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Slusher GA, Kottke PA, Culberson AL, Chilmonczyk MA, Fedorov AG. Microfluidics enabled multi-omics triple-shot mass spectrometry for cell-based therapies. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:011302. [PMID: 38268742 PMCID: PMC10807926 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, cell-based therapies have transformed medical treatment. These therapies present a multitude of challenges associated with identifying the mechanism of action, developing accurate safety and potency assays, and achieving low-cost product manufacturing at scale. The complexity of the problem can be attributed to the intricate composition of the therapeutic products: living cells with complex biochemical compositions. Identifying and measuring critical quality attributes (CQAs) that impact therapy success is crucial for both the therapy development and its manufacturing. Unfortunately, current analytical methods and tools for identifying and measuring CQAs are limited in both scope and speed. This Perspective explores the potential for microfluidic-enabled mass spectrometry (MS) systems to comprehensively characterize CQAs for cell-based therapies, focusing on secretome, intracellular metabolome, and surfaceome biomarkers. Powerful microfluidic sampling and processing platforms have been recently presented for the secretome and intracellular metabolome, which could be implemented with MS for fast, locally sampled screening of the cell culture. However, surfaceome analysis remains limited by the lack of rapid isolation and enrichment methods. Developing innovative microfluidic approaches for surface marker analysis and integrating them with secretome and metabolome measurements using a common analytical platform hold the promise of enhancing our understanding of CQAs across all "omes," potentially revolutionizing cell-based therapy development and manufacturing for improved efficacy and patient accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter A. Kottke
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, USA
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2
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Abizanda-Campo S, Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Humayun M, Marmol I, Beebe DJ, Ochoa I, Oliván S, Ayuso JM. Microphysiological systems for solid tumor immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:154. [PMID: 38106674 PMCID: PMC10724276 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy remains more effective for hematologic tumors than for solid tumors. One of the main challenges to immunotherapy of solid tumors is the immunosuppressive microenvironment these tumors generate, which limits the cytotoxic capabilities of immune effector cells (e.g., cytotoxic T and natural killer cells). This microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia, nutrient starvation, accumulated waste products, and acidic pH. Tumor-hijacked cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and T regulatory cells, also contribute to this inhospitable microenvironment for immune cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines that suppress the antitumor immune response and lead to immune evasion. Thus, there is a strong interest in developing new drugs and cell formulations that modulate the tumor microenvironment and reduce tumor cell immune evasion. Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are versatile tools that may accelerate the development and evaluation of these therapies, although specific examples showcasing the potential of MPSs remain rare. Advances in microtechnologies have led to the development of sophisticated microfluidic devices used to recapitulate tumor complexity. The resulting models, also known as microphysiological systems (MPSs), are versatile tools with which to decipher the molecular mechanisms driving immune cell antitumor cytotoxicity, immune cell exhaustion, and immune cell exclusion and to evaluate new targeted immunotherapies. Here, we review existing microphysiological platforms to study immuno-oncological applications and discuss challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abizanda-Campo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ines Marmol
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David J Beebe
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME lab), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
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Murakami T, Teratani H, Aoki D, Noguchi M, Tsugane M, Suzuki H. Single-cell trapping and retrieval in open microfluidics. iScience 2023; 26:108323. [PMID: 38026163 PMCID: PMC10656270 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various single-cell analysis platforms, hydrodynamic cell trapping systems remain relevant because of their versatility. Among those, deterministic hydrodynamic cell-trapping systems have received significant interest; however, their applications are limited because trapped cells are kept within the closed microchannel, thus prohibiting access to external cell-picking devices. In this study, we develop a hydrodynamic cell-trapping system in an open microfluidics architecture to allow external access to trapped cells. A technique to render only the inside of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel hydrophilic is developed, which allows the precise confinement of spontaneous capillary flow in the open-type microchannel with a width on the order of several tens of micrometers. Efficient trapping of single beads and single cells is achieved, in which trapped cells can be retrieved via automated robotic pipetting. The present system can facilitate the development of new single-cell analytical systems by bridging between microfluidic devices and macro-scale apparatus used in conventional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Murakami
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroto Teratani
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Dai’ichiro Aoki
- Aeternus Co., Ltd, Minamidai 2-1-14, Fujimino, Saitama 356-0036, Japan
| | - Masao Noguchi
- Caravell Co., Ltd, Surugadai 1-29-39, Funabashi, Chiba 273-0862, Japan
| | - Mamiko Tsugane
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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Kwee BJ, Li X, Nguyen XX, Campagna C, Lam J, Sung KE. Modeling immunity in microphysiological systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2001-2019. [PMID: 38166397 PMCID: PMC10800123 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231215897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need for better predictive models of the human immune system to evaluate safety and efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs and biologics for successful product development and regulatory approvals. Current in vitro models, which are often tested in two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture polystyrene, and preclinical animal models fail to fully recapitulate the function and physiology of the human immune system. Microphysiological systems (MPSs) that can model key microenvironment cues of the human immune system, as well as of specific organs and tissues, may be able to recapitulate specific features of the in vivo inflammatory response. This minireview provides an overview of MPS for modeling lymphatic tissues, immunity at tissue interfaces, inflammatory diseases, and the inflammatory tumor microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo. Broadly, these systems have utility in modeling how certain immunotherapies function in vivo, how dysfunctional immune responses can propagate diseases, and how our immune system can combat pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kwee
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Courtney Campagna
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Johnny Lam
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kyung E Sung
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Spivey EC, Yin J, Chaum E, Wikswo JP. A Microfluidic Platform for the Time-Resolved Interrogation of Polarized Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:28. [PMID: 38010283 PMCID: PMC10683772 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cells grown in milliliter volume devices have difficulty measuring low-abundance secreted factors due to low resulting concentrations. Using microfluidic devices increases concentration; however, the constrained geometry makes phenotypic characterization with transepithelial electrical resistance more difficult and less reliable. Our device resolves this problem. Methods We designed and built a novel microfluidic "Puck" assembly using laser-cut pieces from preformed sheets of silicone and commercial off-the-shelf parts. Transwell membranes containing polarized retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were reversibly sealed within the Puck and used to study polarized protein secretion. Protein secretion from the apical and basal surfaces in response to hypoxic conditions was quantified using an immunoassay method. Computational fluid modeling was performed on the chamber design. Results Under hypoxic culture conditions (7% O2), basal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion by polarized RPE cells increased significantly from 1.40 to 1.68 ng/mL over the first 2 hours (P < 0.0013) and remained stably elevated through 4 hours. Conversely, VEGF secretion from the apical side remained constant under the same hypoxic conditions. Conclusions The Puck can be used to measure spatiotemporal protein secretion by polarized cells into apical and basal microniches in response to environmental conditions. Computational model results support the absence of biologically significant shear stress to the cells caused by the device. Translational Relevance The Puck can be used validate the mature phenotypic health of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived RPE cells prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Spivey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jinggang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward Chaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Ozulumba T, Montalbine AN, Ortiz-Cárdenas JE, Pompano RR. New tools for immunologists: models of lymph node function from cells to tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183286. [PMID: 37234163 PMCID: PMC10206051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node is a highly structured organ that mediates the body's adaptive immune response to antigens and other foreign particles. Central to its function is the distinct spatial assortment of lymphocytes and stromal cells, as well as chemokines that drive the signaling cascades which underpin immune responses. Investigations of lymph node biology were historically explored in vivo in animal models, using technologies that were breakthroughs in their time such as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, genetic reporters, in vivo two-photon imaging, and, more recently spatial biology techniques. However, new approaches are needed to enable tests of cell behavior and spatiotemporal dynamics under well controlled experimental perturbation, particularly for human immunity. This review presents a suite of technologies, comprising in vitro, ex vivo and in silico models, developed to study the lymph node or its components. We discuss the use of these tools to model cell behaviors in increasing order of complexity, from cell motility, to cell-cell interactions, to organ-level functions such as vaccination. Next, we identify current challenges regarding cell sourcing and culture, real time measurements of lymph node behavior in vivo and tool development for analysis and control of engineered cultures. Finally, we propose new research directions and offer our perspective on the future of this rapidly growing field. We anticipate that this review will be especially beneficial to immunologists looking to expand their toolkit for probing lymph node structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Ozulumba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alyssa N. Montalbine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Ortiz-Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia (UVA) Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Sherif S, Ghallab YH, AbdelRaheem O, Ziko L, Siam R, Ismail Y. Optimization design of interdigitated microelectrodes with an insulation layer on the connection tracks to enhance efficiency of assessment of the cell viability. BMC Biomed Eng 2023; 5:4. [PMID: 37127658 PMCID: PMC10150490 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-023-00070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (µEIS) is a tiny device that utilizes fluid as a working medium in combination with biological cells to extract various electrical parameters. Dielectric parameters of biological cells are essential parameters that can be extracted using µEIS. µEIS has many advantages, such as portability, disposable sensors, and high-precision results. RESULTS The paper compares different configurations of interdigitated microelectrodes with and without a passivation layer on the cell contact tracks. The influence of the number of electrodes on the enhancement of the extracted impedance for different types of cells was provided and discussed. Different types of cells are experimentally tested, such as viable and non-viable MCF7, along with different buffer solutions. This study confirms the importance of µEIS for in vivo and in vitro applications. An essential application of µEIS is to differentiate between the cells' sizes based on the measured capacitance, which is indirectly related to the cells' size. The extracted statistical values reveal the capability and sensitivity of the system to distinguish between two clusters of cells based on viability and size. CONCLUSION A completely portable and easy-to-use system, including different sensor configurations, was designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested. The system was used to extract the dielectric parameters of the Microbeads and MCF7 cells immersed in different buffer solutions. The high sensitivity of the readout circuit, which enables it to extract the difference between the viable and non-viable cells, was provided and discussed. The proposed system can extract and differentiate between different types of cells based on cells' sizes; two other polystyrene microbeads with different sizes are tested. Contamination that may happen was avoided using a Microfluidic chamber. The study shows a good match between the experiment and simulation results. The study also shows the optimum number of interdigitated electrodes that can be used to extract the variation in the dielectric parameters of the cells without leakage current or parasitic capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Sherif
