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Al Adem K, Ferreira JC, Villanueva AJ, Fadl S, El-Sadaany F, Masmoudi I, Gidiya Y, Gurudza T, Cardoso THS, Saksena NK, Rabeh WM. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease in SARS-CoV-2. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231395. [PMID: 39036877 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses constitute a significant threat to the human population. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2, is a highly pathogenic human coronavirus that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It has led to a global viral outbreak with an exceptional spread and a high death toll, highlighting the need for effective antiviral strategies. 3-Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), the main protease in SARS-CoV-2, plays an indispensable role in the SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle by cleaving the viral polyprotein to produce 11 individual non-structural proteins necessary for viral replication. 3CLpro is one of two proteases that function to produce new viral particles. It is a highly conserved cysteine protease with identical structural folds in all known human coronaviruses. Inhibitors binding with high affinity to 3CLpro will prevent the cleavage of viral polyproteins, thus impeding viral replication. Multiple strategies have been implemented to screen for inhibitors against 3CLpro, including peptide-like and small molecule inhibitors that covalently and non-covalently bind the active site, respectively. In addition, allosteric sites of 3CLpro have been identified to screen for small molecules that could make non-competitive inhibitors of 3CLpro. In essence, this review serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the structural intricacies and functional dynamics of 3CLpro, emphasizing key findings that elucidate its role as the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, the review is a critical resource in recognizing the advancements in identifying and developing 3CLpro inhibitors as effective antiviral strategies against COVID-19, some of which are already approved for clinical use in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenana Al Adem
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adrian J Villanueva
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Fadl
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah El-Sadaany
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imen Masmoudi
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yugmee Gidiya
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tariro Gurudza
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thyago H S Cardoso
- OMICS Centre of Excellence, G42 Healthcare, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nitin K Saksena
- Victoria University, Footscray Campus, Melbourne, VIC. Australia
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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May MR, Rannala B. Early detection of highly transmissible viral variants using phylogenomics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7623. [PMID: 39141727 PMCID: PMC11323880 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
As demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the emergence of novel viral strains with increased transmission rates poses a serious threat to global health. Statistical models of genome sequence evolution may provide a critical tool for early detection of these strains. Using a novel stochastic model that links transmission rates to the entire viral genome sequence, we study the utility of phylogenetic methods that use a phylogenetic tree relating viral samples versus count-based methods that use case counts of variants over time exclusively to detect increased transmission rates and identify candidate causative mutations. We find that phylogenies in particular can detect novel transmission-enhancing variants very soon after their origin and may facilitate the development of early detection systems for outbreak surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. May
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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3
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Applebee Z, Howell C. Multi-component liquid-infused systems: a new approach to functional coatings. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY & MATERIALS 2024; 2:378-392. [PMID: 39165661 PMCID: PMC11334363 DOI: 10.1039/d4im00003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Antifouling liquid-infused surfaces have generated interest in multiple fields due to their diverse applications in industry and medicine. In nearly all reports to date, the liquid component consists of only one chemical species. However, unlike traditional solid surfaces, the unique nature of liquid surfaces holds the potential for synergistic and even adaptive functionality simply by including additional elements in the liquid coating. In this work, we explore the concept of multi-component liquid-infused systems, in which the coating liquid consists of a primary liquid and a secondary component or components that provide additional functionality. For ease of understanding, we categorize recently reported multi-component liquid-infused surfaces according to the size of the secondary components: molecular scale, in which the secondary components are molecules; nanoscale, in which they are nanoparticles or their equivalent; and microscale, in which the additional components are micrometer size or above. We present examples at each scale, showing how introducing a secondary element into the liquid can result in synergistic effects, such as maintaining a pristine surface while actively modifying the surrounding environment, which are difficult to achieve in other surface treatments. The review highlights the diversity of fabrication methods and provides perspectives on future research directions. Introducing secondary components into the liquid matrix of liquid-infused surfaces is a promising strategy with significant potential to create a new class of multifunctional materials. Keywords: Active surfaces; Antimicrobial; Antifouling; Interfaces; Sensing surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Applebee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Maine College of Engineering and Computing, University of Maine ME 04469 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine ME 04469 USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Maine College of Engineering and Computing, University of Maine ME 04469 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine ME 04469 USA
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Ku KB, Chae J, Park WH, La J, Lee SS, Lee HK. Assessment of immunopathological responses of a novel non-chemical biocide in C57BL/6 for safe disinfection usage. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:28. [PMID: 39135094 PMCID: PMC11320990 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water electrospray technology has been developed and extensively studied for its physical properties and potential application as a non-chemical biocide against airborne pathogens. However, there are still concerns regarding the safety and potential toxicity of inhaling water electrospray (WE) particles. To address these potential hazards and offer insights into the impact of WE on humans, we analyzed the immunopathological response to WE by employing an intranasal challenge C57BL/6 mouse model. This analysis aimed to compare the effects of WE with those of sodium hypochlorite (SH), a well-known biocidal agent. RESULTS The study findings suggest that the WE did not trigger any pathological immune reactions in the intranasal-challenged C57BL/6 mouse model. Mice challenged with WE did not experience body weight loss, and there was no increase in inflammatory cytokine production compared to SH-treated mice. Histopathological analysis revealed that WE did not cause any damage to the lung tissue. In contrast, mice treated with SH exhibited significant lung tissue damage, characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils. Transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue further confirmed the absence of a pathological immune response in mice treated with WE compared to those treated with SH. Upon intranasal challenge with WE, the C57BL/6 mouse model did not show any evidence of immunopathological damage. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that WE is a safe technology for disinfecting airborne pathogens. It demonstrated little to no effect on immune system activation and pathological outcomes in the intranasal challenge C57BL/6 mouse model. These findings not only support the potential use of WE as an effective and safe method for air disinfection but also highlight the value of the intranasal challenge of the C57BL/6 mouse model in providing significant immunopathological insights for assessing the inhalation of novel materials for potential use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Bon Ku
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihwan Chae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyung Park
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo La
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung S Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Letafati A, Taghiabadi Z, Ardekani OS, Abbasi S, Najafabadi AQ, Jazi NN, Soheili R, Rodrigo R, Yavarian J, Saso L. Unveiling the intersection: ferroptosis in influenza virus infection. Virol J 2024; 21:185. [PMID: 39135112 PMCID: PMC11321227 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus (IFV) imposes a considerable health and economic burden globally, requiring a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation cell death pathway, holds unique implications for the antioxidant defense system, with possible contributions to inflammation. This exploration focuses on the dynamic interplay between ferroptosis and the host defense against viruses, emphasizing the influence of IFV infections on the activation of the ferroptosis pathway. IFV causes different types of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis. IFV-induced ferroptotic cell death is mediated by alterations in iron homeostasis, intensifying the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and promoting lipid peroxidation. A comprehensive investigation into the mechanism of ferroptosis in viral infections, specifically IFV, has great potential to identify therapeutic strategies. This understanding may pave the way for the development of drugs using ferroptosis inhibitors, presenting an effective approach to suppress viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghiabadi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Simin Abbasi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Qaraee Najafabadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Nayerain Jazi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roben Soheili
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Tchouaket EN, Kruglova K, Létourneau J, Bélanger E, Robins S, Jubinville M, El-Mousawi F, Shen S, Beogo I, Sia D. Factors influencing long-term care facility performance during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:901. [PMID: 39113065 PMCID: PMC11304669 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc on long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Some LTCFs performed better than others at slowing COVID-19 transmission. Emerging literature has mostly described infection prevention and control strategies implemented by LTCFs during the pandemic. However, there is a need for a comprehensive review of factors that influenced the performance of LTCFs in containing COVID-19 spread to inform public health policy. OBJECTIVE To build on the existing literature, we conducted a scoping review of factors that influenced LTCF performance during the COVID-19 pandemic using a multidimensional conceptual framework of performance. METHODS We followed the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology for scoping reviews. We queried CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid), CAIRN, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature in English or French published between January 1st, 2020 and December 31st, 2021. Retrieved records were screened for context (COVID-19 pandemic), population (LTCFs), interest (internal and external factors that influenced LTCF performance), and outcomes (dimensions of performance: equity, accessibility, reactivity, safety, continuity, efficacy, viability, efficiency). Descriptive characteristics of included articles were summarized. Dimensions of performance as well as internal (e.g., facility characteristics) and external (e.g., visitors) factors identified to have influenced LTCF performance were presented. RESULTS We retained 140 articles of which 68% were classified as research articles, 47% originated in North America, and most covered a period between March and July 2020. The most frequent dimensions of performance were "efficacy" (75.7%) and "safety" (75.7%). The most common internal factors were "organizational context" (72.9%) and "human resources" (62.1%), and the most common external factors were "visitors" (27.1%) and "public health guidelines" (25.7%). CONCLUSIONS Our review contributes to a global interest in understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable populations residing and working in LTCFs. Though a myriad of factors were reported, a lack of randomized controlled trials makes it impossible to establish causality between the identified factors and LTCF performance. The use of a multidimensional framework can be recommended to evaluate healthcare system performance not merely in terms of efficacy and safety, but alongside other critical dimensions such as efficiency and equity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Research Registry ID: researchregistry7026.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nguemeleu Tchouaket
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada.
