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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Lonardo A. Alanine aminotransferase predicts incident steatotic liver disease of metabolic etiology: Long life to the old biomarker! World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3016-3021. [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i24.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels increase because of hepatocellular damage. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which identifies steatotic liver disease (SLD) associated with ≥ 2 metabolic abnormalities, has prominent sexual differences. The Metabolic Syndrome defines a cluster comprising abdominal obesity, altered glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Male sex, body mass index, glucose, lipids, ferritin, hypertension, and age independently predict ALT levels among blood donors. Over the last few decades, the reference range of ALT levels has been animatedly debated owing to attempts to update sex-specific reference ranges. With this backset, Chen et al have recently published a study which has two main findings. First, > 80% of individuals with MAFLD had normal ALT levels. Second, there was a linear increasing trend in the association between cumulative excess high-normal ALT levels and the rate of incident MAFLD. This study has biologically credible findings. However, it inaccurately considered sex differences in the MAFLD arena. Therefore, future studies on SLD owing to metabolic dysfunction should adopt locally determined and prospectively validated reference ranges of ALT and carefully consider sex differences in liver enzymes and MAFLD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena (2023), Modena 41126, Italy
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3
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Fiehn F, Beisel C, Binder M. Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: carcinogenesis in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 67:101423. [PMID: 38925094 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, with a risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are available, the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of HCV-associated HCC are still high. This article reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms of HCV-induced carcinogenesis with a special focus on those processes that continue after virus clearance and outlines implications for patient surveillance after DAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fiehn
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (D430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Beisel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (D430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Zakirova NF, Khomich OA, Smirnova OA, Molle J, Duponchel S, Yanvarev DV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Monnier L, Grigorov B, Ivanova ON, Karpenko IL, Golikov MV, Bovet C, Rindlisbacher B, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN, Bartosch B, Ivanov AV. Hepatitis C Virus Dysregulates Polyamine and Proline Metabolism and Perturbs the Urea Cycle. Cells 2024; 13:1036. [PMID: 38920664 PMCID: PMC11201506 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an oncogenic virus that causes chronic liver disease in more than 80% of patients. During the last decade, efficient direct-acting antivirals were introduced into clinical practice. However, clearance of the virus does not reduce the risk of end-stage liver diseases to the level observed in patients who have never been infected. So, investigation of HCV pathogenesis is still warranted. Virus-induced changes in cell metabolism contribute to the development of HCV-associated liver pathologies. Here, we studied the impact of the virus on the metabolism of polyamines and proline as well as on the urea cycle, which plays a crucial role in liver function. It was found that HCV strongly suppresses the expression of arginase, a key enzyme of the urea cycle, leading to the accumulation of arginine, and up-regulates proline oxidase with a concomitant decrease in proline concentrations. The addition of exogenous proline moderately suppressed viral replication. HCV up-regulated transcription but suppressed protein levels of polyamine-metabolizing enzymes. This resulted in a decrease in polyamine content in infected cells. Finally, compounds targeting polyamine metabolism demonstrated pronounced antiviral activity, pointing to spermine and spermidine as compounds affecting HCV replication. These data expand our understanding of HCV's imprint on cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia F. Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Olga A. Khomich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Olga A. Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Jennifer Molle
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Sarah Duponchel
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Dmitry V. Yanvarev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Lea Monnier
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Boyan Grigorov
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Olga N. Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Inna L. Karpenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Mikhail V. Golikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Cedric Bovet
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (B.R.)
| | - Barbara Rindlisbacher
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (B.R.)
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Birke Bartosch
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Alexander V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
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5
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Shetty A, Lee M, Valenzuela J, Saab S. Cost effectiveness of hepatitis C direct acting agents. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024; 24:589-597. [PMID: 38665122 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2348053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Introduction of direct acting antivirals (DAA) has transformed treatment of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and made the elimination of HCV an achievable goal set forward by World Health Organization by 2030. Multiple barriers need to be overcome for successful eradication of HCV. Availability of pan-genotypic HCV regimens has decreased the need for genotype testing but maintained high efficacy associated with DAAs. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will assess the cost-effectiveness of DAA treatment in patients with chronic HCV disease, with emphasis on general, cirrhosis, and vulnerable populations. EXPERT OPINION Multiple barriers exist limiting eradication of HCV, including cost to treatment, access, simplified testing, and implementing policy to foster treatment for all groups of HCV patients. Clinically, DAAs have drastically changed the landscape of HCV, but focused targeting of vulnerable groups is needed. Public policy will continue to play a strong role in eliminating HCV. While we will focus on the cost-effectiveness of DAA, several other factors regarding HCV require on going attention, such as increasing public awareness and decreasing social stigma associated with HCV, offering universal screening followed by linkage to treatment and improving preventive interventions to decrease spread of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Shetty
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Valenzuela
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sammy Saab
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lorey TS. Commentary on A Pregnant Patient with a Positive Hepatitis C Antibody. J Appl Lab Med 2024:jfae044. [PMID: 38780975 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Lorey
- Regional Laboratory, The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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7
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Sallam M, Khalil R. Contemporary Insights into Hepatitis C Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1035. [PMID: 38930417 PMCID: PMC11205832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant global health challenge. Approximately 50 million people were living with chronic hepatitis C based on the World Health Organization as of 2024, contributing extensively to global morbidity and mortality. The advent and approval of several direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens significantly improved HCV treatment, offering potentially high rates of cure for chronic hepatitis C. However, the promising aim of eventual HCV eradication remains challenging. Key challenges include the variability in DAA access across different regions, slightly variable response rates to DAAs across diverse patient populations and HCV genotypes/subtypes, and the emergence of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs), potentially conferring resistance to DAAs. Therefore, periodic reassessment of current HCV knowledge is needed. An up-to-date review on HCV is also necessitated based on the observed shifts in HCV epidemiological trends, continuous development and approval of therapeutic strategies, and changes in public health policies. Thus, the current comprehensive review aimed to integrate the latest knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, treatment options and preventive strategies for HCV, with a particular focus on the current challenges associated with RASs and ongoing efforts in vaccine development. This review sought to provide healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers with the necessary insights to address the HCV burden more effectively. We aimed to highlight the progress made in managing and preventing HCV infection and to highlight the persistent barriers challenging the prevention of HCV infection. The overarching goal was to align with global health objectives towards reducing the burden of chronic hepatitis, aiming for its eventual elimination as a public health threat by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Roaa Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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De Greve H, Fioravanti A. Single domain antibodies from camelids in the treatment of microbial infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334829. [PMID: 38827746 PMCID: PMC11140111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to pose significant global health challenges. In addition to the enduring burdens of ailments like malaria and HIV, the emergence of nosocomial outbreaks driven by antibiotic-resistant pathogens underscores the ongoing threats. Furthermore, recent infectious disease crises, exemplified by the Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, have intensified the pursuit of more effective and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Among the promising options, antibodies have garnered significant attention due to their favorable structural characteristics and versatile applications. Notably, nanobodies (Nbs), the smallest functional single-domain antibodies of heavy-chain only antibodies produced by camelids, exhibit remarkable capabilities in stable antigen binding. They offer unique advantages such as ease of expression and modification and enhanced stability, as well as improved hydrophilicity compared to conventional antibody fragments (antigen-binding fragments (Fab) or single-chain variable fragments (scFv)) that can aggregate due to their low solubility. Nanobodies directly target antigen epitopes or can be engineered into multivalent Nbs and Nb-fusion proteins, expanding their therapeutic potential. This review is dedicated to charting the progress in Nb research, particularly those derived from camelids, and highlighting their diverse applications in treating infectious diseases, spanning both human and animal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Fondazione ParSeC – Parco delle Scienze e della Cultura, Prato, Italy
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9
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Al Alawi AM, Al Shuaili HH, Al-Naamani K, Al Naamani Z, Al-Busafi SA. A Machine Learning-Based Mortality Prediction Model for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: An Exploratory Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2939. [PMID: 38792479 PMCID: PMC11121813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection presents global health challenges with significant morbidity and mortality implications. Successfully treating patients with cirrhosis may lead to mortality rates comparable to the general population. This study aims to utilize machine learning techniques to create predictive mortality models for individuals with chronic HCV infections. Methods: Data from chronic HCV patients at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (2009-2017) underwent analysis. Data pre-processing handled missing values and scaled features using Python via Anaconda. Model training involved SelectKBest feature selection and algorithms such as logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting, and SVM. The evaluation included diverse metrics, with 5-fold cross-validation, ensuring consistent performance assessment. Results: A cohort of 702 patients meeting the eligibility criteria, predominantly male, with a median age of 47, was analyzed across a follow-up period of 97.4 months. Survival probabilities at 12, 36, and 120 months were 90.0%, 84.0%, and 73.0%, respectively. Ten key features selected for mortality prediction included hemoglobin levels, alanine aminotransferase, comorbidities, HCV genotype, coinfections, follow-up duration, and treatment response. Machine learning models, including the logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting, and support vector machine models, showed high discriminatory power, with logistic regression consistently achieving an AUC value of 0.929. Factors associated with increased mortality risk included cardiovascular diseases, coinfections, and failure to achieve a SVR, while lower ALT levels and specific HCV genotypes were linked to better survival outcomes. Conclusions: This study presents the use of machine learning models to predict mortality in chronic HCV patients, providing crucial insights for risk assessment and tailored treatments. Further validation and refinement of these models are essential to enhance their clinical utility, optimize patient care, and improve outcomes for individuals with chronic HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Al Alawi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
