findings remained consistent across various MR methods and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the causal relationships between diverse psychiatric disorders with SNHL were heterogeneous. Specifically, SCH was inversely associated with SNHL susceptibility, and similarly, a reduced risk of SNHL was observed in schizophrenia patients. In contrast, BD exhibited an increased incidence of SNHL, although SNHL did not influence the prevalence of BD. No causal association between MDD and SNHL was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Ming
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanyue Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Hao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zuhong He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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28
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Wang X, Song S, Dong N, Lv R, He Y, Zhao Y, Yue H. The causal relationship between depression and obstructive sleep apnea: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Psychosom Res 2024; 179:111620. [PMID: 38430795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have reported the close association of depression with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the causal nature and direction remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the genetic causal relationship between depression and OSA using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS Based on publicly available genome-wide association studies data of depression and OSA, we conducted a bidirectional two-sample MR study. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used as the main analysis method. Moreover, multivariable MR was performed to further explore the underlying genetic causality of OSA and depression after adjusting for several potential mediators. RESULTS The univariable MR analysis revealed a significant causality of depression on the susceptibility of OSA (ORivw = 1.29, 95%CI:1.11,1.50; p < 0.001). This relationship was evidenced by the phenotypes for broad depression (ORivw = 3.30, 95%CI: 1.73, 6.29; p < 0.001), probable major depression (ORivw = 18.79, 95%CI: 5.69, 61.99; p < 0.001), and ICD-10 major depression (ORivw = 23.67, 95%CI: 4.13, 135.74; p < 0.001). In the reverse direction, no significant causal effect of OSA on depression was found. After adjusting for smoking, alcohol use, obesity, type 2 diabetes, insomnia, age, gender, and codeine, most of these results suggested that depression remained significantly and positively associated with OSA. CONCLUSION These findings may contribute to the understanding of the etiology of depression and OSA and also suggest the clinical significance of controlling depression for the prevention of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shaoming Song
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Faculty of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Na Dong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Renjun Lv
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yao He
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongmei Yue
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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29
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Ran S, Qiu X, Wang S, Liu B, Liu P. Causal relationship between sleep duration and depression: A bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:822-823. [PMID: 38253136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ran
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China; Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - XinHong Qiu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - SiQi Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - BaoLin Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China; Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China; Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
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30
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Lavonius V, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Hamal Mishra B, Sormunen E, Kähönen M, Raitakari O, Hietala J, Cloninger CR, Lehtimäki T, Saarinen A. Polygenic risk for depression predicting temperament trajectories over 15 years - A general population study. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:388-395. [PMID: 38218259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A great number of case-control and population-based studies have shown that depression patients differ from healthy controls in their temperament traits. We investigated whether polygenic risk for depression predicts trajectories of temperament traits from early adulthood to middle age. METHODS Participants came from the population-based Young Finns Study (n = 2212). The calculation for Polygenic risk for depression (PRS) was based on the most recent genome-wide association study. Temperament traits of Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory in 1997, 2001, 2007, and 2012 (participants being 24-50-year-olds). As covariates, we used depressive symptoms as assessed by a modified version of the Beck Depression Inventory, psychosocial family environment from parent-filled questionnaires, and socioeconomic factors from adulthood. RESULTS High PRS predicted higher Persistence from early adulthood to middle age (p = 0.003) when controlling for depressive symptoms, psychosocial family environment, and socioeconomic factors. PRS did not predict trajectories of Novelty Seeking (p = 0.063-0.416 in different models) or Reward Dependence (p = 0.531-0.736). The results remained unaffected when participants with diagnosed affective disorders were excluded. Additionally, we found an interaction between PRS and depressive symptoms when predicting the Harm Avoidance subscale Anticipatory Worry, indicating that the association of Anticipatory Worry with depressive symptoms is stronger in individuals with higher (vs. lower) PRS. LIMITATIONS There was some attrition due to the long follow-up. CONCLUSIONS High polygenic risk for major depression may predict differences in temperament trajectories among those who have not developed any severe affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veikka Lavonius