| | - Katya Kruglova
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Josiane Létourneau
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Emilie Bélanger
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Stephanie Robins
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Maripier Jubinville
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Fatima El-Mousawi
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Shiyang Shen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, 3605 Rue de la Montagne, Montréal, QC, H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Idrissa Beogo
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Drissa Sia
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, St-Jérôme Campus, 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Office J-2204, Saint-Jérôme, QC, J7Z 0B7, Canada
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7
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Leung NHL, Milton DK. New WHO proposed terminology for respiratory pathogen transmission. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:453-454. [PMID: 38961175 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H L Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Donald K Milton
- Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
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8
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Cori A, Kucharski A. Inference of epidemic dynamics in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Epidemics 2024; 48:100784. [PMID: 39167954 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the key role that epidemiology and modelling play in analysing infectious threats and supporting decision making in real-time. Motivated by the unprecedented volume and breadth of data generated during the pandemic, we review modern opportunities for analysis to address questions that emerge during a major modern epidemic. Following the broad chronology of insights required - from understanding initial dynamics to retrospective evaluation of interventions, we describe the theoretical foundations of each approach and the underlying intuition. Through a series of case studies, we illustrate real life applications, and discuss implications for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cori
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
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9
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Leekha A, Saeedi A, Kumar M, Sefat KMSR, Martinez-Paniagua M, Meng H, Fathi M, Kulkarni R, Reichel K, Biswas S, Tsitoura D, Liu X, Cooper LJN, Sands CM, Das VE, Sebastian M, Hurst BL, Varadarajan N. An intranasal nanoparticle STING agonist protects against respiratory viruses in animal models. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6053. [PMID: 39025863 PMCID: PMC11258242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the success of vaccines, vaccination efficacy is weakened by the rapid emergence of viral variants with immunoevasive properties. The development of an off-the-shelf, effective, and safe therapy against respiratory viral infections is thus desirable. Here, we develop NanoSTING, a nanoparticle formulation of the endogenous STING agonist, 2'-3' cGAMP, to function as an immune activator and demonstrate its safety in mice and rats. A single intranasal dose of NanoSTING protects against pathogenic strains of SARS-CoV-2 (alpha and delta VOC) in hamsters. In transmission experiments, NanoSTING reduces the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC to naïve hamsters. NanoSTING also protects against oseltamivir-sensitive and oseltamivir-resistant strains of influenza in mice. Mechanistically, NanoSTING upregulates locoregional interferon-dependent and interferon-independent pathways in mice, hamsters, as well as non-human primates. Our results thus implicate NanoSTING as a broad-spectrum immune activator for controlling respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Leekha
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arash Saeedi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Monish Kumar
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K M Samiur Rahman Sefat
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melisa Martinez-Paniagua
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Meng
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohsen Fathi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kate Reichel
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sujit Biswas
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Vallabh E Das
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Geiwitz M, Page OR, Marello T, Nichols ME, Kumar N, Hummel S, Belosevich V, Ma Q, van Opijnen T, Batten B, Meyer MM, Burch KS. Graphene Multiplexed Sensor for Point-of-Need Viral Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4622-4632. [PMID: 38954405 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can help mitigate the spread of respiratory infections through the early detection of viruses, pathogens, and other biomarkers in human waste. The need for sample collection, shipping, and testing facilities drives up the cost of WBE and hinders its use for rapid detection and isolation in environments with small populations and in low-resource settings. Given the ubiquitousness and regular outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and various influenza strains, there is a rising need for a low-cost and easy-to-use biosensing platform to detect these viruses locally before outbreaks can occur and monitor their progression. To this end, we have developed an easy-to-use, cost-effective, multiplexed platform able to detect viral loads in wastewater with several orders of magnitude lower limit of detection than that of mass spectrometry. This is enabled by wafer-scale production and aptamers preattached with linker molecules, producing 44 chips at once. Each chip can simultaneously detect four target analytes using 20 transistors segregated into four sets of five for each analyte to allow for immediate statistical analysis. We show our platform's ability to rapidly detect three virus proteins (SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and Influenza A) and a population normalization molecule (caffeine) in wastewater. Going forward, turning these devices into hand-held systems would enable wastewater epidemiology in low-resource settings and be instrumental for rapid, local outbreak prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geiwitz
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Owen Rivers Page
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Tio Marello
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Marina E Nichols
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Narendra Kumar
- GRIP Molecular Technologies, Inc., 1000 Westgate Drive, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114, United States
| | - Stephen Hummel
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Vsevolod Belosevich
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Tim van Opijnen
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Bruce Batten
- GRIP Molecular Technologies, Inc., 1000 Westgate Drive, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114, United States
| | - Michelle M Meyer
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Kenneth S Burch
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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11
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Sheng T, Wu X, Cen L, Lu Y, Zhou C, Gu Q. Potential effects of aerosol generation and transmission during bedside endoscope cleaning. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:628-632. [PMID: 39011682 PMCID: PMC11254679 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Airborne transmission is among the most frequent types of nosocomial infection. Recent years have witnessed frequent outbreaks of airborne diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with the latter being on the rampage since the end of 2019 and bringing the effect of aerosols on health back to the fore (Gralton et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2021). An increasing number of studies have shown that certain highly transmissible pathogens can maintain long-term stability and efficiently spread through aerosols (Leung, 2021; Lv et al., 2021). As reported previously, influenza viruses that can spread efficiently through aerosols remain stable for a longer period compared to those that cannot. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) play an important role in aerosol transmission in hospitals (Calderwood et al., 2021). AGPs, referring to medical procedures that produce aerosols, including dental procedures, endotracheal intubation, sputum aspiration, and laparoscopic surgeries, have been reported to be significantly associated with an increased risk of nosocomial infection among medical personnel (Hamilton, 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sheng
- Nursing Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Nursing Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Li Cen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Chenying Zhou
- Nursing Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Nursing Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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12
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Zhao M, Wang K. Short-term effects of PM 2.5 components on the respiratory infectious disease: a global perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:293. [PMID: 38976058 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Although previous research has reached agreement on the significant impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on respiratory infectious diseases, PM2.5 acts as an aggregation of miscellaneous pollutants and the individual effect of each component has not been examined. Here, we investigate the effects of PM2.5 components, including black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate ion (SO4), dust, and sea salt (SS), on the morbidity and mortality of the recent respiratory disease, i.e. COVID-19. The daily data of 236 countries and provinces/states (e.g., in the United States and China) worldwide during 2020-2022 are utilized. To derive the pollutant-specific causal effects, optimal instrumental variables for each pollutant are selected from a large set of atmospheric variables. We find that one µg/m3 increase in OC increases the number of cases and death by about 3% to 6% from the mean worldwide during a lag of one day up to three days. Our findings remain consistent and robust when we change control variables such as the flight index and weather proxies, and also when applying a sine transformation to the positivity and death rate. When analyzing health effects among different areas, we find stronger impact in China, for its higher local OC concentration, as opposed to the impact in the United States. Health benefits from PM2.5 pollution reduction are comparatively high for developed regions, yet decreases in cases and deaths number are rather overt in less developing regions. Our research provides inspiration and reference for dealing with other respiratory diseases in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyi Zhao
- School of Management, and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Management, and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for System Engineering of Carbon Neutrality, Beijing, China.