- Internal Medicine Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 130, Oman
| | | | | | | | - Said A. Al-Busafi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
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10
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Dobrowolska K, Brzdęk M, Rzymski P, Flisiak R, Pawłowska M, Janczura J, Brzdęk K, Zarębska-Michaluk D. Revolutionizing hepatitis C treatment: next-gen direct-acting antivirals. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:833-852. [PMID: 38768013 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2358139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the introduction of highly effective and safe therapies with next-generation direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), that act without interferon, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains the only treatable chronic infectious disease. AREAS COVERED The review aims to provide an overview of the therapy revolution with a description of specific DAAs, their mechanisms of action, a summary of the safety and efficacy of specific regimens, and a discussion of populations requiring special therapeutic approaches. EXPERT OPINION DAAs are highly effective, safe, and easy to use. However, challenges such as access to health services and loss of patients from the cascade of care, especially in groups disproportionately affected by HCV infection, such as substance abusers, make it difficult to achieve the WHO's goal of HCV elimination. The proposed strategy to combat these difficulties involves a one-step approach to diagnosing and treating the infection, the availability of long-lasting forms of medication, and the development of an effective vaccine. The aforementioned opportunities are all the more important as the world is facing an opioid epidemic that is translating into an increase in HCV prevalence. This phenomenon is of greatest concern in women of childbearing age and in those already pregnant due to treatment limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Brzdęk
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawłowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jakub Janczura
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Kinga Brzdęk
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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11
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Ridgway H, Moore GJ, Gadanec LK, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V, Hoffmann W, Węgrzyn K, Vassilaki N, Mpekoulis G, Zouridakis M, Giastas P, Vidali VP, Kelaidonis K, Matsoukas MT, Dimitriou M, Mavromoustakos T, Tsiodras S, Gorgoulis VG, Karakasiliotis I, Chasapis CT, Matsoukas JM. Novel benzimidazole angiotensin receptor blockers with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity equipotent to that of nirmatrelvir: computational and enzymatic studies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:437-459. [PMID: 38828744 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2362675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension worsens outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Sartans, a type of antihypertensive angiotensin receptor blocker-(ARB), reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality by targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral and antihypertensive effects of nirmatrelvir, commercial sartans (candesartan, losartan, and losartan carboxylic (Exp3174)), and newly synthesized sartans (benzimidazole-N-biphenyl carboxyl (ACC519C) and benzimidazole-N-biphenyl tetrazole (ACC519T)), compared to nirmatrelvir, the antiviral component of Paxlovid. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and enzymatic studies assessed drug effects on ACE2. Antiviral abilities were tested with SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells, and antihypertensive effects were evaluated using angiotensin II-contracted rabbit iliac arteries. RESULTS Benzimidazole-based candesartan and ACC519C showed antiviral activity comparable to nirmatrelvir (95% inhibition). Imidazole-based losartan, Exp3174, and ACC519T were less potent (75%-80% and 50%, respectively), with Exp3174 being the least effective. SPR analysis indicated high sartans-ACE2 binding affinity. Candesartan and nirmatrelvir combined had greater inhibitory and cytopathic effects (3.96%) than individually (6.10% and 5.08%). ACE2 enzymatic assays showed varying effects of novel sartans on ACE2. ACC519T significantly reduced angiotensin II-mediated contraction, unlike nirmatrelvir and ACC519T(2). CONCLUSION This study reports the discovery of a new class of benzimidazole-based sartans that significantly inhibit SARS-CoV-2, likely due to their interaction with ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM, USA
| | - Graham J Moore
- Pepmetics Inc, 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Weronika Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mpekoulis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Zouridakis
- Structural Neurobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Giastas
- Structural Neurobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Veroniki P Vidali
- Natural Products and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Marios Dimitriou
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- Faculty of Medicine, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Christos T Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - John M Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Immunology and Translational Research, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, Patras, Greece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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12
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Ford JS, Morrison JC, Wagner JL, Nangia D, Voong S, Matsumoto CG, Chechi T, Tran N, May L. Sexually Transmitted Infection Co-testing in a Large Urban Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2024; 25:382-388. [PMID: 38801045 PMCID: PMC11112655 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.18404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) increased in the United States between 2017-2021. There is limited data describing STI co-testing practices and the prevalence of STI co-infections in emergency departments (ED). In this study, we aimed to describe the prevalence of co-testing and co-infection of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, in a large, academic ED. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective cross-sectional study of ED patients tested for HIV, HCV, syphilis, gonorrhea or chlamydia between November 27, 2018-May 26, 2019. In 2018, the study institution implemented an ED-based infectious diseases screening program in which any patient being tested for gonorrhea/chlamydia was eligible for opt-out syphilis screening, and any patient 18-64 years who was having blood drawn for any clinical purpose was eligible for opt-out HIV and HCV screening. We analyzed data from all ED patients ≥13 years who had undergone STI testing. The outcomes of interest included prevalence of STI testing/co-testing and the prevalence of STI infection/co-infection. We describe data with simple descriptive statistics. Results During the study period there were 30,767 ED encounters for patients ≥13 years (mean age: 43 ± 14 years, 52% female), and 7,866 (26%) were tested for at least one of HIV, HCV, syphilis, gonorrhea, or chlamydia. We observed the following testing frequencies (and prevalence of infection): HCV, 7,539 (5.0%); HIV, 7,359 (0.9%); gonorrhea, 574 (6.1%); chlamydia, 574 (9.8%); and syphilis, 420 (10.5%). Infectious etiologies with universal testing protocols (HIV and HCV) made up the majority of STI testing. In patients with syphilis, co-infection with chlamydia (21%, 9/44) and HIV (9%, 4/44) was high. In patients with gonorrhea, co-infection with chlamydia (23%, 8/35) and syphilis (9%, 3/35) was high, and in patients with chlamydia, co-infection with syphilis (16%, 9/56) and gonorrhea (14%, 8/56) was high. Patients with HCV had low co-infection proportions (<2%). Conclusion Prevalence of STI co-testing was low among patients with clinical suspicion for STIs; however, co-infection prevalence was high in several co-infection pairings. Future efforts are needed to improve STI co-testing rates among high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Ford
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jenny L. Wagner
- California State University, Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Disha Nangia
- University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Stephanie Voong
- University of California Davis Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Cynthia G. Matsumoto
- University of California Davis Health, Learning Health System, Department of Population Health and Accountable Care, Sacramento, California
| | - Tasleem Chechi
- University of California Davis Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Nam Tran
- University of California Davis Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Larissa May
- University of California Davis Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacramento, California
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Heo M, Norton BL, Pericot-Valverde I, Mehta SH, Tsui JI, Taylor LE, Lum PJ, Feinberg J, Kim AY, Arnsten JH, Sprecht-Walsh S, Page K, Murray-Krezan C, Anderson J, Litwin AH. Optimal hepatitis C treatment adherence patterns and sustained virologic response among people who inject drugs: The HERO study. J Hepatol 2024; 80:702-713. [PMID: 38242324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are highly effective for treating HCV infection even among people who inject drugs (PWID). Yet, little is known about patients' adherence patterns and their association with sustained virologic response (SVR) rates. We aimed to summarize various adherence patterns and determine their associations with SVR. METHODS Electronic blister packs were used to measure daily adherence to once-a-day sofosbuvir/velpatasvir during the 12-week treatment period among active PWIDs. Blister pack data were available for 496 participants who initiated DAAs for whom SVR status was known. Adherence was summarized in multiple patterns, such as total adherent days, consecutive missed days, and early discontinuations. Thresholds for adherence patterns associated with >90% SVR rates were also determined. RESULTS The overall SVR rate was 92.7%, with a median adherence rate of 75%. All adherence patterns indicating greater adherence were significantly associated with achieving SVR. Participant groups with ≥50% (>42/84) adherent days or <26 consecutive missed days achieved an SVR rate of >90%. Greater total adherent days during 9-12 weeks and no early discontinuation were significantly associated with higher SVR rates only in those with <50% adherence. Participants with first month discontinuation and ≥2 weeks of treatment interruption had low SVR rates, 25% and 85%, respectively. However, greater adherent days were significantly associated with SVR (adjusted odds ratio 1.10; 95% CI 1.04-1.16; p <0.001) even among participants with ≥14 consecutive missed days. CONCLUSIONS High SVR rates can be achieved in the PWID population despite suboptimal adherence. Encouraging patients to take as much medication as possible, with <2 weeks consecutive missed days and without early discontinuation, was found to be important for achieving SVR. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS People who inject drugs can be cured of HCV in >90% of cases, even with relatively low adherence to direct-acting antivirals, but early discontinuations and long treatment interruptions can significantly reduce the likelihood of achieving cure. Clinicians should encourage people who inject drugs who are living with HCV to adhere daily to direct-acting antivirals as consistently as possible, but if any days are interrupted, to continue and complete treatment. These results from the HERO study are important for patients living with HCV, clinicians, experts writing clinical guidelines, and payers. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT02824640.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonseong Heo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29605, USA.
| | - Brianna L Norton
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, 3330 Kossuth Avenue Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Irene Pericot-Valverde
- Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Shruti H Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E6546, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Judith I Tsui
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Lynn E Taylor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Avedesian Hall, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Paula J Lum
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital, 2540 23rd Street, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Judith Feinberg
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, and Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 930 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Arthur Y Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Julia H Arnsten
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, 3330 Kossuth Avenue Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Page
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico MSC 10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Cristina Murray-Krezan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Meyran Avenue, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jessica Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico MSC 10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alain H Litwin
- School of Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29605, USA; Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 876 W Faris Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA; Department of Medicine, Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29605, USA.
