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Seo H, Jang Y, Kwak D. Inactivated Split MERS-CoV Antigen Prevents Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:436. [PMID: 38675818 PMCID: PMC11053775 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes fatal infections, with about 36% mortality in humans, and is endemic to the Middle East. MERS-CoV uses human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) as a receptor for infection. Despite continued research efforts, no licensed vaccine is available for protection against this disease in humans. Therefore, this study sought to develop an inactivated fragmented MERS-CoV vaccine grown in Vero cells in an hDPP4-transgenic mouse model. Two-dose immunisation in mice with 15, 20, or 25 μg of spike proteins of inactivated split MERS-CoV antigens induced neutralising antibodies, with titres ranging from NT 80 to 1280. In addition, all immunised mice were completely protected, with no virus detection in tissues, weight loss, or mortality. The immunised splenocytes produced more cytokines that stimulate immune response (IFN-γ and TNF-α) than those that regulate it (IL-4 and IL-10). Taken together, the inactivated fragmented MERS-CoV vaccine is effective for the protection of mice against lethal MERS-CoV. Thus, the inactivated fragmented MERS-CoV vaccine warrants further testing in other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Seo
- PioneerVaccine, Inc., Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyunpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyueng Jang
- PioneerVaccine, Inc., Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyunpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Meyer Zu Natrup C, Schünemann LM, Saletti G, Clever S, Herder V, Joseph S, Rodriguez M, Wernery U, Sutter G, Volz A. MERS-CoV‒Specific T-Cell Responses in Camels after Single MVA-MERS-S Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1236-1239. [PMID: 37209676 PMCID: PMC10202854 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.230128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an ELISPOT assay for evaluating Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)‒specific T-cell responses in dromedary camels. After single modified vaccinia virus Ankara-MERS-S vaccination, seropositive camels showed increased levels of MERS-CoV‒specific T cells and antibodies, indicating suitability of camel vaccinations in disease-endemic areas as a promising approach to control infection.
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Wang S, Liang B, Wang W, Li L, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Yan F, Yang S, Xia X. Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37029123 PMCID: PMC10081433 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- China National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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Saunders JE, Gilbride C, Dowall S, Morris S, Ulaszewska M, Spencer AJ, Rayner E, Graham VA, Kennedy E, Thomas K, Hewson R, Gilbert SC, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Lambe T. Adenoviral vectored vaccination protects against Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever disease in a lethal challenge model. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104523. [PMID: 36933409 PMCID: PMC10025009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick-borne bunyavirus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV), can cause severe febrile illness in humans and has a wide geographic range that continues to expand due to tick migration. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines against CCHFV for widespread usage. METHODS In this study, we describe the preclinical assessment of a chimpanzee adenoviral vectored vaccine (ChAdOx2 CCHF) which encodes the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) from CCHFV. FINDINGS We demonstrate here that vaccination with ChAdOx2 CCHF induces both a humoral and cellular immune response in mice and 100% protection in a lethal CCHF challenge model. Delivery of the adenoviral vaccine in a heterologous vaccine regimen with a Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine (MVA CCHF) induces the highest levels of CCHFV-specific cell-mediated and antibody responses in mice. Histopathological examination and viral load analysis of the tissues of ChAdOx2 CCHF immunised mice reveals an absence of both microscopic changes and viral antigen associated with CCHF infection, further demonstrating protection against disease. INTERPRETATION There is the continued need for an effective vaccine against CCHFV to protect humans from lethal haemorrhagic disease. Our findings support further development of the ChAd platform expressing the CCHFV GPC to seek an effective vaccine against CCHFV. FUNDING This research was supported by funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UKRI-BBSRC) [BB/R019991/1 and BB/T008784/1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Saunders
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ciaran Gilbride
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart Dowall
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Susan Morris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Victoria A Graham
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emma Kennedy
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kelly Thomas
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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An Old Acquaintance: Could Adenoviruses Be Our Next Pandemic Threat? Viruses 2023; 15:v15020330. [PMID: 36851544 PMCID: PMC9966032 DOI: 10.3390/v15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are one of the most important pathogens detected in acute respiratory diseases in pediatrics and immunocompromised patients. In 1953, Wallace Rowe described it for the first time in oropharyngeal lymphatic tissue. To date, more than 110 types of HAdV have been described, with different cellular tropisms. They can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, even urinary tract inflammation, although most infections are asymptomatic. However, there is a population at risk that can develop serious and even lethal conditions. These viruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, 25-48 kbp, 90 nm in diameter, without a mantle, are stable in the environment, and resistant to fat-soluble detergents. Currently the diagnosis is made with lateral flow immunochromatography or molecular biology through a polymerase chain reaction. This review aimed to highlight the HAdV variability and the pandemic potential that a HAdV3 and 7 recombinant could have considering the aggressive outbreaks produced in health facilities. Herein, we described the characteristics of HAdV, from the infection to treatment, vaccine development, and the evaluation of the social determinants of health associated with HAdV, suggesting the necessary measures for future sanitary control to prevent disasters such as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with an emphasis on the use of recombinant AdV vaccines to control other potential pandemics.
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Abstract
Lassa Fever (LF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. LF begins with flu-like symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other common endemic diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever making it hard to diagnose clinically. Availability of a rapid diagnostic test and other serological and molecular assays facilitates accurate diagnosis of LF. Lassa virus therapeutics are currently in different stages of preclinical development. Arevirumab, a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies, demonstrates a great safety and efficacy profile in non-human primates. Major efforts have been made in the development of a Lassa virus vaccine. Two vaccine candidates, MeV-NP and pLASV-GPC are undergoing evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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Folegatti PM, Jenkin D, Morris S, Gilbert S, Kim D, Robertson JS, Smith ER, Martin E, Gurwith M, Chen RT. Vaccines based on the replication-deficient simian adenoviral vector ChAdOx1: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment. Vaccine 2022; 40:5248-5262. [PMID: 35715352 PMCID: PMC9194875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Replication-deficient adenoviral vectors have been under investigation as a platform technology for vaccine development for several years and have recently been successfully deployed as an effective COVID-19 counter measure. A replication-deficient adenoviral vector based on the simian adenovirus type Y25 and named ChAdOx1 has been evaluated in several clinical trials since 2012. The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of VAccines by TechnolOgy (BRAVATO) was formed to evaluate the safety and other key features of new platform technology vaccines. This manuscript reviews key features of the ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines. The simian adenovirus Y25 was chosen as a strategy to circumvent pre-existing immunity to common human adenovirus serotypes which could impair immune responses induced by adenoviral vectored vaccines. Deletion of the E1 gene renders the ChAdOx1 vector replication incompetent and further genetic engineering of the E3 and E4 genes allows for increased insertional capability and optimizes vaccine manufacturing processes. ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines can be manufactured in E1 complementing cell lines at scale and are thermostable. The first ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines approved for human use, against SARS-CoV-2, received emergency use authorization in the UK on 30th December 2020, and is now approved in more than 180 countries. Safety data were compiled from phase I-III clinical trials of ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines expressing different antigens (influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, meningococcal B, prostate cancer, MERS-CoV, Chikungunya, Zika and SARS-CoV-2), conducted by the University of Oxford, as well as post marketing surveillance data for the COVID-19 Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. Overall, ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines have been well tolerated. Very rarely, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), capillary leak syndrome (CLS), immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) have been reported following mass administration of the COVID-19 Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. The benefits of this COVID-19 vaccination have outweighed the risks of serious adverse events in most settings, especially with mitigation of risks when possible. Extensive immunogenicity clinical evaluation of ChAdOx1 vectored vaccines reveal strong, durable humoral and cellular immune responses to date; studies to refine the COVID-19 protection (e.g., via homologous/heterologous booster, fractional dose) are also underway. New prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines based on the ChAdOx1 vector are currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical assessment, including vaccines against viral hemorrhagic fevers, Nipah virus, HIV, Hepatitis B, amongst others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Denny Kim
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - James S. Robertson
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Emily R. Smith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Emalee Martin
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robert T. Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
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Nurpeisova A, Khairullin B, Abitaev R, Shorayeva K, Jekebekov K, Kalimolda E, Kerimbayev A, Akylbayeva K, Abay Z, Myrzakhmetova B, Nakhanov A, Absatova Z, Nurabayev S, Orynbayev M, Assanzhanova N, Abeuov K, Kutumbetov L, Kassenov M, Abduraimov Y, Zakarya K. Safety and immunogenicity of the first Kazakh inactivated vaccine for COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2087412. [PMID: 35960911 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2087412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the results of a preclinical safety and immunogenicity study of QazCovid-in®, the first COVID-19 vaccine developed in Kazakhstan, on BALB/c mice, rats, ferrets, Syrian hamsters and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The study's safety data suggests that this immunobiological preparation can be technically considered a Class 5 nontoxic vaccine. The series of injections that were made did not produce any adverse effect or any change in the general condition of the model animals' health, while macroscopy and histology studies identified no changes in the internal organs of the BALB/c mice and rats. This study has demonstrated that a double immunization enhances the growth of antibody titers as assessed by the microneutralization assay (MNA) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a pre-clinical immunogenicity test on animal models. The best GMT results were assessed in MNA and ELISA 7 days after re-vaccination; however, we noted that GMT antibody results in ELISA were lower than in MNA. A comparative GMT assessment after the first immunization and the re-immunization identified significant differences between model animal groups and a growth of GMT antibodies in all of them; also, differences between the gender groups were statistically significant. Moreover, the most marked MNA immune response to the QazCovid-in® vaccine was seen in the Syrian hamsters, while their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody activity as assessed with ELISA was the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Berik Khairullin
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Ruslan Abitaev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamshat Shorayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuanish Jekebekov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Elina Kalimolda
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Aslan Kerimbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Karligash Akylbayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhandos Abay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Aziz Nakhanov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkinay Absatova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergazy Nurabayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukhit Orynbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurika Assanzhanova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Khairulla Abeuov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergaly Abduraimov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Guardeyskiy, Kazakhstan
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ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) or nCoV-19-Beta (AZD2816) protect Syrian hamsters against Beta Delta and Omicron variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4610. [PMID: 35941149 PMCID: PMC9358389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, based on the first published full-length sequence (Wuhan-1). AZD1222 has been shown to have 74% vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease in clinical trials. However, variants of concern (VoCs) have been detected, with substitutions that are associated with a reduction in virus neutralizing antibody titer. Updating vaccines to include S proteins of VoCs may be beneficial, even though current real-world data is suggesting good efficacy following boosting with vaccines encoding the ancestral S protein. Using the Syrian hamster model, we evaluate the effect of a single dose of AZD2816, encoding the S protein of the Beta VoC, and efficacy of AZD1222/AZD2816 as a heterologous primary series against challenge with the Beta or Delta variant. Minimal to no viral sgRNA could be detected in lungs of vaccinated animals obtained at 3- or 5- days post inoculation, in contrast to lungs of control animals. In Omicron-challenged hamsters, a single dose of AZD2816 or AZD1222 reduced virus shedding. Thus, these vaccination regimens are protective against the Beta, Delta, and Omicron VoCs in the hamster model.
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bin Umair M, Akusa FN, Kashif H, Seerat-e-Fatima, Butt F, Azhar M, Munir I, Ahmed M, Khalil W, Sharyar H, Rafique S, Shahid M, Afzal S. Viruses as tools in gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1387-1404. [PMID: 35462594 PMCID: PMC9035288 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses are a few of the most common candidates for use as therapeutic agents or efficient gene delivery systems. Efforts are being made to improve and perfect viral-vector-based therapies to overcome potential or reported drawbacks. Some preclinical trials of viral vector vaccines have yielded positive results, indicating their potential as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates. Utilization of the oncolytic activity of viruses is the future of cancer therapy, as patients will then be free from the harmful effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies showing the brilliant therapeutic potential of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab bin Umair
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fujimura Nao Akusa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Kashif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat-e-Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Butt
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marium Azhar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Khalil
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Sharyar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
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11
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine development: updating clinical studies using platform technologies. J Microbiol 2022; 60:238-246. [PMID: 35089585 PMCID: PMC8795722 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a contagious zoonotic virus, causes severe respiratory infection with a case fatality rate of approximately 35% in humans. Intermittent sporadic cases in communities and healthcare facility outbreaks have continued to occur since its first identification in 2012. The World Health Organization has declared MERS-CoV a priority pathogen for worldwide research and vaccine development due to its epidemic potential and the insufficient countermeasures available. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations is supporting vaccine development against emerging diseases, including MERS-CoV, based on platform technologies using DNA, mRNA, viral vector, and protein subunit vaccines. In this paper, we review the usefulness and structure of a spike glycoprotein as a MERS-CoV vaccine candidate molecule, and provide an update on the status of MERS-CoV vaccine development. Vaccine candidates based on both DNA and viral vectors coding MERS-CoV spike gene have completed early phase clinical trials. A harmonized approach is required to assess the immunogenicity of various candidate vaccine platforms. Platform technologies accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development and can also be applied to developing vaccines against other emerging viral diseases.