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13
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Yin Y, Lai M, Lu K, Jiang X, Chen Z, Li T, Wang L, Zhang Y, Peng Z. Association between ambient temperature and influenza prevalence: A nationwide time-series analysis in 201 Chinese cities from 2013 to 2018. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108783. [PMID: 38823156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperature affects influenza transmission; however, currently, limited evidence exists about its effect in China at the national and city levels as well as how temperature can be integrated into influenza interventions. METHODS Meteorological, pollutant, and influenza data from 201 cities in mainland China between 2013 and 2018 were analyzed at both the city and national levels to investigate the relationship between temperature and influenza prevalence. We examined the impact of temperature on the time-varying reproduction number (Rt) using generalized additive quasi-Poisson regression models combined with the distributed lag nonlinear model. Threshold temperatures were determined for seven regions based on the early warning threshold of serious influenza outbreaks, set at Rt = 1.2. A multivariate random-effects meta-analysis was employed to assess region-specific associations. The excess risk (ER) index was defined to investigate the correlation between Rt and temperature, modified based on seasonal and regional characteristics. RESULTS At the national level and in the central, northern, northwestern, and southern regions, temperature was found to be negatively correlated with relative risk, whereas the shapes of the data curves for the eastern, southwestern, and northeastern regions were not well defined. Low temperatures had an observable effect on influenza prevalence; however, the effects of high temperatures were not obvious. At an Rt of 1.2, the threshold temperatures for reaching a warning for serious influenza outbreaks were - 24.3 °C in the northeastern region, 16.6 °C in the northwestern region, and between 1℃ and 10 °C in other regions. CONCLUSION The study findings revealed that temperature had a varying effect on influenza transmission trends (Rt) across different regions in China. By identifying region-specific temperature thresholds at Rt = 1.2, more effective early warning systems for influenza outbreaks could be tailored. These findings emphasize the significance of the region-specific adaptation of influenza prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Miao Lai
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kailai Lu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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14
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Yi G, Gao S, Armugam A, Riduan SN, Teong SP, Li X, Wang J, Chan SP, Lu H, Ying JY, Zhang Y. Self-Promoted Hydroxyl Radical Releasing Magnetic Zn@Fe Particles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310856. [PMID: 38377308 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO2 and ZnO, have garnered significant attention for their ability to generate hydroxyl radicals, offering various practical applications. However, the reliance on UV light to facilitate electron-hole separation for hydroxyl radical production poses limitations. In this study, a novel approach is presented utilizing Zn@Fe core/shell particles capable of generating hydroxyl radicals without external energy input. The generation process involves electron donation from Zn to O2, resulting in the formation of radical species .O2 -/H2O2, followed by Fe-catalyzed conversion of H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton reaction. The release of .OH imparts good antimicrobial and antiviral properties to the Zn@Fe particles. Furthermore, the inclusion of Fe confers magnetic properties to the material. This dual functionality holds promise for diverse potential applications for the Zn@Fe particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Yi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shujun Gao
- NanoBio Lab, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Arunmozhiarasi Armugam
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Siti Nurhanna Riduan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Siew Ping Teong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Xiukai Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shook Pui Chan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Hongfang Lu
- NanoBio Lab, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Jackie Y Ying
- NanoBio Lab, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yugen Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
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15
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Wang F, Xiang L, Sze-Yin Leung K, Elsner M, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Pan B, Sun H, An T, Ying G, Brooks BW, Hou D, Helbling DE, Sun J, Qiu H, Vogel TM, Zhang W, Gao Y, Simpson MJ, Luo Y, Chang SX, Su G, Wong BM, Fu TM, Zhu D, Jobst KJ, Ge C, Coulon F, Harindintwali JD, Zeng X, Wang H, Fu Y, Wei Z, Lohmann R, Chen C, Song Y, Sanchez-Cid C, Wang Y, El-Naggar A, Yao Y, Huang Y, Cheuk-Fung Law J, Gu C, Shen H, Gao Y, Qin C, Li H, Zhang T, Corcoll N, Liu M, Alessi DS, Li H, Brandt KK, Pico Y, Gu C, Guo J, Su J, Corvini P, Ye M, Rocha-Santos T, He H, Yang Y, Tong M, Zhang W, Suanon F, Brahushi F, Wang Z, Hashsham SA, Virta M, Yuan Q, Jiang G, Tremblay LA, Bu Q, Wu J, Peijnenburg W, Topp E, Cao X, Jiang X, Zheng M, Zhang T, Luo Y, Zhu L, Li X, Barceló D, Chen J, Xing B, Amelung W, Cai Z, Naidu R, Shen Q, Pawliszyn J, Zhu YG, Schaeffer A, Rillig MC, Wu F, Yu G, Tiedje JM. Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100612. [PMID: 38756954 PMCID: PMC11096751 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution is escalating due to rapid global development that often prioritizes human needs over planetary health. Despite global efforts to mitigate legacy pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, global initiatives are focusing on risk assessment and regulation of emerging contaminants, as demonstrated by the ongoing efforts to establish the UN's Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution Prevention. This review identifies the sources and impacts of emerging contaminants on planetary health, emphasizing the importance of adopting a One Health approach. Strategies for monitoring and addressing these pollutants are discussed, underscoring the need for robust and socially equitable environmental policies at both regional and international levels. Urgent actions are needed to transition toward sustainable pollution management practices to safeguard our planet for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Martin Elsner
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Hydrochemistry, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Damian E. Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Timothy M. Vogel
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Myrna J. Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Yi Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Karl J. Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jean Damascene Harindintwali
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Changer Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Concepcion Sanchez-Cid
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, UMR 5005 Laboratoire Ampère, CNRS, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Écully, France
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ali El-Naggar
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yanran Huang
- Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chenggang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Natàlia Corcoll
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kristian K. Brandt
- Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center (SDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yolanda Pico
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Road CV-315 km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jianqiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Philippe Corvini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Huan He
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meiping Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fidèle Suanon
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Molecular Modeling (LCP3M), University of Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Ferdi Brahushi
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1029 Tirana, Albania
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Syed A. Hashsham
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00010 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qingbin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Gaofei Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Louis A. Tremblay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa 1142, New Zealand
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology - Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Center for Environmental Studies, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edward Topp
- Agroecology Mixed Research Unit, INRAE, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Taolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Damià Barceló
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Wulf Amelung
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yong-guan Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Andreas Schaeffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - James M. Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Liu Y, Luo Z. Repurposing Anticancer Drugs Targeting the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway for the Treatment of Respiratory Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6946. [PMID: 39000055 PMCID: PMC11240997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections remain a significant challenge to human health and the social economy. The symptoms range from mild rhinitis and nasal congestion to severe lower respiratory tract dysfunction and even mortality. The efficacy of therapeutic drugs targeting respiratory viruses varies, depending upon infection time and the drug resistance engendered by a high frequency of viral genome mutations, necessitating the development of new strategies. The MAPK/ERK pathway that was well delineated in the 1980s represents a classical signaling cascade, essential for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Since this pathway is constitutively activated in many cancers by oncogenes, several drugs inhibiting Raf/MEK/ERK have been developed and currently used in anticancer treatment. Two decades ago, it was reported that viruses such as HIV and influenza viruses could exploit the host cellular MAPK/ERK pathway for their replication. Thus, it would be feasible to repurpose this category of the pathway inhibitors for the treatment of respiratory viral infections. The advantage is that the host genes are not easy to mutate such that the drug resistance rarely occurs during short-period treatment of viruses. Therefore, in this review we will summarize the research progress on the role of the MAPK/ERK pathway in respiratory virus amplification and discuss the potential of the pathway inhibitors (MEK inhibitors) in the treatment of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Medical Department, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
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17
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Khachab Y, Saab A, El Morr C, El-Lahib Y, Sokhn ES. Identifying the panorama of potential pandemic pathogens and their key characteristics: a systematic scoping review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38900695 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2360407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The globe has recently seen several terrifying pandemics and outbreaks, underlining the ongoing danger presented by infectious microorganisms. This literature review aims to explore the wide range of infections that have the potential to lead to pandemics in the present and the future and pave the way to the conception of epidemic early warning systems. A systematic review was carried out to identify and compile data on infectious agents known to cause pandemics and those that pose future concerns. One hundred and fifteen articles were included in the review. They provided insights on 25 pathogens that could start or contribute to creating pandemic situations. Diagnostic procedures, clinical symptoms, and infection transmission routes were analyzed for each of these pathogens. Each infectious agent's potential is discussed, shedding light on the crucial aspects that render them potential threats to the future. This literature review provides insights for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers in their quest to identify potential pandemic pathogens, and in their efforts to enhance pandemic preparedness through building early warning systems for continuous epidemiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Khachab
- Laboratory Department, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui-University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Saab
- Quality and Safety Department, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui-UMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christo El Morr
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yahya El-Lahib
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elie Salem Sokhn
- Laboratory Department, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui-University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Molecular Testing Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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18
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Greenhalgh T, MacIntyre CR, Baker MG, Bhattacharjee S, Chughtai AA, Fisman D, Kunasekaran M, Kvalsvig A, Lupton D, Oliver M, Tawfiq E, Ungrin M, Vipond J. Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012423. [PMID: 38775460 PMCID: PMC11326136 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also the practicalities, disbenefits, harms and personal, sociocultural and environmental impacts-of masks and masking. Our synthesis of evidence from over 100 published reviews and selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses of key clinical trials, produced seven key findings. First, there is strong and consistent evidence for airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory pathogens. Second, masks are, if correctly and consistently worn, effective in reducing transmission of respiratory diseases and show a dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more effective than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates are, overall, effective in reducing community transmission of respiratory pathogens. Fifth, masks are important sociocultural symbols; non-adherence to masking is sometimes linked to political and ideological beliefs and to widely circulated mis- or disinformation. Sixth, while there is much evidence that masks are not generally harmful to the general population, masking may be relatively contraindicated in individuals with certain medical conditions, who may require exemption. Furthermore, certain groups (notably D/deaf people) are disadvantaged when others are masked. Finally, there are risks to the environment from single-use masks and respirators. We propose an agenda for future research, including improved characterization of the situations in which masking should be recommended or mandated; attention to comfort and acceptability; generalized and disability-focused communication support in settings where masks are worn; and development and testing of novel materials and designs for improved filtration, breathability, and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shovon Bhattacharjee
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abrar A Chughtai
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohana Kunasekaran
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Kvalsvig
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Lupton
- Centre for Social Research in Health and Social Policy Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matt Oliver
- Professional Standards Advocate, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Essa Tawfiq
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joe Vipond
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Park JH, Hong SB, Huh JW, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Sung H, Do KH, Kim SH, Lee SO, Kim YS, Lim CM, Koh Y, Choi SH. Severe Human Parainfluenza Virus Community- and Healthcare-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults at Tertiary Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, 2010-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1088-1095. [PMID: 38781685 PMCID: PMC11138994 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.230670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of severe human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)-associated pneumonia in adults have not been well evaluated. We investigated epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 143 patients with severe HPIV-associated pneumonia during 2010-2019. HPIV was the most common cause (25.2%) of severe virus-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia and the third most common cause (15.7%) of severe virus-associated community-acquired pneumonia. Hematologic malignancy (35.0%), diabetes mellitus (23.8%), and structural lung disease (21.0%) were common underlying conditions. Co-infections occurred in 54.5% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. The 90-day mortality rate for HPIV-associated pneumonia was comparable to that for severe influenza virus-associated pneumonia (55.2% vs. 48.4%; p = 0.22). Ribavirin treatment was not associated with lower mortality rates. Fungal co-infections were associated with 82.4% of deaths. Clinicians should consider the possibility of pathogenic co-infections in patients with HPIV-associated pneumonia. Contact precautions and environmental cleaning are crucial to prevent HPIV transmission in hospital settings.