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Binisha Hamal Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Sormunen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aino Saarinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Chen X, Wang S, Shen W. The causal relationship between severe mental illness and risk of lung carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37355. [PMID: 38489734 PMCID: PMC10939700 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have suggested a link between severe mental illness (SMI) and risk of lung carcinoma (LC); however, causality has not been established. In this study, we conducted a two-sample, two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) investigation to uncover the etiological influence of SMI on LC risk and quantify the mediating effects of known modifiable risk factors. We obtained summary-level datasets for schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). Data on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with lung carcinoma (LC) were sourced from a recent large meta-analysis by McKay et al. We employed two-sample MR and two-step MR utilizing the inverse variance weighted method for causal estimation. Sensitivity tests were conducted to validate causal relationships. In two-sample MR, we identified schizophrenia as a risk factor for LC (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.11, P = 3.48E-03), while MDD (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 0.98-1.42, P = .07) and BD (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.99-1.15, P = .09) showed no significant association with LC. In the two-step MR, smoking accounted for 24.66% of the schizophrenia-LC risk association, and alcohol consumption explained 7.59% of the effect. Schizophrenia is a risk factor for lung carcinoma, and smoking and alcohol consumption are the mediating factors in this causal relationship. LC screening should be emphasized in individuals with schizophrenia, particularly in those who smoke and consume alcohol regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Chen
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shudan Wang
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiyu Shen
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Luo X, Wang R, Zhou Y, Xie W. The relationship between emotional disorders and heart rate variability: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298998. [PMID: 38451975 PMCID: PMC10919610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that emotional disorders are negatively associated with heart rate variability (HRV), but the potential causal relationship between genetic susceptibility to emotional disorders and HRV remains unclear. We aimed to perform a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the potential association between emotional disorders and HRV. METHODS The data used for this study were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association study datasets. Five models, including the inverse variance weighted model (IVW), the weighted median estimation model (WME), the weighted model-based method (WM), the simple model (SM) and the MR-Egger regression model (MER), were utilized for MR. The leave-one-out sensitivity test, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test (MR-PRESSO) and Cochran's Q test were used to confirm heterogeneity and pleiotropy. RESULTS MR analysis revealed that genetic susceptibility to broad depression was negatively correlated with HRV (pvRSA/HF) (OR = 0.380, 95% CI 0.146-0.992; p = 0.048). However, genetic susceptibility to irritability was positively correlated with HRV (pvRSA/HF, SDNN) (OR = 2.017, 95% CI 1.152-3.534, p = 0.008) (OR = 1.154, 95% CI 1.000-1.331, p = 0.044). Genetic susceptibility to anxiety was positively correlated with HRV (RMSSD) (OR = 2.106, 95% CI 1.032-4.299; p = 0.041). No significant directional pleiotropy or heterogeneity was detected. The accuracy and robustness of these findings were confirmed through a sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our MR study provides genetic support for the causal effects of broad depression, irritable mood, and anxiety on HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luo
- College of Clinical Medicine, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - YunXiang Zhou
- College of Clinical Medicine, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Xie
- College of Clinical Medicine, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Gong Z, Hu M, Yang Y, Yin C. Causal associations between atrial fibrillation and breast cancer: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7067. [PMID: 38468558 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous observational studies indicated that atrial fibrillation may increase the risk of breast cancer. Following a breast cancer diagnosis, the chance of developing atrial fibrillation may increase as well. However, it is uncertain whether the link is causal or just due to confounding factors. OBJECTIVE Using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, we sought to assess the bidirectional causal relationship between atrial fibrillation and breast cancer from a genetic level. METHODS Large genome-wide association studies yielded summary-level data for atrial fibrillation and breast cancer. The preliminary estimate was inverse variance weighted (IVW) under a random model. MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, and multivariable MR (adjusting body mass index, smoking, and alcohol drinking) were performed as sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Genetically predicted atrial fibrillation presented no statistically significant association with overall breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-1.04; p = 0.79), estrogen receptor (ER) + (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.96-1.03; p = 0.89) or ER- subtypes (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.97-1.04; p = 0.89). Similarly, genetically predicted overall breast cancer (OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.98-1.04; p = 0.37), ER+ (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.99-1.05; p = 0.16) or ER- (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93-1.02; p = 0.32) subtypes had no causal effect on atrial fibrillation. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Individual single nucleotide polymorphism had little effect on the total estimate. We did not observe any evidence of horizontal pleiotropy. CONCLUSIONS Our bidirectional MR studies revealed that there may be no causal links between atrial fibrillation and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ba H, Zhang L, Peng H, He X, Wang Y. Causal links between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and psychiatric disorders: a Mendelian randomization study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2024; 23:9. [PMID: 38424581 PMCID: PMC10905777 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-024-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest a correlation between excessive sedentary behavior, insufficient physical activity, and an elevated likelihood of experiencing psychiatric disorder. Nonetheless, the precise influence of sedentary behavior and physical activity on psychiatric disorder remains uncertain. Hence, the objective of this research was to investigate the possible causal relationship between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the susceptibility to psychiatric disorder (depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), utilizing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS Potential genetic instruments related to