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van Doremalen N, Schulz JE, Adney DR, Saturday TA, Fischer RJ, Yinda CK, Thakur N, Newman J, Ulaszewska M, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Saturday G, Spencer AJ, Bailey D, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Beta, Delta and Omicron in the Syrian hamster model. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1343927. [PMID: 35194602 PMCID: PMC8863164 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1343927/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) is a replication-deficient simian adenovirusâ€"vectored vaccine encoding the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, based on the first published full-length sequence (Wuhan-1). AZD1222 was shown to have 74% vaccine efficacy (VE) against symptomatic disease in clinical trials and over 2.5 billion doses of vaccine have been released for worldwide use. However, SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate and consequently, variants of concern (VoCs) have been detected, with substitutions in the S protein that are associated with a reduction in virus neutralizing antibody titer. Updating vaccines to include S proteins of VoCs may be beneficial over boosting with vaccines encoding the ancestral S protein, even though current real-world data is suggesting good efficacy against hospitalization and death following boosting with vaccines encoding the ancestral S protein. Using the Syrian hamster model, we evaluated the effect of a single dose of AZD2816, encoding the S protein of the Beta VoC, and efficacy of AZD1222/AZD2816 as a heterologous primary series against challenge with the Beta or Delta variant. We then investigated the efficacy of a single dose of AZD2816 or AZD1222 against the Omicron VoC. As seen previously, minimal to no viral sgRNA could be detected in lungs of vaccinated animals obtained at 5 days post inoculation, in contrast to lungs of control animals. Thus, these vaccination regimens are protective against the Beta, Delta, and Omicron VoCs in the hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Danielle R. Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Taylor A. Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Nazia Thakur
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Newman
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Spencer
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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13
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Adenovirus-based vaccines - a platform for pandemic preparedness against emerging viral pathogens. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1822-1849. [PMID: 35092844 PMCID: PMC8801892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses continually pose a pandemic threat. Infection of humans with viruses for which we typically have little or no prior immunity can result in epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. These epidemics can have public health and economic impact and can exacerbate civil unrest or political instability. Changes in human behavior in the past few decades—increased global travel, farming intensification, the exotic animal trade, and the impact of global warming on animal migratory patterns, habitats, and ecosystems—contribute to the increased frequency of cross-species transmission events. Investing in the pre-clinical advancement of vaccine candidates against diverse emerging viral threats is crucial for pandemic preparedness. Replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors have demonstrated their utility as an outbreak-responsive vaccine platform during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Ad vectors are easy to engineer; are amenable to rapid, inexpensive manufacturing; are relatively safe and immunogenic in humans; and, importantly, do not require specialized cold-chain storage, making them an ideal platform for equitable global distribution or stockpiling. In this review, we discuss the progress in applying Ad-based vaccines against emerging viruses and summarize their global safety profile, as reflected by their widespread geographic use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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14
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Bosaeed M, Balkhy HH, Almaziad S, Aljami HA, Alhatmi H, Alanazi H, Alahmadi M, Jawhary A, Alenazi MW, Almasoud A, Alanazi R, Bittaye M, Aboagye J, Albaalharith N, Batawi S, Folegatti P, Ramos Lopez F, Ewer K, Almoaikel K, Aljeraisy M, Alothman A, Gilbert SC, Khalaf Alharbi N. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine candidate in healthy Middle Eastern adults (MERS002): an open-label, non-randomised, dose-escalation, phase 1b trial. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e11-e20. [PMID: 34751259 PMCID: PMC8565931 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine candidates against several pathogens have been developed and tested in clinical trials and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has now been licensed for emergency use for COVID-19. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine in a phase 1b trial in healthy Middle Eastern adults. METHOD MERS002 is an open-label, non-randomised, dose-escalation, phase 1b trial. Healthy Middle Eastern adults aged 18-50 years were included in the study. ChAdOx1 MERS was administered as a single intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle of the non-dominant arm at three different dose groups: 5·0 × 109 viral particles in a low-dose group, 2·5 × 1010 viral particles in an intermediate-dose group, and 5·0 × 1010 viral particles in a high-dose group. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of ChAdOx1 MERS, measured by the occurrence of solicited and unsolicited adverse events after vaccination for up to 28 days and occurrence of serious adverse events up to 6 months. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04170829. FINDINGS Between Dec 17, 2019, and June 1, 2020, 24 participants were enrolled (six to the low-dose, nine to the intermediate-dose, and nine to the high-dose group) and received a dose; 23 were available for follow-up at 6 months. The one dose of ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine was well tolerated with no serious adverse event reported during the 6 months of follow-up. Most adverse events were mild (67, 74%) and moderate (17, 19%). Six (7%) severe adverse events were reported by two participants in the intermediate-dose group (two feverish, two headache, one joint pain, and one muscle pain). Pain at the injection site was the most common local and overall adverse event, reported by 15 (63%) of the 24 participants. The most common systemic adverse event was headache, reported by 14 (58%), followed by muscle pain reported by 13 (54%). The vaccine induced both antibody and T cell immune responses in all volunteers; antibodies peaked at day 28 and T cell responses peaked at day 14; and continued until the end of follow-up at 6 months. INTERPRETATION The acceptable safety and immunogenicity data from this phase 1b trial of ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine candidate in Healthy Middle Eastern adults, combined with previous safety and immunogenicity data from a trial in the UK, support selecting the ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine for advancement into phase 2 clinical evaluation. FUNDING UK Department of Health and Social Care, using UK Aid funding, managed by the UK National Institute for Health Research; and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bosaeed
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sultan Almaziad
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya A Aljami
- Vaccine Development Unit, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alhatmi
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Alanazi
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alahmadi
- Vaccine Development Unit, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayah Jawhary
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed W Alenazi
- Vaccine Development Unit, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Almasoud
- Vaccine Development Unit, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Alanazi
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustapha Bittaye
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy Aboagye
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nahla Albaalharith
- Department of Nursing, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Batawi
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro Folegatti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fernando Ramos Lopez
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Khalid Almoaikel
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Aljeraisy
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alothman
- Clinical Trial Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- Vaccine Development Unit, Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Schulz J, Yinda CK, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RA, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface‒Aerosol Stability and Pathogenicity of Diverse Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Strains, 2012‒2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3052-3062. [PMID: 34808078 PMCID: PMC8632154 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. Although some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, most natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. We report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV, as well as isolates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. Although most MERS-CoV isolates had similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel-derived isolate C/KSA/13 had reduced surface stability, and another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that although betacoronaviruses might have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the need for continual global viral surveillance.
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16
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The Combined Expression of the Non-structural Protein NS1 and the N-Terminal Half of NS2 (NS2 1-180) by ChAdOx1 and MVA Confers Protection against Clinical Disease in Sheep upon Bluetongue Virus Challenge. J Virol 2021; 96:e0161421. [PMID: 34787454 PMCID: PMC8826911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue, caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), is a widespread arthropod-borne disease of ruminants that entails a recurrent threat to the primary sector of developed and developing countries. In this work, we report modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines designed to simultaneously express the immunogenic NS1 protein and/or NS2-Nt, the N-terminal half of protein NS2 (NS21-180). A single dose of MVA or ChAdOx1 expressing NS1-NS2-Nt improved the protection conferred by NS1 alone in IFNAR(-/-) mice. Moreover, mice immunized with ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1, ChAdOx1/MVA-NS2-Nt, or ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1-NS2-Nt developed strong cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against NS1, NS2-Nt, or both proteins and were fully protected against a lethal infection with BTV serotypes 1, 4, and 8. Furthermore, although a single immunization with ChAdOx1-NS1-NS2-Nt partially protected sheep against BTV-4, the administration of a booster dose of MVA-NS1-NS2-Nt promoted a faster viral clearance, reduction of the period and level of viremia and also protected from the pathology produced by BTV infection. IMPORTANCE Current BTV vaccines are effective but they do not allow to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA strategy) and are serotype specific. In this work we have develop a DIVA multiserotype vaccination strategy based on adenoviral (ChAdOx1) and MVA vaccine vectors, the most widely used in current phase I and II clinical trials, and the conserved nonstructural BTV proteins NS1 and NS2. This immunization strategy solves the major drawbacks of the current marketed vaccines.