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yehya H Ghallab
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia AbdelRaheem
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ziko
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, the University of Hertfordshire, Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Siam
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehea Ismail
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
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McCloskey MC, Zhang VZ, Ahmad SD, Walker S, Romanick SS, Awad HA, McGrath JL. Sourcing cells for in vitro models of human vascular barriers of inflammation. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:979768. [PMID: 36483299 PMCID: PMC9724237 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.979768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular system plays a critical role in the progression and resolution of inflammation. The contributions of the vascular endothelium to these processes, however, vary with tissue and disease state. Recently, tissue chip models have emerged as promising tools to understand human disease and for the development of personalized medicine approaches. Inclusion of a vascular component within these platforms is critical for properly evaluating most diseases, but many models to date use "generic" endothelial cells, which can preclude the identification of biomedically meaningful pathways and mechanisms. As the knowledge of vascular heterogeneity and immune cell trafficking throughout the body advances, tissue chip models should also advance to incorporate tissue-specific cells where possible. Here, we discuss the known heterogeneity of leukocyte trafficking in vascular beds of some commonly modeled tissues. We comment on the availability of different tissue-specific cell sources for endothelial cells and pericytes, with a focus on stem cell sources for the full realization of personalized medicine. We discuss sources available for the immune cells needed to model inflammatory processes and the findings of tissue chip models that have used the cells to studying transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Victor Z. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - S. Danial Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Samantha S. Romanick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Oh J, Xia X, Wong WKR, Wong SHD, Yuan W, Wang H, Lai CHN, Tian Y, Ho YP, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li G, Lin Y, Bian L. The Effect of the Nanoparticle Shape on T Cell Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107373. [PMID: 35297179 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of extracellular ligand nano-geometry in ex vivo T cell activation for immunotherapy remains elusive. Herein, the authors demonstrate large aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods (AuNRs) conjugated on cell culture substrate enhancing both murine and human T cell activation through the nanoscale anisotropic presentation of stimulatory ligands (anti-CD3(αCD3) and anti-CD28(αCD28) antibodies). AuNRs with large AR bearing αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies significantly promote T cell expansion and key cytokine secretion including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). High membrane tension observed in large AR AuNRs regulates actin filament and focal adhesion assembly and develops maturation-related morphological features in T cells such as membrane ruffle formation, cell spreading, and large T cell receptor (TCR) cluster formation. Anisotropic stimulatory ligand presentation promotes differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells toward the effector phenotype inducing CD137 expression upon co-culture with human cervical carcinoma. The findings suggest the importance of manipulating extracellular ligand nano-geometry in optimizing T cell behaviors to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xingyu Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wai Ki Ricky Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Siu Hong Dexter Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weihao Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chun Him Nathanael Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Honglu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, 518000, China
| | - Liming Bian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Agnihotri SN, Ugolini GS, Sullivan MR, Yang Y, De Ganzó A, Lim JW, Konry T. Droplet microfluidics for functional temporal analysis and cell recovery on demand using microvalves: application in immunotherapies for cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3258-3267. [PMID: 35904070 PMCID: PMC9535857 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most common methods of cellular analysis employ the top-down approach (investigating proteomics or genomics directly), thereby destroying the cell, which does not allow the possibility of using the same cell to correlate genomics with functional assays. Herein we describe an approach for single-cell tools that serve as a bottom-up approach. Our technology allows functional phenotyping to be conducted by observing the cytotoxicity of cells and then probe the underlying biology. We have developed a droplet microfluidic device capable of trapping droplets in the array and releasing the droplet of interest selectively using microvalves. Each droplet in the array encapsulates natural killer cells (NK cells) and tumour cells for real-time monitoring of burst kinetics and spatial coordination during killing by single NK cells. Finally, we use the microvalve actuation to selectively release droplets with the desired functional phenotype such as for fast and serial killing of target tumour cells by NK cells. From this perspective, our device allows for investigating first interactions and real-time monitoring of kinetics and later cell recovery on demand for single-cell omic analysis such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA), which to date, is primarily based on in-depth analyses of the entire transcriptome of a relatively low number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar N Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Giovanni Stefano Ugolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Matthew Ryan Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Agustin De Ganzó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ji Won Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Deep learning based semantic segmentation and quantification for MRD biochip images. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Mei J, Vasan A, Magaram U, Takemura K, Chalasani SH, Friend J. Well-free agglomeration and on-demand three-dimensional cell cluster formation using guided surface acoustic waves through a couplant layer. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:18. [PMID: 35596837 PMCID: PMC9124176 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell agglomerates are broadly useful in tissue engineering and drug testing. We report a well-free method to form large (1.4-mm) multicellular clusters using 100-MHz surface acoustic waves (SAW) without direct contact with the media or cells. A fluid couplant is used to transform the SAW into acoustic streaming in the cell-laden media held in a petri dish. The couplant transmits longitudinal sound waves, forming a Lamb wave in the petri dish that, in turn, produces longitudinal sound in the media. Due to recirculation, human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells in the dish are carried to the center of the coupling location, forming a cluster in less than 10 min. A few minutes later, these clusters may then be translated and merged to form large agglomerations, and even repeatedly folded to produce a roughly spherical shape of over 1.4 mm in diameter for incubation-without damaging the existing intercellular bonds. Calcium ion signaling through these clusters and confocal images of multiprotein junctional complexes suggest a continuous tissue construct: intercellular communication. They may be formed at will, and the method is feasibly useful for formation of numerous agglomerates in a single petri dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Mei
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC0411, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Aditya Vasan
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC0411, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Uri Magaram
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kenjiro Takemura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sreekanth H Chalasani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC0411, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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13
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Shaik FA, Lewuillon C, Guillemette A, Ahmadian B, Brinster C, Quesnel B, Collard D, Touil Y, Lemonnier L, Tarhan MC. Pairing cells of different sizes in a microfluidic device for immunological synapse monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:908-920. [PMID: 35098952 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing cell-cell interaction is essential to investigate how immune cells function. Elegant designs have been demonstrated to study lymphocytes and their interaction partners. However, these devices have been targeting cells of similar dimensions. T lymphocytes are smaller, more deformable, and more sensitive to pressure than many cells. This work aims to fill the gap of a method for pairing cells with different dimensions. The developed method uses hydrodynamic flow focusing in the z-direction for on-site modulation of effective channel height to capture smaller cells as single cells. Due to immune cells' sensitivity to pressure, the proposed method provides a stable system without any change in flow conditions at the analysis area throughout experiments. Paired live cells have their activities analyzed with calcium imaging at the immunological synapse formed under a controlled environment. The method is demonstrated with primary human T lymphocytes, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, and primary AML blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Azam Shaik
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- CNRS, IIS, COL, Univ. Lille SMMiL-E project, Lille, France
| | - Clara Lewuillon
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Aurélie Guillemette
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bahram Ahmadian
- CNRS, IIS, COL, Univ. Lille SMMiL-E project, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 -IEMN -Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Carine Brinster
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Dominique Collard
- CNRS, IIS, COL, Univ. Lille SMMiL-E project, Lille, France
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS IRL2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasmine Touil
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Loïc Lemonnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mehmet Cagatay Tarhan
- CNRS, IIS, COL, Univ. Lille SMMiL-E project, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 -IEMN -Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F-59000 Lille, France.