sedentary leisure behaviors were identified from the UK Biobank database, specifically a summary-level genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 422,218 individuals of European descent. The UK Biobank database also provided the GWAS data for physical activity. Primary analysis was performed using inverse variance weighting (IVW) to assess the causal relationship between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the risk of psychiatric disorder (depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Cochran's Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, the MR-pleiotropy RESidual sum and outlier test, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plot analysis. RESULTS According to the IVW analysis, there was a significant association between genetically predicted leisure television watching and an increased risk of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.027, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001-1.053; P = 0.04). The IVW analysis also indicated that there was a decreased risk of depression associated with fraction accelerations of > 425 milligravities, as measured by accelerometers (OR = 0.951, 95%CI: 0.914-0.989; P = 0.013). The other MR methods obtained consistent but non-significant results in the same direction. However, there was no evidence of a causal association between genetic liability for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer-assessed physical activity, computer use, or driving and the risk of depression. Furthermore, IVW analysis has also found that driving has a slight effect in reducing the risk of schizophrenia (OR = 0.092, 95%CI: 0.010-0.827; P = 0.033), while leisure television viewing has a significant protective effect against the onset of bipolar disorder (OR = 0.719, 95%CI: 0.567-0.912; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION The study provides compelling evidence of a link between depression, bipolar disorder, and excessive TV watching. Furthermore, it suggests that higher accelerometer-assessed fraction accelerations of > 425 milligravities can serve as a genetic protective factor against depression. To mitigate the risk of developing depression, it is advisable to reduce sedentary activities, particularly television watching, and prioritize engaging in vigorous physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Ba
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, 58# Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huimin Peng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiufang He
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, Wang Y, Tang Y, Xia M, Li B. Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:30. [PMID: 38331979 PMCID: PMC10853571 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear, and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed. The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis, neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis, but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD. Even it is still hard to adopt only one hypothesis to completely reveal the pathogenesis of MDD, thus in recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the roles of multiple organ interactions in the pathogenesis MDD and identifying novel therapeutic approaches and multitarget modulatory strategies, further revealing the disease features of MDD. Furthermore, some newly discovered potential pharmacological targets and newly studied antidepressants have attracted widespread attention, some reagents have even been approved for clinical treatment and some novel therapeutic methods such as phototherapy and acupuncture have been discovered to have effective improvement for the depressive symptoms. In this work, we comprehensively summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MDD, preventive approaches and therapeutic medicines, as well as the related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Siman Wang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiafang Wu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiyang Yu
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- China Medical University Centre of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China.
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Wang X, Hoffstaedter F, Kasper J, Eickhoff SB, Patil KR, Dukart J. Lifetime Exposure to Depression and Neuroimaging Measures of Brain Structure and Function. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2356787. [PMID: 38372997 PMCID: PMC10877455 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.56787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Despite decades of neuroimaging studies reporting brain structural and functional alterations in depression, discrepancies in findings across studies and limited convergence across meta-analyses have raised questions about the consistency and robustness of the observed brain phenotypes. Objective To investigate the associations between 6 operational criteria of lifetime exposure to depression and functional and structural neuroimaging measures. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a UK Biobank cohort of individuals aged 45 to 80 years who were enrolled between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018. Participants included individuals with a lifetime exposure to depression and matched healthy controls without indications of psychosis, mental illness, behavior disorder, and disease of the nervous system. Six operational criteria of lifetime exposure to depression were evaluated: help seeking for depression; self-reported depression; antidepressant use; depression definition by Smith et al; hospital International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes F32 and F33; and Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form score. Six increasingly restrictive depression definitions and groups were defined based on the 6 depression criteria, ranging from meeting only 1 criterion to meeting all 6 criteria. Data were analyzed between January and October 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional measures were calculated using voxel-wise fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), global correlation (GCOR), and local correlation (LCOR). Structural measures were calculated using gray matter volume (GMV). Results The study included 20 484 individuals with lifetime depression (12 645 females [61.7%]; mean [SD] age, 63.91 [7.60] years) and 25 462 healthy controls (14 078 males [55.3%]; mean [SD] age, 65.05 [7.8] years). Across all depression criteria, individuals with lifetime depression displayed regionally consistent decreases in fALFF, LCOR, and GCOR (Cohen d range, -0.53 [95% CI, -0.88 to -0.15] to -0.04 [95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01]) but not in GMV (Cohen d range, -0.47 [95 % CI, -0.75 to -0.12] to 0.26 [95% CI, 0.15-0.37]). Hospital ICD-10 diagnosis codes F32 and F33 (median [IQR] difference in effect sizes, -0.14 [-0.17 to -0.11]) and antidepressant use (median [IQR] difference in effect sizes, -0.12 [-0.16 to -0.10]) were criteria associated with the most pronounced alterations. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this cross-sectional study indicate that lifetime exposure to depression was associated with robust functional changes, with a more restrictive depression definition revealing more pronounced alterations. Different inclusion criteria for depression may be associated with the substantial variation in imaging findings reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Child Development, and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7: Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7: Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Kasper