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14
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Coronel-Castillo CE, Ramírez-Mejía MM. Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Extrahepatic Disease and the Impact of New Direct-Acting Antivirals. Pathogens 2024; 13:339. [PMID: 38668294 PMCID: PMC11053783 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is an important cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 40-70% of patients develop non-hepatic alterations in the course of chronic infection. Such manifestations can be immune-related conditions, lymphoproliferative disorders and metabolic alterations with serious adverse events in the short and long term. The introduction of new Direct-Acting Antivirals has shown promising results, with current evidence indicating an improvement and remission of these conditions after a sustained virological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Unit Liver Research, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Mariana Michelle Ramírez-Mejía
- Unit Liver Research, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
- Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM MD/PhD), Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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15
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El Mouhayyar C, Al Jurdi A, Gilligan H. Expanding the Donor Pool: Using Kidney and Heart Allografts From Hepatitis B-positive Donors. Transplantation 2024; 108:603-604. [PMID: 37953484 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
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16
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Shi Y, Zhou Q, Dong S, Zhao Q, Wu X, Yang P, Zeng X, Yang X, Tan Y, Luo X, Xiao Z, Chen X. Rapid, visual, label-based biosensor platform for identification of hepatitis C virus in clinical applications. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:68. [PMID: 38413863 PMCID: PMC10900634 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the current study, for the first time, we reported a novel HCV molecular diagnostic approach termed reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification integrated with a gold nanoparticles-based lateral flow biosensor (RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB), which we developed for rapid, sensitive, specific, simple, and visual identification of HCV. METHODS A set of LAMP primer was designed according to 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) gene from the major HCV genotypes 1b, 2a, 3b, 6a, and 3a, which are prevalent in China. The HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB assay conditions, including HCV-RT-LAMP reaction temperature and time were optimized. The sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity of our assay were evaluated in the current study. The feasibility of HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB was confirmed through clinical serum samples from patients with suspected HCV infections. RESULTS An unique set of HCV-RT-LAMP primers were successfully designed targeting on the 5'UTR gene. The optimal detection process, including crude nucleic acid extraction (approximately 5 min), RT-LAMP reaction (67℃, 30 min), and visual interpretation of AuNPs-LFB results (~ 2 min), could be performed within 40 min without specific instruments. The limit of detection was determined to be 20 copies per test. The HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB assay exhibited high specificity and anti-interference. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results confirmed that the HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB assay is a sensitive, specific, rapid, visual, and cost-saving assay for identification of HCV. This diagnostic approach has great potential value for point-of-care (POC) diagnostic of HCV, especially in resource-challenged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxue Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinggui Yang
- Experiment Center, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tan
- Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
- Department of gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
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Hearps AC, Vootukuru N, Ebrahimnezhaddarzi S, Harney BL, Boo I, Nguyen L, Pavlyshyn D, Dietze PM, Drummer HE, Thompson AJ, Jaworowski A, Hellard ME, Sacks-Davis R, Doyle JS. Injecting drug use and hepatitis C virus infection independently increase biomarkers of inflammatory disease risk which are incompletely restored by curative direct-acting antiviral therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352440. [PMID: 38420130 PMCID: PMC10899672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are more prevalent in people who inject drugs (PWID) who often experience additional health risks. HCV induces inflammation and immune alterations that contribute to hepatic and non-hepatic morbidities. It remains unclear whether curative direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy completely reverses immune alterations in PWID. Methods Plasma biomarkers of immune activation associated with chronic disease risk were measured in HCV-seronegative (n=24) and HCV RNA+ (n=32) PWID at baseline and longitudinally after DAA therapy. Adjusted generalised estimating equations were used to assess longitudinal changes in biomarker levels. Comparisons between community controls (n=29) and HCV-seronegative PWID were made using adjusted multiple regression modelling. Results HCV-seronegative PWID exhibited significantly increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers including soluble (s) TNF-RII, IL-6, sCD14 and sCD163 and the diabetes index HbA1c as compared to community controls. CXCL10, sTNF-RII, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were additionally elevated in PWID with viremic HCV infection as compared to HCV- PWID. Whilst curative DAA therapy reversed some biomarkers, others including LBP and sTNF-RII remained elevated 48 weeks after HCV cure. Conclusion Elevated levels of inflammatory and chronic disease biomarkers in PWID suggest an increased risk of chronic morbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. HCV infection in PWID poses an additional disease burden, amplified by the incomplete reversal of immune dysfunction following DAA therapy. These findings highlight the need for heightened clinical surveillance of PWID for chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly those with a history of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Hearps
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikil Vootukuru
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Brendan L. Harney
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Irene Boo
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Long Nguyen
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian Pavlyshyn
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul M. Dietze
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Heidi E. Drummer
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret E. Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph S. Doyle
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Latanova A, Karpov V, Starodubova E. Extracellular Vesicles in Flaviviridae Pathogenesis: Their Roles in Viral Transmission, Immune Evasion, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2144. [PMID: 38396820 PMCID: PMC10889558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The members of the Flaviviridae family are becoming an emerging threat for public health, causing an increasing number of infections each year and requiring effective treatment. The consequences of these infections can be severe and include liver inflammation with subsequent carcinogenesis, endothelial damage with hemorrhage, neuroinflammation, and, in some cases, death. The mechanisms of Flaviviridae pathogenesis are being actively investigated, but there are still many gaps in their understanding. Extracellular vesicles may play important roles in these mechanisms, and, therefore, this topic deserves detailed research. Recent data have revealed the involvement of extracellular vesicles in steps of Flaviviridae pathogenesis such as transmission, immune evasion, and inflammation, which is critical for disease establishment. This review covers recent papers on the roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of Flaviviridae and includes examples of clinical applications of the accumulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (E.S.)