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20
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Reichmuth ML, Heron L, Beutels P, Hens N, Low N, Althaus CL. Social contacts in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from the CoMix study. Epidemics 2024; 47:100771. [PMID: 38821037 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the Swiss government enacted restrictions on social contacts from 2020 to 2022. In addition, individuals changed their social contact behavior to limit the risk of COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in social contact patterns of the Swiss population. As part of the CoMix study, we conducted a survey consisting of 24 survey waves from January 2021 to May 2022. We collected data on social contacts and constructed contact matrices for the age groups 0-4, 5-14, 15-29, 30-64, and 65 years and older. We estimated the change in contact numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic to a synthetic pre-pandemic contact matrix. We also investigated the association of the largest eigenvalue of the social contact and transmission matrices with the stringency of pandemic measures, the effective reproduction number (Re), and vaccination uptake. During the pandemic period, 7084 responders reported an average number of 4.5 contacts (95% confidence interval, CI: 4.5-4.6) per day overall, which varied by age and survey wave. Children aged 5-14 years had the highest number of contacts with 8.5 (95% CI: 8.1-8.9) contacts on average per day and participants that were 65 years and older reported the fewest (3.4, 95% CI: 3.2-3.5) per day. Compared with the pre-pandemic baseline, we found that the 15-29 and 30-64 year olds had the largest reduction in contacts. We did not find statistically significant associations between the largest eigenvalue of the social contact and transmission matrices and the stringency of measures, Re, or vaccination uptake. The number of social contacts in Switzerland fell during the COVID-19 pandemic and remained below pre-pandemic levels after contact restrictions were lifted. The collected social contact data will be critical in informing modeling studies on the transmission of respiratory infections in Switzerland and to guide pandemic preparedness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina L Reichmuth
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Heron
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp, Belgium; Data Science Institute, I-BioStat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Althaus
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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21
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Stolley JM, Scott MC, O'Flanagan SD, Künzli M, Matson CA, Weyu E, Langlois RA, Vezys V, Masopust D. Cutting Edge: First Lung Infection Permanently Enlarges Lymph Nodes and Enhances New T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1621-1625. [PMID: 38619284 PMCID: PMC11250951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Humans experience frequent respiratory infections. Immunology and vaccinology studies in mice are typically performed in naive specific pathogen-free animals responding to their very first respiratory challenge. We found that the first respiratory infection induces lifelong enlargement of the lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (medLNs). Furthermore, infection-experienced medLNs supported better naive T cell surveillance and effector responses to new unrelated infections that exhibited more biased accumulation and memory establishment within the lung. Moreover, we observed that weight loss induced by influenza infection was substantially reduced in mice that had recovered from a previous unrelated respiratory viral challenge. These data show that the lack of infectious history and corresponding medLN hypoplasia in specific pathogen-free mice alter their immune response to lung infections. Preclinical vaccination and immunology studies should consider the previous infectious experience of the model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Stolley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen D O'Flanagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marco Künzli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Courtney A Matson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eyob Weyu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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22
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Lv H, Liang J, Yan C, Song C, Wang L. Rapid and accurate SERS assay of disease-related nucleic acids based on isothermal cascade signal amplifications of CRISPR/Cas13a system and catalytic hairpin assembly. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 253:116196. [PMID: 38467101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing rapid, accurate and convenient nucleic acid diagnostic techniques is essential for the prevention and control of contagious diseases that are prone to gene mutations and may have homologous sequences, especially emerging infectious diseases such as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Herein, a one-pot SERS assay integrating isothermal cascade signal amplification strategy (i.e., CRISPR/Cas13a system (Cas13a) and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), Cas13a-CHA) and SERS-active silver nanorods (AgNRs) sensing chips was proposed for rapid and accurate detection of disease-related nucleic acids. Taking SARS-CoV-2 RNA assay as a model, the Cas13a-CHA based SERS sensing strategy can achieve ultra-high sensitivity low to 5.18 × 102 copies·mL-1 within 60 min, and excellent specificity, i.e., not only the ability to identify SARS-CoV-2 RNA from gene mutations, but also incompatibility with coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and other respiratory viruses. The proposed Cas13a-CHA based SERS assay for SARS-CoV-2 RNA has satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, uniformity, and repeatability, and can be easily expanded and universalized for screening different viruses, which is expected to promise as a crucial role for diagnosis of disease-related nucleic acids in various medical application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiming Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenlong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Lianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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23
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Mizukoshi A, Okumura J, Azuma K. A COVID-19 cluster analysis in an office: Assessing the long-range aerosol and fomite transmissions with infection control measures. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024; 44:1396-1412. [PMID: 37936539 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Simulated exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the environment was demonstrated based on the actual coronavirus disease 2019 cluster occurrence in an office, with a projected risk considering the likely transmission pathways via aerosols and fomites. A total of 35/85 occupants were infected, with the attack rate in the first stage as 0.30. It was inferred that the aerosol transmission at long-range produced the cluster at virus concentration in the saliva of the infected cases on the basis of the simulation, more than 108 PFU mL-1. Additionally, all wearing masks effectiveness was estimated to be 61%-81% and 88%-95% reduction in risk for long-range aerosol transmission in the normal and fit state of the masks, respectively, and a 99.8% or above decline in risk of fomite transmission. The ventilation effectiveness for long-range aerosol transmission was also calculated to be 12%-29% and 36%-66% reductions with increases from one air change per hour (ACH) to two ACH and six ACH, respectively. Furthermore, the virus concentration reduction in the saliva to 1/3 corresponded to the risk reduction for long-range aerosol transmission by 60%-64% and 40%-51% with and without masks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizukoshi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiro Okumura
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Martinón‐Torres F, Gutierrez C, Cáceres A, Weber K, Torres A. How Does the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Compare to Influenza in Spanish Adults? Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13341. [PMID: 38923767 PMCID: PMC11194680 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza infections cause significant annual morbidity and mortality worldwide in at-risk populations. This study is aimed at assessing hospital burden and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) of RSV and influenza in adults in Spain. METHODS Data were obtained from the Projected Hospitalisation Database of inpatient episodes (ages: younger adults 18-50 and 51-64 years; older adults 65-74, 75-84, and ≥ 85 years) during 2015, 2017, and 2018 in Spanish public hospitals. Incidence, mean hospitalization, and HRU assessments, including length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) usage, and age-standardized mortality rates, were collected and stratified by age group, with analyses focusing on the adult population (≥ 18 years old). RESULTS Mean hospitalization rate in the population across all years was lower in individuals with RSV versus influenza (7.2/100,000 vs. 49.7/100,000 individuals). ICU admissions and median LOS were similar by age group for both viruses. Age-standardized mortality was 6.3/100,000 individuals and 6.1/100,000 individuals in patients with RSV and influenza, respectively, and mortality rates were similar in older adults (≥ 65 years) for both viruses. CONCLUSIONS RSV and influenza infection were associated with considerable HRU. There is a substantial disease burden for RSV infection in older adults ≥ 65 years. While RSV hospitalization rates in adults reported here appeared lower than influenza, RSV is still underdiagnosed in the hospital setting and its incidence might be similar to, or higher than, influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinón‐Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious DiseasesHospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de SantiagoUniversidad de SantiagoSantiago de CompostelaSpain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | | | - Ana Cáceres
- Infectious Diseases and VaccinesJanssen‐CilagMadridSpain
| | - Karin Weber
- Global Medical Affairs IDVJanssen‐CilagViennaAustria
| | - Antoni Torres
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Department of PneumonologyHospital Clinic of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Pulmonology DepartmentAugust Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA Academia, Life and Medical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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25
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Moura CRF, Garcia BCC, de Oliveira Ottone V, Brito PL, Silva TJ, Cantuária VL, de Oliveira DB, Rocha-Vieira E. SARS-CoV-2 genome incidence on the inanimate surface of the material used in the flow of biological samples from the collection point to the testing unit. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:1369-1375. [PMID: 37882949 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the undeniable effect of vaccination against COVID-19 in reducing disease severity, there is still a need to monitor and limit SARS-CoV-2 circulation and transmission. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the surfaces of highly touched objects manipulated in the biological sample collection point and at the reception unit of the diagnostic laboratory. Surfaces were sampled once a week, for 6 weeks, between September 18th and October 23rd, 2020. RT-qPCR was used for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The coolers for biological sample transportation and the envelope containing the patient form were the objects with the highest occurrence of viral genome detection, although it was detected in each object in only two of the 6 evaluations. And the SARS-CoV-2 genome was detected just once on the vehicle steering wheel, computer keyboard, bathroom door handle and disinfection bench. The virus genome was not detected in any object on three of the six evaluations. And eight was the largest number of surfaces contaminated by the virus genome on one occasion. The reduced incidence of object contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 genome can be explained by the exposure of the objects to environmental conditions and the adoption of virus-spread containment measures. It can also reflect the low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 during the study's development period. Despite the low frequency of SARS-CoV-2 genome detection, our findings show that the virus was present in the environment at some point. This highlights the importance of adopting personal preventive measures to reduce respiratory virus spread, especially during epidemics and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Rocha Fagundes Moura
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Chaves Garcia
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicius de Oliveira Ottone
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Philipe Luan Brito
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thyago José Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Lopes Cantuária