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7: Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7: Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R. Patil
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7: Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Juergen Dukart
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7: Brain and Behaviour, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Benstock SE, Weaver K, Hettema J, Verhulst B. Using Alternative Definitions of Controls to Increase Statistical Power in GWAS. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3858178. [PMID: 38352402 PMCID: PMC10862954 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858178/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are underpowered due to small effect sizes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on phenotypes and extreme multiple testing thresholds. The most common approach for increasing statistical power is to increase sample size. We propose an alternative strategy of redefining case-control outcomes into ordinal case-subthreshold-asymptomatic variables. While maintaining the clinical case threshold, we subdivide controls into two groups: individuals who are symptomatic but do not meet the clinical criteria for diagnosis (subthreshold) and individuals who are effectively asymptomatic. We conducted a simulation study to examine the impact of effect size, minor allele frequency, population prevalence, and the prevalence of the subthreshold group on statistical power to detect genetic associations in three scenarios: a standard case-control, an ordinal, and a case-asymptomatic control analysis. Our results suggest the ordinal model consistently provides the most statistical power while the case-control model the least. Power in the case-asymptomatic control model reflects the case-control or ordinal model depending on the population prevalence and size of the subthreshold category. We then analyzed a major depression phenotype from the UK Biobank to corroborate our simulation results. Overall, the ordinal model improves statistical power in GWAS consistent with increasing the sample size by approximately 10%.
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Zhang T, Chen Y, Li X, Zhang J, Duan L. Genetic associations and potential mediators between psychiatric disorders and irritable bowel syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study with mediation analysis. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1279266. [PMID: 38352653 PMCID: PMC10861787 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1279266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Potential causal associations between psychiatric disorders and irritable bowel syndrome have been demonstrated in observational studies; however, these studies are susceptible to underlying confounding and reverse causation biases. We aimed to assess the causal effects of psychiatric disorders on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the potential mediators from a genetic perspective by conducting a Mendelian randomization (MR) study with mediation analysis. Method Genetic instruments associated with psychiatric disorders, potential mediators, and IBS were obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Three MR methods - the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger method, and weighted median method, were used to investigate causal association estimates. Heterogeneity among different genetic instrumental variables (IVs) was assessed using Q tests. Additionally, the MR-PRESSO and MR-Pleiotropy methods were used to verify horizontal pleiotropy and detect outliers that might bias the results, which were removed from further analysis. Consequently, we used MR mediation analysis to investigate potential mediators in the causal associations between psychiatric disorders and IBS. Results MR provided evidence of the causal effects of genetically predicted broad depression, major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia on IBS. The results of MR mediation analysis demonstrated that the reduction in acetate levels mediated 12.6% of the effects of broad depression on IBS; insomnia mediated 16.00%, 16.20%, and 27.14% of the effects of broad depression, MDD, and PTSD on IBS, respectively; and the increase in blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels mediated 50.76% of the effects of schizophrenia on IBS. Conclusion Our study confirmed the brain-gut axis involvement and potential modulators in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorder-induced IBS from a genetic perspective, and suggests potential therapeutic targets for the disrupted brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Shi Y, Sprooten E, Mulders P, Vrijsen J, Bralten J, Demontis D, Børglum AD, Walters GB, Stefansson K, van Eijndhoven P, Tendolkar I, Franke B, Mota NR. Multi-polygenic scores in psychiatry: From disorder specific to transdiagnostic perspectives. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024; 195:e32951. [PMID: 37334623 PMCID: PMC10803201 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The dense co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders questions the categorical classification tradition and motivates efforts to establish dimensional constructs with neurobiological foundations that transcend diagnostic boundaries. In this study, we examined the genetic liability for eight major psychiatric disorder phenotypes under both a disorder-specific and a transdiagnostic framework. The study sample (n = 513) was deeply phenotyped, consisting of 452 patients from tertiary care with mood disorders, anxiety disorders (ANX), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, and/or substance use disorders (SUD) and 61 unaffected comparison individuals. We computed subject-specific polygenic risk score (PRS) profiles and assessed their associations with psychiatric diagnoses, comorbidity status, as well as cross-disorder behavioral dimensions derived from a rich battery of psychopathology assessments. High PRSs for depression were unselectively associated with the diagnosis of SUD, ADHD, ANX, and mood disorders (p < 1e-4). In the dimensional approach, four distinct functional domains were uncovered, namely the negative valence, social, cognitive, and regulatory systems, closely matching the major functional domains proposed by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. Critically, the genetic predisposition for depression was selectively reflected in the functional aspect of negative valence systems (R2 = 0.041, p = 5e-4) but not others. This study adds evidence to the ongoing discussion about the misalignment between current psychiatric nosology and the underlying psychiatric genetic etiology and underscores the effectiveness of the dimensional approach in both the functional characterization of psychiatric patients and the delineation of the genetic liability for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Shi