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19
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Wu XN, Xue F, Zhang N, Zhang W, Hou JJ, Lv Y, Xiang JX, Zhang XF. Global burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:363. [PMID: 38310221 PMCID: PMC10837876 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the global, regional, and national burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases between 1990 and 2019, considering five etiologies (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol use, NAFLD and other causes), age, gender, and sociodemographic index (SDI). METHODS Data on liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were collected from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2019. RESULTS In 2019, liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases accounted for 1,472,011 (95% UI 1,374,608-1,578,731) deaths worldwide, compared to 1,012,975 (948,941-1,073,877) deaths in 1990. Despite an increase in absolute deaths, the age-standardized death rate declined from 24.43 (22.93-25.73) per 100,000 population in 1990 to 18.00 (19.31-16.80) per 100,000 population in 2019. Eastern sub-Saharan Africa exhibited the highest age-standardized death rate (44.15 [38.47-51.91] per 100,000 population), while Australasia had the lowest rate (5.48 [5.05-5.93] deaths per 100,000 population in 2019). The age-standardized incidence rate of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases attributed to hepatitis B virus has declined since 1990, but incidence rates for other etiologies have increased. Age-standardized death and DALYs rates progressively decreased with higher SDI across different GBD regions and countries. Mortality due to liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases increased with age in 2019, and the death rate among males was estimated 1.51 times higher than that among females globally. CONCLUSION Liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases continues to pose a significant global public health challenge. Effective disease control, prevention, and treatment strategies should account for variations in risk factors, age, gender, and regional disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Xi Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Xu Y, Li M, Lin M, Cui D, Xie J. Glutaminolysis of CD4 + T Cells: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:603-616. [PMID: 38318243 PMCID: PMC10840576 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s443482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases, which are activated by the internal metabolic pathways encountering with viral antigens. Glutaminolysis converts glutamine into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulating metabolites by α-ketoglutaric acid, which is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells and plays a central role in providing the energy and structural components needed for viral replication after the virus hijacks the host cell. Changes in glutaminolysis in CD4+ T cells are accompanied by changes in the viral status of the host cell due to competition for glutamine between immune cells and host cells. More recently, attempts have been made to treat tumours, autoimmune diseases, and viral diseases by altering the breakdown of glutamine in T cells. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of glutaminolysis in the CD4+ T cell subsets from viral diseases, not only increasing our understanding of immunometabolism but also providing a new perspective for therapeutic target in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Bunz M, Eisele M, Hu D, Ritter M, Kammerloher J, Lampl S, Schindler M. CD81 suppresses NF-κB signaling and is downregulated in hepatitis C virus expressing cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1338606. [PMID: 38357447 PMCID: PMC10864554 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1338606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD81 is one of the main entry receptors for Hepatitis C virus, which is a major causative agent to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we identify CD81 as one of few surface proteins that are downregulated in HCV expressing hepatoma cells, discovering a functional role of CD81 beyond mediating HCV entry. CD81 was downregulated at the mRNA level in hepatoma cells that replicate HCV. Kinetics of HCV expression were increased in CD81-knockout cells and accompanied by enhanced cellular growth. Furthermore, loss of CD81 compensated for inhibition of pro-survival TBK1-signaling in HCV expressing cells. Analysis of functional phenotypes that could be associated with pro-survival signaling revealed that CD81 is a negative regulator of NF-κB. Interaction of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 was increased in cells lacking CD81. Similarly, we witnessed an overall increase in the total levels of phosphorylated and cellular p65 upon CD81-knockout in hepatoma cells. Finally, translocation of p65 in CD81-negative hepatoma cells was markedly induced upon stimulation with TNFα or PMA. Altogether, CD81 emerges as a regulator of pro-survival NF-κB signaling. Considering the important and established role of NF-κB for HCV replication and tumorigenesis, the downregulation of CD81 by HCV and the associated increase in NF-κB signaling might be relevant for viral persistence and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bunz
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Eisele
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Ritter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kammerloher
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Lampl
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Ramagopalan SV, Diaz J, Mitchell G, Garrison LP, Kolchinsky P. Is the price right? Paying for value today to get more value tomorrow. BMC Med 2024; 22:45. [PMID: 38287326 PMCID: PMC10826180 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary debates about drug pricing feature several widely held misconceptions, including the relationship between incentives and innovation, the proportion of total healthcare spending on pharmaceuticals, and whether the economic evaluation of a medicine can be influenced by things other than clinical efficacy. MAIN BODY All citizens should have access to timely, equitable, and cost-effective care covered by public funds, private insurance, or a combination of both. Better managing the collective burden of diseases borne by today's and future generations depends in part on developing better technologies, including better medicines. As in any innovative industry, the expectation of adequate financial returns incentivizes innovators and their investors to develop new medicines. Estimating expected returns requires that they forecast revenues, based on the future price trajectory and volume of use over time. How market participants decide what price to set or accept can be complicated, and some observers and stakeholders want to confirm whether the net prices society pays for novel medicines, whether as a reward for past innovation or an incentive for future innovation, are commensurate with those medicines' incremental value. But we must also ask "value to whom?"; medicines not only bring immediate clinical benefits to patients treated today, but also can provide a broad spectrum of short- and long-term benefits to patients, their families, and society. Spending across all facets of healthcare has grown over the last 25 years, but both inpatient and outpatient spending has outpaced drug spending growth even as our drug armamentarium is constantly improving with safer and more effective medicines. In large part, this is because, unlike hospitals, drugs typically go generic, thus making room in our budgets for new and better ones, even as they often keep patients out of hospitals, driving further savings. CONCLUSION A thorough evaluation of drug spending and value can help to promote a better allocation of healthcare resources for both the healthy and the sick, both of whom must pay for healthcare. Taking a holistic approach to assessing drug value makes it clear that a branded drug's value to a patient is often only a small fraction of the drug's total value to society. Societal value merits consideration when determining whether and how to make a medicine affordable and accessible to patients: a drug that is worth its price to society should not be rendered inaccessible to ill patients by imposing high out-of-pocket costs or restricting coverage based on narrow health technology assessments (HTAs). Furthermore, recognizing the total societal cost of un- or undertreated conditions is crucial to gaining a thorough understanding of what guides the biomedical innovation ecosystem to create value for society. It would be unwise to discourage the development of new solutions without first appreciating the cost of leaving the problems unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeram V Ramagopalan
- Lane Clark & Peacock LLP, London, UK.
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Jose Diaz
- Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Bristol Myers Squibb, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Louis P Garrison
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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23
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Martino SD, Petri GL, De Rosa M. Hepatitis C: The Story of a Long Journey through First, Second, and Third Generation NS3/4A Peptidomimetic Inhibitors. What Did We Learn? J Med Chem 2024; 67:885-921. [PMID: 38179950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver failure and still represents a global health burden. Over the past decade, great advancements made HCV curable, and sustained viral remission significantly improved to more than 98%. Historical treatment with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin has been displaced by combinations of direct-acting antivirals. These regimens include drugs targeting different stages of the HCV life cycle. However, the emergence of viral resistance remains a big concern. The design of peptidomimetic inhibitors (PIs) able to fit and fill the conserved substrate envelope region within the active site helped avoid contact with the vulnerable sites of the most common resistance-associated substitutions Arg155, Ala156, and Asp168. Herein, we give an overview of HCV NS3 PIs discovered during the past decade, and we deeply discuss the rationale behind the structural optimization efforts essential to achieve pangenotypic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Martino
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Li Petri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
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24
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de Jong HK, Grobusch MP. Monoclonal antibody applications in travel medicine. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2024; 10:2. [PMID: 38221606 PMCID: PMC10789029 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-023-00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
For decades, immunoglobulin preparations have been used to prevent or treat infectious diseases. Since only a few years, monoclonal antibody applications (mAbs) are taking flight and are increasingly dominating this field. In 2014, only two mAbs were registered; end of October 2023, more than ten mAbs are registered or have been granted emergency use authorization, and many more are in (pre)clinical phases. Especially the COVID-19 pandemic has generated this surge in licensed monoclonal antibodies, although multiple phase 1 studies were already underway in 2019 for other infectious diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. Monoclonal antibodies could function as prophylaxis (i.e., for the prevention of malaria), or could be used to treat (tropical) infections (i.e., rabies, dengue fever, yellow fever). This review focuses on the discussion of the prospects of, and obstacles for, using mAbs in the prevention and treatment of (tropical) infectious diseases seen in the returning traveler; and provides an update on the mAbs currently being developed for infectious diseases, which could potentially be of interest for travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K de Jong
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Tropical Medicine & Deutsches Zentrum Für Infektionsforschung, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales, (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Sierra Leone
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Li LH, Chiu W, Huang YA, Rasulova M, Vercruysse T, Thibaut HJ, Ter Horst S, Rocha-Pereira J, Vanhoof G, Borrenberghs D, Goethals O, Kaptein SJF, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Multiplexed multicolor antiviral assay amenable for high-throughput research. Nat Commun 2024; 15:42. [PMID: 38168091 PMCID: PMC10761739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To curb viral epidemics and pandemics, antiviral drugs are needed with activity against entire genera or families of viruses. Here, we develop a cell-based multiplex antiviral assay for high-throughput screening against multiple viruses at once, as demonstrated by using three distantly related orthoflaviviruses: dengue, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever virus. Each virus is tagged with a distinct fluorescent protein, enabling individual monitoring in cell culture through high-content imaging. Specific antisera and small-molecule inhibitors are employed to validate that multiplexing approach yields comparable inhibition profiles to single-virus infection assays. To facilitate downstream analysis, a kernel is developed to deconvolute and reduce the multidimensional quantitative data to three cartesian coordinates. The methodology is applicable to viruses from different families as exemplified by co-infections with chikungunya, parainfluenza and Bunyamwera viruses. The multiplex approach is expected to facilitate the discovery of broader-spectrum antivirals, as shown in a pilot screen of approximately 1200 drug-like small-molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsin Li