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS IRL2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Pang L, Ding J, Liu XX, Kou Z, Guo L, Xu X, Fan SK. Microfluidics-Based Single-Cell Research for Intercellular Interaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680307. [PMID: 34458252 PMCID: PMC8397490 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular interaction between cell-cell and cell-ECM is critical to numerous biology and medical studies, such as stem cell differentiation, immunotherapy and tissue engineering. Traditional methods employed for delving into intercellular interaction are limited by expensive equipment and sophisticated procedures. Microfluidics technique is considered as one of the powerful measures capable of precisely capturing and manipulating cells and achieving low reagent consumption and high throughput with decidedly integrated functional components. Over the past few years, microfluidics-based systems for intercellular interaction study at a single-cell level have become frequently adopted. This review focuses on microfluidic single-cell studies for intercellular interaction in a 2D or 3D environment with a variety of cell manipulating techniques and applications. The challenges to be overcome are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pang
- School of Basic Medical Science, The Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xi-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhixuan Kou
- School of Basic Medical Science, The Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- School of Basic Medical Science, The Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, The Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shih-Kang Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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15
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Zhang L, Xu T, Zhang J, Wong SCC, Ritchie M, Hou HW, Wang Y. Single Cell Metabolite Detection Using Inertial Microfluidics-Assisted Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10462-10468. [PMID: 34289696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell metabolite measurement remains highly challenging due to difficulties related to single cell isolation, metabolite detection, and identification of low levels of metabolites. Here, as a first step of the technological development, we propose a novel strategy integrating spiral inertial microfluidics and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for single-cell metabolite detection and identification. Cells in methanol suspension are inertially focused into a single stream in the spiral microchannel. This stream of separated cells is delivered to the nanoelectrospray needle to be lysed and ionized and subsequently analyzed in real time by IM-MS. This analytical system enables six to eight single-cell metabolic fingerprints to be collected per minute, including gas-phase collisional cross section (CCS) measurements as an additional molecular descriptor, giving increased confidence in metabolite identification. As a proof of concept, the metabolic profiles of three types of cancer cells (U2OS, HepG2, and HepG2.215) were successfully screened, and 19 distinct lipids species were identified with CCS value filtering. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) showed differentiation of the three cancer cell lines, mainly due to cellular surface phospholipids. Taken together, our technology platform offers a simple and efficient method for single-cell lipid profiling, with additional ion mobility separation of lipids significantly improving the confidence toward identification of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leicheng Zhang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Tengfei Xu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | | | - Mark Ritchie
- Waters Pacific Pte Ltd, Science Park 2, 117528 Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore.,School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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16
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Hammel JH, Cook SR, Belanger MC, Munson JM, Pompano RR. Modeling Immunity In Vitro: Slices, Chips, and Engineered Tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:461-491. [PMID: 33872520 PMCID: PMC8277680 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082420-124920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modeling immunity in vitro has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating fundamental biological questions, informing therapeutics and vaccines, and providing new insight into disease progression. There are two major elements to immunity that are necessary to model: primary immune tissues and peripheral tissues with immune components. Here, we systematically review progress made along three strategies to modeling immunity: ex vivo cultures, which preserve native tissue structure; microfluidic devices, which constitute a versatile approach to providing physiologically relevant fluid flow and environmental control; and engineered tissues, which provide precise control of the 3D microenvironment and biophysical cues. While many models focus on disease modeling, more primary immune tissue models are necessary to advance the field. Moving forward, we anticipate that the expansion of patient-specific models may inform why immunity varies from patient to patient and allow for the rapid comprehension and treatment of emerging diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Hammel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA;
| | - Sophie R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Maura C Belanger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jennifer M Munson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA;
| | - Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
- Carter Immunology Center and UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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17
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Chilmonczyk MA, Doron G, Kottke PA, Culberson AL, Leguineche K, Guldberg RE, Horwitz EM, Fedorov AG. Localized Sampling Enables Monitoring of Cell State via Inline Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000277. [PMID: 32975016 PMCID: PMC7940552 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nascent advanced therapies, including regenerative medicine and cell and gene therapies, rely on the production of cells in bioreactors that are highly heterogeneous in both space and time. Unfortunately, advanced therapies have failed to reach a wide patient population due to unreliable manufacturing processes that result in batch variability and cost prohibitive production. This can be attributed largely to a void in existing process analytical technologies (PATs) capable of characterizing the secreted critical quality attribute (CQA) biomolecules that correlate with the final product quality. The Dynamic Sampling Platform (DSP) is a PAT for cell bioreactor monitoring that can be coupled to a suite of sensor techniques to provide real-time feedback on spatial and temporal CQA content in situ. In this study, DSP is coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and direct-from-culture sampling to obtain measures of CQA content in bulk media and the cell microenvironment throughout the entire cell culture process (≈3 weeks). Post hoc analysis of this real-time data reveals that sampling from the microenvironment enables cell state monitoring (e.g., confluence, differentiation). These results demonstrate that an effective PAT should incorporate both spatial and temporal resolution to serve as an effective input for feedback control in biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason A. Chilmonczyk
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gilad Doron
- NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter A. Kottke
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Austin L. Culberson
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly Leguineche
- The Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- The Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
| | | | - Andrei G. Fedorov
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Belanger M, Ball AG, Catterton MA, Kinman AW, Anbaei P, Groff BD, Melchor SJ, Lukens JR, Ross AE, Pompano RR. Acute Lymph Node Slices Are a Functional Model System to Study Immunity Ex Vivo. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:128-142. [PMID: 33615167 PMCID: PMC7887751 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lymph node is a highly organized and dynamic structure that is critical for facilitating the intercellular interactions that constitute adaptive immunity. Most ex vivo studies of the lymph node begin by reducing it to a cell suspension, thus losing the spatial organization, or fixing it, thus losing the ability to make repeated measurements. Live murine lymph node tissue slices offer the potential to retain spatial complexity and dynamic accessibility, but their viability, level of immune activation, and retention of antigen-specific functions have not been validated. Here we systematically characterized live murine lymph node slices as a platform to study immunity. Live lymph node slices maintained the expected spatial organization and cell populations while reflecting the 3D spatial complexity of the organ. Slices collected under optimized conditions were comparable to cell suspensions in terms of both 24-h viability and inflammation. Slices responded to T cell receptor cross-linking with increased surface marker expression and cytokine secretion, in some cases more strongly than matched lymphocyte cultures. Furthermore, slices processed protein antigens, and slices from vaccinated animals responded to ex vivo challenge with antigen-specific cytokine secretion. In summary, lymph node slices provide a versatile platform to investigate immune functions in spatially organized tissue, enabling well-defined stimulation, time-course analysis, and parallel read-outs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura