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Razaviamri F, Singh S, Manuel J, Zhang Z, Manchester LM, Heldt CL, Lee BP. Utilizing Rapid Hydrogen Peroxide Generation from 6-Hydroxycatechol to Design Moisture-Activated, Self-Disinfecting Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26998-27010. [PMID: 38748642 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A coating that can be activated by moisture found in respiratory droplets could be a convenient and effective way to control the spread of airborne pathogens and reduce fomite transmission. Here, the ability of a novel 6-hydroxycatechol-containing polymer to function as a self-disinfecting coating on the surface of polypropylene (PP) fabric was explored. Catechol is the main adhesive molecule found in mussel adhesive proteins. Molecular oxygen found in an aqueous solution can oxidize catechol and generate a known disinfectant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a byproduct. However, given the limited amount of moisture found in respiratory droplets, there is a need to enhance the rate of catechol autoxidation to generate antipathogenic levels of H2O2. 6-Hydroxycatechol contains an electron donating hydroxyl group on the 6-position of the benzene ring, which makes catechol more susceptible to autoxidation. 6-Hydroxycatechol-coated PP generated over 3000 μM of H2O2 within 1 h when hydrated with a small amount of aqueous solution (100 μL of PBS). The generated H2O2 was three orders of magnitude higher when compared to the amount generated by unmodified catechol. 6-Hydroxycatechol-containing coating demonstrated a more effective antimicrobial effect against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria when compared to unmodified catechol. Similarly, the self-disinfecting coating reduced the infectivity of both bovine viral diarrhea virus and human coronavirus 229E by as much as a 2.5 log reduction value (a 99.7% reduction in viral load). Coatings containing unmodified catechol did not generate sufficient H2O2 to demonstrate significant virucidal effects. 6-Hydroxycatechol-containing coating can potentially function as a self-disinfecting coating that can be activated by the moisture present in respiratory droplets to generate H2O2 for disinfecting a broad range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Razaviamri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Sneha Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - James Manuel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Zhongtian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Lynn M Manchester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Caryn L Heldt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Bruce P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Ruuskanen O, Dollner H, Luoto R, Valtonen M, Heinonen OJ, Waris M. Contraction of Respiratory Viral Infection During air Travel: An Under-Recognized Health Risk for Athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:60. [PMID: 38776030 PMCID: PMC11111432 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Air travel has an important role in the spread of viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Aircraft offer an ideal setting for the transmission of ARI because of a closed environment, crowded conditions, and close-contact setting. Numerous studies have shown that influenza and COVID-19 spread readily in an aircraft with one virus-positive symptomatic or asymptomatic index case. The numbers of secondary cases differ markedly in different studies most probably because of the wide variation of the infectiousness of the infector as well as the susceptibility of the infectees. The primary risk factor is sitting within two rows of an infectious passenger. Elite athletes travel frequently and are thus prone to contracting an ARI during travel. It is anecdotally known in the sport and exercise medicine community that athletes often contract ARI during air travel. The degree to which athletes are infected in an aircraft by respiratory viruses is unclear. Two recent studies suggest that 8% of Team Finland members traveling to major winter sports events contracted the common cold most probably during air travel. Further prospective clinical studies with viral diagnostics are needed to understand the transmission dynamics and to develop effective and socially acceptable preventive measures during air travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PL 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Dollner
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Children's Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raakel Luoto
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PL 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Velasco JM, Valderama MT, Diones PC, Leonardia S, Alcantara S, Joonlasak K, Chinnawirotpisan P, Manasatienkij W, Klungthong C, Arellano ER, Osia CM, Magistrado-Payot J, Fajardo P, Navarro FC, Wuertz KM, Farmer A. Outbreak of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 at the Armed Forces of the Philippines Health Service Education and Training Center, September 25-October 10, 2023. MSMR 2024; 31:9-15. [PMID: 38847656 PMCID: PMC11189823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
In the last week of September 2023, a surge of influenza-like illness was observed among students of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Health Service Education and Training Center, where 48 (27 males and 21 females; age in years: mean 33, range 27-41) of 247 military students at the Center presented with respiratory symptoms. Between September 25 and October 10, 2023, all 48 symptomatic students were evaluated with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for both influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Thirteen (27%) students were found positive for influenza A/H3 only, 6 (13%) for SARS-CoV-2 only, and 4 (8%) were co-infected with influenza A/H3 and SARS-CoV-2. Seventeen influenza A/ H3N2 viruses belonged to the same clade, 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a, and 4 SARSCoV-2 sequences belonged to the JE1.1 lineage, indicating a common source outbreak for both. The influenza A/H3N2 circulating virus belonged to a different clade than the vaccine strain for 2023 (3C.2a1b.2a.2a). Only 4 students had received the influenza vaccine for 2023. In response, the AFP Surgeon General issued a memorandum to all military health institutions on October 19, 2023 that mandated influenza vaccination as a prerequisite for enrollment of students at all education and training centers, along with implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions and early notification and testing of students exhibiting influenza-like-illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mark Velasco
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita
| | - Maria Theresa Valderama
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paula Corazon Diones
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susie Leonardia
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Simon Alcantara
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khajohn Joonlasak
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Chinnawirotpisan
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wudtichai Manasatienkij
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Errol Roy Arellano
- V. Luna Medical Center, AFP Health Service Command, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Carrol Mae Osia
- Public Health Service Center, Armed Forces of the Philippines Health Service Command, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Joy Magistrado-Payot
- Office of the Surgeon General, Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Paul Fajardo
- Public Health Service Center, Armed Forces of the Philippines Health Service Command, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Fatima Claire Navarro
- Office of the Surgeon General, Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aaron Farmer
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cho HJ, Rhee JE, Kang D, Choi EH, Lee NJ, Woo S, Lee J, Lee SW, Kim EJ, Yun KW. Epidemiology of Respiratory Viruses in Korean Children Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Study From National Surveillance System. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e171. [PMID: 38769924 PMCID: PMC11106558 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a decrease in the seasonal incidence of many respiratory viruses worldwide due to the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). However, as NPI measures were relaxed, respiratory viral infections re-emerged. We aimed to characterize the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Korean children during post-COVID-19 pandemic years compared to that before the pandemic. METHODS A nationwide prospective ongoing surveillance study has been conducted for detection of respiratory viruses between January 2017 and June 2023. We included data on adenovirus (AdV), human bocavirus (HBoV), human coronavirus (HCoV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza virus (IFV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which were detected in children and adolescents younger than 20 years. We analyzed the weekly detection frequency of individual viruses and the age distribution of the affected children. The study period was divided into prepandemic (2017-2019) and postpandemic (2021-2023) periods. RESULTS A total of 19,589 and 14,068 samples were collected in the pre- and postpandemic periods, respectively. The overall detection rate of any virus throughout the study period was 63.1%, with the lowest occurring in the 2nd half of 2020 (50.6%) and the highest occurring in the 2nd half of 2021 (72.3%). Enveloped viruses (HCoV, HMPV, IFV, PIV, and RSV) almost disappeared, but nonenveloped viruses (AdV, HBoV, and HRV) were detected even during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The codetection rate increased from 15.0% prepandemic to 19.1% postpandemic (P < 0.001). During the postpandemic period, a large out-of-season PIV and HMPV epidemic occurred, but the usual seasonality began to be restored in 2023. The mean age of children with each virus detected in 2023 was significantly greater than that in prepandemic years (P = 0.003 and 0.007 for AdV and HCoV, respectively; P < 0.001 for others). The mean age of children with IFV increased in 2022 (11.1 ± 5.2 years) from prepandemic years (7.9 ± 4.6 years) but decreased to 8.7 ± 4.1 years in 2023. CONCLUSION With the relaxation of NPI measures, several seasonal respiratory viruses cocirculated with unusual seasonal epidemic patterns and were associated with increasing age of infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jee Eun Rhee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dayun Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Joo Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - SangHee Woo
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Qian Y, Shen Y, Guo H, Ma R, Lu B, Miao P, Xu B, Xu J, Chen B. A propensity score matched analysis of COVID-19 ongoing symptoms in primary medical staff members with different levels of stress in Jiangsu Province, China. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30502. [PMID: 38765114 PMCID: PMC11098781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Ongoing symptoms which originated from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections threaten the health of a broad population of patients. With recent changes in COVID-19 control measures in China, medical staff members are currently experiencing a high level of stress. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 and explore the potential association between stress and ongoing COVID symptoms. Methods From January 17th to February 2, 2023, primary medical staff members in Jiangsu Province were surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire. Univariate multinomial logistic analysis was used to illustrate the relationship between stress and ongoing symptoms after matching the low- and high-stress groups in a 1:1 ratio based on propensity scores. Results Analysis revealed that 14.83 % (3785/25,516) of primary medical staff members infected with COVID-19 experienced ongoing symptoms, the most common of which included cough (9.51 %), dyspnea (9.51 %), sleep problems (4.40 %), anxiety (2.29 %), and reproductive system symptoms (1.89 %). In matched patients, higher stress levels were associated with a greater risk of ongoing symptoms than in patients without ongoing symptoms for 14 of the 15 reported symptoms in this study (odds ratios [ORs] > 1 and P < 0.05). Moreover, higher levels of stress were associated with a greater risk of more ongoing symptoms, and the overall ORs increased with the number of symptoms (ORs >1 and P < 0.05). Conclusion To mitigate the possibility of experiencing ongoing symptoms, healthcare organizations and local authority agencies should institute helpful measures to decrease stress levels such as medical staff augmentation and enabling all staff to have a reasonable work-life balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongkang Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijian Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongji Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Beier Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Biyun Xu
- Medical Statistics and Analysis Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinshui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Kogoj R, Grašek M, Suljič A, Zakotnik S, Vlaj D, Kotnik Koman K, Fafangel M, Petrovec M, Avšič-Županc T, Korva M. Sequencing analysis of SARS-CoV-2 cases in Slovenian long-term care facilities to support outbreak control. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1406777. [PMID: 38813418 PMCID: PMC11133669 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1406777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are at high risk of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, especially when new variants of concern (VOC) emerge. To provide intradisciplinary data in order to tailor public health interventions during future epidemics, available epidemiologic and genomic data from Slovenian LTCFs during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed. Methods The first part of the study included SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcription Real-Time PCR (rtRT-PCR) positive LTCF residents, from 21 facilities with COVID-19 outbreaks occurring in October 2020. The second part of the study included SARS-CoV-2 rtRT-PCR positive LTCF residents and staff between January and April 2021, when VOC Alpha emerged in Slovenia. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to acquire SARS-CoV-2 genomes, and lineage determination. In-depth phylogenetic and mutational profile analysis were performed and coupled with available field epidemiological data to assess the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 introduction and transmission. Results 370/498 SARS-CoV-2 positive residents as well as 558/699 SARS-CoV-2 positive residents and 301/358 staff were successfully sequenced in the first and second part of the study, respectively. In October 2020, COVID-19 outbreaks in the 21 LTCFs were caused by intra-facility transmission as well as multiple independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions. The Alpha variant was confirmed in the first LTCF resident approximately 1.5 months after the first Alpha case was identified in Slovenia. The data also showed a slower replacement of existing variants by Alpha in residents compared to staff and the general population. Discussion Multiple SARS CoV-2 introductions as well as intra-facility spreading impacted disease transmission in Slovenian LTCFs. Timely implementation of control measures aimed at limiting new introductions while controlling in-facility transmission are of paramount importance, especially as new VOCs emerge. Sequencing, in conjunction with epidemiological data, can facilitate the determination of the need for future improvements in control measures to protect LTCF residents from COVID-19 or other respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Kogoj
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manja Grašek
- Communicable Diseases Center, National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Suljič