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winston Chiu
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yun-An Huang
- KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Neurophysiology, Laboratory for Circuit Neuroscience, Leuven, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madina Rasulova
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
- AstriVax, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Ter Horst
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Cerba Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Vanhoof
- Janssen Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Olivia Goethals
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
- Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery group, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Baumann L, Braun DL, Cavassini M, Stoeckle M, Bernasconi E, Schmid P, Calmy A, Haerry D, Béguelin C, Fux CA, Wandeler G, Surial B, Rauch A. Long-term trends in hepatitis C prevalence, treatment uptake and liver-related events in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Liver Int 2024; 44:169-179. [PMID: 37850685 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections changed dramatically in the last decade. We assessed changes in the prevalence of replicating HCV infection, treatment uptake and liver-related morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV (PWH) and hepatitis C in the Swiss HIV cohort study. METHODS We included all cohort participants between 2002 and 2021. We assessed yearly prevalence of replicating HCV infection, overall and liver-related mortality, as well as the yearly incidence of liver-related events in persons with at least one documented positive HCV-RNA. RESULTS Of 14 652 participants under follow-up, 2294 had at least one positive HCV-RNA measurement. Of those, 1316 (57%) ever received an HCV treatment. Treatment uptake increased from 8.1% in 2002 to a maximum of 32.6% in 2016. Overall, prevalence of replicating HCV infection declined from 16.5% in 2004 to 1.3% in 2021. HCV prevalence declined from 63.2% to 7.1% in persons who inject drugs, and from 4.1% to 0.6% in men who have sex with men. Among the 2294 persons with replicating HCV infection, overall mortality declined from a maximum of 3.3 per 100 patient-years (PY) to 1.1 per 100 PY, and incidence of liver-related events decreased from 1.4/100 PY to 0.2/100 PY. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of DAA therapy was associated with a more than 10-fold reduction in prevalence of replicating HCV infection in PWH, approaching the estimates in the general population. Overall mortality and liver-related events declined substantially in persons living with HIV and hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Baumann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stoeckle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, University of Geneva and University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Charles Béguelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Biel, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Fux
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Surial
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Ufere NN, Lago-Hernandez C, Alejandro-Soto A, Walker T, Li L, Schoener K, Keegan E, Gonzalez C, Bethea E, Singh S, El-Jawahri A, Nephew L, Jones P, Serper M. Health care-related transportation insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes among adults with chronic liver disease. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0358. [PMID: 38206200 PMCID: PMC10786597 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care-related transportation insecurity (delayed or forgone medical care due to transportation barriers) is being increasingly recognized as a social risk factor affecting health outcomes. We estimated the national burden and adverse outcomes of health care-related transportation insecurity among US adults with chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS Using the U.S. National Health Interview Survey from 2014 to 2018, we identified adults with self-reported CLD. We used complex weighted survey analysis to obtain national estimates of health care-related transportation insecurity. We examined the associations between health care-related transportation insecurity and health care-related financial insecurity, food insecurity, self-reported health status, work productivity, health care use, and mortality. RESULTS Of the 3643 (representing 5.2 million) US adults with CLD, 267 [representing 307,628 (6%; 95% CI: 5%-7%)] reported health care-related transportation insecurity. Adults with CLD experiencing health care-related transportation insecurity had 3.5 times higher odds of cost-related medication nonadherence [aOR, 3.5; (2.4-5.0)], 3.5 times higher odds of food insecurity [aOR, 3.5; (2.4-5.3)], 2.5 times higher odds of worsening self-reported health status over the past year [aOR, 2.5; (1.7-3.7)], 3.1 times higher odds of being unable to work due to poor health over the past year [aOR, 3.1; (2.0-4.9)], and 1.7 times higher odds of being in a higher-risk category group for number of hospitalizations annually [aOR, 1.7; (1.2-2.5)]. Health care-related transportation insecurity was independently associated with mortality after controlling for age, income, insurance status, comorbidity burden, financial insecurity, and food insecurity [aHR, 1.7; (1.4-2.0)]. CONCLUSIONS Health care-related transportation insecurity is a critical social risk factor that is associated with health care-related financial insecurity, food insecurity, poorer self-reported health status and work productivity, and increased health care use and mortality among US adults with CLD. Efforts to screen for and reduce health care-related transportation insecurity are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneka N. Ufere
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Lago-Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alysa Alejandro-Soto
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tiana Walker
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucinda Li
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Schoener
- Department of Social Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eileen Keegan
- Department of Social Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Department of Social Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Bethea
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Areej El-Jawahri
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren Nephew
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Patricia Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Health and Liver Services, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marina Serper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Choi K. The Structure-property Relationships of Clinically Approved Protease Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1441-1463. [PMID: 37031455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230409232655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases play important roles in the regulation of many physiological processes, and protease inhibitors have become one of the important drug classes. Especially because the development of protease inhibitors often starts from a substrate- based peptidomimetic strategy, many of the initial lead compounds suffer from pharmacokinetic liabilities. OBJECTIVE To reduce drug attrition rates, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies are fully integrated into modern drug discovery research, and the structure-property relationship illustrates how the modification of the chemical structure influences the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of drug compounds. Understanding the structure- property relationships of clinically approved protease inhibitor drugs and their analogues could provide useful information on the lead-to-candidate optimization strategies. METHODS About 70 inhibitors against human or pathogenic viral proteases have been approved until the end of 2021. In this review, 17 inhibitors are chosen for the structure- property relationship analysis because detailed pharmacological and/or physicochemical data have been disclosed in the medicinal chemistry literature for these inhibitors and their close analogues. RESULTS The compiled data are analyzed primarily focusing on the pharmacokinetic or toxicological deficiencies found in lead compounds and the structural modification strategies used to generate candidate compounds. CONCLUSION The structure-property relationships hereby summarized how the overall druglike properties could be successfully improved by modifying the structure of protease inhibitors. These specific examples are expected to serve as useful references and guidance for developing new protease inhibitor drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea (ROK)
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29
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Mohanty P, Panda P, Acharya RK, Pande B, Bhaskar LVKS, Verma HK. Emerging perspectives on RNA virus-mediated infections: from pathogenesis to therapeutic interventions. World J Virol 2023; 12:242-255. [PMID: 38187500 PMCID: PMC10768389 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i5.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses continue to pose significant threats to global public health, necessitating a profound understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms and the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of emerging perspectives on RNA virus-mediated infections, spanning from the intricate intricacies of viral pathogenesis to the forefront of innovative therapeutic strategies. A critical exploration of antiviral drugs sets the stage, highlighting the diverse classes of compounds that target various stages of the viral life cycle, underscoring the ongoing efforts to combat viral infections. Central to this discussion is the exploration of RNA-based therapeutics, with a spotlight on messenger RNA (mRNA)-based approaches that have revolutionized the landscape of antiviral interventions. Furthermore, the manuscript delves into the intricate world of delivery systems, exploring inno-vative technologies designed to enhance the efficiency and safety of mRNA vaccines. By analyzing the challenges and advancements in delivery mechanisms, this review offers a roadmap for future research and development in this critical area. Beyond conventional infectious diseases, the document explores the expanding applications of mRNA vaccines, including their promising roles in cancer immunotherapy and personalized medicine approaches. This manuscript serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike, offering a nuanced perspective on RNA virus pathogenesis and the cutting-edge therapeutic interventions. By synthesizing the latest advancements and challenges, this review contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse in the field, driving the development of novel strategies to combat RNA virus-mediated infections effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Mohanty
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Poojarani Panda
- Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Babita Pande
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Raipur 492001, chhattisgarh, India
| | - LVKS Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich 85764, Bayren, Germany
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Deng L, Solichin MR, Adyaksa DNM, Septianastiti MA, Fitri RA, Suwardan GNR, Matsui C, Abe T, Shoji I. Cellular Release of Infectious Hepatitis C Virus Particles via Endosomal Pathways. Viruses 2023; 15:2430. [PMID: 38140670 PMCID: PMC10747773 DOI: 10.3390/v15122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The release of infectious HCV particles from infected hepatocytes is a crucial step in viral dissemination and disease progression. While the exact mechanisms of HCV particle release remain poorly understood, emerging evidence suggests that HCV utilizes intracellular membrane trafficking and secretory pathways. These pathways include the Golgi secretory pathway and the endosomal trafficking pathways, such as the recycling endosome pathway and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway. This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding the release of infectious HCV particles, with a particular focus on the involvement of the host cell factors that participate in HCV particle release. By summarizing the current knowledge in this area, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of endosomal pathways involved in the extracellular release of HCV particles and the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Muchamad Ridotu Solichin
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dewa Nyoman Murti Adyaksa
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Maria Alethea Septianastiti
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rhamadianti Aulia Fitri
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Gede Ngurah Rsi Suwardan
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali 80361, Indonesia
| | - Chieko Matsui
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (L.D.); (D.N.M.A.); (M.A.S.); (T.A.)
