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Pfau SJ, Langen UH, Fisher TM, Prakash I, Nagpurwala F, Lozoya RA, Lee WCA, Wu Z, Gu C. Characteristics of blood-brain barrier heterogeneity between brain regions revealed by profiling vascular and perivascular cells. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1892-1903. [PMID: 39210068 PMCID: PMC11452347 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain and maintains neuronal homeostasis. BBB properties can vary between brain regions to support regional functions, yet how BBB heterogeneity occurs is poorly understood. Here, we used single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to compare the mouse median eminence, one of the circumventricular organs that has naturally leaky blood vessels, with the cortex. We identified hundreds of molecular differences in endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular cells, including astrocytes, pericytes and fibroblasts. Using electron microscopy and an aqueous-based tissue-clearing method, we revealed distinct anatomical specializations and interaction patterns of ECs and perivascular cells in these regions. Finally, we identified candidate regionally enriched EC-perivascular cell ligand-receptor pairs. Our results indicate that both molecular specializations in ECs and unique EC-perivascular cell interactions contribute to BBB functional heterogeneity. This platform can be used to investigate BBB heterogeneity in other regions and may facilitate the development of central nervous system region-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Pfau
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Urs H Langen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theodore M Fisher
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Indumathi Prakash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faheem Nagpurwala
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo A Lozoya
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Wang L, Lu X, Szalad A, Liu XS, Zhang Y, Wang X, Golembieski WA, Powell B, Mccann M, Lu M, Chopp M, Zhang ZG. Schwann cell-derived exosomes ameliorate peripheral neuropathy induced by ablation of dicer in Schwann cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1462228. [PMID: 39285940 PMCID: PMC11402728 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1462228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Schwann cells (SCs) mediate peripheral nerve function. Ablating Dicer, a key gene in miRNA biogenesis, in SCs causes peripheral neuropathy. Exosomes from healthy SCs (SC-Exo) ameliorate diabetic peripheral neuropathy in part via miRNAs. Thus, using transgenic mice with conditional and inducible ablation of Dicer in proteolipid protein (PLP) expressing SCs (PLP-cKO), we examined whether SC-Exo could reduce peripheral neuropathy in PLP-cKO mice. Methods PLP-cKO mice at the age of 16 weeks (8 week post-Tamoxifen) were randomly treated with SC-Exo or saline weekly for 8 weeks. Age-and sex-matched wild-type (WT) littermates were used as controls. Peripheral neurological functions, sciatic nerve integrity, and myelination were analyzed. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine miRNA and protein expression in sciatic nerve tissues, respectively. Results Compared to the WT mice, PLP-cKO mice exhibited a significant decrease in motor and sensory conduction velocities, thermal sensitivity, and motor coordination. PLP-cKO mice exhibited substantial demyelination and axonal damage of the sciatic nerve. Treatment of PLP-cKO mice with SC-Exo significantly ameliorated the peripheral neuropathy and sciatic nerve damage. PLP-cKO mice showed a substantial reduction in a set of Dicer-related miRNAs known to regulate myelination, axonal integrity, and inflammation such as miR-138, -146a and - 338 in the sciatic nerve. In addition, PLP-cKO mice exhibited significant reduction of myelin forming proteins, early growth response 2 (EGR2) and sex determining region Y-box10 (Sox10), but significantly increased myelination inhibitors, Notch1, c-Jun, and Sox2 and the axonal growth inhibitor phosphatase and tens in homolog (PTEN). However, SC-Exo treatment reversed the PLP-cKO altered miRNAs and proteins. Conclusion This study demonstrates that exogenous SC-Exo ameliorate peripheral neuropathy induced by Dicer ablation in PLP expressing SCs. The therapeutic benefit may be mediated by the SC-Exo altered miRNAs and their targeted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - XueRong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra Szalad
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xian Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Brianna Powell
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Mikkala Mccann
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
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3
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Noftz WA, Echols EE, Beebe NL, Mellott JG, Schofield BR. Differential cholinergic innervation of lemniscal versus non-lemniscal regions of the inferior colliculus. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 139:102443. [PMID: 38914378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC), a midbrain hub for integration of auditory information, receives dense cholinergic input that could modulate nearly all aspects of hearing. A key step in understanding cholinergic modulation is to identify the source(s) and termination patterns of cholinergic input. These issues have not been addressed for the IC in mice, an increasingly important model for study of hearing. We examined cholinergic inputs to the IC in adult male and female mice. We used retrograde tracing and immunochemistry to identify three sources of cholinergic innervation of the mouse IC: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (LPGi). We then used Cre-dependent labeling of cholinergic neurons in normal-hearing ChAT-Cre mice to selectively label the cholinergic projections to the IC from each of the cholinergic sources. Labeling of cholinergic projections from the PPT and LDT revealed cholinergic axons and boutons terminating throughout the IC, with the ipsilateral projection being denser. Electron microscopic examination showed that these cholinergic axons can form traditional synaptic junctions with IC neurons. In separate experiments, selective labeling of cholinergic projections from the LPGi revealed bilateral projections to the IC. The LPGi axons exhibited relatively equal densities on ipsilateral and contralateral sides, but on both sides the terminations were largely restricted to the non-lemniscal regions of the IC (i.e., the dorsal cortex, lateral cortex and intercollicular tegmentum). We conclude first that cholinergic axons can form traditional synapses in the IC. In addition, lemniscal and non-lemniscal regions of the IC receive different patterns of cholinergic innervation. The lemniscal IC (IC central nucleus) is innervated by cholinergic neurons in the PPT and the LDT whereas the non-lemniscal "shell" areas of the IC are innervated by the PPT and LDT and by cholinergic neurons in the LPGi. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data will be made available on request.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Noftz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Hospitals Hearing Research Center at NEOMED, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Emily E Echols
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Nichole L Beebe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Hospitals Hearing Research Center at NEOMED, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Mellott
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Hospitals Hearing Research Center at NEOMED, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Brett R Schofield
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Hospitals Hearing Research Center at NEOMED, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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4
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Patton MH, Thomas KT, Bayazitov IT, Newman KD, Kurtz NB, Robinson CG, Ramirez CA, Trevisan AJ, Bikoff JB, Peters ST, Pruett-Miller SM, Jiang Y, Schild AB, Nityanandam A, Zakharenko SS. Synaptic plasticity in human thalamocortical assembloids. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114503. [PMID: 39018245 PMCID: PMC11407288 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticities, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), tune synaptic efficacy and are essential for learning and memory. Current studies of synaptic plasticity in humans are limited by a lack of adequate human models. Here, we modeled the thalamocortical system by fusing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived thalamic and cortical organoids. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed that >80% of cells in thalamic organoids were glutamatergic neurons. When fused to form thalamocortical assembloids, thalamic and cortical organoids formed reciprocal long-range axonal projections and reciprocal synapses detectable by light and electron microscopy, respectively. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and two-photon imaging, we characterized glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic synapses displayed short-term plasticity analogous to that in animal models. LTP and LTD were reliably induced at both synapses; however, their mechanisms differed from those previously described in rodents. Thus, thalamocortical assembloids provide a model system for exploring synaptic plasticity in human circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Patton
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristen T Thomas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ildar T Bayazitov
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kyle D Newman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Kurtz
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Cody A Ramirez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alexandra J Trevisan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jay B Bikoff
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samuel T Peters
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yanbo Jiang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew B Schild
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anjana Nityanandam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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5
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Han X, Lu X, Li PH, Wang S, Schalek R, Meirovitch Y, Lin Z, Adhinarta J, Murray KD, MacNiven LM, Berger DR, Wu Y, Fang T, Meral ES, Asraf S, Ploegh H, Pfister H, Wei D, Jain V, Trimmer JS, Lichtman JW. Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by scFvs provides insights into the cytology of cerebellar cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6648. [PMID: 39103318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mapping neuronal networks is a central focus in neuroscience. While volume electron microscopy (vEM) can reveal the fine structure of neuronal networks (connectomics), it does not provide molecular information to identify cell types or functions. We developed an approach that uses fluorescent single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) to perform multiplexed detergent-free immunolabeling and volumetric-correlated-light-and-electron-microscopy on the same sample. We generated eight fluorescent scFvs targeting brain markers. Six fluorescent probes were imaged in the cerebellum of a female mouse, using confocal microscopy with spectral unmixing, followed by vEM of the same sample. The results provide excellent ultrastructure superimposed with multiple fluorescence channels. Using this approach, we documented a poorly described cell type, two types of mossy fiber terminals, and the subcellular localization of one type of ion channel. Because scFvs can be derived from existing monoclonal antibodies, hundreds of such probes can be generated to enable molecular overlays for connectomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Xiaotang Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Shuohong Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Schalek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yaron Meirovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zudi Lin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Adhinarta
- Computer Science Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Karl D Murray
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leah M MacNiven
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Berger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuelong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tao Fang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Shadnan Asraf
- School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hidde Ploegh
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanspeter Pfister
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Donglai Wei