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17
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Wang S, Li L, Yan F, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X. COVID-19 Animal Models and Vaccines: Current Landscape and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1082. [PMID: 34696190 PMCID: PMC8537799 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an unprecedented challenge to global public health. With the intensification of the COVID-19 epidemic, the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs against the etiological agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also widespread. To prove the effectiveness and safety of these preventive vaccines and therapeutic drugs, available animal models that faithfully recapitulate clinical hallmarks of COVID-19 are urgently needed. Currently, animal models including mice, golden hamsters, ferrets, nonhuman primates, and other susceptible animals have been involved in the study of COVID-19. Moreover, 117 vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials after the primary evaluation in animal models, of which inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines are promising vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize the landscape of animal models for COVID-19 vaccine evaluation and advanced vaccines with an efficacy range from about 50% to more than 95%. In addition, we point out future directions for COVID-19 animal models and vaccine development, aiming at providing valuable information and accelerating the breakthroughs confronting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Ling Li
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
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18
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van Doremalen N, Purushotham JN, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Bushmaker T, Carmody A, Port JR, Yinda CK, Okumura A, Saturday G, Amanat F, Krammer F, Hanley PW, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Anzick SL, Barbian K, Martens C, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccination reduces viral shedding after SARS-CoV-2 D614G challenge in preclinical models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabh0755. [PMID: 34315826 PMCID: PMC9267380 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 is an approved adenovirus-based vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) currently being deployed globally. Previous studies in rhesus macaques revealed that intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 provided protection against pneumonia but did not reduce shedding of SARS-CoV-2 from the upper respiratory tract. Here, we investigated whether intranasally administered ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduces detection of virus in nasal swabs after challenging vaccinated macaques and hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 carrying a D614G mutation in the spike protein. Viral loads in swabs obtained from intranasally vaccinated hamsters were decreased compared to control hamsters, and no viral RNA or infectious virus was found in lung tissue after a direct challenge or after direct contact with infected hamsters. Intranasal vaccination of rhesus macaques resulted in reduced virus concentrations in nasal swabs and a reduction in viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and lower respiratory tract tissue. Intranasal vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 reduced virus concentrations in nasal swabs in two different SARS-CoV-2 animal models, warranting further investigation as a potential vaccination route for COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jyothi N Purushotham
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Claude K Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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19
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Transcriptomic Profiling of Dromedary Camels Immunised with a MERS Vaccine Candidate. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080156. [PMID: 34437478 PMCID: PMC8402689 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects dromedary camels and zoonotically infects humans, causing a respiratory disease with severe pneumonia and death. With no approved antiviral or vaccine interventions for MERS, vaccines are being developed for camels to prevent virus transmission into humans. We have previously developed a chimpanzee adenoviral vector-based vaccine for MERS-CoV (ChAdOx1 MERS) and reported its strong humoral immunogenicity in dromedary camels. Here, we looked back at total RNA isolated from whole blood of three immunised dromedaries pre and post-vaccination during the first day; and performed RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis in order to shed light on the molecular immune responses following a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccination. Our finding shows that a number of transcripts were differentially regulated as an effect of the vaccination, including genes that are involved in innate and adaptive immunity, such as type I and II interferon responses. The camel Bcl-3 and Bcl-6 transcripts were significantly upregulated, indicating a strong activation of Tfh cell, B cell, and NF-κB pathways. In conclusion, this study gives an overall view of the first changes in the immune transcriptome of dromedaries after vaccination; it supports the potency of ChAdOx1 MERS as a potential camel vaccine to block transmission and prevent new human cases and outbreaks.
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20
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Koch T, Fathi A, Addo MM. The COVID-19 Vaccine Landscape. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:549-573. [PMID: 33973199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The history of vaccine development spans centuries. At first, whole pathogens were used as vaccine agents, either inactivated or attenuated, to reduce virulence in humans. Safety and tolerability were increased by including only specific proteins as antigens and using cell culture methods, while novel vaccine strategies, like nucleic acid- or vector-based vaccines, hold high promise for the future. Vaccines have generally not been employed as the primary tools in outbreak response, but this might change since advances in medical technology in the last decades have made the concept of developing vaccines against novel pathogens a realistic strategy. Wandering the uncharted territory of a novel pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we can learn from other human Betacoronaviridae that emerged in the last decades, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. We can identify the most likely target structures of immunity, establish animal models that emulate human disease and immunity as closely as possible, and learn about complex mechanisms of immune interaction such as cross-reactivity or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). However, significant knowledge gaps remain. What are the correlates of protection? How do we best induce immunity in vulnerable populations like the elderly? Will the immunity induced by vaccination (or by natural infection) wane over time? To date, at least 149 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are under development. At the time of writing, at least 17 candidates have already progressed past preclinical studies (in vitro models and in vivo animal experiments) into clinical development. This chapter will provide an overview of this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Koch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anahita Fathi
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Cho H, Jang Y, Park KH, Choi H, Nowakowska A, Lee HJ, Kim M, Kang MH, Kim JH, Shin HY, Oh YK, Kim YB. Human endogenous retrovirus-enveloped baculoviral DNA vaccines against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:37. [PMID: 33741992 PMCID: PMC7979866 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a recombinant baculoviral vector-based DNA vaccine system against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). A non-replicating recombinant baculovirus expressing the human endogenous retrovirus envelope gene (AcHERV) was constructed as a DNA vaccine vector for gene delivery into human cells. For MERS-CoV vaccine construction, DNA encoding MERS-CoV S-full, S1 subunit, or receptor-binding domain (RBD) was inserted into the genome of AcHERV. For COVID19 vaccine construction, DNA encoding SARS-CoV2 S-full or S1 or a MERS-CoV NTD domain-fused SARS-CoV2 RBD was inserted into the genome of AcHERV. AcHERV-DNA vaccines induce high humoral and cell-mediated immunity in animal models. In challenge tests, twice immunized AcHERV-MERS-S1 and AcHERV-COVID19-S showed complete protection against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, respectively. Unlike AcHERV-MERS vaccines, AcHERV-COVID19-S provided the greatest protection against SARS-CoV2 challenge. These results support the feasibility of AcHERV-MERS or AcHERV-COVID19 vaccines in preventing pandemic spreads of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuyeon Jang
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanul Choi
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandra Nowakowska
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- KR BioTech, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Fischer RJ, Purushotham JN, van Doremalen N, Sebastian S, Meade-White K, Cordova K, Letko M, Jeremiah Matson M, Feldmann F, Haddock E, LaCasse R, Saturday G, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Munster VJ. ChAdOx1-vectored Lassa fever vaccine elicits a robust cellular and humoral immune response and protects guinea pigs against lethal Lassa virus challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:32. [PMID: 33654106 PMCID: PMC7925663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) infects hundreds of thousands of individuals each year, highlighting the need for the accelerated development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions. To date, no vaccine has been licensed for LASV. ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC is a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding the Josiah strain LASV glycoprotein precursor (GPC) gene. In the following study, we show that ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC is immunogenic, inducing robust T-cell and antibody responses in mice. Furthermore, a single dose of ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC fully protects Hartley guinea pigs against morbidity and mortality following lethal challenge with a guinea pig-adapted LASV (strain Josiah). By contrast, control vaccinated animals reached euthanasia criteria 10-12 days after infection. Limited amounts of LASV RNA were detected in the tissues of vaccinated animals. Viable LASV was detected in only one animal receiving a single dose of the vaccine. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC in guinea pigs significantly increased antigen-specific antibody titers and cleared viable LASV from the tissues. These data support further development of ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC and testing in non-human primate models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Fischer
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Jyothi N. Purushotham
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,Present Address: Vaccitech Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Kathleen Cordova
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Michael Letko
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA ,grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - M. Jeremiah Matson
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA ,grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Rachel LaCasse
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
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23
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Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:1-25. [PMID: 33359141 PMCID: PMC7759095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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24