C. Belanger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia College
of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Carter
Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Alexander G. Ball
- Carter
Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Megan A. Catterton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia College
of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew W.L. Kinman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia College
of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Parastoo Anbaei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia College
of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Groff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia College
of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Stephanie J. Melchor
- Carter
Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - John R. Lukens
- Carter
Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience and Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia College
of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Carter
Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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19
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Najibi AJ, Mooney DJ. Cell and tissue engineering in lymph nodes for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:42-62. [PMID: 32750376 PMCID: PMC7736208 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In cancer, lymph nodes (LNs) coordinate tumor antigen presentation necessary for effective antitumor immunity, both at the levels of local cellular interactions and tissue-level organization. In this review, we examine how LNs may be engineered to improve the therapeutic outcomes of cancer immunotherapy. At the cellular scale, targeting the LNs impacts the potency of cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade, and adoptive cell transfer. On a tissue level, macro-scale biomaterials mimicking LN features can function as immune niches for cell reprogramming or delivery in vivo, or be utilized in vitro to enable preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines. We additionally review strategies to induce ectopic lymphoid sites reminiscent of LNs that may improve antitumor T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Najibi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.
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20
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21
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Uslu F, Icoz K, Tasdemir K, Doğan RS, Yilmaz B. Image-analysis based readout method for biochip: Automated quantification of immunomagnetic beads, micropads and patient leukemia cell. Micron 2020; 133:102863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Amodio D, Santilli V, Zangari P, Cotugno N, Manno EC, Rocca S, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Finocchi A, Chassiakos A, Petrovas C, Palma P. How to dissect the plasticity of antigen-specific immune response: a tissue perspective. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 199:119-130. [PMID: 31626717 PMCID: PMC6954674 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of antigen-specific humoral responses following vaccination or infection requires the maturation and function of highly specialized immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), such as lymph nodes or tonsils. Factors that orchestrate the dynamics of these cells are still poorly understood. Currently, experimental approaches that enable a detailed description of the function of the immune system in SLO have been mainly developed and optimized in animal models. Conversely, methodological approaches in humans are mainly based on the use of blood-associated material because of the challenging access to tissues. Indeed, only few studies in humans were able to provide a discrete description of the complex network of cytokines, chemokines and lymphocytes acting in tissues after antigenic challenge. Furthermore, even fewer data are currently available on the interaction occurring within the complex micro-architecture of the SLO. This information is crucial in order to design particular vaccination strategies, especially for patients affected by chronic and immune compromising medical conditions who are under-vaccinated or who respond poorly to immunizations. Analysis of immune cells in different human tissues by high-throughput technologies, able to obtain data ranging from gene signature to protein expression and cell phenotypes, is needed to dissect the peculiarity of each immune cell in a definite human tissue. The main aim of this review is to provide an in-depth description of the current available methodologies, proven evidence and future perspectives in the analysis of immune mechanisms following immunization or infections in SLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Amodio
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - V. Santilli
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - P. Zangari
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - N. Cotugno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - E. C. Manno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - S. Rocca
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - P. Rossi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - C. Cancrini
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - A. Finocchi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - A. Chassiakos
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - C. Petrovas
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - P. Palma
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
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23
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Devendran C, Carthew J, Frith JE, Neild A. Cell Adhesion, Morphology, and Metabolism Variation via Acoustic Exposure within Microfluidic Cell Handling Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1902326. [PMID: 31871874 PMCID: PMC6918100 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic fields are capable of manipulating biological samples contained within the enclosed and highly controlled environment of a microfluidic chip in a versatile manner. The use of acoustic streaming to alter fluid flows and radiation forces to control cell locations has important clinical and life science applications. While there have been significant advances in the fundamental implementation of these acoustic mechanisms, there is a considerable lack of understanding of the associated biological effects on cells. Typically a single, simple viability assay is used to demonstrate a high proportion of living cells. However, the findings of this study demonstrate that acoustic exposure can inhibit cell attachment, decrease cell spreading, and most intriguingly increase cellular metabolic activity, all without any impact upon viability rates. This has important implications by showing that mortality studies alone are inadequate for the assessment of biocompatibility, but further demonstrates that physical manipulation of cells can also be used to influence their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citsabehsan Devendran
- Laboratory for Micro SystemsDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
| | - James Carthew
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
| | - Jessica E. Frith
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Laboratory for Micro SystemsDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringMonash UniversityClaytonVIC3800Australia
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24
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Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, O'Callaghan P, Xie B, Hernández Vera R, Idevall-Hagren O, Kreuger J. Formation of precisely composed cancer cell clusters using a cell assembly generator (CAGE) for studying paracrine signaling at single-cell resolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1071-1081. [PMID: 30783638 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The function and behaviour of any given cell in a healthy tissue, or in a tumor, is affected by interactions with its neighboring cells. It is therefore important to create methods that allow for reconstruction of tissue niches in vitro for studies of cell-cell signaling and associated cell behaviour. To this end we created the cell assembly generator (CAGE), a microfluidic device which enables the organization of different cell types into precise cell clusters in a flow chamber compatible with high-resolution microscopy. In proof-of-concept paracrine signalling experiments, 4-cell clusters consisting of one pancreatic β-cell and three breast cancer cells were formed. It has previously been established that extracellular ATP induces calcium (Ca2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol before it is cleared back into the ER via sarcoplasmic/ER Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pumps. Here, ATP release from the β-cell was stimulated by depolarization, and dynamic changes in Ca2+ levels in the adjacent cancer cells measured using imaging of the calcium indicator Fluo-4. We established that changes in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ in the cancer cells were proportional to the distance from the ATP-releasing β-cell. Additionally, we established that the relationship between distance and cytosolic calcium changes were dependent on Ca2+-release from the ER using 5-cell clusters composed of one β-cell, two untreated cancer cells and two cancer cells pretreated with Thapsigargin (to deplete the ER of Ca2+). These experiments show that the CAGE can be used to create exact cell clusters, which affords precise control for reductionist studies of cell-cell signalling and permits the formation of heterogenous cell models of specific tissue niches.