- Computer Science Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Ohno N, Karube F, Fujiyama F. Volume electron microscopy for genetically and molecularly defined neural circuits. Neurosci Res 2024:S0168-0102(24)00074-9. [PMID: 38914208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The brain networks responsible for adaptive behavioral changes are based on the physical connections between neurons. Light and electron microscopy have long been used to study neural projections and the physical connections between neurons. Volume electron microscopy has recently expanded its scale of analysis due to methodological advances, resulting in complete wiring maps of neurites in a large volume of brain tissues and even entire nervous systems in a growing number of species. However, structural approaches frequently suffer from inherent limitations in which elements in images are identified solely by morphological criteria. Recently, an increasing number of tools and technologies have been developed to characterize cells and cellular components in the context of molecules and gene expression. These advancements include newly developed probes for visualization in electron microscopic images as well as correlative integration methods for the same elements across multiple microscopic modalities. Such approaches advance our understanding of interactions between specific neurons and circuits and may help to elucidate novel aspects of the basal ganglia network involving dopamine neurons. These advancements are expected to reveal mechanisms for processing adaptive changes in specific neural circuits that modulate brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, Japan; Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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7
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Toma K, Zhao M, Zhang S, Wang F, Graham HK, Zou J, Modgil S, Shang WH, Tsai NY, Cai Z, Liu L, Hong G, Kriegstein AR, Hu Y, Körbelin J, Zhang R, Liao YJ, Kim TN, Ye X, Duan X. Perivascular neurons instruct 3D vascular lattice formation via neurovascular contact. Cell 2024; 187:2767-2784.e23. [PMID: 38733989 PMCID: PMC11223890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The vasculature of the central nervous system is a 3D lattice composed of laminar vascular beds interconnected by penetrating vessels. The mechanisms controlling 3D lattice network formation remain largely unknown. Combining viral labeling, genetic marking, and single-cell profiling in the mouse retina, we discovered a perivascular neuronal subset, annotated as Fam19a4/Nts-positive retinal ganglion cells (Fam19a4/Nts-RGCs), directly contacting the vasculature with perisomatic endfeet. Developmental ablation of Fam19a4/Nts-RGCs led to disoriented growth of penetrating vessels near the ganglion cell layer (GCL), leading to a disorganized 3D vascular lattice. We identified enriched PIEZO2 expression in Fam19a4/Nts-RGCs. Piezo2 loss from all retinal neurons or Fam19a4/Nts-RGCs abolished the direct neurovascular contacts and phenocopied the Fam19a4/Nts-RGC ablation deficits. The defective vascular structure led to reduced capillary perfusion and sensitized the retina to ischemic insults. Furthermore, we uncovered a Piezo2-dependent perivascular granule cell subset for cerebellar vascular patterning, indicating neuronal Piezo2-dependent 3D vascular patterning in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Toma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mengya Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hannah K Graham
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shweta Modgil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wenhao H Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Y Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhishun Cai
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Guiying Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruobing Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tyson N Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Patton MH, Thomas KT, Bayazitov IT, Newman KD, Kurtz NB, Robinson CG, Ramirez CA, Trevisan AJ, Bikoff JB, Peters ST, Pruett-Miller SM, Jiang Y, Schild AB, Nityanandam A, Zakharenko SS. Synaptic plasticity in human thalamocortical assembloids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578421. [PMID: 38352415 PMCID: PMC10862901 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticities, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), tune synaptic efficacy and are essential for learning and memory. Current studies of synaptic plasticity in humans are limited by a lack of adequate human models. Here, we modeled the thalamocortical system by fusing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived thalamic and cortical organoids. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed that most cells in mature thalamic organoids were glutamatergic neurons. When fused to form thalamocortical assembloids, thalamic and cortical organoids formed reciprocal long-range axonal projections and reciprocal synapses detectable by light and electron microscopy, respectively. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and two-photon imaging, we characterized glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic synapses displayed short-term plasticity analogous to that in animal models. LTP and LTD were reliably induced at both synapses; however, their mechanisms differed from those previously described in rodents. Thus, thalamocortical assembloids provide a model system for exploring synaptic plasticity in human circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H. Patton
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristen T. Thomas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ildar T. Bayazitov
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kyle D. Newman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nathaniel B. Kurtz
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G. Robinson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Cody A. Ramirez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Trevisan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jay B. Bikoff
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samuel T. Peters
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yanbo Jiang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew B. Schild
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anjana Nityanandam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stanislav S. Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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9
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Park SJ, Lei W, Pisano J, Orpia A, Minehart J, Pottackal J, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Zapadka TE, Clarkson-Paredes C, Popratiloff A, Ross SE, Singer JH, Demb JB. Molecular identification of wide-field amacrine cells in mouse retina that encode stimulus orientation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.28.573580. [PMID: 38234775 PMCID: PMC10793454 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Visual information processing is sculpted by a diverse group of inhibitory interneurons in the retina called amacrine cells. Yet, for most of the >60 amacrine cell types, molecular identities and specialized functional attributes remain elusive. Here, we developed an intersectional genetic strategy to target a group of wide-field amacrine cells (WACs) in mouse retina that co-express the transcription factor Bhlhe22 and the Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR; B/K WACs). B/K WACs feature straight, unbranched dendrites spanning over 0.5 mm (∼15° visual angle) and produce non-spiking responses to either light increments or decrements. Two-photon dendritic population imaging reveals Ca 2+ signals tuned to the physical orientations of B/K WAC dendrites, signifying a robust structure-function alignment. B/K WACs establish divergent connections with multiple retinal neurons, including unexpected connections with non-orientation-tuned ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Our work sets the stage for future comprehensive investigations of the most enigmatic group of retinal neurons: WACs.
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10
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Sigmund F, Berezin O, Beliakova S, Magerl B, Drawitsch M, Piovesan A, Gonçalves F, Bodea SV, Winkler S, Bousraou Z, Grosshauser M, Samara E, Pujol-Martí J, Schädler S, So C, Irsen S, Walch A, Kofler F, Piraud M, Kornfeld J, Briggman K, Westmeyer GG. Genetically encoded barcodes for correlative volume electron microscopy. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1734-1745. [PMID: 37069313 PMCID: PMC10713455 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
While genetically encoded reporters are common for fluorescence microscopy, equivalent multiplexable gene reporters for electron microscopy (EM) are still scarce. Here, by installing a variable number of fixation-stable metal-interacting moieties in the lumen of encapsulin nanocompartments of different sizes, we developed a suite of spherically symmetric and concentric barcodes (EMcapsulins) that are readable by standard EM techniques. Six classes of EMcapsulins could be automatically segmented and differentiated. The coding capacity was further increased by arranging several EMcapsulins into distinct patterns via a set of rigid spacers of variable length. Fluorescent EMcapsulins were expressed to monitor subcellular structures in light and EM. Neuronal expression in Drosophila and mouse brains enabled the automatic identification of genetically defined cells in EM. EMcapsulins are compatible with transmission EM, scanning EM and focused ion beam scanning EM. The expandable palette of genetically controlled EM-readable barcodes can augment anatomical EM images with multiplexed gene expression maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sigmund
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Berezin
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sofia Beliakova
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Magerl
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Drawitsch
- Research Group, Circuits of Birdsong, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alberto Piovesan
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Filipa Gonçalves
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Silviu-Vasile Bodea
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Winkler
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoe Bousraou
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Grosshauser
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eleni Samara
- Department Circuits-Computation-Models, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jesús Pujol-Martí
- Department Circuits-Computation-Models, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Chun So
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Irsen
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar (MPINB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Marie Piraud
- Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joergen Kornfeld
- Research Group, Circuits of Birdsong, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kevin Briggman
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar (MPINB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gil Gregor Westmeyer
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences and TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
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11
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Augmenting electron microscopy with barcoded gene reporters. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1692-1693. [PMID: 37069314 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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12
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Handler A, Zhang Q, Pang S, Nguyen TM, Iskols M, Nolan-Tamariz M, Cattel S, Plumb R, Sanchez B, Ashjian K, Shotland A, Brown B, Kabeer M, Turecek J, DeLisle MM, Rankin G, Xiang W, Pavarino EC, Africawala N, Santiago C, Lee WCA, Xu CS, Ginty DD. Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch. Neuron 2023; 111:3211-3229.e9. [PMID: 37725982 PMCID: PMC10773061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Across mammalian skin, structurally complex and diverse mechanosensory end organs respond to mechanical stimuli and enable our perception of dynamic, light touch. How forces act on morphologically dissimilar mechanosensory end organs of the skin to gate the requisite mechanotransduction channel Piezo2 and excite mechanosensory neurons is not understood. Here, we report high-resolution reconstructions of the hair follicle lanceolate complex, Meissner corpuscle, and Pacinian corpuscle and the subcellular distribution of Piezo2 within them. Across all three end organs, Piezo2 is restricted to the sensory axon membrane, including axon protrusions that extend from the axon body. These protrusions, which are numerous and elaborate extensively within the end organs, tether the axon to resident non-neuronal cells via adherens junctions. These findings support a unified model for dynamic touch in which mechanical stimuli stretch hundreds to thousands of axon protrusions across an end organ, opening proximal, axonal Piezo2 channels and exciting the neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Handler
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tri M Nguyen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Iskols
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Nolan-Tamariz