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Zakotnik
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Doroteja Vlaj
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kaja Kotnik Koman
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Fafangel
- Communicable Diseases Center, National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Petrovec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Misa Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Xiao Y, Wang L, Li SX, Fang SS, Luo F, Chen SL, Zou X, Ye L, Hou W. Conditional reprogrammed human limbal epithelial cell model for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug screening. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30044. [PMID: 38698981 PMCID: PMC11064458 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To minimize the global pandemic COVID-19 spread, understanding the possible transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of novel antiviral drugs are necessary. We describe here that the virus can infect ocular surface limbal epithelial, but not other regions. Limbal supports wild type and mutant SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication depending on ACE2, TMPRSS2 and possibly other receptors, resulting in slight CPE and arising IL-6 secretion, which symbolizes conjunctivitis in clinical symptoms. With this limbal model, we have screened two natural product libraries and discovered several unreported drugs. Our data reveal important commonalities between COVID-19 and ocular infection with SARS-CoV-2, and establish an ideal cell model for drug screening and mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-xu Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-song Fang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shu-liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Li J, Chu LT, Hartanto H, Guo G, Liu L, Wu J, Wu M, Cui C, Wang G, Liu W, Kwong HK, Wu S, Chen TH. Microfluidic particle counter visualizing mucosal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract for rapid evaluation of immune protection. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2658-2668. [PMID: 38660972 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal antibodies in the upper respiratory tract are the earliest and most critical responders to prevent respiratory infections, providing an indication for the rapid evaluation of immune protection. Here, we report a microfluidic particle counter that directly visualizes mucosal antibody levels in nasal mucus. The mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies in nasal secretions first react with magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) that are surface-modified to form a "MMPs-anti-spike RBD IgG-PMPs" complex when RBD is present. After magnetic separation and loading into the microfluidic particle counter, the free PMPs, which are reduced with increasing anti-spike RBD IgG antibody levels, are trapped by a microfluidic particle dam and accumulate in the trapping channel. A sensitive mode [limit of detection (LOD): 14.0 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 70 min] and an equipment-free rapid mode (LOD: 37.4 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 20 min) were achieved. Eighty-seven nasal secretion (NS) samples from vaccinees were analyzed using our microfluidic particle counter, and the results closely resemble those of the gold-standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis shows that higher antibody levels were found in convalescent volunteers compared to noninfected volunteers. Together, we demonstrate a rapid kit that directly indicates immune status, which can guide vaccine strategy for individuals and the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lok Ting Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guang Dong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hogi Hartanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Guihuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chenyu Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gaobo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Wengang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Palacín J, Rubies E, Clotet E. A Retrospective Analysis of Indoor CO 2 Measurements Obtained with a Mobile Robot during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3102. [PMID: 38793956 PMCID: PMC11125027 DOI: 10.3390/s24103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a retrospective analysis of indoor CO2 measurements obtained with a mobile robot in an educational building after the COVID-19 lockdown (May 2021), at a time when public activities resumed with mandatory local pandemic restrictions. The robot-based CO2 measurement system was assessed as an alternative to the deployment of a net of sensors in a building in the pandemic period, in which there was a global stock outage of CO2 sensors. The analysis of the obtained measurements confirms that a mobile system can be used to obtain interpretable information on the CO2 levels inside the rooms of a building during a pandemic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Palacín
- Automation and Robotics Laboratory (ARL), Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain (E.C.)
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Monika, Madugula SK, Kondabagil K, Kunwar A. Far-UVC (222 nm) irradiation effectively inactivates ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, and dsDNA viruses as compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm). Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38736273 DOI: 10.1111/php.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation is being used as an effective approach for the disinfection of pathogenic viruses present in air, surfaces, and water. Recently, far-UVC radiation (222 nm) emitted by KrCl* (krypton-chloride) excimer lamps have been recommended for disinfecting high-risk public spaces to reduce the presence and transmission of infectious viruses owing to limited human health exposure risks as compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm). In this study, the UVC inactivation performances of individual filtered KrCl* excimer lamp (222 nm) and germicidal UVC lamp (254 nm) were determined against four viruses, bacteriophages MS2, Phi6, M13, and T4, having different genome compositions (ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA, respectively) and shapes (i.e., spherical (Phi6), linear (M13), and icosahedral (MS2 and T4)). Here, the disinfection efficacies of filtered KrCl* excimer lamp (222 nm) and germicidal UVC lamp (254 nm) were evaluated for highly concentrated virus droplets that mimic the virus-laden droplets released from the infected person and deposited on surfaces as fomites. Filtered KrCl* excimer (222 nm) showed significantly better inactivation against all viruses having different genome compositions and structures compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm). The obtained sensitivity against the filtered KrCl* excimer (222 nm) was found to be in the order, T4 > M13 > Phi6 > MS2 whereas for the germicidal UVC (254 nm) it was T4 > M13 > MS2 > Phi6. These results provide a strong basis to promote the use of filtered KrCl* excimer lamps (222 nm) in disinfecting contagious viruses and to limit the associated disease spread in public places and other high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Madugula
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Koita Centre for Digital Health (KCDH), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Suh IY, Huo ZY, Jung JH, Kang D, Lee DM, Kim YJ, Kim B, Jeon J, Zhao P, Shin J, Kim S, Kim SW. Highly efficient microbial inactivation enabled by tunneling charges injected through two-dimensional electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5067. [PMID: 38701201 PMCID: PMC11067992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens retain prolonged infectious activity once attached to the indoor environment, posing a pervasive threat to public health. Conventional air filters suffer from ineffective inactivation of the physics-separated microorganisms, and the chemical-based antimicrobial materials face challenges of poor stability/efficiency and inefficient viral inactivation. We, therefore, developed a rapid, reliable antimicrobial method against the attached indoor bacteria/viruses using a large-scale tunneling charge-motivated disinfection device fabricated by directly dispersing monolayer graphene on insulators. Free charges can be stably immobilized under the monolayer graphene through the tunneling effect. The stored charges can motivate continuous electron loss of attached microorganisms for accelerated disinfection, overcoming the diffusion limitation of chemical disinfectants. Complete (>99.99%) and broad-spectrum disinfection was achieved <1 min of attachment to the scaled-up device (25 square centimeters), reliably for 72 hours at high temperature (60°C) and humidity (90%). This method can be readily applied to high-touch surfaces in indoor environments for pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Yong Suh
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Institute of Ecological Civilization, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China
| | - Jae-Hwan Jung
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Pin Zhao
- Division of Advanced Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jeonghune Shin
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Center, SEMS CO., Ltd., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongMin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Human-oriented Triboelectric Energy Harvesting, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Berry GJ, Jhaveri TA, Larkin PMK, Mostafa H, Babady NE. ADLM Guidance Document on Laboratory Diagnosis of Respiratory Viruses. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:599-628. [PMID: 38695489 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are among the most frequent infections experienced worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for testing and currently several tests are available for the detection of a wide range of viruses. These tests vary widely in terms of the number of viral pathogens included, viral markers targeted, regulatory status, and turnaround time to results, as well as their analytical and clinical performance. Given these many variables, selection and interpretation of testing requires thoughtful consideration. The current guidance document is the authors' expert opinion based on the preponderance of available evidence to address key questions related to best practices for laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viral infections including who to test, when to test, and what tests to use. An algorithm is proposed to help laboratories decide on the most appropriate tests to use for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Berry
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian-Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tulip A Jhaveri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Paige M K Larkin
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Heba Mostafa
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - N Esther Babady
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Services, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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38
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Alqarni Z, Rezgui Y, Petri I, Ghoroghi A. Viral infection transmission and indoor air quality: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171308. [PMID: 38432379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory disease transmission in indoor environments presents persistent challenges for health authorities, as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores the urgent necessity to investigate the dynamics of viral infection transmission within indoor environments. This systematic review delves into the methodologies of respiratory infection transmission in indoor settings and explores how the quality of indoor air (IAQ) can be controlled to alleviate this risk while considering the imperative of sustainability. Among the 2722 articles reviewed, 178 were retained based on their focus on respiratory viral infection transmission and IAQ. Fifty eight articles delved into SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 21 papers evaluated IAQ in contexts of other pandemics, 53 papers assessed IAQ during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and 46 papers examined control strategies to mitigate infectious transmission. Furthermore, of the 46 papers investigating control strategies, only nine considered energy consumption. These findings highlight clear gaps in current research, such as analyzing indoor air and surface samples for specific indoor environments, oversight of indoor and outdoor parameters (e.g., temperature, relative humidity (RH), and building orientation), neglect of occupancy schedules, and the absence of considerations for energy consumption while enhancing IAQ. This study distinctly identifies the indoor environmental conditions conducive to the thriving of each respiratory virus, offering IAQ trade-offs to mitigate the risk of dominant viruses at any given time. This study argues that future research should involve digital twins in conjunction with machine learning (ML) techniques. This approach aims to enhance IAQ by analyzing the transmission patterns of various respiratory viruses while considering energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Alqarni
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK; School of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yacine Rezgui
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ioan Petri
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Ali Ghoroghi
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
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Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Becker B, Paulmann D, Brill FHH, Steinmann E. Virucidal activity of a plant-oil-based oral rinse against respiratory viruses. J Hosp Infect 2024; 147:83-86. [PMID: 38490488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viruses have been reported to infect the salivary glands and the throat, which are potential reservoirs for virus replication and transmission. Therefore, strategies to reduce the amount of infective virus particles in the oral mucous membranes could lower the risk of transmission. METHODS The viral inactivation capacity of a plant-oil-based oral rinse (Salviathymol®) was evaluated in comparison with chlorhexidine (Chlorhexamed® FORTE) using a quantitative suspension test according to EN 14476. FINDINGS Salviathymol efficiently inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and two influenza strains to undetectable levels. CONCLUSION Salviathymol has potential as preventive measure to lower transmission of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Meister