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25
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Huang PH, Chan CY, Li P, Wang Y, Nama N, Bachman H, Huang TJ. A sharp-edge-based acoustofluidic chemical signal generator. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1411-1421. [PMID: 29668002 PMCID: PMC6064650 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the temporal dynamics of cell signaling pathways is essential for regulating numerous downstream functions, from gene expression to cellular responses. Mapping these signaling pathways requires the exposure of cells to time-varying chemical signals; these are difficult to generate and control over a wide temporal range. Herein, we present an acoustofluidic chemical signal generator based on a sharp-edge-based micromixing strategy. The device, simply by modulating the driving signals of an acoustic transducer including the ON/OFF switching frequency, actuation time and duty cycle, is capable of generating both single-pulse and periodic chemical signals that are temporally controllable in terms of stimulation period, stimulation duration and duty cycle. We also demonstrate the device's applicability and versatility for cell signaling studies by probing the calcium (Ca2+) release dynamics of three different types of cells stimulated by ionomycin signals of different shapes. Upon short single-pulse ionomycin stimulation (∼100 ms) generated by our device, we discover that cells tend to dynamically adjust the intracellular level of Ca2+ through constantly releasing and accepting Ca2+ to the cytoplasm and from the extracellular environment, respectively. With advantages such as simple fabrication and operation, compact device design, and reliability and versatility, our device will enable decoding of the temporal characteristics of signaling dynamics for various physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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26
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Walczuch K, Renze P, Ingensiep C, Degen R, Bui TP, Schnakenberg U, Bräunig P, Bui-Göbbels K. A new microfluidic device design for a defined positioning of neurons in vitro. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:044103. [PMID: 28794814 PMCID: PMC5507706 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new triangle-shaped microfluidic channel system for defined cell trapping is presented. Different variants of the same basic geometry were produced to reveal the best fitting parameter combinations regarding efficiency and sensitivity. Variants with differences in the trap gap width and the inter-trap distance were analyzed in detail by Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations and in experiments with artificial beads of different sizes (30, 60, 80 μm). Simulation analysis of flow dynamics and pressure profiles revealed strongly reduced pressure conditions and balanced flow rates inside the microfluidic channels compared to commonly used systems with meandering channels. Quantitative experiments with beads showed very good trapping results in all channel types with slight variations due to geometrical differences. Highest efficiency in terms of fast trap filling and low particle loss was shown with channel types having a larger trap gap width (20 μm) and/or a larger inter-trap distance (400 μm). Here, experimental success was achieved in almost 85% to 100% of all cases. Particle loss appeared significantly more often with large beads than with small beads. A significantly reduced trapping efficiency of about 50% was determined by using narrow trap gaps and a small inter-trap distance in combination with large 80 μm beads. The combination of the same parameters with small and medium beads led to an only slight decrease in trapping efficiency (80%). All channel types were tested qualitatively with invertebrate neurons from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The systems were appropriate to trap those sensitive neurons and to keep their viability in the trapping area at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Walczuch
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Renze
- Institute of Energy and Drive Technologies, Hochschule Ulm, Eberhard-Finckh-Str. 11, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Ingensiep
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Degen
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thanh Phong Bui
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Bräunig
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bui-Göbbels
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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27
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Vu TQ, de Castro RMB, Qin L. Bridging the gap: microfluidic devices for short and long distance cell-cell communication. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1009-1023. [PMID: 28205652 PMCID: PMC5473339 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is a crucial component of many biological functions. For example, understanding how immune cells and cancer cells interact, both at the immunological synapse and through cytokine secretion, can help us understand and improve cancer immunotherapy. The study of how cells communicate and form synaptic connections is important in neuroscience, ophthalmology, and cancer research. But in order to increase our understanding of these cellular phenomena, better tools need to be developed that allow us to study cell-cell communication in a highly controlled manner. Some technical requirements for better communication studies include manipulating cells spatiotemporally, high resolution imaging, and integrating sensors. Microfluidics is a powerful platform that has the ability to address these requirements and other current limitations. In this review, we describe some new advances in microfluidic technologies that have provided researchers with novel methods to study intercellular communication. The advantages of microfluidics have allowed for new capabilities in both single cell-cell communication and population-based communication. This review highlights microfluidic communication devices categorized as "short distance", or primarily at the single cell level, and "long distance", which mostly encompasses population level studies. Future directions and translation/commercialization will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Quang Vu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ricardo Miguel Bessa de Castro
- College of Engineering, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea, UK and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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28
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Ross AE, Belanger MC, Woodroof JF, Pompano RR. Spatially resolved microfluidic stimulation of lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Analyst 2017; 142:649-659. [PMID: 27900374 PMCID: PMC7863610 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lymph node is a structurally complex organ of the immune system, whose dynamic cellular arrangements are thought to control much of human health. Currently, no methods exist to precisely stimulate substructures within the lymph node or analyze local stimulus-response behaviors, making it difficult to rationally design therapies for inflammatory disease. Here we describe a novel integration of live lymph node slices with a microfluidic system for local stimulation. Slices maintained the cellular organization of the lymph node while making its core experimentally accessible. The 3-layer polydimethylsiloxane device consisted of a perfusion chamber stacked atop stimulation ports fed by underlying microfluidic channels. Fluorescent dextrans similar in size to common proteins, 40 and 70 kDa, were delivered to live lymph node slices with 284 ± 9 μm and 202 ± 15 μm spatial resolution, respectively, after 5 s, which is sufficient to target functional zones of the lymph node. The spread and quantity of stimulation were controlled by varying the flow rates of delivery; these were predictable using a computational model of isotropic diffusion and convection through the tissue. Delivery to two separate regions simultaneously was demonstrated, to mimic complex intercellular signaling. Delivery of a model therapeutic, glucose-conjugated albumin, to specific regions of the lymph node indicated that retention of the drug was greater in the B-cell zone than in the T-cell zone. Together, this work provides a novel platform, the lymph node slice-on-a-chip, to target and study local events in the lymph node and to inform the development of new immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ross
- University of Virginia, Dept. of Chemistry, PO Box 400319, McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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29
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Novel micro-photobioreactor design and monitoring method for assessing microalgae response to light intensity. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Moura Rosa P, Gopalakrishnan N, Ibrahim H, Haug M, Halaas Ø. The intercell dynamics of T cells and dendritic cells in a lymph node-on-a-chip flow device. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3728-40. [PMID: 27560793 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00702c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a central role in immunity towards cancer and infectious diseases. T cell responses are initiated in the T cell zone of the lymph node (LN), where resident antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) prime and activate antigen-specific T cells passing by. In the present study, we investigated the T cell : DC interaction in a microfluidic device to understand the intercellular dynamics and physiological conditions in the LN. We show random migration of antigen-specific T cells onto the antigen-presenting DC monolayer independent of the flow direction with a mean T cell : DC dwell time of 12.8 min and a mean velocity of 6 μm min(-1). Furthermore, we investigated the antigen specific vs. unspecific attachment and detachment of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells to DCs under varying shear stress. In our system, CD4(+) T cells showed long stable contacts with APCs, whereas CD8(+) T cells presented transient interactions with DCs. By varying the shear stress from 0.01 to 100 Dyn cm(-2), it was also evident that there was a much stronger attachment of antigen-specific than unspecific T cells to stationary DCs up to 1-12 Dyn cm(-2). The mechanical force of the cell : cell interaction associated with the pMHC-TCR match under controlled tangential shear force was estimated to be in the range of 0.25-4.8 nN. Finally, upon performing attachment & detachment tests, there was a steady accumulation of antigen specific CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+) T cells on DCs at low shear stresses, which were released at a stress of 12 Dyn cm(-2). This microphysiological model provides new possibilities to recreate a controlled mechanical force threshold of pMHC-TCR binding, allowing the investigation of intercellular signalling of immune synapses and therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Moura Rosa
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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31
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Cunha-Matos CA, Millington OR, Wark AW, Zagnoni M. Real-time assessment of nanoparticle-mediated antigen delivery and cell response. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3374-3381. [PMID: 27455884 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly being developed for applications in biotechnology, including the delivery of therapeutic drugs and of vaccine antigens. However, there is a lack of screening systems that can rapidly assess the dynamics of nanoparticle uptake and their consequential effects on cells. Established in vitro approaches are often carried out on a single time point, rely on time-consuming bulk measurements and are based primarily on populations of cell lines. As such, these procedures provide averaged results, do not guarantee precise control over the delivery of nanoparticles to cells and cannot easily generate information about the dynamics of nanoparticle-cell interactions and/or nanoparticle-mediated compound delivery. Combining microfluidics and nanotechnology with imaging techniques, we present a microfluidic platform to monitor nanoparticle uptake and intracellular processing in real-time and at the single-cell level. As proof-of-concept application, the potential of such a system for understanding nanovaccine delivery and processing was investigated and we demonstrate controlled delivery of ovalbumin-conjugated gold nanorods to primary dendritic cells. Using time-lapse microscopy, our approach allowed monitoring of uptake and processing of nanoparticles across a range of concentrations over several hours on hundreds of single-cells. This system represents a novel application of single-cell microfluidics for nanomaterial screening, providing a general platform for studying the dynamics of cell-nanomaterial interactions and representing a cost-saving and time-effective screening tool for many nanomaterial formulations and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota A Cunha-Matos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Owain R Millington
- Centre for Biophotonics, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Alastair W Wark
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George St, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK.