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Yinda CK, Schulz J, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RAPM, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface-aerosol stability and pathogenicity of diverse MERS-CoV strains from 2012 - 2018. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.11.429193. [PMID: 33594367 PMCID: PMC7885919 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.11.429193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a coronavirus that infects both humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. While some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, the majority of natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. Here we report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV as well as SARS-CoV-2 to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. While most of the MERS-CoV isolates exhibited similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel derived isolate, C/KSA/13, exhibited reduced surface stability while another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that while betacoronaviruses may have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the importance of continual, global viral surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99111, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Michael Letko, Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, Tel: (509) 335-4058,
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99111, USA
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maged G Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria D. van Kerkhove
- Department of Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Infection Prevention and Control, Assistant Deputy Minister, Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, University of Hong-Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susan I. Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Michael Letko, Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, Tel: (509) 335-4058,
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25
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Hyder Pottoo F, Abu-Izneid T, Mohammad Ibrahim A, Noushad Javed M, AlHajri N, Hamrouni AM. Immune system response during viral Infections: Immunomodulators, cytokine storm (CS) and Immunotherapeutics in COVID-19. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:173-187. [PMID: 33519271 PMCID: PMC7833973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are non-segmented and single stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) viruses. To date, 06 human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are reported; α-CoVs (HCoVs-NL63 and HCoVs-229E) and β-CoVs (HCoVs-OC43, HCoVs-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV). While, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the most recent member. The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 82% similar to SARS-COV-1. The compelling evidences link the progression of viral infection of SARS-CoV-2 with excessive inflammation as a result of the exaggerated immune response and elevated production of "immunocytokines" resulting in cytokine storm (CS); followed by a series of events, like acute organ damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as well as death. Hence attempts to reduce cytokine storm are now being considered as a new paradigm shift in the clinical management of SARS-CoV-2. Tocilizumab (IL-6 blocker), Baricitinib (JAKs and AAK1 inhibitor), TNFα inhibitors (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab) are currently being evaluated for possible block of the CS. Hence, rationalizing anti-inflammatory therapeutics would be the most judicious approach for significant reduction in COVID-19 mortality. In order to elucidate optimized and rationaled use of different therapeutics in COVID-19, we collated latest available information from emerging scientific evidences, integrated previous attempts as well as clinical successes, and various adopted approaches to mitigate past outbreaks with of SARS-CoV and MERS CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
- Fundamentals of Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.BOX 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New-Delhi, India
| | - Noora AlHajri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar M. Hamrouni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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26
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Zhou P, Li Z, Xie L, An D, Fan Y, Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Wu J, Li G, Li Q. Research progress and challenges to coronavirus vaccine development. J Med Virol 2021; 93:741-754. [PMID: 32936465 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses highly pathogenic to humans. Some CoVs are known to cause respiratory and intestinal diseases, posing a threat to the global public health. Against this backdrop, it is of critical importance to develop safe and effective vaccines against these CoVs. This review discusses human vaccine candidates in any stage of development and explores the viral characteristics, molecular epidemiology, and immunology associated with CoV vaccine development. At present, there are many obstacles and challenges to vaccine research and development, including the lack of knowledge about virus transmission, pathogenesis, and immune response, absence of the most appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Zhou
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linqing Xie
- Department of Guangzhou Cyanvaccine Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yaohua Fan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Guangzhou Cyanvaccine Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Toon K, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G. More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation. Viruses 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 33572589 PMCID: PMC7911487 DOI: 10.3390/v13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
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28
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Zhao J, Zhao S, Ou J, Zhang J, Lan W, Guan W, Wu X, Yan Y, Zhao W, Wu J, Chodosh J, Zhang Q. COVID-19: Coronavirus Vaccine Development Updates. Front Immunol 2020; 11:602256. [PMID: 33424848 PMCID: PMC7785583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, and has been pandemic since March 2020 and led to many fatalities. Vaccines represent the most efficient means to control and stop the pandemic of COVID-19. However, currently there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine approved to use worldwide except for two human adenovirus vector vaccines, three inactivated vaccines, and one peptide vaccine for early or limited use in China and Russia. Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are in urgent need. Researchers around the world are developing 213 COVID-19 candidate vaccines, among which 44 are in human trials. In this review, we summarize and analyze vaccine progress against SARS-CoV, Middle-East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus like particles, nucleic acid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. As SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV share the common genus, Betacoronavirus, this review of the major research progress will provide a reference and new insights into the COVID-19 vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxian Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wendong Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Li YD, Chi WY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC. Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:104. [PMID: 33341119 PMCID: PMC7749790 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been the most challenging pandemic in this century. Considering its high mortality and rapid spread, an effective vaccine is urgently needed to control this pandemic. As a result, the academia, industry, and government sectors are working tightly together to develop and test a variety of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. In this review, we outline the essential coronavirus biological characteristics that are important for vaccine design. In addition, we summarize key takeaways from previous vaccination studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), highlighting the pros and cons of each immunization strategy. Finally, based on these prior vaccination experiences, we discuss recent progress and potential challenges of COVID-19 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Der Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Chi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun-Han Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, CRB II - Room 309, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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30
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Russell RL, Pelka P, Mark BL. Frontrunners in the race to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:189-212. [PMID: 33264067 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies continue to be published on the COVID-19 pandemic that is being caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Given the rapidly evolving global response to SARS-CoV-2, here we primarily review the leading COVID-19 vaccine strategies that are currently in Phase III clinical trials. Nonreplicating viral vector strategies, inactivated virus, recombinant protein subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccine platforms are all being pursued in an effort to combat the infection. Preclinical and clinal trial results of these efforts are examined as well as the characteristics of each vaccine strategy from the humoral and cellular immune responses they stimulate, effects of any adjuvants used, and the potential risks associated with immunization such as antibody-dependent enhancement. A number of promising advancements have been made toward the development of multiple vaccine candidates. Preliminary data now emerging from phase III clinical trials show encouraging results for the protective efficacy and safety of at least 3 frontrunning candidates. There is hope that one or more will emerge as potent weapons to protect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Russell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Pelka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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31
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Chang WH. A review of vaccine effects on women in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 59:812-820. [PMID: 33218394 PMCID: PMC7486065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic situation triggered by the spread of COVID-19 has caused great harm worldwide. More than six million people have been infected, and more than 360,000 of them have died. This is the worst catastrophe suffered by mankind in recent history. In the face of this severe disaster, people all over the world are frightened of the prospect of facing an outbreak or an annual recurrence. However, the development of a vaccine will help control the impact of COVID-19. Women in particular have been more seriously affected by the pandemic. Since the pressure and physical load they suffer are often greater than what men endure, women are more threatened by COVID-19. Though women have a poorer quality of life and work and face worse economic conditions, they also tend to have better physiological immunity than men, which can ease the effect of COVID-19. The early development of a vaccine against COVID-19 is an important issue that must take into consideration women's better immune response to the virus along with the technique of hormone regulation. Relevant research has been conducted on female-specific vaccines in the past, and women's issues were considered during those clinical trials to ensure that complications and antibody responses were positive and effective in women. National policies should also propose good strategies for women to be vaccinated. This could improve consciousness, give women a better vaccination experience, enhance their willingness to vaccinate, and protect them from COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Han Chang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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32