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Mulders
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janna Vrijsen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine/Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine/Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hong X, Miao K, Cao W, Lv J, Yu C, Huang T, Sun D, Liao C, Pang Y, Hu R, Pang Z, Yu M, Wang H, Wu X, Liu Y, Gao W, Li L. Association of psychological distress and DNA methylation: A 5-year longitudinal population-based twin study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:51-59. [PMID: 37793011 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify the psychological distress (PD)-associated 5'-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3' sites (CpGs), and investigate the temporal relationship between dynamic changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) and PD. METHODS This study included 1084 twins from the Chinese National Twin Register (CNTR). The CNTR conducted epidemiological investigations and blood withdrawal twice in 2013 and 2018. These included twins were used to perform epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) and to validate the previously reported PD-associated CpGs selected from previous EWASs in PubMed, Embase, and the EWAS catalog. Next, a cross-lagged study was performed to examine the temporality between changes in DNAm and PD in 308 twins who completed both 2013 and 2018 surveys. RESULTS The EWAS analysis of our study identified 25 CpGs. In the validation analysis, 741 CpGs from 29 previous EWASs on PD were selected for validation, and 101 CpGs were validated to be significant at a false discovery rate <0.05. The cross-lagged analysis found a unidirectional path from PD to DNAm at 14 CpGs, while no sites showed significance from DNAm to PD. CONCLUSIONS This study identified and validated PD-related CpGs in a Chinese twin population, and suggested that PD may be the cause of changes in DNAm over time. The findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Hong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Runhua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Yu
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianping Wu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Kim J, He MJ, Widmann AK, Lee FS. The role of neurotrophic factors in novel, rapid psychiatric treatments. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:227-245. [PMID: 37673965 PMCID: PMC10700398 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are a family of growth factors that modulate cellular growth, survival, and differentiation. For many decades, it has been generally believed that a lack of neurotrophic support led to the decreased neuronal synaptic plasticity, death, and loss of non-neuronal supportive cells seen in neuropsychiatric disorders. Traditional psychiatric medications that lead to immediate increases in neurotransmitter levels at the synapse have been shown also to elevate synaptic neurotrophic levels over weeks, correlating with the time course of the therapeutic effects of these drugs. Recent advances in psychiatric treatments, such as ketamine and psychedelics, have shown a much faster onset of therapeutic effects (within minutes to hours). They have also been shown to lead to a rapid release of neurotrophins into the synapse. This has spurred a significant shift in understanding the role of neurotrophins and how the receptor tyrosine kinases that bind neurotrophins may work in concert with other signaling systems. In this review, this renewed understanding of synaptic receptor signaling interactions and the clinical implications of this mechanistic insight will be discussed within the larger context of the well-established roles of neurotrophic factors in psychiatric disorders and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michelle J He
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alina K Widmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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42
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Dennison CA, Martin J, Shakeshaft A, Riglin L, Rice F, Lewis CM, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A. Stratifying early-onset emotional disorders: using genetics to assess persistence in young people of European and South Asian ancestry. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:42-51. [PMID: 37469035 PMCID: PMC10807819 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are the most common mental health problems in young people. Currently, clinicians are advised to wait before initiating treatment for young people with these disorders as many spontaneously remit. However, others develop recurrent disorder but this subgroup cannot be identified at the outset. We examined whether psychiatric polygenic scores (PGS) could help inform stratification efforts to predict those at higher risk of recurrence. METHODS Probable emotional disorder was examined in two UK population cohorts using the emotional symptoms subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Those with emotional disorder at two or more time points between ages 5 and 25 years were classed as 'recurrent emotional disorder' (n = 1,643) and those with emotional disorder at one time point as having 'single episode emotional disorder' (n = 1,435, controls n = 8,715). We first examined the relationship between psychiatric PGS and emotional disorders in childhood and adolescence. Second, we tested whether psychiatric PGS added to predictor variables of known association with emotional disorder (neurodevelopmental comorbidity, special educational needs, family history of depression and socioeconomic status) when discriminating between single-episode and recurrent emotional disorder. Analyses were conducted separately in individuals of European and South Asian ancestry. RESULTS Probable emotional disorder was associated with higher PGS for major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety, broad depression, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in those of European ancestry. Higher MDD and broad depression PGS were associated with emotional disorder in people of South Asian ancestry. Recurrent, compared to single-episode, emotional disorder was associated with ASD and parental psychiatric history. PGS were not associated with episode recurrence, and PGS did not improve discrimination of recurrence when combined with clinical predictors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the use of PGS as a tool to assess the likelihood of recurrence in young people experiencing their first episode of emotional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Dennison