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32
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Hsiao YH, Hsu CH, Chen C. A High-Throughput Automated Microfluidic Platform for Calcium Imaging of Taste Sensing. Molecules 2016; 21:E896. [PMID: 27399663 PMCID: PMC6273845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human enteroendocrine L cell line NCI-H716, expressing taste receptors and taste signaling elements, constitutes a unique model for the studies of cellular responses to glucose, appetite regulation, gastrointestinal motility, and insulin secretion. Targeting these gut taste receptors may provide novel treatments for diabetes and obesity. However, NCI-H716 cells are cultured in suspension and tend to form multicellular aggregates, preventing high-throughput calcium imaging due to interferences caused by laborious immobilization and stimulus delivery procedures. Here, we have developed an automated microfluidic platform that is capable of trapping more than 500 single cells into microwells with a loading efficiency of 77% within two minutes, delivering multiple chemical stimuli and performing calcium imaging with enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions when compared to bath perfusion systems. Results revealed the presence of heterogeneity in cellular responses to the type, concentration, and order of applied sweet and bitter stimuli. Sucralose and denatonium benzoate elicited robust increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. However, glucose evoked a rapid elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) followed by reduced responses to subsequent glucose stimulation. Using Gymnema sylvestre as a blocking agent for the sweet taste receptor confirmed that different taste receptors were utilized for sweet and bitter tastes. This automated microfluidic platform is cost-effective, easy to fabricate and operate, and may be generally applicable for high-throughput and high-content single-cell analysis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsing Hsiao
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsien Hsu
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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33
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Yang M, Nelson R, Ros A. Toward Analysis of Proteins in Single Cells: A Quantitative Approach Employing Isobaric Tags with MALDI Mass Spectrometry Realized with a Microfluidic Platform. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6672-9. [PMID: 27257853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein identification and quantification in individual cells is essential to understand biological processes such as those involved in cell apoptosis, cancer, biomarker discovery, disease diagnostics, pathology, or therapy. Compared with present single cell genome analysis, probing the protein content of single cells has been hampered by the lack of a protein amplification technique. Here, we report the development of a quantitative mass spectrometric approach combined with microfluidic technology reaching the detection sensitivity of high abundant proteins in single cells. A microfluidic platform with a series of chambers and valves, ensuring a set of defined wells for absolute quantification of targeted proteins, was developed and combined with isotopic labeling strategies employing isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-labels. To this aim, we adapted iTRAQ labeling to an on-chip protocol. Simultaneous protein digestion and labeling performed on the microfluidic platform rendered the labeling strategy compatible with all necessary manipulation steps on-chip, including the matrix delivery for MALDI-TOF analysis. We demonstrate this approach with the apoptosis related protein Bcl-2 and quantitatively assess the number of Bcl-2 molecules detected. We anticipate that this approach will eventually allow quantification of protein expression on the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Randall Nelson
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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34
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Schrell AM, Mukhitov N, Yi L, Wang X, Roper MG. Microfluidic Devices for the Measurement of Cellular Secretion. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:249-69. [PMID: 27306310 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The release of chemical information from cells and tissues holds the key to understanding cellular behavior and dysfunction. The development of methodologies that can measure cellular secretion in a time-dependent fashion is therefore essential. Often these measurements are made difficult by the high-salt conditions of the cellular environment, the presence of numerous other secreted factors, and the small mass samples that are produced when frequent sampling is used to resolve secretory dynamics. In this review, the methods that we have developed for measuring hormone release from islets of Langerhans are dissected to illustrate the practical difficulties of studying cellular secretions. Other methods from the literature are presented that provide alternative approaches to particularly challenging areas of monitoring cellular secretion. The examples presented in this review serve as case studies and should be adaptable to other cell types and systems for unique applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Schrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;
| | - Nikita Mukhitov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;
| | - Lian Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;
| | - Michael G Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;
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35
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Irimia D, Ellett F. Big insights from small volumes: deciphering complex leukocyte behaviors using microfluidics. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:291-304. [PMID: 27194799 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ru0216-056r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an indispensable component of the immune response, and leukocytes provide the first line of defense against infection. Although the major stereotypic leukocyte behaviors in response to infection are well known, the complexities and idiosyncrasies of these phenotypes in conditions of disease are still emerging. Novel tools are indispensable for gaining insights into leukocyte behavior, and in the past decade, microfluidic technologies have emerged as an exciting development in the field. Microfluidic devices are readily customizable, provide tight control of experimental conditions, enable high precision of ex vivo measurements of individual as well as integrated leukocyte functions, and have facilitated the discovery of novel leukocyte phenotypes. Here, we review some of the most interesting insights resulting from the application of microfluidic approaches to the study of the inflammatory response. The aim is to encourage leukocyte biologists to integrate these new tools into increasingly more sophisticated experimental designs for probing complex leukocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Division of Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Division of Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Lee JB, Wang X, Faley S, Baer B, Balikov DA, Sung HJ, Bellan LM. Development of 3D Microvascular Networks Within Gelatin Hydrogels Using Thermoresponsive Sacrificial Microfibers. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:781-5. [PMID: 26844941 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A 3D microvascularized gelatin hydrogel is produced using thermoresponsive sacrificial poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microfibers. The capillary-like microvascular network allows constant perfusion of media throughout the thick hydrogel, and significantly improves the viability of human neonatal dermal fibroblasts encapsulated within the gel at a high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Xintong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Shannon Faley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Bradly Baer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Daniel A. Balikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Leon M. Bellan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville TN 37235 USA
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37
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Konry T, Sarkar S, Sabhachandani P, Cohen N. Innovative Tools and Technology for Analysis of Single Cells and Cell-Cell Interaction. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:259-84. [PMID: 26928209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-090215-112735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in single-cell responses and intercellular interactions results from complex regulation of cell-intrinsic and environmental factors. Single-cell analysis allows not only detection of individual cellular characteristics but also correlation of genetic content with phenotypic traits in the same cell. Technological advances in micro- and nanofabrication have benefited single-cell analysis by allowing precise control of the localized microenvironment, cell manipulation, and sensitive detection capabilities. Additionally, microscale techniques permit rapid, high-throughput, multiparametric screening that has become essential for -omics research. This review highlights innovative applications of microscale platforms in genetic, proteomic, and metabolic detection in single cells; cell sorting strategies; and heterotypic cell-cell interaction. We discuss key design aspects of single-cell localization and isolation in microfluidic systems, dynamic and endpoint analyses, and approaches that integrate highly multiplexed detection of various intracellular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , , ,
| | - Saheli Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , , ,
| | - Pooja Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , , ,
| | - Noa Cohen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , , ,