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart Cattel
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Plumb
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brianna Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karyl Ashjian
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aria Shotland
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bartianna Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Madiha Kabeer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josef Turecek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle M DeLisle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Genelle Rankin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wangchu Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elisa C Pavarino
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nusrat Africawala
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Celine Santiago
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Cai B, Wu D, Xie H, Chen Y, Wang H, Jin S, Song Y, Li A, Huang S, Wang S, Lu Y, Bao L, Xu F, Gong H, Li C, Zhang X. A direct spino-cortical circuit bypassing the thalamus modulates nociception. Cell Res 2023; 33:775-789. [PMID: 37311832 PMCID: PMC10542357 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive signals are usually transmitted to layer 4 neurons in somatosensory cortex via the spinothalamic-thalamocortical pathway. The layer 5 corticospinal neurons in sensorimotor cortex are reported to receive the output of neurons in superficial layers; and their descending axons innervate the spinal cord to regulate basic sensorimotor functions. Here, we show that a subset of layer 5 neurons receives spinal inputs through a direct spino-cortical circuit bypassing the thalamus, and thus define these neurons as spino-cortical recipient neurons (SCRNs). Morphological studies revealed that the branches from spinal ascending axons formed a kind of disciform structure with the descending axons from SCRNs in the basilar pontine nucleus (BPN). Electron microscopy and calcium imaging further confirmed that the axon terminals from spinal ascending neurons and SCRNs made functional synaptic contacts in the BPN, linking the ascending sensory pathway to the descending motor control pathway. Furthermore, behavioral tests indicated that the spino-cortical connection in the BPN was involved in nociceptive responses. In vivo calcium imaging showed that SCRNs responded to peripheral noxious stimuli faster than neighboring layer 4 cortical neurons in awake mice. Manipulating activities of SCRNs could modulate nociceptive behaviors. Therefore, this direct spino-cortical circuit represents a noncanonical pathway, allowing a fast sensory-motor transition of the brain in response to noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- SIMR Joint Lab of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Pain Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xie
- SIMR Joint Lab of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Photonic Chips; School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- SIMR Joint Lab of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Pain Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sen Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuran Song
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- SIMR Joint Lab of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Pain Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Anan Li
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- SIMR Joint Lab of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sashuang Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjin Lu
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Bao
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Gong
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changlin Li
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
- SIMR Joint Lab of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Pain Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Guo J, Guo S, Lu S, Gong J, Wang L, Ding L, Chen Q, Liu W. The development of proximity labeling technology and its applications in mammals, plants, and microorganisms. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:269. [PMID: 37777761 PMCID: PMC10544124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein‒protein, protein‒RNA, and protein‒DNA interaction networks form the basis of cellular regulation and signal transduction, making it crucial to explore these interaction networks to understand complex biological processes. Traditional methods such as affinity purification and yeast two-hybrid assays have been shown to have limitations, as they can only isolate high-affinity molecular interactions under nonphysiological conditions or in vitro. Moreover, these methods have shortcomings for organelle isolation and protein subcellular localization. To address these issues, proximity labeling techniques have been developed. This technology not only overcomes the limitations of traditional methods but also offers unique advantages in studying protein spatial characteristics and molecular interactions within living cells. Currently, this technique not only is indispensable in research on mammalian nucleoprotein interactions but also provides a reliable approach for studying nonmammalian cells, such as plants, parasites and viruses. Given these advantages, this article provides a detailed introduction to the principles of proximity labeling techniques and the development of labeling enzymes. The focus is on summarizing the recent applications of TurboID and miniTurbo in mammals, plants, and microorganisms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Medicine Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Siao Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Jun Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Liqiong Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China.
| | - Wu Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China.
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15
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Santiago C, Sharma N, Africawala N, Siegrist J, Handler A, Tasnim A, Anjum R, Turecek J, Lehnert BP, Renauld S, Nolan-Tamariz M, Iskols M, Magee AR, Paradis S, Ginty DD. Activity-dependent development of the body's touch receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.23.559109. [PMID: 37790437 PMCID: PMC10542488 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.23.559109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a role for activity in the development of the primary sensory neurons that detect touch. Genetic deletion of Piezo2, the principal mechanosensitive ion channel in somatosensory neurons, caused profound changes in the formation of mechanosensory end organ structures and altered somatosensory neuron central targeting. Single cell RNA sequencing of Piezo2 conditional mutants revealed changes in gene expression in the sensory neurons activated by light mechanical forces, whereas other neuronal classes were less affected. To further test the role of activity in mechanosensory end organ development, we genetically deleted the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 (Scn8a) in somatosensory neurons throughout development and found that Scn8a mutants also have disrupted somatosensory neuron morphologies and altered electrophysiological responses to mechanical stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that mechanically evoked neuronal activity acts early in life to shape the maturation of the mechanosensory end organs that underlie our sense of gentle touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Santiago
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nusrat Africawala
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julianna Siegrist
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Annie Handler
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rabia Anjum
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Josef Turecek
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brendan P. Lehnert
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Renauld
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Nolan-Tamariz
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Iskols
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Magee
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne Paradis
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - David D. Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Lead Contact
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16
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Terauchi A, Yee P, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Seiglie MP, Kim L, Pitino JC, Kritzer E, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Li Y, Ginty DD, Lee WCA, Umemori H. The projection-specific signals that establish functionally segregated dopaminergic synapses. Cell 2023; 186:3845-3861.e24. [PMID: 37591240 PMCID: PMC10540635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic projections regulate various brain functions and are implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders. There are two anatomically and functionally distinct dopaminergic projections connecting the midbrain to striatum: nigrostriatal, which controls movement, and mesolimbic, which regulates motivation. However, how these discrete dopaminergic synaptic connections are established is unknown. Through an unbiased search, we identify that two groups of antagonistic TGF-β family members, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)6/BMP2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, regulate dopaminergic synapse development of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons, respectively. Projection-preferential expression of their receptors contributes to specific synapse development. Downstream, Smad1 and Smad2 are specifically activated and required for dopaminergic synapse development and function in nigrostriatal vs. mesolimbic projections. Remarkably, Smad1 mutant mice show motor defects, whereas Smad2 mutant mice show lack of motivation. These results uncover the molecular logic underlying the proper establishment of functionally segregated dopaminergic synapses and may provide strategies to treat relevant, projection-specific disease symptoms by targeting specific BMPs/TGF-β and/or Smads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Yee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mariel P Seiglie
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Kim
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia C Pitino
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eli Kritzer
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Chung A Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Hayashi S, Ohno N, Knott G, Molnár Z. Correlative light and volume electron microscopy to study brain development. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:279-286. [PMID: 36620906 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in volume electron microscopy (EM) have been driving our thorough understanding of the brain architecture. Volume EM becomes increasingly powerful when cells and their subcellular structures that are imaged in light microscopy are correlated to those in ultramicrographs obtained with EM. This correlative approach, called correlative light and volume electron microscopy (vCLEM), is used to link three-dimensional ultrastructural information with physiological data such as intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. Genetic tools to express fluorescent proteins and/or an engineered form of a soybean ascorbate peroxidase allow us to perform vCLEM using natural landmarks including blood vessels without immunohistochemical staining. This immunostaining-free vCLEM has been successfully employed in two-photon Ca2+ imaging in vivo as well as in studying complex synaptic connections in thalamic neurons that receive a variety of specialized inputs from the cerebral cortex. In this mini-review, we overview how volume EM and vCLEM have contributed to studying the developmental processes of the brain. We also discuss potential applications of genetic manipulation of target cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 and subsequent volume EM to the analysis of protein localization as well as to loss-of-function studies of genes regulating brain development. We give examples for the combinatorial usage of genetic tools with vCLEM that will further enhance our understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Graham Knott
- Biological Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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18