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Nguyen I, Moussa K, Gutierrez J. Hepatitis C Virus Elimination in the United States: Challenges, Progress, and Future Steps. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2023; 19:700-707. [PMID: 38405224 PMCID: PMC10882868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health challenge with a simple, highly efficacious, all-oral therapy (direct-acting antivirals) that can achieve cure. Owing to the ease of treatment, the World Health Organization outlined goals to eliminate HCV by the year 2030. However, unforeseen challenges have hampered progress, and few countries are on track to meet these goals. Significant disparities remain among priority populations because of barriers to care on the systemic, provider, and patient levels. In turn, many local, state, and national organizations have been persistent in tackling these barriers, the greatest of which is linkage to care. In 2023, the White House launched a multipronged national initiative to eliminate HCV infection. The resulting economic impact of the national HCV elimination program is estimated to yield a significant net cost savings of $18.1 billion within a 10-year period. This article addresses the barriers to HCV care in different priority populations and discusses innovative models of HCV care that have been introduced in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Nguyen
- Scripps Clinic/Scripps Green Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Karine Moussa
- Scripps Clinic/Scripps Green Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Julio Gutierrez
- Scripps Center for Organ and Cell Transplantation, La Jolla, California
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Li Y, Yang Y, Li T, Wang Z, Gao C, Deng R, Ma F, Li X, Ma L, Tian R, Li H, Zhu H, Zeng L, Gao Y, Lv G, Niu J, Crispe IN, Tu Z. Activation of AIM2 by hepatitis B virus results in antiviral immunity that suppresses hepatitis C virus during coinfection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0109023. [PMID: 37787533 PMCID: PMC10617567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01090-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clinical data suggest that Hepatitis C virus (HCV) levels are generally lower in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infected patients, but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that HBV, but not HCV, activated absent in melanoma-2. This in turn results in inflammasome-mediated cleavage of pro-IL-18, leading to an innate immune activation cascade that results in increased interferon-γ, suppressing both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengmin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunfeng Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rilin Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Faxiang Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Licong Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Renyun Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhengkun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
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Malyshkina A, Brüggemann A, Paschen A, Dittmer U. Cytotoxic CD4 + T cells in chronic viral infections and cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271236. [PMID: 37965314 PMCID: PMC10642198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play an important role in immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells. Although their main task is to provide help to other effector immune cells, a growing number of infections and cancer entities have been described in which CD4+ T cells exhibit direct effector functions against infected or transformed cells. The most important cell type in this context are cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTL). In infectious diseases anti-viral CD4+ CTL are mainly found in chronic viral infections. Here, they often compensate for incomplete or exhausted CD8+ CTL responses. The induction of CD4+ CTL is counter-regulated by Tregs, most likely because they can be dangerous inducers of immunopathology. In viral infections, CD4+ CTL often kill via the Fas/FasL pathway, but they can also facilitate the exocytosis pathway of killing. Thus, they are very important effectors to keep persistent virus in check and guarantee host survival. In contrast to viral infections CD4+ CTL attracted attention as direct anti-tumor effectors in solid cancers only recently. Anti-tumor CD4+ CTL are defined by the expression of cytolytic markers and have been detected within the lymphocyte infiltrates of different human cancers. They kill tumor cells in an antigen-specific MHC class II-restricted manner not only by cytolysis but also by release of IFNγ. Thus, CD4+ CTL are interesting tools for cure approaches in chronic viral infections and cancer, but their potential to induce immunopathology has to be carefully taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alicia Brüggemann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ivanov YD, Malsagova KA, Goldaeva KV, Pleshakova TO, Kozlov AF, Galiullin RA, Shumov ID, Popov VP, Abramova IK, Ziborov VS, Petrov OF, Dolgoborodov AY, Archakov AI. The Study of Performance of a Nanoribbon Biosensor, Sensitized with Aptamers and Antibodies, upon Detection of Core Antigen of Hepatitis C Virus. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1946. [PMID: 37893383 PMCID: PMC10609547 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly sensitive diagnostic systems for the early revelation of diseases in humans is one of the most important tasks of modern biomedical research, and the detection of the core antigen of the hepatitis C virus (HCVcoreAg)-a protein marker of the hepatitis C virus-is just the case. Our study is aimed at testing the performance of the nanoribbon biosensor in the case of the use of two different types of molecular probes: the antibodies and the aptamers against HCVcoreAg. The nanoribbon sensor chips employed are based on "silicon-on-insulator structures" (SOI-NR). Two different HCVcoreAg preparations are tested: recombinant β-galactosidase-conjugated HCVcoreAg ("Virogen", Watertown, MA, USA) and recombinant HCVcoreAg ("Vector-Best", Novosibirsk, Russia). Upon the detection of either type of antigen preparation, the lowest concentration of the antigen detectable in buffer with pH 5.1 was found to be approximately equal, amounting to ~10-15 M. This value was similar upon the use of either type of molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri D. Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (O.F.P.); (A.Y.D.)
| | - Kristina A. Malsagova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Kristina V. Goldaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Tatyana O. Pleshakova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Andrey F. Kozlov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Rafael A. Galiullin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Ivan D. Shumov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Vladimir P. Popov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Irina K. Abramova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Vadim S. Ziborov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (O.F.P.); (A.Y.D.)
| | - Oleg F. Petrov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (O.F.P.); (A.Y.D.)
| | - Alexander Yu. Dolgoborodov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (O.F.P.); (A.Y.D.)
| | - Alexander I. Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC), 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.D.I.); (K.A.M.); (T.O.P.); (A.F.K.); (R.A.G.); (I.D.S.); (I.K.A.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.)
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Shin WS, Xie F, Chen B, Yu J, Lo KW, Tse GMK, To KF, Kang W. Exploring the Microbiome in Gastric Cancer: Assessing Potential Implications and Contextualizing Microorganisms beyond H. pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4993. [PMID: 37894360 PMCID: PMC10605912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While previous research has primarily focused on the impact of H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), emerging evidence suggests that other microbial influences, including viral and fungal infections, may also contribute to gastric cancer (GC) development. The intricate interactions between these microbes and the host's immune response provide a more comprehensive understanding of gastric cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The review highlights the roles of established players such as H. pylori and EBV and the potential impacts of gut bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and fungi such as Candida albicans. Advanced sequencing technologies offer unprecedented insights into the complexities of the gastric microbiome, from microbial diversity to potential diagnostic applications. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential for advanced GC diagnosis and therapies through a better understanding of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sum Shin
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
| | - Fuda Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- CUHK—Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- CUHK—Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
| | - Gary M. K. Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
| | - Ka Fai To
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.S.S.); (F.X.); (B.C.); (K.W.L.); (G.M.K.T.); (K.F.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- CUHK—Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Cho Y, Park S, Park S, Choi W, Kim B, Han H. Real-World Epidemiology, Treatment Patterns, and Disease Burden of Chronic Hepatitis B and HDV Co-Infection in South Korea. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:2387-2403. [PMID: 37768482 PMCID: PMC10600088 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term complications of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) viral infection, such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver failure, cause a large disease burden. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and treatment patterns of CHB infection and co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in South Korea. METHODS The retrospective, observational study used existing data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database. Confirmed cases of (CHB) and HBV/HDV co-infection were identified between 2013 and 2019. Hepatitis C virus co-infections and acute HBV infections were excluded. Incident cases diagnosed between 2015 and 2018 with no prior disease history up to 2 years were included. Patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, economic burden, and healthcare-resource utilization were described. RESULTS The estimated 7-year prevalence of CHB and HBV/HDV co-infection were 0.9% and 0.0024%, respectively. The prevalence was higher among 45-54 years old (CHB: 1.6%, HBV/HDV: 0.0049%) and males (1.1%, 0.0035%). The 5-year cumulative incidences of compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, HCC, and liver transplantation were 13.3%, 7.1%, 8.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. Hyperlipidemia (40.6%), hypertension (23.5%), and peptic ulcer (23.7%) were the more prevalent comorbidities. Among CHB patients, 48.1% received ≥ 1 prescribed anti-HBV drug including interferon or nucleos(t)ide analogues and 64.4% had ≥ 1 hospitalization compared to 80.4% and 79.4% HBV/HDV patients. Estimated total healthcare costs for CHB and HBV/HDV were US$786 million and $62 million, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide insights to the epidemiology, clinical burden, treatment patterns, and healthcare costs of CHB and HBV/HDV co-infection in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Cho
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | - WonJung Choi
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Book Kim
- Cerner Enviza, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Helin Han
- Cerner Enviza, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tan DJH, Tang ASP, Lim WH, Ng CH, Nah B, Fu C, Xiao J, Koh B, Tay PWL, Tan EX, Teng M, Syn N, Muthiah MD, Tamaki N, Lee SW, Kim BK, Yau T, Vogel A, Loomba R, Huang DQ. Survival Trends in Sorafenib for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Reconstructed Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Liver Cancer 2023; 12:445-456. [PMID: 37901764 PMCID: PMC10601853 DOI: 10.1159/000529824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging data suggest that outcomes for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with sorafenib may have improved over time. We aimed to provide robust, time-to-event estimates of survival outcomes for sorafenib in advanced HCC. Summary In this systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), we searched MEDLINE and Embase from inception till September 2022 for RCTs that provided data for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for sorafenib monotherapy as first-line systemic therapy for advanced HCC. We performed a pooled analysis using reconstructed individual participant data from published Kaplan-Meier curves to obtain robust estimates for OS and PFS. Of 1,599 articles identified, 29 studies (5,525 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the median OS was 10.4 (95% CI: 9.6-11.4) months. Median OS increased over time, from 9.8 (95% CI: 8.8-10.7) months in studies before 2015 to 13.4 (95% CI: 11.03-15.24) months in studies from 2015 onwards (p < 0.001). OS did not differ by trial phase, geographical region, or study design. The overall median PFS was 4.4 (95% CI: 3.9-4.8) months, but PFS did not improve over time. Sensitivity analysis of studies from 2015 and onwards to account for the introduction of direct-acting antivirals determined that hepatitis C virus was associated with reduced mortality (p < 0.001). There was minimal heterogeneity in the estimates for OS (all I2 ≤ 33). Key Messages Survival outcomes for sorafenib in advanced HCC have improved over time. These data have important implications for clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Jun Hao Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ansel Shao Pin Tang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Hui Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Nah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarissa Fu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieling Xiao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Koh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phoebe Wen Lin Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice X. Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Margaret Teng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Syn