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Y Brüggemann
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Paulmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Steinmann
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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40
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Galli C, Mazzola G, Arosio M, Pellegrinelli L, Boldrini A, Guarneri D, Lombarda E, Farina C, Cereda D, Pariani E. Real-time investigation of an influenza A(H3N2) virus outbreak in a refugee community, November 2022. Public Health 2024; 230:157-162. [PMID: 38554473 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report epidemiological and virological results of an outbreak investigation of influenza-like illness (ILI) among refugees in Northern Italy. STUDY DESIGN Outbreak investigation of ILI cases observed among nearly 100 refugees in Northern Italy unvaccinated for influenza. METHODS An epidemiological investigation matched with a differential diagnosis was carried out for each sample collected from ILI cases to identify 10 viral pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus type A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, rhinovirus, enterovirus, parechovirus, and adenovirus) by using specific real-time PCR assays according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocols. In cases where the influenza virus type was identified, complete hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequencing and the related phylogenetic analysis were conducted. RESULTS The outbreak was caused by influenza A(H3N2): the attack rate was 83.3% in children aged 9-14 years, 84.6% in those aged 15-24 years, and 28.6% in adults ≥25 years. Phylogenetic analyses uncovered that A(H3N2) strains were closely related since they segregated in the same cluster, showing both a high mean nucleotide identity (100%), all belonging to the genetic sub-group 3C.2a1b.2a.2, as those mainly circulating into the general population in the same period. CONCLUSIONS The fact that influenza outbreak strains as well as the community strains were genetically related to the seasonal vaccine strain suggests that if an influenza prevention by vaccination strategy had been implemented, a lower attack rate of A(H3N2) and ILI cases might have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - G Mazzola
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention (HPA of Bergamo/ATS of Bergamo), Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Biobank, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - L Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - A Boldrini
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention (HPA of Bergamo/ATS of Bergamo), Italy
| | - D Guarneri
- Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - E Lombarda
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention (HPA of Bergamo/ATS of Bergamo), Italy
| | - C Farina
- Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - D Cereda
- Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy
| | - E Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy.
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41
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Shan S, Zhang W, Gao H, Huang PY, Du Z, Bai Y, Lau YC, Chen D, Lau EHY, Nealon J, Wu P. Global Seasonal Activities of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae238. [PMID: 38770210 PMCID: PMC11103620 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Varied seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been reported worldwide. We conducted a systematic review on articles identified in PubMed reporting RSV seasonality based on data collected before 1 January 2020. RSV seasonal patterns were examined by geographic location, calendar month, analytic method, and meteorological factors including temperature and absolute humidity. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between RSV seasonality and study methods and characteristics of study locations. RSV seasons were reported in 209 articles published in 1973-2023 for 317 locations in 77 countries. Regular RSV seasons were similarly reported in countries in temperate regions, with highly variable seasons identified in subtropical and tropical countries. Longer durations of RSV seasons were associated with a higher daily average mean temperature and daily average mean absolute humidity. The global seasonal patterns of RSV provided important information for optimizing interventions against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Shan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huizhi Gao
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhanwei Du
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yiu-Chung Lau
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dongxuan Chen
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Joshua Nealon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peng Wu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Mao T, Kim J, Peña-Hernández MA, Valle G, Moriyama M, Luyten S, Ott IM, Gomez-Calvo ML, Gehlhausen JR, Baker E, Israelow B, Slade M, Sharma L, Liu W, Ryu C, Korde A, Lee CJ, Silva Monteiro V, Lucas C, Dong H, Yang Y, Gopinath S, Wilen CB, Palm N, Dela Cruz CS, Iwasaki A. Intranasal neomycin evokes broad-spectrum antiviral immunity in the upper respiratory tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319566121. [PMID: 38648490 PMCID: PMC11067057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319566121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections in humans cause a broad-spectrum of diseases that result in substantial morbidity and mortality annually worldwide. To reduce the global burden of respiratory viral diseases, preventative and therapeutic interventions that are accessible and effective are urgently needed, especially in countries that are disproportionately affected. Repurposing generic medicine has the potential to bring new treatments for infectious diseases to patients efficiently and equitably. In this study, we found that intranasal delivery of neomycin, a generic aminoglycoside antibiotic, induces the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the nasal mucosa that is independent of the commensal microbiota. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of neomycin provided significant protection against upper respiratory infection and lethal disease in a mouse model of COVID-19. Furthermore, neomycin treatment protected Mx1 congenic mice from upper and lower respiratory infections with a highly virulent strain of influenza A virus. In Syrian hamsters, neomycin treatment potently mitigated contact transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In healthy humans, intranasal application of neomycin-containing Neosporin ointment was well tolerated and effective at inducing ISG expression in the nose in a subset of participants. These findings suggest that neomycin has the potential to be harnessed as a host-directed antiviral strategy for the prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA15213
| | - Mario A. Peña-Hernández
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New HavenCT06510
| | - Gabrielee Valle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Miyu Moriyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Sophia Luyten
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Isabel M. Ott
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Jeff R Gehlhausen
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Emily Baker
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Martin Slade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA15213
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Asawari Korde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Chris J. Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Huiping Dong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Smita Gopinath
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA02115
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Noah Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA15213
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA15240
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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Shyam S, Misra S, Mitra S, Mitra SK. Bacteria-surface interactions: role of impacting bacteria-laden droplets. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3425-3435. [PMID: 38623617 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions of pathogenic droplets with surfaces is crucial to biomedical applications. In this study, using E. coli as the model microbe, we investigate the impact of a bacteria-laden droplet on different substrates, both bare and antimicrobial. In doing so, we unveil the significance of kinetic energy and spreading parameters of the impacting droplet in determining the microbes' proliferation capabilities. Our results indicate an inverse relationship between the impact Weber number and the bacterial ability to proliferate. We reveal that the mechanical stress generated during impact impedes the capabilities of microbes present inside the droplet to create their progeny. Following an order analysis of the mechanical stress generated, we argue that the impact does not induce lysis-driven cell death of the bacteria; rather, it promotes a stress-driven transition of viable bacteria to a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Furthermore, variations in the concentration of particles on the antimicrobial surfaces revealed the role of the post-impact spreading behaviour in dictating bacterial proliferation capabilities. Contrary to the conventional notion, we demonstrate that during the early stages of interaction, a bare substrate may outperform an antibacterial substrate in the inactivation of the bacterial load. Finally, we present an interaction map illustrating the complex relationship between bacterial colony-forming units, bactericide concentration on the surface, and the impact Weber number. We believe that the inferences of the study, highlighting the effect of mechanical stresses on the soft cell wall of microbes, could be a useful design consideration for the development of antimicrobial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Shyam
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Sirshendu Misra
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Surjyasish Mitra
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Sushanta K Mitra
- Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Ye L, Gao Y, Mok SWF, Liao W, Wang Y, Chen C, Yang L, Zhang J, Shi L. Modulation of alveolar macrophage and mitochondrial fitness by medicinal plant-derived nanovesicles to mitigate acute lung injury and viral pneumonia. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:190. [PMID: 38637808 PMCID: PMC11025283 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is generally caused by severe respiratory infection and characterized by overexuberant inflammatory responses and inefficient pathogens-containing, the two major processes wherein alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a central role. Dysfunctional mitochondria have been linked with distorted macrophages and hence lung disorders, but few treatments are currently available to correct these defects. Plant-derive nanovesicles have gained significant attention because of their therapeutic potential, but the targeting cells and the underlying mechanism remain elusive. We herein prepared the nanovesicles from Artemisia annua, a well-known medicinal plant with multiple attributes involving anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and metabolism-regulating properties. By applying three mice models of acute lung injury caused by bacterial endotoxin, influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus respectively, we showed that Artemisia-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) substantially alleviated lung immunopathology and raised the survival rate of challenged mice. Macrophage depletion and adoptive transfer studies confirmed the requirement of AMs for ADNVs effects. We identified that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enclosed in the vesicles is a major molecular effector mediating the regulatory roles of ADNVs. Specifically, GABA acts on macrophages through GABA receptors, promoting mitochondrial gene programming and bioenergy generation, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory signals, thereby enhancing the adaptability of AMs to inflammation resolution. Collectively, this study identifies a promising nanotherapeutics for alleviating lung pathology, and elucidates a mechanism whereby the canonical neurotransmitter modifies AMs and mitochondria to resume tissue homeostasis, which may have broader implications for treating critical pulmonary diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Ye
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- Department of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wucan Liao
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changjiang Chen
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Sansone V, Angelillo S, Licata F, Miraglia del Giudice G, Di Giuseppe G. Respiratory Syncytial Vaccination: Parents' Willingness to Vaccinate Their Children. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:418. [PMID: 38675800 PMCID: PMC11054569 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess parents' willingness to vaccinate their children with the RSV vaccine and the key predictors of this intention among parents in Italy. METHODS Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire from April to November 2023, targeting parents in public kindergartens and nursery schools in southern Italy. The survey assessed parents' socio-demographic characteristics, health-related details, their child's health status, attitudes toward RSV infection and its vaccine, and their source(s) of information. RESULTS A total of 404 parents agreed to participate in the study. Only 18.2% of participants were very concerned that their children could get infected by RSV, and this concern was more likely among parents whose child had been diagnosed with bronchiolitis, those who received information from HCWs, those who had heard of RSV, and those who needed additional information. Almost half (51.3%) were willing to vaccinate their child, and this inclination was more likely among fathers, employed parents, those with daughters, those who had heard of RSV, those who received information from HCWs, and those who needed additional information. CONCLUSIONS An educational campaign regarding a future RSV vaccine, especially about its safety and efficacy, is needed in order to improve parents' willingness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.S.); (G.M.d.G.)