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Calligaro H, Shoghi A, Chen X, Kim KY, Yu HL, Khov B, Finander B, Le H, Ellisman MH, Panda S. Ultrastructure of Synaptic Connectivity within Subregions of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Revealed by a Genetically Encoded Tag and Serial Blockface Electron Microscopy. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0227-23.2023. [PMID: 37500494 PMCID: PMC10449486 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0227-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central circadian pacemaker in vertebrates. The SCN receives photic information exclusively through melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) to synchronize circadian rhythms with the environmental light cycles. The SCN is composed of two major peptidergic neuron types in the core and shell regions of the SCN. Determining how mRGCs interact with the network of synaptic connections onto and between SCN neurons is key to understand how light regulates the circadian clock and to elucidate the relevant local circuits within the SCN. To map these connections, we used a newly developed Cre-dependent electron microscopy (EM) reporter, APEX2, to label the mitochondria of mRGC axons. Serial blockface scanning electron microscopy was then used to resolve the fine 3D structure of mRGC axons and synaptic boutons in the SCN of a male mouse. The resulting maps reveal patterns of connectomic organization in the core and shell of the SCN. We show that these regions are composed of different neuronal subtypes and differ with regard to the pattern of mRGC input, as the shell receives denser mRGC synaptic input compared with the core. This finding challenges the present view that photic information coming directly from the retina is received primarily by the core region of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Calligaro
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Azarin Shoghi
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92161
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Hsin Liu Yu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brian Khov
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Hiep Le
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92161
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
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19
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Davis OC, Dickie AC, Mustapa MB, Boyle KA, Browne TJ, Gradwell MA, Smith KM, Polgár E, Bell AM, Kókai É, Watanabe M, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Ginty DD, Callister RJ, Graham BA, Todd AJ, Hughes DI. Calretinin-expressing islet cells are a source of pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of non-peptidergic nociceptor input to the mouse spinal cord. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11561. [PMID: 37464016 PMCID: PMC10354228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmyelinated non-peptidergic nociceptors (NP afferents) arborise in lamina II of the spinal cord and receive GABAergic axoaxonic synapses, which mediate presynaptic inhibition. However, until now the source of this axoaxonic synaptic input was not known. Here we provide evidence that it originates from a population of inhibitory calretinin-expressing interneurons (iCRs), which correspond to lamina II islet cells. The NP afferents can be assigned to 3 functionally distinct classes (NP1-3). NP1 afferents have been implicated in pathological pain states, while NP2 and NP3 afferents also function as pruritoceptors. Our findings suggest that all 3 of these afferent types innervate iCRs and receive axoaxonic synapses from them, providing feedback inhibition of NP input. The iCRs also form axodendritic synapses, and their targets include cells that are themselves innervated by the NP afferents, thus allowing for feedforward inhibition. The iCRs are therefore ideally placed to control the input from non-peptidergic nociceptors and pruritoceptors to other dorsal horn neurons, and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Davis
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Allen C Dickie
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Marami B Mustapa
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kieran A Boyle
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tyler J Browne
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Gradwell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly M Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Polgár
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew M Bell
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Éva Kókai
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Todd
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - David I Hughes
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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20
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Han X, Lu X, Li PH, Wang S, Schalek R, Meirovitch Y, Lin Z, Adhinarta J, Berger D, Wu Y, Fang T, Meral ES, Asraf S, Ploegh H, Pfister H, Wei D, Jain V, Trimmer JS, Lichtman JW. Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by antibody derivatives provides new insights into the cytology of the mouse cerebellar cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.20.540091. [PMID: 37292964 PMCID: PMC10245788 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.20.540091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mapping neuronal networks that underlie behavior has become a central focus in neuroscience. While serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) can reveal the fine structure of neuronal networks (connectomics), it does not provide the molecular information that helps identify cell types or their functional properties. Volumetric correlated light and electron microscopy (vCLEM) combines ssEM and volumetric fluorescence microscopy to incorporate molecular labeling into ssEM datasets. We developed an approach that uses small fluorescent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immuno-probes to perform multiplexed detergent-free immuno-labeling and ssEM on the same samples. We generated eight such fluorescent scFvs that targeted useful markers for brain studies (green fluorescent protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calbindin, parvalbumin, voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily A member 2, vesicular glutamate transporter 1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and neuropeptide Y). To test the vCLEM approach, six different fluorescent probes were imaged in a sample of the cortex of a cerebellar lobule (Crus 1), using confocal microscopy with spectral unmixing, followed by ssEM imaging of the same sample. The results show excellent ultrastructure with superimposition of the multiple fluorescence channels. Using this approach we could document a poorly described cell type in the cerebellum, two types of mossy fiber terminals, and the subcellular localization of one type of ion channel. Because scFvs can be derived from existing monoclonal antibodies, hundreds of such probes can be generated to enable molecular overlays for connectomic studies.
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21
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Han X, Lu X, Li PH, Wang S, Schalek R, Meirovitch Y, Lin Z, Adhinarta J, Berger D, Wu Y, Fang T, Meral ES, Asraf S, Ploegh H, Pfister H, Wei D, Jain V, Trimmer JS, Lichtman JW. Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by antibody derivatives provides new insights into the cytology of the mouse cerebellar cortex. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3121892. [PMID: 37461609 PMCID: PMC10350204 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3121892/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mapping neuronal networks that underlie behavior has become a central focus in neuroscience. While serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) can reveal the fine structure of neuronal networks (connectomics), it does not provide the molecular information that helps identify cell types or their functional properties. Volumetric correlated light and electron microscopy (vCLEM) combines ssEM and volumetric fluorescence microscopy to incorporate molecular labeling into ssEM datasets. We developed an approach that uses small fluorescent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immuno-probes to perform multiplexed detergent-free immuno-labeling and ssEM on the same samples. We generated eight such fluorescent scFvs that targeted useful markers for brain studies (green fluorescent protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calbindin, parvalbumin, voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily A member 2, vesicular glutamate transporter 1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and neuropeptide Y). To test the vCLEM approach, six different fluorescent probes were imaged in a sample of the cortex of a cerebellar lobule (Crus 1), using confocal microscopy with spectral unmixing, followed by ssEM imaging of the same sample. The results show excellent ultrastructure with superimposition of the multiple fluorescence channels. Using this approach we could document a poorly described cell type in the cerebellum, two types of mossy fiber terminals, and the subcellular localization of one type of ion channel. Because scFvs can be derived from existing monoclonal antibodies, hundreds of such probes can be generated to enable molecular overlays for connectomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Xiaotang Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Shuohong Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Richard Schalek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yaron Meirovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zudi Lin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jason Adhinarta
- Computer Science Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Daniel Berger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yuelong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tao Fang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Shadnan Asraf
- School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Hidde Ploegh
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hanspeter Pfister
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Donglai Wei
- Computer Science Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | | | - James S. Trimmer
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Jeff W. Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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22
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Meltzer S, Boulanger KC, Chirila AM, Osei-Asante E, DeLisle M, Zhang Q, Kalish BT, Tasnim A, Huey EL, Fuller LC, Flaherty EK, Maniatis T, Garrett AM, Weiner JA, Ginty DD. γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:1776-1794.e10. [PMID: 37028432 PMCID: PMC10365546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Light touch sensation begins with activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) endings in the skin and propagation of their signals to the spinal cord and brainstem. We found that the clustered protocadherin gamma (Pcdhg) gene locus, which encodes 22 cell-surface homophilic binding proteins, is required in somatosensory neurons for normal behavioral reactivity to a range of tactile stimuli. Developmentally, distinct Pcdhg isoforms mediate LTMR synapse formation through neuron-neuron interactions and peripheral axonal branching through neuron-glia interactions. The Pcdhgc3 isoform mediates homophilic interactions between sensory axons and spinal cord neurons to promote synapse formation in vivo and is sufficient to induce postsynaptic specializations in vitro. Moreover, loss of Pcdhgs and somatosensory synaptic inputs to the dorsal horn leads to fewer corticospinal synapses on dorsal horn neurons. These findings reveal essential roles for Pcdhg isoform diversity in somatosensory neuron synapse formation, peripheral axonal branching, and stepwise assembly of central mechanosensory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meltzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katelyn C Boulanger
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anda M Chirila
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmanuella Osei-Asante
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle DeLisle
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian T Kalish
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erica L Huey
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leah C Fuller
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Erin K Flaherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zuckerman Institute of Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zuckerman Institute of Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew M Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield St. 7322 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Davis OC, Dickie AC, Mustapa MB, Boyle KA, Browne TJ, Gradwell MA, Smith KM, Polgár E, Bell AM, Kókai É, Watanabe M, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Ginty DD, Callister RJ, Graham BA, Todd AJ, Hughes DI. Calretinin-expressing islet cells: a source of pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of non-peptidergic nociceptor input to the mouse spinal cord. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543241. [PMID: 37333120 PMCID: PMC10274676 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Unmyelinated non-peptidergic nociceptors (NP afferents) arborise in lamina II of the spinal cord and receive GABAergic axoaxonic synapses, which mediate presynaptic inhibition. However, until now the source of this axoaxonic synaptic input was not known. Here we provide evidence that it originates from a population of inhibitory calretinin-expressing interneurons (iCRs), which correspond to lamina II islet cells. The NP afferents can be assigned to 3 functionally distinct classes (NP1-3). NP1 afferents have been implicated in pathological pain states, while NP2 and NP3 afferents also function as pruritoceptors. Our findings suggest that all 3 of these afferent types innervate iCRs and receive axoaxonic synapses from them, providing feedback inhibition of NP input. The iCRs also form axodendritic synapses, and their targets include cells that are themselves innervated by the NP afferents, thus allowing for feedforward inhibition. The iCRs are therefore ideally placed to control the input from non-peptidergic nociceptors and pruritoceptors to other dorsal horn neurons, and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Davis