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Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Dmitriev IP, Fox JM, Smith BK, Harvey IB, Chen RE, Winkler ES, Wessel AW, Case JB, Kashentseva E, McCune BT, Bailey AL, Zhao H, VanBlargan LA, Dai YN, Ma M, Adams LJ, Shrihari S, Danis JE, Gralinski LE, Hou YJ, Schäfer A, Kim AS, Keeler SP, Weiskopf D, Baric RS, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Curiel DT, Diamond MS. A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2020; 183:169-184.e13. [PMID: 32931734 PMCID: PMC7437481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has made deployment of an effective vaccine a global health priority. We evaluated the protective activity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized spike protein (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) in challenge studies with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Intramuscular dosing of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces robust systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protects against lung infection, inflammation, and pathology but does not confer sterilizing immunity, as evidenced by detection of viral RNA and induction of anti-nucleoprotein antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. In contrast, a single intranasal dose of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies, promotes systemic and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and T cell responses, and almost entirely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Intranasal administration of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S is a candidate for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission and curtailing pandemic spread.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brittany K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alex W Wessel
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan E Danis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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33
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Crooke SN, Kennedy RB. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development: Current Status. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:2172-2188. [PMID: 33012348 PMCID: PMC7392072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the midst of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and its attendant morbidity and mortality, safe and efficacious vaccines are needed that induce protective and long-lived immune responses. More than 120 vaccine candidates worldwide are in various preclinical and phase 1 to 3 clinical trials that include inactivated, live-attenuated, viral-vectored replicating and nonreplicating, protein- and peptide-based, and nucleic acid approaches. Vaccines will be necessary both for individual protection and for the safe development of population-level herd immunity. Public-private partnership collaborative efforts, such as the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines mechanism, are key to rapidly identifying safe and effective vaccine candidates as quickly and efficiently as possible. In this article, we review the major vaccine approaches being taken and issues that must be resolved in the quest for vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease 2019. For this study, we scanned the PubMed database from 1963 to 2020 for all publications using the following search terms in various combinations: SARS, MERS, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, clinical trial, coronavirus, pandemic, and vaccine development. We also did a Web search for these same terms. In addition, we examined the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other public health authority websites. We excluded abstracts and all articles that were not written in English.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ade, antibody-dependent enhancement
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- il, interleukin
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mva, modified vaccinia virus ankara
- nih, national institutes of health
- rbd, receptor-binding domain
- s, spike
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov, sars coronavirus
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- vlp, virus-like particle
- who, world health organization
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34
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Zhang C, Zhou C, Shi L, Liu G. Perspectives on development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2366-2369. [PMID: 32961082 PMCID: PMC7644209 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1787064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been characterized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a controllable global pandemic. The spike (S) glycoprotein mediates binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for virus entry and also services as the target of virus-neutralizing antibodies, making it an attractive and leading viral antigen for vaccine development. No vaccine against any human coronavirus is available to date. In learning from the experience of developing Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV vaccine candidates in preclinical and clinical trials, the most promising strategies for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines should employ viral-vector platforms, properly adjuvanted recombinant protein or DNA/mRNA encoding an engineered sequence of trimeric S protein in pre-fusion conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd ., Shanghai, China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd ., Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd ., Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd ., Shanghai, China
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35
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Al-Kassmy J, Pedersen J, Kobinger G. Vaccine Candidates against Coronavirus Infections. Where Does COVID-19 Stand? Viruses 2020; 12:E861. [PMID: 32784685 PMCID: PMC7472384 DOI: 10.3390/v12080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven years after the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) made its first appearance in a food market in Wuhan, China, drawing an entirely new course to our lives. As the virus belongs to the same genus of MERS and SARS, researchers have been trying to draw lessons from previous outbreaks to find a potential cure. Although there were five Phase I human vaccine trials against SARS and MERS, the lack of data in humans provided us with limited benchmarks that could help us design a new vaccine for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we showcase the similarities in structures of virus components between SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in areas relevant to vaccine design. Using the ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization (WHO) databases, we shed light on the 16 current approved clinical trials worldwide in search for a COVID-19 vaccine. The different vaccine platforms being tested are Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, DNA and RNA-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, protein subunits, and viral vectors. By thoroughly analyzing different trials and platforms, we also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using each type of vaccine and how they can contribute to the design of an adequate vaccine for COVID-19. Studying past efforts invested in conducting vaccine trials for MERS and SARS will provide vital insights regarding the best approach to designing an effective vaccine against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Al-Kassmy
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jannie Pedersen
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.P.); (G.K.)
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (J.P.); (G.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA
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36
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Lee P, Kim DJ. Newly Emerging Human Coronaviruses: Animal Models and Vaccine Research for SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e28. [PMID: 32895615 PMCID: PMC7458800 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the novel coronavirus (CoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global threat to human health and economy. As of June 26, 2020, over 9.4 million cases of infection, including 482,730 deaths, had been confirmed across 216 countries. To combat a devastating virus pandemic, numerous studies on vaccine development are urgently being accelerated. In this review article, we take a brief look at the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoVs and discuss recent approaches to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureum Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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37
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Graham SP, McLean RK, Spencer AJ, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Wright D, Ulaszewska M, Edwards JC, Hayes JWP, Martini V, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Dietrich I, Shelton H, Waters R, Ludi A, Wilsden G, Browning C, Bialy D, Bhat S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Hollinghurst P, Gilbride C, Pulido D, Moffat K, Sharpe H, Allen E, Mioulet V, Chiu C, Newman J, Asfor AS, Burman A, Crossley S, Huo J, Owens RJ, Carroll M, Hammond JA, Tchilian E, Bailey D, Charleston B, Gilbert SC, Tuthill TJ, Lambe T. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of prime-boost vaccination with the replication-deficient viral vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:69. [PMID: 32793398 PMCID: PMC7385486 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical development of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, a replication-deficient simian adenoviral vector expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was initiated in April 2020 following non-human primate studies using a single immunisation. Here, we compared the immunogenicity of one or two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in both mice and pigs. Whilst a single dose induced antigen-specific antibody and T cells responses, a booster immunisation enhanced antibody responses, particularly in pigs, with a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 neutralising titres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra J. Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | | | | | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | | | | | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Anna Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | | | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | | | - Philippa Hollinghurst
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Ciaran Gilbride
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - David Pulido
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Hannah Sharpe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Chris Chiu
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Amin S. Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | | | - Jiandong Huo
- Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, and Rosalind Franklin Institute Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0FA UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, and Rosalind Franklin Institute Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0FA UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury, SP4 0JG UK
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF UK
| | | | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
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38
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Mostafa A, Kandeil A, Shehata M, El Shesheny R, Samy AM, Kayali G, Ali MA. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): State of the Science. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E991. [PMID: 32630780 PMCID: PMC7409282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause disease outbreaks ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. Since 2003, three zoonotic members of this family evolved to cross species barriers infecting humans and resulting in relatively high case fatality rates (CFR). Compared to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV, CFR = 10%) and pandemic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, CFR = 6%), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has scored the highest CFR (approximately 35%). In this review, we systematically summarize the current state of scientific knowledge about MERS-CoV, including virology and origin, epidemiology, zoonotic mode of transmission, and potential therapeutic or prophylactic intervention modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Rabeh El Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (R.E.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Abdallah M. Samy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Link, Baabda 1109, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (R.E.S.)