| | - Silvia Angelillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesca Licata
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Grazia Miraglia del Giudice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.S.); (G.M.d.G.)
| | - Gabriella Di Giuseppe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.S.); (G.M.d.G.)
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Babawale PI, Guerrero-Plata A. Respiratory Viral Coinfections: Insights into Epidemiology, Immune Response, Pathology, and Clinical Outcomes. Pathogens 2024; 13:316. [PMID: 38668271 PMCID: PMC11053695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral coinfections are a global public health threat that poses an economic burden on individuals, families, and healthcare infrastructure. Viruses may coinfect and interact synergistically or antagonistically, or their coinfection may not affect their replication rate. These interactions are specific to different virus combinations, which underlines the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind these differential viral interactions and the need for novel diagnostic methods to accurately identify multiple viruses causing a disease in a patient to avoid misdiagnosis. This review examines epidemiological patterns, pathology manifestations, and the immune response modulation of different respiratory viral combinations that occur during coinfections using different experimental models to better understand the dynamics respiratory viral coinfection takes in driving disease outcomes and severity, which is crucial to guide the development of prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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Sakoda Y, Matsumoto T, Yamaguchi M, Kudo A, Nakano K, Maeno Y. Risk Factors for COVID-19 Cluster Infection in Hospitalized Patients. Cureus 2024; 16:e57957. [PMID: 38738096 PMCID: PMC11083760 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Japan, in the seventh wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from July 2022 to September 2022, followed by the eighth wave of COVID-19 from November 2022 to January 2023, nosocomial clusters became more frequent in many healthcare facilities. If a cluster occurs in a hospital, the restrictions on general healthcare and the impact on hospital management, as well as the impact on community healthcare, are enormous. We analyzed the risk factors for COVID-19 cluster infection in hospitalized patients. Methods We retrospectively collected cases of COVID-19 infection among hospitalized patients in the seventh and eighth waves. The occurrence of a COVID-19 patient in a hospitalized patient was defined as one event. Results A total of 40 events were observed in the seventh and eighth waves. There were 17 events that developed into clusters. The following factors showed a significant association with cluster infection in a univariate analysis: "seventh wave," "originated from healthcare worker," and "initial examination according to contact list." The multivariate analysis revealed that "originated from healthcare worker" was independently associated with cluster infection. Conclusion Preventing the development of COVID-19 clusters is very important for nosocomial infection control. Our study suggests that COVID-19 infection in a healthcare worker is a risk factor for the development of a cluster. When healthcare workers are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is often due to household transmission. Measures against household transmissions are important to prevent infection among healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Asuka Kudo
- Safety and Infection Control, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, JPN
| | - Kumiko Nakano
- Safety and Infection Control, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, JPN
| | - Yasuki Maeno
- Medical Quality Management Center, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, JPN
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Alandijany TA. Respiratory viral infections during Hajj seasons. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17 Suppl 1:42-48. [PMID: 37085376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections pose a public health concern during mass gathering (MG) events. Sustainable and continuous surveillance of respiratory viruses remains a priority to early identify and prevent potential outbreaks. This article reviews recent literature addressed the prevalence and diversity of circulating respiratory viruses during Hajj pilgrimage, one of the largest planned religious MG events held annually in Saudi Arabia. The variation between studies with respect to study design, sample size, time of sample collection (pre-, during, and pos-Hajj), type of participants (e.g., symptomatic vs. a symptomatic pilgrims), and laboratory procedure was highlighted. The majority of these studies were conducted on the 2019 Hajj season or earlier, prior to the emergence of COVID-19 which had significant impact on the past three Hajj seasons (2020, 2021, and 2022). A summary about key aspects related to organization of Hajj during COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of exceptional infection control strategies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir A Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Li H, Khoa ND, Kuga K, Ito K. In silico identification of viral loads in cough-generated droplets - Seamless integrated analysis of CFPD-HCD-EWF. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 246:108073. [PMID: 38341896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Respiratory diseases caused by respiratory viruses have significantly threatened public health worldwide. This study presents a comprehensive approach to predict viral dynamics and the generation of stripped droplets within the mucus layer of the respiratory tract during coughing using a larynx-trachea-bifurcation (LTB) model. METHODS This study integrates computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD), host-cell dynamics (HCD), and the Eulerian wall film (EWF) model to propose a potential means for seamless integrated analysis. The verified CFPD-HCD coupling model based on a 3D-shell model was used to characterize the severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dynamics in the LTB mucus layer, whereas the EWF model was employed to account for the interfacial fluid to explore the generation mechanism and trace the origin site of droplets exhaled during a coughing event of an infected host. RESULTS The results obtained using CFPD delineated the preferential deposition sites for droplets in the laryngeal and tracheal regions. Thus, the analysis of the HCD model showed that the viral load increased rapidly in the laryngeal region during the peak of infection, whereas there was a growth delay in the tracheal region (up to day 8 after infection). After two weeks of infection, the high viral load gradually migrated towards the glottic region. Interestingly, the EWF model demonstrated a high concentration of exhaled droplets originating from the larynx. The coupling technique indicated a concurrent high viral load in the mucus layer and site of origin of the exhaled droplets. CONCLUSIONS This interdisciplinary research underscores the seamless analysis from initial exposure to virus-laden droplets, the dynamics of viral infection in the LTB mucus layer, and the re-emission from the coughing activities of an infected host. Our efforts aimed to address the complex challenges at the intersection of viral dynamics and respiratory health, which can contribute to a more detailed understanding and targeted prevention of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Li
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Nguyen Dang Khoa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Kuga
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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Klee B, Diexer S, Horn J, Langer S, Wende M, Ortiz D, Bielecka A, Strowig T, Mikolajczyk R, Gottschick C. The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on community non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in preschool children. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:231. [PMID: 38561704 PMCID: PMC10985994 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the pandemic were mainly studied for severe outcomes. Among children, most of the burden of respiratory infections is related to infections which are not medically attended. The perspective on infections in the community setting is necessary to understand the effects of the pandemic on non-pharmaceutical interventions. METHODS In the unique prospective LoewenKIDS cohort study, we compared the true monthly incidence of self-reported acute respiratory infections (ARI) in about 350 participants (aged 3-4 years old) between October 2019 to March 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and October 2020 to March 2021 (pandemic period). Parents reported children's symptoms using a diary. Parents were asked to take a nasal swab of their child during all respiratory symptoms. We analysed 718 swabs using Multiplex PCR for 25 common respiratory viruses and bacteria. RESULTS During the pre-pandemic period, on average 44.6% (95% CI: 39.5-49.8%) of children acquired at least one ARI per month compared to 19.9% (95% CI: 11.1-28.7%) during the pandemic period (Incidence Rate Ratio = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.41-0.54). The detection of influenza virus decreased absolute by 96%, respiratory syncytial virus by 65%, metapneumovirus by 95%, parainfluenza virus by 100%, human enterovirus by 96% and human bocavirus by 70% when comparing the pre-pandemic to the pandemic period. However, rhinoviruses were nearly unaffected by NPI. Co-detection (detection of more than one virus in a single symptomatic swab) was common in the pre-pandemic period (222 of 390 samples with viral detection; 56.9%) and substantially less common during the pandemic period (46 of 216 samples; 21.3%). CONCLUSION Non-pharmaceutical interventions strongly reduced the incidence of all respiratory infections in preschool children but did not affect rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Klee
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sophie Diexer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Horn
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susan Langer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marie Wende
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diego Ortiz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agata Bielecka
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gottschick
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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