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Allen C. Dickie
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Marami B. Mustapa
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kieran A. Boyle
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tyler J. Browne
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A. Gradwell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly M. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Polgár
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew M. Bell
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Éva Kókai
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David D. Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J. Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett A. Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Todd
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David I. Hughes
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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24
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Wang T, Shi P, Luo D, Guo J, Liu H, Yuan J, Jin H, Wu X, Zhang Y, Xiong Z, Zhu J, Zhou R, Zhang R. A Convenient All-Cell Optical Imaging Method Compatible with Serial SEM for Brain Mapping. Brain Sci 2023; 13:711. [PMID: 37239183 PMCID: PMC10216590 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain, with its complexity and intricacy, poses significant challenges for researchers aiming to understand its inner workings. Optical multilayer interference tomography (OMLIT) is a novel, promising imaging technique that enables the mapping and reconstruction of mesoscale all-cell brain atlases and is seamlessly compatible with tape-based serial scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microscale mapping in the same tissue. However, currently, OMLIT suffers from imperfect coatings, leading to background noise and image contamination. In this study, we introduced a new imaging configuration using carbon spraying to eliminate the tape-coating step, resulting in reduced noise and enhanced imaging quality. We demonstrated the improved imaging quality and validated its applicability through a correlative light-electron imaging workflow. Our method successfully reconstructed all cells and vasculature within a large OMLIT dataset, enabling basic morphological classification and analysis. We also show that this approach can perform effectively on thicker sections, extending its applicability to sub-micron scale slices, saving sample preparation and imaging time, and increasing imaging throughput. Consequently, this method emerges as a promising candidate for high-speed, high-throughput brain tissue reconstruction and analysis. Our findings open new avenues for exploring the structure and function of the brain using OMLIT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Peiyao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Dingsan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Haiqun Jin
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiong
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruobing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
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25
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Pang S, Xu CS. Methods of enhanced FIB-SEM sample preparation and image acquisition. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 177:269-300. [PMID: 37451770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to view biomolecules in cells and measure changes in their structure, quantity, distribution, and interaction is fundamental to understanding biology. By coupling nano -scale resolution with meso and even macro scale volumes, the enhanced focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) pipeline has enabled numerous transformational discoveries in life science, many of which were major new landmarks in their fields. This pipeline consists of EM sample preparation, FIB-SEM sample preparation, FIB-SEM imaging, data alignment, and image analysis. While the EM sample preparation, data alignment, and image analysis are consistent with those from other volume Electron Microscopy (vEM) approaches, the enhanced FIB-SEM sample preparation and imaging are unique to the rest of comparable methods. We here illustrate the detailed methods of enhanced FIB-SEM sample preparation and image acquisition that have not been previously described. These methods can also be applied to the conventional FIB-SEM platforms for improved image acquisition quality and pipeline throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Pang
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - C Shan Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Handler A, Zhang Q, Pang S, Nguyen TM, Iskols M, Nolan-Tamariz M, Cattel S, Plumb R, Sanchez B, Ashjian K, Shotland A, Brown B, Kabeer M, Turecek J, Rankin G, Xiang W, Pavarino EC, Africawala N, Santiago C, Lee WCA, Shan Xu C, Ginty DD. Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533188. [PMID: 36993253 PMCID: PMC10055218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Specialized mechanosensory end organs within mammalian skin-hair follicle-associated lanceolate complexes, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles-enable our perception of light, dynamic touch 1 . In each of these end organs, fast-conducting mechanically sensitive neurons, called Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (Aβ LTMRs), associate with resident glial cells, known as terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) or lamellar cells, to form complex axon ending structures. Lanceolate-forming and corpuscle-innervating Aβ LTMRs share a low threshold for mechanical activation, a rapidly adapting (RA) response to force indentation, and high sensitivity to dynamic stimuli 1-6 . How mechanical stimuli lead to activation of the requisite mechanotransduction channel Piezo2 7-15 and Aβ RA-LTMR excitation across the morphologically dissimilar mechanosensory end organ structures is not understood. Here, we report the precise subcellular distribution of Piezo2 and high-resolution, isotropic 3D reconstructions of all three end organs formed by Aβ RA-LTMRs determined by large volume enhanced Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging. We found that within each end organ, Piezo2 is enriched along the sensory axon membrane and is minimally or not expressed in TSCs and lamellar cells. We also observed a large number of small cytoplasmic protrusions enriched along the Aβ RA-LTMR axon terminals associated with hair follicles, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles. These axon protrusions reside within close proximity to axonal Piezo2, occasionally contain the channel, and often form adherens junctions with nearby non-neuronal cells. Our findings support a unified model for Aβ RA-LTMR activation in which axon protrusions anchor Aβ RA-LTMR axon terminals to specialized end organ cells, enabling mechanical stimuli to stretch the axon in hundreds to thousands of sites across an individual end organ and leading to activation of proximal Piezo2 channels and excitation of the neuron.
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A multifunctional peroxidase-based reaction for imaging, sensing and networking of spatial biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119428. [PMID: 36610614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase is a heme-containing enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide to water by extracting electron(s) from aromatic compounds via a sequential turnover reaction. This reaction can generate various aromatic radicals in the form of short-lived "spray" molecules. These can be either covalently attached to proximal proteins or polymerized via radical-radical coupling. Recent studies have shown that these peroxidase-generated radicals can be utilized as effective tools for spatial research in biological systems, including imaging studies aimed at the spatial localization of proteins using electron microscopy, spatial proteome mapping, and spatial sensing of metabolites (e.g., heme and hydrogen peroxide). This review may facilitate the wider utilization of these peroxidase-based methods for spatial discovery in cellular biology.
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Nakamura Y, Kurabe M, Matsumoto M, Sato T, Miytashita S, Hoshina K, Kamiya Y, Tainaka K, Matsuzawa H, Ohno N, Ueno M. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neuron tracing reveals structural and functional connectivity for locomotion in the mouse spinal cord. eLife 2023; 12:83108. [PMID: 36805807 PMCID: PMC9943067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are enigmatic mechano- or chemosensory cells lying along the central canal of the spinal cord. Recent studies in zebrafish larvae and lampreys have shown that CSF-cNs control postures and movements via spinal connections. However, the structures, connectivity, and functions in mammals remain largely unknown. Here we developed a method to genetically target mouse CSF-cNs that highlighted structural connections and functions. We first found that intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated virus with a neuron-specific promoter and Pkd2l1-Cre mice specifically labeled CSF-cNs. Single-cell labeling of 71 CSF-cNs revealed rostral axon extensions of over 1800 μm in unmyelinated bundles in the ventral funiculus and terminated on CSF-cNs to form a recurrent circuitry, which was further determined by serial electron microscopy and electrophysiology. CSF-cNs were also found to connect with axial motor neurons and premotor interneurons around the central canal and within the axon bundles. Chemogenetic CSF-cNs inactivation reduced speed and step frequency during treadmill locomotion. Our data revealed the basic structures and connections of mouse CSF-cNs to control spinal motor circuits for proper locomotion. The versatile methods developed in this study will contribute to further understanding of CSF-cN functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakamura
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Miyuki Kurabe
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Tokiharu Sato
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Satoshi Miytashita
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Kana Hoshina
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Yoshinori Kamiya
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigataJapan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Hitoshi Matsuzawa
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Kashiwaba Neurosurgical HospitalSapporoJapan,Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of MedicineShimotsukeJapan,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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Grpr expression defines a population of superficial dorsal horn vertical cells that have a role in both itch and pain. Pain 2023; 164:149-170. [PMID: 35543635 PMCID: PMC9756441 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neurons in the superficial dorsal horn that express the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) are strongly implicated in spinal itch pathways. However, a recent study reported that many of these correspond to vertical cells, a population of interneurons that are believed to transmit nociceptive information. In this study, we have used a GRPR CreERT2 mouse line to identify and target cells that possess Grpr mRNA. We find that the GRPR cells are highly concentrated in lamina I and the outer part of lamina II, that they are all glutamatergic, and that they account for ∼15% of the excitatory neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. We had previously identified 6 neurochemically distinct excitatory interneuron populations in this region based on neuropeptide expression and the GRPR cells are largely separate from these, although they show some overlap with cells that express substance P. Anatomical analysis revealed that the GRPR neurons are indeed vertical cells, and that their axons target each other, as well as arborising in regions that contain projection neurons: lamina I, the lateral spinal nucleus, and the lateral part of lamina V. Surprisingly, given the proposed role of GRPR cells in itch, we found that most of the cells received monosynaptic input from Trpv1-expressing (nociceptive) afferents, that the majority responded to noxious and pruritic stimuli, and that chemogenetically activating them resulted in pain-related and itch-related behaviours. Together, these findings suggest that the GRPR cells are involved in spinal cord circuits that underlie both pain and itch.