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark D. Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nobuharu Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Yau
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, NAFLD Research Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Q. Huang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology, NAFLD Research Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Karystianis G, Simpson P, Lukmanjaya W, Ginnivan N, Nenadic G, Buchan I, Butler T. Automatic Extraction of Research Themes in Epidemiological Criminology From PubMed Abstracts From 1946 to 2020: Text Mining Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e49721. [PMID: 37738080 PMCID: PMC10559193 DOI: 10.2196/49721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging field of epidemiological criminology studies the intersection between public health and justice systems. To increase the value of and reduce waste in research activities in this area, it is important to perform transparent research priority setting considering the needs of research beneficiaries and end users along with a systematic assessment of the existing research activities to address gaps and harness opportunities. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to examine published research outputs in epidemiological criminology to assess gaps between published outputs and current research priorities identified by prison stakeholders. METHODS A rule-based method was applied to 23,904 PubMed epidemiological criminology abstracts to extract the study determinants and outcomes (ie, "themes"). These were mapped against the research priorities identified by Australian prison stakeholders to assess the differences from research outputs. The income level of the affiliation country of the first authors was also identified to compare the ranking of research priorities in countries categorized by income levels. RESULTS On an evaluation set of 100 abstracts, the identification of themes returned an F1-score of 90%, indicating reliable performance. More than 53.3% (11,927/22,361) of the articles had at least 1 extracted theme; the most common was substance use (1533/11,814, 12.97%), followed by HIV (1493/11,814, 12.64%). The infectious disease category (2949/11,814, 24.96%) was the most common research priority category, followed by mental health (2840/11,814, 24.04%) and alcohol and other drug use (2433/11,814, 20.59%). A comparison between the extracted themes and the stakeholder priorities showed an alignment for mental health, infectious diseases, and alcohol and other drug use. Although behavior- and juvenile-related themes were common, they did not feature as prison priorities. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries (10,083/11,814, 85.35%), while countries with the lowest income status focused half of their research on infectious diseases (47/91, 52%). CONCLUSIONS The identification of research themes from PubMed epidemiological criminology research abstracts is possible through the application of a rule-based text mining method. The frequency of the investigated themes may reflect historical developments concerning disease prevalence, treatment advances, and the social understanding of illness and incarcerated populations. The differences between income status groups are likely to be explained by local health priorities and immediate health risks. Notable gaps between stakeholder research priorities and research outputs concerned themes that were more focused on social factors and systems and may reflect publication bias or self-publication selection, highlighting the need for further research on prison health services and the social determinants of health. Different jurisdictions, countries, and regions should undertake similar systematic and transparent research priority-setting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karystianis
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Simpson
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wilson Lukmanjaya
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasha Ginnivan
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Goran Nenadic
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchestr, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Buchan
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Butler
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Bardach SH, Perry AN, Eccles E, Carpenter-Song EA, Fowler R, Miers EM, Ovalle A, de Gijsel D. Coproduction of Low-Barrier Hepatitis C Virus and HIV Care for People Who Use Drugs in a Rural Community: Brief Qualitative Report. J Particip Med 2023; 15:e47395. [PMID: 37728975 PMCID: PMC10551795 DOI: 10.2196/47395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs are experiencing syndemic conditions with increasing risk of infection with hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV. However, rates of accessing HCV and HIV testing and treatment among people who inject drugs are low for various reasons, including the criminalization of drug use, which leads to a focus on treating drug use rather than caring for drug users. For many people who inject drugs, health care becomes a form of structural violence, resulting in traumatic experiences, fear of police violence, unmet needs, and avoidance of medical care. There is a clear need for novel approaches to health care delivery for people who inject drugs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the process of a multidisciplinary team-encompassing health care professionals, community representatives, researchers, and people with lived experience using drugs-that was formed to develop a deep understanding of the experiences of people who inject drugs and local ecosystem opportunities and constraints to inform the cocreation of low-barrier, innovative HCV or HIV care in a rural community. Given the need for innovative approaches to redesigning health care, we sought to identify challenges and tensions encountered in this process and strategies for overcoming these challenges. METHODS Analysis was based on an in-depth review of meeting notes from the project year, followed by member-checking with the project team to revise and expand upon the challenges encountered and strategies identified to navigate these challenges. RESULTS Challenges and tensions included: scoping the project, setting the pace and urgency of the work, adapting to web-based work, navigating ethics and practice of payment, defining success, and situating the project for sustainability. Strategies to navigate these challenges included: dedicated effort to building personal and meaningful connections, fostering mutual respect, identifying common ground to make shared decisions, and redefining successes. CONCLUSIONS While cocreated care presents challenges, the resulting program is strengthened by challenging assumptions and carefully considering various perspectives to think creatively and productively about solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana H Bardach
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Amanda N Perry
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Eccles
- Section of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | | | - Ryan Fowler
- HIV/HCV Resource Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Erin M Miers
- Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - David de Gijsel
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Section of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Better Life Partners, Manchester, NH, United States
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Chuaypen N, Jinato T, Avihingsanon A, Nookaew I, Tanaka Y, Tangkijvanich P. Long-term benefit of DAAs on gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation in HCV-infected patients with and without HIV coinfection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14413. [PMID: 37660163 PMCID: PMC10475021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term effect of Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbial translocation in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who achieve sustained virological response (SVR) were limited. A longitudinal study of 50 patients with HCV monoinfection and 19 patients with HCV/HIV coinfection received DAAs were conducted. Fecal specimens collected at baseline and at week 72 after treatment completion (FUw72) were analyzed for 16S rRNA sequencing and the butyryl-CoA:acetateCoA transferase (BCoAT) gene expression using real-time PCR. Plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were quantified by ELISA assays. SVR rates in mono- and coinfected patients were comparable (94% vs. 100%). The improvement of gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation was found in responders but was not in non-responders. Among responders, significant restoration of alpha-diversity, BCoAT and LBP were observed in HCV patients with low-grade fibrosis (F0-F1), while HCV/HIV patients exhibited partial improvement at FUw72. I-FABP did not decline significantly in responders. Treatment induced microbiota changes with increasing abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria, including Blautia, Fusicatenibacter, Subdoligranulum and Bifidobacterium. In conclusion, long-term effect of DAAs impacted the restoration of gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation. However, early initiation of DAAs required for an alteration of gut microbiota, enhanced SCFAs-producing bacteria, and could reduce HCV-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaya Chuaypen
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thananya Jinato
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Division of Integrated Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Khalil A, Quaglia A, Gélat P, Saffari N, Rashidi H, Davidson B. New Developments and Challenges in Liver Transplantation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5586. [PMID: 37685652 PMCID: PMC10488676 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is increasing in incidence and is the third most common cause of premature death in the United Kingdom and fourth in the United States. Liver disease accounts for 2 million deaths globally each year. Three-quarters of patients with liver disease are diagnosed at a late stage, with liver transplantation as the only definitive treatment. Thomas E. Starzl performed the first human liver transplant 60 years ago. It has since become an established treatment for end-stage liver disease, both acute and chronic, including metabolic diseases and primary and, at present piloting, secondary liver cancer. Advances in surgical and anaesthetic techniques, refined indications and contra-indications to transplantation, improved donor selection, immunosuppression and prognostic scoring have allowed the outcomes of liver transplantation to improve year on year. However, there are many limitations to liver transplantation. This review describes the milestones that have occurred in the development of liver transplantation, the current limitations and the ongoing research aimed at overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Khalil
- Liver Unit, Wellington Hospital, London NW8 9TA, UK
- Centre for Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK
- Clinical Service of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Pierre Gélat
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Nader Saffari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Brian Davidson
- Liver Unit, Wellington Hospital, London NW8 9TA, UK
- Centre for Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK
- Clinical Service of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
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42