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Dura B, Voldman J. Spatially and temporally controlled immune cell interactions using microscale tools. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kulla E, Chou J, Simmons G, Wong J, McRae MP, Patel R, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Leach RJ, Thompson IM, McDevitt JT. Enhancement of performance in porous bead-based microchip sensors: Effects of chip geometry on bio-agent capture. RSC Adv 2015; 5:48194-48206. [PMID: 26097696 PMCID: PMC4470495 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring low concentrations of clinically-important biomarkers using porous bead-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms is critical for the successful implementation of point-of-care (POC) devices. One way to meet this objective is to optimize the geometry of the bead holder, referred to here as a micro-container. In this work, two geometric micro-containers were explored, the inverted pyramid frustum (PF) and the inverted clipped pyramid frustum (CPF). Finite element models of this bead array assay system were developed to optimize the micro-container and bead geometries for increased pressure, to increase analyte capture in porous bead-based fluorescence immunoassays. Custom micro-milled micro-container structures containing an inverted CPF geometry resulted in a 28% reduction in flow-through regions from traditional anisotropically-etched pyramidal geometry derived from Si-111 termination layers. This novel "reduced flow-through" design resulted in a 33% increase in analyte penetration into the bead and twofold increase in fluorescence signal intensity as demonstrated with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) antigen, an important biomarker of inflammation. A consequent twofold decrease in the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of a proof-of-concept assay for the free isoform of Prostate-Specific Antigen (free PSA), an important biomarker for prostate cancer detection, is also presented. Furthermore, a 53% decrease in the bead diameter is shown to result in a 160% increase in pressure and 2.5-fold increase in signal, as estimated by COMSOL models and confirmed experimentally by epi-fluorescence microscopy. Such optimizations of the bead micro-container and bead geometries have the potential to significantly reduce the LODs and reagent costs for spatially programmed bead-based assay systems of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliona Kulla
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jie Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Glennon Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Jorge Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Michael P. McRae
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Rushi Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Nicolaos Christodoulides
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Robin J. Leach
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ian M. Thompson
- Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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Sarkar S, Motwani V, Sabhachandani P, Cohen N, Konry T. T Cell Dynamic Activation and Functional Analysis in Nanoliter Droplet Microarray. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26613065 PMCID: PMC4657871 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective Characterization of the heterogeneity in immune reactions requires assessing dynamic single cell responses as well as interactions between the various immune cell subsets. Maturation and activation of effector cells is regulated by cell contact-dependent and soluble factor-mediated paracrine signalling. Currently there are few methods available that allow dynamic investigation of both processes simultaneously without physically constraining non-adherent cells and eliminating crosstalk from neighboring cell pairs. We describe here a microfluidic droplet microarray platform that permits rapid functional analysis of single cell responses and co-encapsulation of heterotypic cell pairs, thereby allowing us to evaluate the dynamic activation state of primary T cells. Methods The microfluidic droplet platform enables generation and docking of monodisperse nanoliter volume (0.523 nl) droplets, with the capacity of monitoring a thousand droplets per experiment. Single human T cells were encapsulated in droplets and stimulated on-chip with the calcium ionophore ionomycin. T cells were also co-encapsulated with dendritic cells activated by ovalbumin peptide, followed by dynamic calcium signal monitoring. Results Ionomycin-stimulated cells depicted fluctuation in calcium signalling compared to control. Both cell populations demonstrated marked heterogeneity in responses. Calcium signalling was observed in T cells immediately following contact with DCs, suggesting an early activation signal. T cells further showed non-contact mediated increase in calcium level, although this response was delayed compared to contact-mediated signals. Conclusions Our results suggest that this nanoliter droplet array-based microfluidic platform is a promising technique for assessment of heterogeneity in various types of cellular responses, detection of early/delayed signalling events and live cell phenotyping of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Vinny Motwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Pooja Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Noa Cohen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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Faley SL, Baer BB, Larsen TSH, Bellan LM. Robust fluidic connections to freestanding microfluidic hydrogels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:036501. [PMID: 26045731 PMCID: PMC4441701 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic scaffolds approaching physiological scale, whose size and large cellular load far exceed the limits of diffusion, require incorporation of a fluidic means to achieve adequate nutrient/metabolite exchange. This need has driven the extension of microfluidic technologies into the area of biomaterials. While construction of perfusable scaffolds is essentially a problem of microfluidic device fabrication, functional implementation of free-standing, thick-tissue constructs depends upon successful integration of external pumping mechanisms through optimized connective assemblies. However, a critical analysis to identify optimal materials/assembly components for hydrogel substrates has received little focus to date. This investigation addresses this issue directly by evaluating the efficacy of a range of adhesive and mechanical fluidic connection methods to gelatin hydrogel constructs based upon both mechanical property analysis and cell compatibility. Results identify a novel bioadhesive, comprised of two enzymatically modified gelatin compounds, for connecting tubing to hydrogel constructs that is both structurally robust and non-cytotoxic. Furthermore, outcomes from this study provide clear evidence that fluidic interconnect success varies with substrate composition (specifically hydrogel versus polydimethylsiloxane), highlighting not only the importance of selecting the appropriately tailored components for fluidic hydrogel systems but also that of encouraging ongoing, targeted exploration of this issue. The optimization of such interconnect systems will ultimately promote exciting scientific and therapeutic developments provided by microfluidic, cell-laden scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Faley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2400 Highland Avenue, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Bradly B Baer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2400 Highland Avenue, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Taylor S H Larsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2400 Highland Avenue, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , 2400 Highland Avenue, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
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42
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He L, Kniss A, San-Miguel A, Rouse T, Kemp ML, Lu H. An automated programmable platform enabling multiplex dynamic stimuli delivery and cellular response monitoring for high-throughput suspension single-cell signaling studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1497-507. [PMID: 25609410 PMCID: PMC4362087 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling events are orchestrated by dynamic external biochemical cues. By rapidly perturbing cells with dynamic inputs and examining the output from these systems, one could study the structure and dynamic properties of a cellular signaling network. Conventional experimental techniques limit the implementation of these systematic approaches due to the lack of sophistication in manipulating individual cells and the fluid microenvironment around them; existing microfluidic technologies thus far are mainly targeting adherent cells. In this paper we present an automated platform to interrogate suspension cells with dynamic stimuli while simultaneously monitoring cellular responses in a high-throughput manner at single-cell resolution. We demonstrate the use of this platform in an experiment to measure Jurkat T cells in response to distinct dynamic patterns of stimuli; we find cells exhibit highly heterogeneous responses under each stimulation condition. More interestingly, these cells act as low-pass filters, only entrained to the low frequency stimulus signals. We also demonstrate that this platform can be easily programmed to actively generate arbitrary dynamic signals. We envision our platform to be useful in other contexts to study cellular signaling dynamics, which may be difficult using conventional experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye He
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA , USA 30332-0100 .
| | - Ariel Kniss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , 313 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA , USA 30332-0535
| | - Adriana San-Miguel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA , USA 30332-0100 .
| | - Tel Rouse
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA , USA 30332-0100 .
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , 313 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA , USA 30332-0535
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr. NW , Atlanta , GA , USA 30332-0100 .