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Shuster SA, Li J, Chon UR, Sinantha-Hu MC, Luginbuhl DJ, Udeshi ND, Carey DK, Takeo YH, Xie Q, Xu C, Mani DR, Han S, Ting AY, Carr SA, Luo L. In situ cell-type-specific cell-surface proteomic profiling in mice. Neuron 2022; 110:3882-3896.e9. [PMID: 36220098 PMCID: PMC9742329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface proteins (CSPs) mediate intercellular communication throughout the lives of multicellular organisms. However, there are no generalizable methods for quantitative CSP profiling in specific cell types in vertebrate tissues. Here, we present in situ cell-surface proteome extraction by extracellular labeling (iPEEL), a proximity labeling method in mice that enables spatiotemporally precise labeling of cell-surface proteomes in a cell-type-specific environment in native tissues for discovery proteomics. Applying iPEEL to developing and mature cerebellar Purkinje cells revealed differential enrichment in CSPs with post-translational protein processing and synaptic functions in the developing and mature cell-surface proteomes, respectively. A proteome-instructed in vivo loss-of-function screen identified a critical, multifaceted role for Armh4 in Purkinje cell dendrite morphogenesis. Armh4 overexpression also disrupts dendrite morphogenesis; this effect requires its conserved cytoplasmic domain and is augmented by disrupting its endocytosis. Our results highlight the utility of CSP profiling in native mammalian tissues for identifying regulators of cell-surface signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrew Shuster
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - URee Chon
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miley C Sinantha-Hu
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David J Luginbuhl
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Namrata D Udeshi
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Yukari H Takeo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qijing Xie
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chuanyun Xu
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D R Mani
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shuo Han
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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31
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Osanai Y, Yamazaki R, Shinohara Y, Ohno N. Heterogeneity and regulation of oligodendrocyte morphology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030486. [PMID: 36393856 PMCID: PMC9644283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes form multiple myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS), which increase nerve conduction velocity and are necessary for basic and higher brain functions such as sensory function, motor control, and learning. Structures of the myelin sheath such as myelin internodal length and myelin thickness regulate nerve conduction. Various parts of the central nervous system exhibit different myelin structures and oligodendrocyte morphologies. Recent studies supported that oligodendrocytes are a heterogenous population of cells and myelin sheaths formed by some oligodendrocytes can be biased to particular groups of axons, and myelin structures are dynamically modulated in certain classes of neurons by specific experiences. Structures of oligodendrocyte/myelin are also affected in pathological conditions such as demyelinating and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review summarizes our understanding of heterogeneity and regulation of oligodendrocyte morphology concerning central nervous system regions, neuronal classes, experiences, diseases, and how oligodendrocytes are optimized to execute central nervous system functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Osanai
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Reiji Yamazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shinohara
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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32
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Yamauchi K, Furuta T, Okamoto S, Takahashi M, Koike M, Hioki H. Protocol for multi-scale light microscopy/electron microscopy neuronal imaging in mouse brain tissue. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101508. [PMID: 36035789 PMCID: PMC9405099 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An imaging technique across multiple spatial scales is required for extracting structural information on neurons with processes of meter scale length and specialized nanoscale structures. Here, we present a protocol combining multi-scale light microscopy (LM) with electron microscopy (EM) in mouse brain tissue. We describe tissue slice preparation and LM/EM dual labeling with EGFP-APEX2 fusion protein. We then detail ScaleSF tissue clearing and successive LM/EM imaging. Our protocol allows for deciphering structural information across multiple spatial scales on neurons. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Furuta et al. (2022). Successive light microscopy/electron microscopy combined with a tissue clearing protocol Multi-scale neuronal imaging from macroscopic to nanoscopic neuronal structures Light microscopy/electron microscopy dual labeling resistant for tissue clearing Simultaneous interrogation of brain-wide circuit structure and synaptic connectivity
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamauchi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Megumu Takahashi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Tokyo 606-8501, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Multi-Scale Brain Structure Imaging, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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33
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Peddie CJ, Genoud C, Kreshuk A, Meechan K, Micheva KD, Narayan K, Pape C, Parton RG, Schieber NL, Schwab Y, Titze B, Verkade P, Aubrey A, Collinson LM. Volume electron microscopy. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:51. [PMID: 37409324 PMCID: PMC7614724 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Life exists in three dimensions, but until the turn of the century most electron microscopy methods provided only 2D image data. Recently, electron microscopy techniques capable of delving deep into the structure of cells and tissues have emerged, collectively called volume electron microscopy (vEM). Developments in vEM have been dubbed a quiet revolution as the field evolved from established transmission and scanning electron microscopy techniques, so early publications largely focused on the bioscience applications rather than the underlying technological breakthroughs. However, with an explosion in the uptake of vEM across the biosciences and fast-paced advances in volume, resolution, throughput and ease of use, it is timely to introduce the field to new audiences. In this Primer, we introduce the different vEM imaging modalities, the specialized sample processing and image analysis pipelines that accompany each modality and the types of information revealed in the data. We showcase key applications in the biosciences where vEM has helped make breakthrough discoveries and consider limitations and future directions. We aim to show new users how vEM can support discovery science in their own research fields and inspire broader uptake of the technology, finally allowing its full adoption into mainstream biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christel Genoud
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kimberly Meechan
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina D. Micheva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Constantin Pape
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert G. Parton
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit/ Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Aubrey Aubrey
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Ayuso-Jimeno IP, Ronchi P, Wang T, Gallori CE, Gross CT. Identifying long-range synaptic inputs using genetically encoded labels and volume electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10213. [PMID: 35715545 PMCID: PMC9205864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that facilitate the local deposition of electron dense reaction products have been widely used as labels in electron microscopy (EM) for the identification of synaptic contacts in neural tissue. Peroxidases, in particular, can efficiently metabolize 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride hydrate (DAB) to produce precipitates with high contrast under EM following heavy metal staining, and can be genetically encoded to facilitate the labeling of specific cell-types or organelles. Nevertheless, the peroxidase/DAB method has so far not been reported to work in a multiplexed manner in combination with 3D volume EM techniques (e.g. Serial blockface electron microscopy, SBEM; Focused ion beam electron microscopy, FIBSEM) that are favored for the large-scale ultrastructural assessment of synaptic architecture However, a recently described peroxidase with enhanced enzymatic activity (dAPEX2) can efficienty deposit EM-visible DAB products in thick tissue without detergent treatment opening the possibility for the multiplex labeling of genetically defined cell-types in combination with volume EM methods. Here we demonstrate that multiplexed dAPEX2/DAB tagging is compatible with both FIBSEM and SBEM volume EM approaches and use them to map long-range genetically identified synaptic inputs from the anterior cingulate cortex to the periaqueductal gray in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene P Ayuso-Jimeno
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117, Meyerhofstr, Germany
| | - Tianzi Wang
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catherine E Gallori
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
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Tukker JJ, Beed P, Brecht M, Kempter R, Moser EI, Schmitz D. Microcircuits for spatial coding in the medial entorhinal cortex. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:653-688. [PMID: 34254836 PMCID: PMC8759973 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is critically involved in learning and memory and contains a large proportion of neurons encoding aspects of the organism's spatial surroundings. In the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), this includes grid cells with their distinctive hexagonal firing fields as well as a host of other functionally defined cell types including head direction cells, speed cells, border cells, and object-vector cells. Such spatial coding emerges from the processing of external inputs by local microcircuits. However, it remains unclear exactly how local microcircuits and their dynamics within the MEC contribute to spatial discharge patterns. In this review we focus on recent investigations of intrinsic MEC connectivity, which have started to describe and quantify both excitatory and inhibitory wiring in the superficial layers of the MEC. Although the picture is far from complete, it appears that these layers contain robust recurrent connectivity that could sustain the attractor dynamics posited to underlie grid pattern formation. These findings pave the way to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Tukker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prateep Beed
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humbold-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Brecht
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Kempter
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edvard I Moser
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humbold-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Rah JC, Choi JH. Finding Needles in a Haystack with Light: Resolving the Microcircuitry of the Brain with Fluorescence Microscopy. Mol Cells 2022; 45:84-92. [PMID: 35236783 PMCID: PMC8907002 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the microcircuitry of the brain, the anatomical and functional connectivity among neurons must be resolved. One of the technical hurdles to achieving this goal is that the anatomical connections, or synapses, are often smaller than the diffraction limit of light and thus are difficult to resolve by conventional microscopy, while the microcircuitry of the brain is on the scale of 1 mm or larger. To date, the gold standard method for microcircuit reconstruction has been electron microscopy (EM). However, despite its rapid development, EM has clear shortcomings as a method for microcircuit reconstruction. The greatest weakness of this method is arguably its incompatibility with functional and molecular analysis. Fluorescence microscopy, on the other hand, is readily compatible with numerous physiological and molecular analyses. We believe that recent advances in various fluorescence microscopy techniques offer a new possibility for reliable synapse detection in large volumes of neural circuits. In this minireview, we summarize recent advances in fluorescence-based microcircuit reconstruction. In the same vein as these studies, we introduce our recent efforts to analyze the long-range connectivity among brain areas and the subcellular distribution of synapses of interest in relatively large volumes of cortical tissue with array tomography and superresolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Cheol Rah