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Joanna Martin
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Amy Shakeshaft
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Frances Rice
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental HealthCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Yan Z, Xu Y, Li K, Liu L. Increased fruit intake is associated with reduced risk of depression: evidence from cross-sectional and Mendelian randomization analyses. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1276326. [PMID: 38155897 PMCID: PMC10753833 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1276326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between dietary patterns and depression has gained significant attention, but the relationship between fruit intake and depression remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of fruit intake in the risk of depression using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, and further explore the causal relationship between them. Materials and methods Cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2005-2018 NHANES data. Specialized weighted complex survey design analysis software was used for multivariate logistic analysis. Additionally, genetic variants for fruit intake and depression, as well as its related neuroticism traits, from the GWAS were used as instrumental variables in MR analysis. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the primary analysis method to evaluate the causal relationship between them. MR-Egger regression, MR-PRESSO test, and leave-one-out analysis were conducted to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results In NHANES, compared to the lowest quartile (Q1, <0.12 cup], the highest quartile (Q4, >1.49 cups) of fruit intake showed a significant reduction in the risk of depression after adjusting for relevant covariates. Model 3, after rigorous adjustment for multiple covariates, demonstrated improved predictive performance in both Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Decision curve analysis (DCA). In Model 3, the proportion of reduced depression risk associated with fruit intake reached 31% (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.95). This association remained significant in the MR analysis (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87-0.96; p = 5.09E-04). Fruit intake was also associated with a decreased risk of neuroticism traits related to depression, including feeling lonely (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74-0.90; p = 2.91E-05), feeling miserable (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.72-0.87; p = 2.35E-06), feeling fed-up (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.68-0.83; p = 2.78E-08), irritable mood (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79-0.99; p = 0.03), and neuroticism (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.76-0.96; p = 9.94E-03). The causal relationship between feeling lonely and fruit intake was bidirectional. Conclusion Increased fruit intake has a causal effect in reducing the risk of depression and is beneficial for related psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yan
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Keke Li
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liangji Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Dahl A, Thompson M, An U, Krebs M, Appadurai V, Border R, Bacanu SA, Werge T, Flint J, Schork AJ, Sankararaman S, Kendler KS, Cai N. Phenotype integration improves power and preserves specificity in biobank-based genetic studies of major depressive disorder. Nat Genet 2023; 55:2082-2093. [PMID: 37985818 PMCID: PMC10703686 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Biobanks often contain several phenotypes relevant to diseases such as major depressive disorder (MDD), with partly distinct genetic architectures. Researchers face complex tradeoffs between shallow (large sample size, low specificity/sensitivity) and deep (small sample size, high specificity/sensitivity) phenotypes, and the optimal choices are often unclear. Here we propose to integrate these phenotypes to combine the benefits of each. We use phenotype imputation to integrate information across hundreds of MDD-relevant phenotypes, which significantly increases genome-wide association study (GWAS) power and polygenic risk score (PRS) prediction accuracy of the deepest available MDD phenotype in UK Biobank, LifetimeMDD. We demonstrate that imputation preserves specificity in its genetic architecture using a novel PRS-based pleiotropy metric. We further find that integration via summary statistics also enhances GWAS power and PRS predictions, but can introduce nonspecific genetic effects depending on input. Our work provides a simple and scalable approach to improve genetic studies in large biobanks by integrating shallow and deep phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dahl
- Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ulzee An
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Morten Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center-Sct Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center-Sct Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Border
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center-Sct Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center-Sct Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Section for Geogenetics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sriram Sankararaman
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Na Cai