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Dolzhikova IV, Grousova DM, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatulin AI, Kovyrshina AV, Lubenets NL, Ozharovskaia TA, Popova O, Esmagambetov IB, Shcheblyakov DV, Evgrafova IM, Nedorubov AA, Gordeichuk IV, Gulyaev SA, Botikov AG, Panina LV, Mishin DV, Loginova SY, Borisevich SV, Deryabin PG, Naroditsky BS, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:114-123. [PMID: 33173601 PMCID: PMC7604897 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the respiratory system caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The mortality rate for MERS is about 34.5%. Due to its high mortality rate, the lack of therapeutic and prophylactic agents, and the continuing threat of the spread of MERS beyond its current confines, developing a vaccine is a pressing task, because vaccination would help limit the spread of MERS and reduce its death toll. We have developed a combined vector vaccine for the prevention of MERS based on recombinant human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 5. Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. Studies of the cellular immune response in mice after vaccination showed the emergence of a specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD50 per mouse). Studies of the safety and tolerability of the developed vaccine in rodents, rabbits, and primates showed a good safety profile and tolerance in animals; they revealed no contraindications for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Dolzhikova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - D. M. Grousova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - O. V. Zubkova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A. I. Tukhvatulin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A. V. Kovyrshina
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - N. L. Lubenets
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - T. A. Ozharovskaia
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - O. Popova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - I. B. Esmagambetov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - D. V. Shcheblyakov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - I. M. Evgrafova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A. A. Nedorubov
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819 Russia
| | - I. V. Gordeichuk
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119435 Russia
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819 Russia
| | - S. A. Gulyaev
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819 Russia
| | - A. G. Botikov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - L. V. Panina
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - D. V. Mishin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - S. Y. Loginova
- The 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 141306 Russia
| | - S. V. Borisevich
- The 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 141306 Russia
| | - P. G. Deryabin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - B. S. Naroditsky
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119435 Russia
| | - D. Y. Logunov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A. L. Gintsburg
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119435 Russia
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Folegatti PM, Bittaye M, Flaxman A, Lopez FR, Bellamy D, Kupke A, Mair C, Makinson R, Sheridan J, Rohde C, Halwe S, Jeong Y, Park YS, Kim JO, Song M, Boyd A, Tran N, Silman D, Poulton I, Datoo M, Marshall J, Themistocleous Y, Lawrie A, Roberts R, Berrie E, Becker S, Lambe T, Hill A, Ewer K, Gilbert S. Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus viral-vectored vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled, phase 1 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:816-826. [PMID: 32325038 PMCID: PMC7172901 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection continue to rise in the Arabian Peninsula 7 years after it was first described in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV poses a significant risk to public health security because of an absence of currently available effective countermeasures. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the full-length spike surface glycoprotein, ChAdOx1 MERS, in humans. METHODS This dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled, phase 1 trial was done at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (Oxford, UK) and included healthy people aged 18-50 years with negative pre-vaccination tests for HIV antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis C antibodies (and a negative urinary pregnancy test for women). Participants received a single intramuscular injection of ChAdOx1 MERS at three different doses: the low-dose group received 5 × 109 viral particles, the intermediate-dose group received 2·5 × 1010 viral particles, and the high-dose group received 5 × 1010 viral particles. The primary objective was to assess safety and tolerability of ChAdOx1 MERS, measured by the occurrence of solicited, unsolicited, and serious adverse events after vaccination. The secondary objective was to assess the cellular and humoral immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 MERS, measured by interferon-γ-linked enzyme-linked immunospot, ELISA, and virus neutralising assays after vaccination. Participants were followed up for up to 12 months. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03399578. FINDINGS Between March 14 and Aug 15, 2018, 24 participants were enrolled: six were assigned to the low-dose group, nine to the intermediate-dose group, and nine to the high-dose group. All participants were available for follow-up at 6 months, but five (one in the low-dose group, one in the intermediate-dose group, and three in the high-dose group) were lost to follow-up at 12 months. A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS was safe at doses up to 5 × 1010 viral particles with no vaccine-related serious adverse events reported by 12 months. One serious adverse event reported was deemed to be not related to ChAdOx1 MERS. 92 (74% [95% CI 66-81]) of 124 solicited adverse events were mild, 31 (25% [18-33]) were moderate, and all were self-limiting. Unsolicited adverse events in the 28 days following vaccination considered to be possibly, probably, or definitely related to ChAdOx1 MERS were predominantly mild in nature and resolved within the follow-up period of 12 months. The proportion of moderate and severe adverse events was significantly higher in the high-dose group than in the intermediate-dose group (relative risk 5·83 [95% CI 2·11-17·42], p<0·0001) Laboratory adverse events considered to be at least possibly related to the study intervention were self-limiting and predominantly mild in severity. A significant increase from baseline in T-cell (p<0·003) and IgG (p<0·0001) responses to the MERS-CoV spike antigen was observed at all doses. Neutralising antibodies against live MERS-CoV were observed in four (44% [95% CI 19-73]) of nine participants in the high-dose group 28 days after vaccination, and 19 (79% [58-93]) of 24 participants had antibodies capable of neutralisation in a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay. INTERPRETATION ChAdOx1 MERS was safe and well tolerated at all tested doses. A single dose was able to elicit both humoral and cellular responses against MERS-CoV. The results of this first-in-human clinical trial support clinical development progression into field phase 1b and 2 trials. FUNDING UK Department of Health and Social Care, using UK Aid funding, managed by the UK National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Folegatti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mustapha Bittaye
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Flaxman
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fernando Ramos Lopez
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Duncan Bellamy
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Mair
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Makinson
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Sheridan
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yuji Jeong
- International Vaccine Institute, Science Unit, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Shin Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Science Unit, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Science Unit, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, Science Unit, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Amy Boyd
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nguyen Tran
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Silman
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mehreen Datoo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia Marshall
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yrene Themistocleous
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Conte C, Sogni F, Affanni P, Veronesi L, Argentiero A, Esposito S. Vaccines against Coronaviruses: The State of the Art. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E309. [PMID: 32560340 PMCID: PMC7350246 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging epidemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 represents the most important socio-health threat of the 21st century. The high contagiousness of the virus, the strong impact on the health system of the various countries and the absence to date of treatments able to improve the prognosis of the disease make the introduction of a vaccine indispensable, even though there are currently no approved human coronavirus vaccines. The aim of the study is to carry out a review of the medical literature concerning vaccine candidates for the main coronaviruses responsible for human epidemics, including recent advances in the development of a vaccine against COVID-19. This extensive review carried out on the vaccine candidates of the main epidemic coronaviruses of the past has shown that the studies in animal models suggest a high efficacy of potential vaccines in providing protection against viral challenges. Similar human studies have not yet been carried out, as the main trials are aimed at assessing mainly vaccine safety and immunogenicity. Whereas the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) epidemic ended almost two decades ago and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) epidemic is now better controlled, as it is less contagious due to the high lethality of the virus, the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents a problem that is certainly more compelling, which pushes us to accelerate the studies not only for the production of vaccines but also for innovative pharmacological treatments. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might come too late to affect the first wave of this pandemic, but they might be useful if additional subsequent waves occur or in a post-pandemic perspective in which the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Conte
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Francesco Sogni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Paola Affanni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (P.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (P.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Alberto Argentiero
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (A.A.)
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Wu D, Koganti R, Lambe UP, Yadavalli T, Nandi SS, Shukla D. Vaccines and Therapies in Development for SARS-CoV-2 Infections. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1885. [PMID: 32560227 PMCID: PMC7355822 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The virus causes severe respiratory symptoms which manifest disproportionately in the elderly. Currently, there are over 6.5 million cases and 380,000 deaths reported. Given the current severity of the outbreak, there is a great need for antiviral therapies and vaccines to treat and prevent COVID-19. In this review, we provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the emerging therapies and vaccines that show promise in combating COVID-19. We also highlight potential viral targets that could be exploited by researchers and drug manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.W.); (R.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.W.); (R.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Upendra P. Lambe
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.N.)
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.W.); (R.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Shyam S. Nandi
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.N.)
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.W.); (R.K.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Letko M, Seifert SN, Olival KJ, Plowright RK, Munster VJ. Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:461-471. [PMID: 32528128 PMCID: PMC7289071 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most viral pathogens in humans have animal origins and arose through cross-species transmission. Over the past 50 years, several viruses, including Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2, have been linked back to various bat species. Despite decades of research into bats and the pathogens they carry, the fields of bat virus ecology and molecular biology are still nascent, with many questions largely unexplored, thus hindering our ability to anticipate and prepare for the next viral outbreak. In this Review, we discuss the latest advancements and understanding of bat-borne viruses, reflecting on current knowledge gaps and outlining the potential routes for future research as well as for outbreak response and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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van Doremalen N, Haddock E, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Bushmaker T, Fischer RJ, Okumura A, Hanley PW, Saturday G, Edwards NJ, Clark MHA, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Munster VJ. A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8399. [PMID: 32577525 PMCID: PMC7286676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing a vaccine to protect against the lethal effects of the many strains of coronavirus is critical given the current global pandemic. For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. The vaccine protected against respiratory injury and pneumonia and reduced viral load in lung tissue by several orders of magnitude. MERS-CoV replication in type I and II pneumocytes of ChAdOx1 MERS-vaccinated animals was absent. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. We also found that antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 MERS in rhesus macaques neutralized six different MERS-CoV strains. Transgenic human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 mice vaccinated with ChAdOx1 MERS were completely protected against disease and lethality for all different MERS-CoV strains. The data support further clinical development of ChAdOx1 MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Corresponding author. (N.v.D.); (S.C.G.); (V.J.M.)