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Choi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
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37
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Larsson M, Nagi SS. Role of C-tactile fibers in pain modulation: animal and human perspectives. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Hobson BD, Choi SJ, Mosharov EV, Soni RK, Sulzer D, Sims PA. Subcellular proteomics of dopamine neurons in the mouse brain. eLife 2022; 11:e70921. [PMID: 35098924 PMCID: PMC8860448 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons modulate neural circuits and behaviors via dopamine (DA) release from expansive, long range axonal projections. The elaborate cytoarchitecture of these neurons is embedded within complex brain tissue, making it difficult to access the neuronal proteome using conventional methods. Here, we demonstrate APEX2 proximity labeling within genetically targeted neurons in the mouse brain, enabling subcellular proteomics with cell-type specificity. By combining APEX2 biotinylation with mass spectrometry, we mapped the somatodendritic and axonal proteomes of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Our dataset reveals the proteomic architecture underlying proteostasis, axonal metabolism, and neurotransmission in these neurons. We find that most proteins encoded by DA neuron-enriched genes are localized within striatal dopaminergic axons, including ion channels with previously undescribed axonal localization. These proteomic datasets provide a resource for neuronal cell biology, and this approach can be readily adapted for study of other neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hobson
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Se Joon Choi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
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39
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Friedrichsen K, Ramakrishna P, Hsiang JC, Valkova K, Kerschensteiner D, Morgan JL. Reconstructing neural circuits using multiresolution correlated light and electron microscopy. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:753496. [PMID: 36338333 PMCID: PMC9635852 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.753496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) can be used to combine functional and molecular characterizations of neurons with detailed anatomical maps of their synaptic organization. Here we describe a multiresolution approach to CLEM (mrCLEM) that efficiently targets electron microscopy (EM) imaging to optically characterized cells while maintaining optimal tissue preparation for high-throughput EM reconstruction. This approach hinges on the ease with which arrays of sections collected on a solid substrate can be repeatedly imaged at different scales using scanning electron microscopy. We match this multiresolution EM imaging with multiresolution confocal mapping of the aldehyde-fixed tissue. Features visible in lower resolution EM correspond well to features visible in densely labeled optical maps of fixed tissue. Iterative feature matching, starting with gross anatomical correspondences and ending with subcellular structure, can then be used to target high-resolution EM image acquisition and annotation to cells of interest. To demonstrate this technique and range of images used to link live optical imaging to EM reconstructions, we provide a walkthrough of a mouse retinal light to EM experiment as well as some examples from mouse brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Friedrichsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Pratyush Ramakrishna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jen-Chun Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katia Valkova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Josh L Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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40
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Furuta T, Yamauchi K, Okamoto S, Takahashi M, Kakuta S, Ishida Y, Takenaka A, Yoshida A, Uchiyama Y, Koike M, Isa K, Isa T, Hioki H. Multi-scale light microscopy/electron microscopy neuronal imaging from brain to synapse with a tissue clearing method, ScaleSF. iScience 2022; 25:103601. [PMID: 35106459 PMCID: PMC8786651 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is organized over sizes that span several orders of magnitude, from synapses to the entire brain. Thus, a technique to visualize neural circuits across multiple spatial scales (multi-scale neuronal imaging) is vital for deciphering brain-wide connectivity. Here, we developed this technique by coupling successive light microscopy/electron microscopy (LM/EM) imaging with a glutaraldehyde-resistant tissue clearing method, ScaleSF. Our multi-scale neuronal imaging incorporates (1) brain-wide macroscopic observation, (2) mesoscopic circuit mapping, (3) microscopic subcellular imaging, and (4) EM imaging of nanoscopic structures, allowing seamless integration of structural information from the brain to synapses. We applied this technique to three neural circuits of two different species, mouse striatofugal, mouse callosal, and marmoset corticostriatal projection systems, and succeeded in simultaneous interrogation of their circuit structure and synaptic connectivity in a targeted way. Our multi-scale neuronal imaging will significantly advance the understanding of brain-wide connectivity by expanding the scales of objects. Successive light microscopy/electron microscopy in optically cleared tissues Multi-scale neuronal imaging from the entire brain to individual synapses Simultaneous interrogation of neural circuit structure and synaptic connectivity Zooming-in to scarce synaptic contacts with the successive imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamauchi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Megumu Takahashi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Aya Takenaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Multi-Scale Brain Structure Imaging, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Corresponding author
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41
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Kim GT, Bahn S, Kim N, Choi JH, Kim JS, Rah JC. Efficient and Accurate Synapse Detection With Selective Structured Illumination Microscopy on the Putative Regions of Interest of Ultrathin Serial Sections. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:759816. [PMID: 34867216 PMCID: PMC8634652 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.759816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical determinants of synaptic functions include subcellular locations, input sources, and specific molecular characteristics. However, there is not yet a reliable and efficient method that can detect synapses. Electron microscopy is a gold-standard method to detect synapses due to its exceedingly high spatial resolution. However, it requires laborious and time-consuming sample preparation and lengthy imaging time with limited labeling methods. Recent advances in various fluorescence microscopy methods have highlighted fluorescence microscopy as a substitute for electron microscopy in reliable synapse detection in a large volume of neural circuits. In particular, array tomography has been verified as a useful tool for neural circuit reconstruction. To further improve array tomography, we developed a novel imaging method, called “structured illumination microscopy on the putative region of interest on ultrathin sections”, which enables efficient and accurate detection of synapses-of-interest. Briefly, based on low-magnification conventional fluorescence microscopy images, synapse candidacy was determined. Subsequently, the coordinates of the regions with candidate synapses were imaged using super-resolution structured illumination microscopy. Using this system, synapses from the high-order thalamic nucleus, the posterior medial nucleus in the barrel cortex were rapidly and accurately imaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Tae Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Sangkyu Bahn
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joon Ho Choi
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jinseop S Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Rah
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
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42
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Shkel O, Kharkivska Y, Kim YK, Lee JS. Proximity Labeling Techniques: A Multi-Omics Toolbox. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101240. [PMID: 34850572 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proximity labeling techniques are emerging high-throughput methods for studying protein-protein, protein-RNA, and protein-DNA interactions with temporal and spatial precision. Proximity labeling methods take advantage of enzymes that can covalently label biomolecules with reactive substrates. These labeled biomolecules can be identified using mass spectrometry or next-generation sequencing. The main advantage of these methods is their ability to capture weak or transient interactions between biomolecules. Proximity labeling is indispensable for studying organelle interactomes. Additionally, it can be used to resolve spatial composition of macromolecular complexes. Many of these methods have only recently been introduced; nonetheless, they have already provided new and deep insights into the biological processes at the cellular, organ, and organism levels. In this paper, we review a broad range of proximity labeling techniques, their development, drawbacks and advantages, and implementations in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Shkel
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yevheniia Kharkivska
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Schifferer M, Snaidero N, Djannatian M, Kerschensteiner M, Misgeld T. Niwaki Instead of Random Forests: Targeted Serial Sectioning Scanning Electron Microscopy With Reimaging Capabilities for Exploring Central Nervous System Cell Biology and Pathology. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:732506. [PMID: 34720890 PMCID: PMC8548362 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.732506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural analysis of discrete neurobiological structures by volume scanning electron microscopy (SEM) often constitutes a "needle-in-the-haystack" problem and therefore relies on sophisticated search strategies. The appropriate SEM approach for a given relocation task not only depends on the desired final image quality but also on the complexity and required accuracy of the screening process. Block-face SEM techniques like Focused Ion Beam or serial block-face SEM are "one-shot" imaging runs by nature and, thus, require precise relocation prior to acquisition. In contrast, "multi-shot" approaches conserve the sectioned tissue through the collection of serial sections onto solid support and allow reimaging. These tissue libraries generated by Array Tomography or Automated Tape Collecting Ultramicrotomy can be screened at low resolution to target high resolution SEM. This is particularly useful if a structure of interest is rare or has been predetermined by correlated light microscopy, which can assign molecular, dynamic and functional information to an ultrastructure. As such approaches require bridging mm to nm scales, they rely on tissue trimming at different stages of sample processing. Relocation is facilitated by endogenous or exogenous landmarks that are visible by several imaging modalities, combined with appropriate registration strategies that allow overlaying images of various sources. Here, we discuss the opportunities of using multi-shot serial sectioning SEM approaches, as well as suitable trimming and registration techniques, to slim down the high-resolution imaging volume to the actual structure of interest and hence facilitate ambitious targeted volume SEM projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schifferer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Minou Djannatian
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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44
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Naeem N, Whitley JB, Slusarczyk AS, Bickford ME. Ultrastructure of ipsilateral and contralateral tectopulvinar projections in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1099-1111. [PMID: 34636423 PMCID: PMC8957504 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Visual pathways of the brain are organized into parallel channels that code different features of the external environment. In the current study, we investigated the anatomical organization of parallel pathways from the superior colliculus (SC) to the pulvinar nucleus in the mouse. Virus injections placed in the ipsilateral and contralateral SC to induce the expression of different fluorescent proteins define two pulvinar zones. The lateral pulvinar (Pl) receives ipsilateral SC input and the caudal medial pulvinar (Pcm) receives bilateral SC input. To examine the ultrastructure of these projections using transmission electron microscopy, we injected the SC with viruses to induce peroxidase expression within synaptic vesicles or mitochondria. We quantitatively compared the sizes of ipsilateral and contralateral tectopulvinar terminals and their postsynaptic dendrites, as well as the sizes of the overall population of synaptic terminals and their postsynaptic dendrites in the Pl and Pcm. Our ultrastructural analysis revealed that ipsilateral tectopulvinar terminals are significantly larger than contralateral tectopulvinar terminals. In particular, the ipsilateral tectopulvinar projection includes a subset of large terminals (≥ 1 μm2 ) that envelop dendritic protrusions of postsynaptic dendrites. We also found that both ipsilateral and contralateral tectopulvinar terminals are significantly larger than the overall population of synaptic terminals in both the Pl and Pcm. Thus, the ipsilateral tectopulvinar projection is structurally distinct from the bilateral tectopulvinar pathway, but both tectopulvinar channels may be considered the primary or "driving" input to the Pl and Pcm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazratan Naeem