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Charoenkwan P, Waramit S, Chumnanpuen P, Schaduangrat N, Shoombuatong W. TROLLOPE: A novel sequence-based stacked approach for the accelerated discovery of linear T-cell epitopes of hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290538. [PMID: 37624802 PMCID: PMC10456195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a concerning health issue that causes chronic liver diseases. Despite many successful therapeutic outcomes, no effective HCV vaccines are currently available. Focusing on T cell activity, the primary effector for HCV clearance, T cell epitopes of HCV (TCE-HCV) are considered promising elements to accelerate HCV vaccine efficacy. Thus, accurate and rapid identification of TCE-HCVs is recommended to obtain more efficient therapy for chronic HCV infection. In this study, a novel sequence-based stacked approach, termed TROLLOPE, is proposed to accurately identify TCE-HCVs from sequence information. Specifically, we employed 12 different sequence-based feature descriptors from heterogeneous perspectives, such as physicochemical properties, composition-transition-distribution information and composition information. These descriptors were used in cooperation with 12 popular machine learning (ML) algorithms to create 144 base-classifiers. To maximize the utility of these base-classifiers, we used a feature selection strategy to determine a collection of potential base-classifiers and integrated them to develop the meta-classifier. Comprehensive experiments based on both cross-validation and independent tests demonstrated the superior predictive performance of TROLLOPE compared with conventional ML classifiers, with cross-validation and independent test accuracies of 0.745 and 0.747, respectively. Finally, a user-friendly online web server of TROLLOPE (http://pmlabqsar.pythonanywhere.com/TROLLOPE) has been developed to serve research efforts in the large-scale identification of potential TCE-HCVs for follow-up experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phasit Charoenkwan
- Modern Management and Information Technology, College of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sajee Waramit
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nalini Schaduangrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watshara Shoombuatong
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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43
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Maasoumy B, Lampertico P. Hepatitis Delta: Ready for primetime? Liver Int 2023; 43 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 37658668 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Maasoumy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- CRC "A. M. and A. Migliavacca" Center for Liver Disease, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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44
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Kelaidonis K, Ligielli I, Letsios S, Vidali VP, Mavromoustakos T, Vassilaki N, Moore GJ, Hoffmann W, Węgrzyn K, Ridgway H, Chasapis CT, Matsoukas JM. Computational and Enzymatic Studies of Sartans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD-ACE2 Binding: The Role of Tetrazole and Perspectives as Antihypertensive and COVID-19 Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098454. [PMID: 37176159 PMCID: PMC10179460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is an extension of current research into a novel class of synthetic antihypertensive drugs referred to as "bisartans", which are bis-alkylated imidazole derivatives bearing two symmetric anionic biphenyltetrazoles. Research to date indicates that bisartans are superior to commercially available hypertension drugs, since the former undergo stronger docking to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is the key receptor involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry, thus initiating COVID-19 infection and in regulating levels of vasoactive peptides such as angiotensin II and beneficial heptapeptides A(1-7) and Alamandine in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In previous studies using in vivo rabbit-iliac arterial models, we showed that Na+ or K+ salts of selected Bisartans initiate a potent dose-response inhibition of vasoconstriction. Furthermore, computational studies revealed that bisartans undergo stable binding to the vital interfacial region between ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 "receptor binding domain" (i.e., the viral RBD). Thus, bisartan homologs are expected to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or suppress disease expression in humans. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the role of tetrazole in binding and the network of amino acids of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD-ACE2 complex involved in interactions with sartans. This study would, furthermore, allow the expansion of the synthetic space to create a diverse suite of new bisartans in conjunction with detailed computational and in vitro antiviral studies. A critical role for tetrazole was uncovered in this study, shedding light on the vital importance of this group in the binding of sartans and bisartans to the ACE2/Spike complex. The in silico data predicting an interaction of tetrazole-containing sartans with ACE2 were experimentally validated by the results of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses performed with a recombinant human ACE2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Veroniki P Vidali
- Natural Products and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Graham J Moore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Weronika Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Christos T Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - John M Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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45
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Bahrulolum H, Tarrahimofrad H, Rouzbahani FN, Nooraei S, Sameh MM, Hajizade A, Ahmadian G. Potential of CRISPR/Cas system as emerging tools in the detection of viral hepatitis infection. Virol J 2023; 20:91. [PMID: 37158910 PMCID: PMC10165583 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, the most common cause of inflammatory liver disease, affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. It is most commonly associated with one of the five nominal hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A-E viruses). HBV and HCV can cause acute infections and lifelong, persistent chronic infections, while HAV and HEV cause self-limiting acute infections. HAV and HEV are predominantly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, while diseases transmitted by the other forms are blood-borne diseases. Despite the success in the treatment of viral hepatitis and the development of HAV and HBV vaccines, there is still no accurate diagnosis at the genetic level for these diseases. Timely diagnosis of viral hepatitis is a prerequisite for efficient therapeutic intervention. Due to the specificity and sensitivity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated sequences (Cas) technology, it has the potential to meet critical needs in the field of diagnosis of viral diseases and can be used in versatile point-of-care (POC) diagnostic applications to detect viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in CRISPR-Cas diagnostics tools and assess their potential and prospects in rapid and effective strategies for the diagnosis and control of viral hepatitis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howra Bahrulolum
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri Rouzbahani
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Saghi Nooraei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Mehdi Mousavi Sameh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Abbas Hajizade
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471 Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
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Lopez-Scarim J, Nambiar SM, Billerbeck E. Studying T Cell Responses to Hepatotropic Viruses in the Liver Microenvironment. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:681. [PMID: 36992265 PMCID: PMC10056334 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the clearance of hepatotropic viruses but may also cause liver injury and contribute to disease progression in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections which affect millions of people worldwide. The liver provides a unique microenvironment of immunological tolerance and hepatic immune regulation can modulate the functional properties of T cell subsets and influence the outcome of a virus infection. Extensive research over the last years has advanced our understanding of hepatic conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and unconventional T cell subsets and their functions in the liver environment during acute and chronic viral infections. The recent development of new small animal models and technological advances should further increase our knowledge of hepatic immunological mechanisms. Here we provide an overview of the existing models to study hepatic T cells and review the current knowledge about the distinct roles of heterogeneous T cell populations during acute and chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Billerbeck
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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47
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Lynch EN, Russo FP. Outcomes and Follow-Up after Hepatitis C Eradication with Direct-Acting Antivirals. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062195. [PMID: 36983196 PMCID: PMC10056757 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hepatitis C (HCV) has been revolutionized with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Patients can be treated at more advanced stages of liver disease, with a growing number of cirrhotic patients achieving sustained virological response (SVR). Long-term outcomes for cured patients and the optimal follow-up care of patients after SVR are yet to be defined, because most studies on cirrhotic patients cured with DAAs have a short follow-up period. There are many open questions related to patient management after viral eradication with DAAs, such as which could be the most reliable non-invasive tool to predict liver-related complications, or to what extent viral eradication reduces the risk of liver disease progression in the long term. Growing evidence supports the personalization of follow-up care based on individual risk. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the impact of viral eradication with DAAs on clinically significant portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, and extrahepatic manifestations, as well as to summarize indications for optimal follow-up care of HCV patients treated with DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Nicola Lynch
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Cell Type-Specific Anti-Viral Effects of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043972. [PMID: 36835380 PMCID: PMC9959602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have described novel pyridyl indole esters and peptidomimetics as potent inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease. Here, we analysed the impact of these compounds on viral replication. It has been shown that some antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 act in a cell line-specific way. Thus, the compounds were tested in Vero, Huh-7, and Calu-3 cells. We showed that the protease inhibitors at 30 µM suppress viral replication by up to 5 orders of magnitude in Huh-7 cells, while in Calu-3 cells, suppression by 2 orders of magnitude was achieved. Three pyridin-3-yl indole-carboxylates inhibited viral replication in all cell lines, indicating that they might repress viral replication in human tissue as well. Thus, we investigated three compounds in human precision-cut lung slices and observed donor-dependent antiviral activity in this patient-near system. Our results provide evidence that even direct-acting antivirals may act in a cell line-specific manner.
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Nucleoside Analogs That Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Blocking Interaction of Virus Polymerase with RNA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043361. [PMID: 36834771 PMCID: PMC9959748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus pandemic has claimed more than 6.5 million lives and, despite the development and use of COVID-19 vaccines, remains a major global public health problem. The development of specific drugs for the treatment of this disease remains a very urgent task. In the context of a repurposing strategy, we previously screened a library of nucleoside analogs showing different types of biological activity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The screening revealed compounds capable of inhibiting the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 values in the range of 20-50 µM. Here we present the design and synthesis of various analogs of the leader compounds, the evaluation of their cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures, as well as experimental data on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibition. Several compounds have been shown to prevent the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the RNA substrate, likely inhibiting virus replication. Three of the synthesized compounds have also been shown to inhibit influenza virus. The structures of these compounds can be used for further optimization in order to develop an antiviral drug.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection contributes significantly to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often requiring liver transplantation. Introducing direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has radically changed HCV treatment. DAAs achieve high rates of sustained virological response (>98%). Even then, resistant-associated substitution and HCC during or after treatment have become prominent clinical concerns. Further, several clinically significant issues remain unresolved after successful HCV eradication by DAAs, including treating patients with chronic kidney disease or decompensated liver cirrhosis. Extensive and large-scale screening and treatment implementation programs are needed to make DAA therapies effective at the population level.
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