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Computational Health Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Wong WLE, Arathimos R, Lewis CM, Young AH, Dawe GS. Investigating the role of the relaxin-3/RXFP3 system in neuropsychiatric disorders and metabolic phenotypes: A candidate gene approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294045. [PMID: 37967073 PMCID: PMC10651050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The relaxin-3/RXFP3 system has been implicated in the modulation of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviour in the animal literature; however, there is a lack of human studies investigating this signalling system. We seek to bridge this gap by leveraging the large UK Biobank study to retrospectively assess genetic risk variants linked with this neuropeptidergic system. Specifically, we conducted a candidate gene study in the UK Biobank to test for potential associations between a set of functional, candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) pertinent to relaxin-3 signalling, determined using in silico tools, and several outcomes, including depression, atypical depression, anxiety and metabolic syndrome. For each outcome, we used several rigorously defined phenotypes, culminating in subsample sizes ranging from 85,881 to 386,769 participants. Across all outcomes, there were no associations between any candidate SNP and any outcome phenotype, following corrections for multiple testing burden. Regression models comprising several SNPs per relevant candidate gene as exploratory variables further exhibited no prediction of outcome. Our findings corroborate conclusions from previous literature about the limitations of candidate gene approaches, even when based on firm biological hypotheses, in the domain of genetic research for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Lee Edwin Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Arathimos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan H. Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Zeng WX, Liu H, Hao Y, Qian KY, Tian FM, Li L, Yu B, Zeng XT, Gao S, Hu Z, Tong XJ. CaMKII mediates sexually dimorphic synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202301117. [PMID: 37624117 PMCID: PMC10457463 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic behaviors are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Although both sex-specific and sex-shared neurons have been functionally implicated in these diverse behaviors, less is known about the roles of sex-shared neurons. Here, we discovered sexually dimorphic cholinergic synaptic transmission in C. elegans occurring at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), with males exhibiting increased release frequencies, which result in sexually dimorphic locomotion behaviors. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that males have significantly more synaptic vesicles (SVs) at their cholinergic synapses than hermaphrodites. Analysis of previously published transcriptome identified the male-enriched transcripts and focused our attention on UNC-43/CaMKII. We ultimately show that differential accumulation of UNC-43 at cholinergic neurons controls axonal SV abundance and synaptic transmission. Finally, we demonstrate that sex reversal of all neurons in hermaphrodites generates male-like cholinergic transmission and locomotion behaviors. Thus, beyond demonstrating UNC-43/CaMKII as an essential mediator of sex-specific synaptic transmission, our study provides molecular and cellular insights into how sex-shared neurons can generate sexually dimorphic locomotion behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Liu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang-Ying Qian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Min Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bin Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Ting Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangbang Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Xia-Jing Tong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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Davyson E, Shen X, Gadd DA, Bernabeu E, Hillary RF, McCartney DL, Adams M, Marioni R, McIntosh AM. Metabolomic Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder Identifies a Potentially Causal Association With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:630-639. [PMID: 36764567 PMCID: PMC10804990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic differences have been reported between individuals with and without major depressive disorder (MDD), but their consistency and causal relevance have been unclear. METHODS We conducted a metabolome-wide association study of MDD with 249 metabolomic measures available in the UK Biobank (n = 29,757). We then applied two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization and colocalization analysis to identify potentially causal relationships between each metabolite and MDD. RESULTS A total of 191 metabolites tested were significantly associated with MDD (false discovery rate-corrected p < .05), which decreased to 129 after adjustment for likely confounders. Lower abundance of omega-3 fatty acid measures and a higher omega-6 to omega-3 ratio showed potentially causal effects on liability to MDD. There was no evidence of a causal effect of MDD on metabolite levels. Furthermore, genetic signals associated with docosahexaenoic acid colocalized with loci associated with MDD within the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster. Post hoc Mendelian randomization of gene-transcript abundance within the fatty acid desaturase cluster demonstrated a potentially causal association with MDD. In contrast, colocalization analysis did not suggest a single causal variant for both transcript abundance and MDD liability, but rather the likely existence of two variants in linkage disequilibrium with one another. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that decreased docosahexaenoic acid and increased omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ratio may be causally related to MDD. These findings provide further support for the causal involvement of fatty acids in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Davyson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Danni A Gadd
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Bernabeu
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L McCartney
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Marioni
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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48
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Wang Y, Guo D, Sui C, Qu Z, He G, Meng H, Duan Y, Zhang X, Lan L, Wang C, Liu X. Association between anemia and depression: results from NHANES 2005-2018 and mendelian randomization analyses. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:2651-2658. [PMID: 37481473 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between anemia and depression remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between anemia/hemoglobin and depression. METHODS The data for our cross-sectional study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. Weighted multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the association between anemia/hemoglobin and depression. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted-median, and MR-Egger were used in MR analyses to assess the causal relationship between anemia/hemoglobin and depression. Heterogeneity and directional pleiotropy were assessed using the Cochrane Q test and Egger-intercept test, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by the leave-one-out approach. All analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS 24.0 and R version 4.2.2. RESULTS A total of 29,391 NHANES participants were included in this study. After adjusting for all covariates, the association between anemia/hemoglobin and depression was not significant (P < 0.05). IVW estimates revealed that broad anemia had no significant effect on the risk of depression (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99-1.01, P = 0.432). Findings of weighted median and MR-Egger were consistent with those from IVW (weighted median: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99-1.02; P = 0.547; MR-Egger: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.98-1.03, P = 0.605). The results of three MR Analyses methods also showed no causal association between hemoglobin and depression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support a causal association between anemia and depression. The association between hemoglobin concentration and depression was not statistically significant either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dingjie Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanying Sui