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Madeleine H. A. Clark
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Transmission Biology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author. (N.v.D.); (S.C.G.); (V.J.M.)
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Corresponding author. (N.v.D.); (S.C.G.); (V.J.M.)
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Padron-Regalado E. Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other Coronavirus Strains. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:255-274. [PMID: 32328406 PMCID: PMC7177048 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and its impact on global health have made imperative the development of effective and safe vaccines for this lethal strain. SARS-CoV-2 now adds to the list of coronavirus diseases that have threatened global health, along with the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses that emerged in 2002/2003 and 2012, respectively. As of April 2020, no vaccine is commercially available for these coronavirus strains. Nevertheless, the knowledge obtained from the vaccine development efforts for MERS and SARS can be of high value for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Here, we review the past and ongoing vaccine development efforts for clinically relevant coronavirus strains with the intention that this information helps in the development of effective and safe vaccines for COVID-19. In addition, information from naturally exposed individuals and animal models to coronavirus strains is described for the same purpose of helping into the development of effective vaccines against COVID-19.
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Moreno-Fierros L, García-Silva I, Rosales-Mendoza S. Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: should we focus on mucosal immunity? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:831-836. [PMID: 32380868 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1767062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico , Tlalnepantla, Estado De México, México
| | - Ileana García-Silva
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Center for Health Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosi, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Center for Health Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosi, México
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Hashem AM, Algaissi A, Agrawal AS, Al-Amri SS, Alhabbab RY, Sohrab SS, S Almasoud A, Alharbi NK, Peng BH, Russell M, Li X, Tseng CTK. A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1558-1567. [PMID: 30911758 PMCID: PMC7107499 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection control measures have played a major role in limiting human/camel-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); however, development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted. Methods We extended and optimized our previous recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5)–based vaccine platform characterized by in vivo amplified and CD40-mediated specific responses to generate MERS-CoV S1 subunit-based vaccine. We generated rAd5 constructs expressing CD40-targeted S1 fusion protein (rAd5-S1/F/CD40L), untargeted S1 (rAd5-S1), and Green Fluorescent Protein (rAd5-GFP), and evaluated their efficacy and safety in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 transgenic (hDPP4 Tg+) mice. Results Immunization of hDPP4 Tg+ mice with a single dose of rAd5-S1/F/CD40L elicited as robust and significant specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies as those induced with 2 doses of rAd5-S1. After MERS-CoV challenge, both vaccines conferred complete protection against morbidity and mortality, as evidenced by significantly undetectable/reduced pulmonary viral loads compared to the control group. However, rAd5-S1– but not rAd5-S1/F/CD40L–immunized mice exhibited marked pulmonary perivascular hemorrhage post–MERS-CoV challenge despite the observed protection. Conclusions Incorporation of CD40L into rAd5-based MERS-CoV S1 vaccine targeting molecule and molecular adjuvants not only enhances immunogenicity and efficacy but also prevents inadvertent pulmonary pathology after viral challenge, thereby offering a promising strategy to enhance safety and potency of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar M Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University
| | | | - Sawsan S Al-Amri
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Y Alhabbab
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
| | - Sayed S Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Almasoud
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neurosciences, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Marsha Russell
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Xuguang Li
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center of Biodefense and Emerging Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020. [PMID: 32310621 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002660)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, zoonotic RNA viruses. Four CoVs commonly circulate among humans: HCoV2-229E, -HKU1, -NL63 and -OC43. However, CoVs can rapidly mutate and recombine leading to novel CoVs that can spread from animals to humans. The novel CoVs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a severe outbreak of disease (termed COVID-19) in China and multiple other countries, threatening to cause a global pandemic. In humans, CoVs mostly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from a common cold to more severe disease such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure and even death. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 seem to less commonly affect children and to cause fewer symptoms and less severe disease in this age group compared with adults, and are associated with much lower case-fatality rates. Preliminary evidence suggests children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 but are less likely to be symptomatic or develop severe symptoms. However, the importance of children in transmitting the virus remains uncertain. Children more often have gastrointestinal symptoms compared with adults. Most children with SARS-CoV present with fever, but this is not the case for the other novel CoVs. Many children affected by MERS-CoV are asymptomatic. The majority of children infected by novel CoVs have a documented household contact, often showing symptoms before them. In contrast, adults more often have a nosocomial exposure. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical and diagnostic findings, as well as treatment and prevention options for common circulating and novel CoVs infections in humans with a focus on infections in children.
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49
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Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:355-368. [PMID: 32310621 PMCID: PMC7158880 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, zoonotic RNA viruses. Four CoVs commonly circulate among humans: HCoV2-229E, -HKU1, -NL63 and -OC43. However, CoVs can rapidly mutate and recombine leading to novel CoVs that can spread from animals to humans. The novel CoVs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a severe outbreak of disease (termed COVID-19) in China and multiple other countries, threatening to cause a global pandemic. In humans, CoVs mostly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from a common cold to more severe disease such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure and even death. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 seem to less commonly affect children and to cause fewer symptoms and less severe disease in this age group compared with adults, and are associated with much lower case-fatality rates. Preliminary evidence suggests children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 but are less likely to be symptomatic or develop severe symptoms. However, the importance of children in transmitting the virus remains uncertain. Children more often have gastrointestinal symptoms compared with adults. Most children with SARS-CoV present with fever, but this is not the case for the other novel CoVs. Many children affected by MERS-CoV are asymptomatic. The majority of children infected by novel CoVs have a documented household contact, often showing symptoms before them. In contrast, adults more often have a nosocomial exposure. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical and diagnostic findings, as well as treatment and prevention options for common circulating and novel CoVs infections in humans with a focus on infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- From the Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR and Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Tse LV, Meganck RM, Graham RL, Baric RS. The Current and Future State of Vaccines, Antivirals and Gene Therapies Against Emerging Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:658. [PMID: 32390971 PMCID: PMC7193113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging coronaviruses (CoV) are constant global public health threats to society. Multiple ongoing clinical trials for vaccines and antivirals against CoVs showcase the availability of medical interventions to both prevent and treat the future emergence of highly pathogenic CoVs in human. However, given the diverse nature of CoVs and our close interactions with wild, domestic and companion animals, the next epidemic zoonotic CoV could resist the existing vaccines and antivirals developed, which are primarily focused on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV). In late 2019, the novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, causing global public health concern. In this review, we will summarize the key advancements of current vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well as discuss the challenge and opportunity in the current SARS-CoV-2 crisis. At the end, we advocate the development of a "plug-and-play" platform technologies that could allow quick manufacturing and administration of broad-spectrum countermeasures in an outbreak setting. We will discuss the potential of AAV-based gene therapy technology for in vivo therapeutic antibody delivery to combat SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and the future emergence of severe CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rita M. Meganck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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