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - James Bowman Whitley
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Arkadiusz S Slusarczyk
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martha Elise Bickford
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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45
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Dumrongprechachan V, Salisbury RB, Soto G, Kumar M, MacDonald ML, Kozorovitskiy Y. Cell-type and subcellular compartment-specific APEX2 proximity labeling reveals activity-dependent nuclear proteome dynamics in the striatum. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4855. [PMID: 34381044 PMCID: PMC8357913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate brain consists of diverse neuronal types, classified by distinct anatomy and function, along with divergent transcriptomes and proteomes. Defining the cell-type specific neuroproteomes is important for understanding the development and functional organization of neural circuits. This task remains challenging in complex tissue, due to suboptimal protein isolation techniques that often result in loss of cell-type specific information and incomplete capture of subcellular compartments. Here, we develop a genetically targeted proximity labeling approach to identify cell-type specific subcellular proteomes in the mouse brain, confirmed by imaging, electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. We virally express subcellular-localized APEX2 to map the proteome of direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons in the striatum. The workflow provides sufficient depth to uncover changes in the proteome of striatal neurons following chemogenetic activation of Gαq-coupled signaling cascades. This method enables flexible, cell-type specific quantitative profiling of subcellular proteome snapshots in the mouse brain. Mapping neuronal proteomes with genetic, subcellular, and temporal specificity is a challenging task. This study uncovers proteome dynamics in two classes of striatal spiny projection neurons in the mouse brain using a genetically targeted APEX2-based proximity labeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dumrongprechachan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - R B Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G Soto
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - M L MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Y Kozorovitskiy
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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46
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Rizvi SAH, George J, Reddy GVP, Zeng X, Guerrero A. Latest Developments in Insect Sex Pheromone Research and Its Application in Agricultural Pest Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060484. [PMID: 34071020 PMCID: PMC8224804 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the first identification of the silkworm moth sex pheromone in 1959, significant research has been reported on identifying and unravelling the sex pheromone mechanisms of hundreds of insect species. In the past two decades, the number of research studies on new insect pheromones, pheromone biosynthesis, mode of action, peripheral olfactory and neural mechanisms, and their practical applications in Integrated Pest Management has increased dramatically. An interdisciplinary approach that uses the advances and new techniques in analytical chemistry, chemical ecology, neurophysiology, genetics, and evolutionary and molecular biology has helped us to better understand the pheromone perception mechanisms and its practical application in agricultural pest management. In this review, we present the most recent developments in pheromone research and its application in the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin George
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (J.G.); (G.V.P.R.)
| | - Gadi V. P. Reddy
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (J.G.); (G.V.P.R.)
| | - Xinnian Zeng
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (A.G.)
| | - Angel Guerrero
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (A.G.)
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47
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Mantani Y, Haruta T, Nakanishi S, Sakata N, Yuasa H, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N. Ultrastructural and phenotypical diversity of macrophages in the rat ileal mucosa. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:697-711. [PMID: 33961127 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several types of macrophages have been reported in the intestinal mucosa, but their histological localization remains ambiguous. Here, we obtained detailed information about ultrastructural and phenotypical diversity of macrophage-like cells (MLCs) in the rat ileal mucosa using immunofluorescent analysis and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). The results revealed that the cells immunopositive for CD68, the pan-macrophage marker, included CD163-CD4+, CD163+CD4+, and CD163-CD4- cells in the lamina propria (LP) of the intestinal villus and around the crypt. CD68+CD4+CD163- cells seemed to be preferentially localized in the intestinal villus, whereas CD68+CD163+CD4+ cells were frequently localized around the crypt. SBF-SEM analysis identified three types of MLCs in the ileal mucosa, which were tentatively named types I-III MLC based on aspects of the 3D-ultrastructure, such as the localization, quantity of lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and exoplasm. Type I and II MLCs were localized in the villous LP, while type III MLCs were localized around the crypt, although type II MLCs were a minor population. All three MLC types extended their cellular processes into the epithelium, with type I MLCs showing the greatest abundance of extended processes. Type I MLCs in the upper portion of the intestinal villus showed a higher level of attachment to intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) compared to type III MLCs around the crypt. These findings suggest that macrophages of the rat ileal mucosa differed by region along the longitudinal axis of the villous tip-crypt from the perspective of ultrastructure, cellular composition, localization, and interactions with IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Mantani
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Haruta
- Bio 3D Promotion Group, Application Management Department, JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | - Satoki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nanami Sakata
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideto Yuasa
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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48
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Du M, Di Z(W, Gürsoy D, Xian RP, Kozorovitskiy Y, Jacobsen C. Upscaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic specimens. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:386-401. [PMID: 33953650 PMCID: PMC8056767 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Upscaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic specimens has the potential for providing insights across multiple length scales, but its feasibility has long been an open question. By combining the imaging requirements and existing proof-of-principle examples in large-specimen preparation, data acquisition and reconstruction algorithms, the authors provide imaging time estimates for howX-ray nanoimaging can be scaled to macroscopic specimens. To arrive at this estimate, a phase contrast imaging model that includes plural scattering effects is used to calculate the required exposure and corresponding radiation dose. The coherent X-ray flux anticipated from upcoming diffraction-limited light sources is then considered. This imaging time estimation is in particular applied to the case of the connectomes of whole mouse brains. To image the connectome of the whole mouse brain, electron microscopy connectomics might require years, whereas optimized X-ray microscopy connectomics could reduce this to one week. Furthermore, this analysis points to challenges that need to be overcome (such as increased X-ray detector frame rate) and opportunities that advances in artificial-intelligence-based 'smart' scanning might provide. While the technical advances required are daunting, it is shown that X-ray microscopy is indeed potentially applicable to nanoimaging of millimetre- or even centimetre-size specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Du
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zichao (Wendy) Di
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Doǧa Gürsoy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - R. Patrick Xian
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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49
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Zhu Y, Uytiepo M, Bushong E, Haberl M, Beutter E, Scheiwe F, Zhang W, Chang L, Luu D, Chui B, Ellisman M, Maximov A. Nanoscale 3D EM reconstructions reveal intrinsic mechanisms of structural diversity of chemical synapses. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108953. [PMID: 33826888 PMCID: PMC8354523 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses of shared cellular origins have remarkably heterogeneous structures, but how this diversity is generated is unclear. Here, we use three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy and artificial intelligence algorithms for image processing to reconstruct functional excitatory microcircuits in the mouse hippocampus and microcircuits in which neurotransmitter signaling is permanently suppressed with genetic tools throughout the lifespan. These nanoscale analyses reveal that experience is dispensable for morphogenesis of synapses with different geometric shapes and contents of membrane organelles and that arrangement of morphologically distinct connections in local networks is stochastic. Moreover, loss of activity increases the variability in sizes of opposed pre- and postsynaptic structures without disrupting their alignments, suggesting that inherently variable weights of naive connections become progressively matched with repetitive use. These results demonstrate that mechanisms for the structural diversity of neuronal synapses are intrinsic and provide insights into how circuits essential for memory storage assemble and integrate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchuan Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marco Uytiepo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Haberl
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Beutter
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Frederieke Scheiwe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiheng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lyanne Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danielle Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandon Chui
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Anton Maximov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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50
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Born RT, Bencomo GM. Illusions, Delusions, and Your Backwards Bayesian Brain: A Biased Visual Perspective. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:272-285. [PMID: 33784667 PMCID: PMC8238803 DOI: 10.1159/000514859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The retinal image is insufficient for determining what is "out there," because many different real-world geometries could produce any given retinal image. Thus, the visual system must infer which external cause is most likely, given both the sensory data and prior knowledge that is either innate or learned via interactions with the environment. We will describe a general framework of "hierarchical Bayesian inference" that we and others have used to explore the role of cortico-cortical feedback in the visual system, and we will further argue that this approach to "seeing" makes our visual systems prone to perceptual errors in a variety of different ways. In this deliberately provocative and biased perspective, we argue that the neuromodulator, dopamine, may be a crucial link between neural circuits performing Bayesian inference and the perceptual idiosyncrasies of people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Born
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gianluca M Bencomo
- Department of Computer Science, Whittier College, Whittier, California, USA
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