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zihan Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangliang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hengyu Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Linwei Lan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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49
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Luo S, Chen Z, Deng L, Chen Y, Zhou W, Canavese F, Li L. Causal Link between Gut Microbiota, Neurophysiological States, and Bone Diseases: A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3934. [PMID: 37764718 PMCID: PMC10534888 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights a robust correlation between the gut microbiota and bone diseases; however, the existence of a causal relationship between them remains unclear. In this study, we thoroughly examined the correlation between gut microbiota and skeletal diseases using genome-wide association studies. Linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization were used to probe genetic causality. Furthermore, the potential mediating role of neuropsychological states (i.e., cognition, depression, and insomnia) between the gut microbiota and bone diseases was evaluated using mediation analysis, with genetic colocalization analysis revealing potential targets. These findings suggest a direct causal relationship between Ruminococcaceae and knee osteoarthritis (OA), which appears to be mediated by cognitive performance and insomnia. Similarly, a causal association was observed between Burkholderiales and lumbar pelvic fractures, mediated by cognitive performance. Colocalization analysis identified a shared causal variant (rs2352974) at the TRAF-interacting protein locus for cognitive ability and knee OA. This study provides compelling evidence that alterations in the gut microbiota can enhance cognitive ability, ameliorate insomnia, and potentially reduce the risk of site-specific fractures and OA. Therefore, strategies targeting gut microbiota optimization could serve as novel and effective preventive measures against fractures and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Luo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; (S.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
| | - Linfang Deng
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; (S.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weizheng Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; (S.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Federico Canavese
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Lille University Centre, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; (S.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Z.)
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50
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Wong WLE, Fabbri C, Laplace B, Li D, van Westrhenen R, Lewis CM, Dawe GS, Young AH. The Effects of CYP2C19 Genotype on Proxies of SSRI Antidepressant Response in the UK Biobank. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1277. [PMID: 37765085 PMCID: PMC10535191 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly used psychopharmaceutical treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), but individual responses to SSRIs vary greatly. CYP2C19 is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of several drugs, including SSRIs. Variations in the CYP2C19 gene are associated with differential metabolic activity, and thus differential SSRI exposure; accordingly, the CYP2C19 genotype may affect the therapeutic response and clinical outcomes, though existing evidence of this link is not entirely consistent. Therefore, we analysed data from the UK Biobank, a large, deeply phenotyped prospective study, to investigate the effects of CYP2C19 metaboliser phenotypes on several clinical outcomes derived from primary care records, including multiple measures of antidepressant switching, discontinuation, duration, and side effects. In this dataset, 24,729 individuals were prescribed citalopram, 3012 individuals were prescribed escitalopram, and 12,544 individuals were prescribed sertraline. Consistent with pharmacological expectations, CYP2C19 poor metabolisers on escitalopram were more likely to switch antidepressants, have side effects following first prescription, and be on escitalopram for a shorter duration compared to normal metabolisers. CYP2C19 poor and intermediate metabolisers on citalopram also exhibited increased odds of discontinuation and shorter durations relative to normal metabolisers. Generally, no associations were found between metabolic phenotypes and proxies of response to sertraline. Sensitivity analyses in a depression subgroup and metabolic activity scores corroborated results from the primary analysis. In summary, our findings suggest that CYP2C19 genotypes, and thus metabolic phenotypes, may have utility in determining clinical responses to SSRIs, particularly escitalopram and citalopram, though further investigation of such a relationship is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Lee Edwin Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AG, UK; (R.v.W.)
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Benjamin Laplace
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatry Department of Research and Innovation, Esquirol Hospital Center, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Danyang Li
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Roos van Westrhenen
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AG, UK; (R.v.W.)
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute/PsyQ, 1062 HN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gavin Stewart Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Allan H. Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AG, UK; (R.v.W.)
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, London BR3 3BX, UK
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