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Chanasakulniyom M, Glidle A, Cooper JM. Cell proliferation and migration inside single cell arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:208-15. [PMID: 25340681 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and migration are fundamental processes in determining cell and tissue behaviour. In this study we show the design and fabrication of a new single cell microfluidic structure, called a "vertically integrated array" or "VIA" trap to explore quantitative functional assays including single cell attachment, proliferation and migration studies. The chip can be used in a continuous (flow-through) manner, with a continuous supply of new media, as well as in a quiescent mode. We show the fabrication of the device, together with the flow characteristics inside the network of channels and the single cell traps. The flow patterns inside the device not only facilitate cell trapping, but also protect the cells from mechanical flow-induced stress. MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were used to study attachment and detachment during the cell cycle as well as explore the influences of the chemokine SDF-1 (enabling the quantification of the role of chemokine gradients both on pseudopod formation and directional cell migration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuree Chanasakulniyom
- The Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
The asymmetric trap composed of three obstacles shows flow direction-dependent trap/particle interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department
- of Chemical Engineering
- University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
- Michigan
- USA
| | - Mark A. Burns
- Department
- of Chemical Engineering
- University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
- Michigan
- USA
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Nahavandi S, Tang SY, Baratchi S, Soffe R, Nahavandi S, Kalantar-zadeh K, Mitchell A, Khoshmanesh K. Microfluidic platforms for the investigation of intercellular signalling mechanisms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4810-26. [PMID: 25238429 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signalling has been identified as a highly complex process, responsible for orchestrating many physiological functions. While conventional methods of investigation have been useful, their limitations are impeding further development. Microfluidics offers an opportunity to overcome some of these limitations. Most notably, microfluidic systems can emulate the in-vivo environments. Further, they enable exceptionally precise control of the microenvironment, allowing complex mechanisms to be selectively isolated and studied in detail. There has thus been a growing adoption of microfluidic platforms for investigation of cell signalling mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the different signalling mechanisms and discusses the methods used to study them, with a focus on the microfluidic devices developed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Nahavandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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46
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Brown JA, Sherrod SD, Goodwin CR, Brewer B, Yang L, Garbett KA, Li D, McLean JA, Wikswo JP, Mirnics K. Metabolic consequences of interleukin-6 challenge in developing neurons and astroglia. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:183. [PMID: 25374324 PMCID: PMC4233071 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal immune activation and subsequent interleukin-6 (IL-6) induction disrupt normal brain development and predispose the offspring to developing autism and schizophrenia. While several proteins have been identified as having some link to these developmental disorders, their prevalence is still small and their causative role, if any, is not well understood. However, understanding the metabolic consequences of environmental predisposing factors could shed light on disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Methods To gain a better understanding of the metabolic consequences of IL-6 exposure on developing central nervous system (CNS) cells, we separately exposed developing neuron and astroglia cultures to IL-6 for 2 hours while collecting effluent from our gravity-fed microfluidic chambers. By coupling microfluidic technologies to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-MS), we were able to characterize the metabolic response of these CNS cells to a narrow window of IL-6 exposure. Results Our results revealed that 1) the use of this technology, due to its superb media volume:cell volume ratio, is ideally suited for analysis of cell-type-specific exometabolome signatures; 2) developing neurons have low secretory activity at baseline, while astroglia show strong metabolic activity; 3) both neurons and astroglia respond to IL-6 exposure in a cell type-specific fashion; 4) the astroglial response to IL-6 stimulation is predominantly characterized by increased levels of metabolites, while neurons mostly depress their metabolic activity; and 5) disturbances in glycerophospholipid metabolism and tryptophan/kynurenine metabolite secretion are two putative mechanisms by which IL-6 affects the developing nervous system. Conclusions Our findings are potentially critical for understanding the mechanism by which IL-6 disrupts brain function, and they provide information about the molecular cascade that links maternal immune activation to developmental brain disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0183-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, 465 21st Avenue South, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Stacy D Sherrod
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6301 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Cody R Goodwin
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, 5421 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Bryson Brewer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 333 Olin Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 333 Olin Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Krassimira A Garbett
- Department of Psychiatry, 465 21st Avenue South, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Deyu Li
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 333 Olin Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - John A McLean
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, 5421 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6301 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5824 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 37235, TN, USA. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, 702 Light Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, 465 21st Avenue South, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, 6809 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, 110 Magnolia Circle, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725, Szeged, Hungary.
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Wikswo JP. The relevance and potential roles of microphysiological systems in biology and medicine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1061-72. [PMID: 25187571 PMCID: PMC4330974 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214542068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), consisting of interacting organs-on-chips or tissue-engineered, 3D organ constructs that use human cells, present an opportunity to bring new tools to biology, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, and toxicology. This issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine describes the ongoing development of MPS that can serve as in-vitro models for bone and cartilage, brain, gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, microvasculature, reproductive tract, skeletal muscle, and skin. Related topics addressed here are the interconnection of organs-on-chips to support physiologically based pharmacokinetics and drug discovery and screening, and the microscale technologies that regulate stem cell differentiation. The initial motivation for creating MPS was to increase the speed, efficiency, and safety of pharmaceutical development and testing, paying particular regard to the fact that neither monolayer monocultures of immortal or primary cell lines nor animal studies can adequately recapitulate the dynamics of drug-organ, drug-drug, and drug-organ-organ interactions in humans. Other applications include studies of the effect of environmental toxins on humans, identification, characterization, and neutralization of chemical and biological weapons, controlled studies of the microbiome and infectious disease that cannot be conducted in humans, controlled differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into specific adult cellular phenotypes, and studies of the dynamics of metabolism and signaling within and between human organs. The technical challenges are being addressed by many investigators, and in the process, it seems highly likely that significant progress will be made toward providing more physiologically realistic alternatives to monolayer monocultures or whole animal studies. The effectiveness of this effort will be determined in part by how easy the constructs are to use, how well they function, how accurately they recapitulate and report human pharmacology and toxicology, whether they can be generated in large numbers to enable parallel studies, and if their use can be standardized consistent with the practices of regulatory science.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wikswo
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, The Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, VU Station B 351807, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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48
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Byrd TF, Hoang LT, Kim EG, Pfister ME, Werner EM, Arndt SE, Chamberlain JW, Hughey JJ, Nguyen BA, Schneibel EJ, Wertz LL, Whitfield JS, Wikswo JP, Seale KT. The microfluidic multitrap nanophysiometer for hematologic cancer cell characterization reveals temporal sensitivity of the calcein-AM efflux assay. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5117. [PMID: 24873950 PMCID: PMC4038811 DOI: 10.1038/srep05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytometric studies utilizing flow cytometry or multi-well culture plate fluorometry are often limited by a deficit in temporal resolution and a lack of single cell consideration. Unfortunately, many cellular processes, including signaling, motility, and molecular transport, occur transiently over relatively short periods of time and at different magnitudes between cells. Here we demonstrate the multitrap nanophysiometer (MTNP), a low-volume microfluidic platform housing an array of cell traps, as an effective tool that can be used to study individual unattached cells over time with precise control over the intercellular microenvironment. We show how the MTNP platform can be used for hematologic cancer cell characterization by measuring single T cell levels of CRAC channel modulation, non-translational motility, and ABC-transporter inhibition via a calcein-AM efflux assay. The transporter data indicate that Jurkat T cells exposed to indomethacin continue to accumulate fluorescent calcein for over 60 minutes after calcein-AM is removed from the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Byrd
- 1] Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [2] University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Loi T Hoang
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Eric G Kim
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Matthew E Pfister
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Erik M Werner
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Stephen E Arndt
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Chamberlain
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jacob J Hughey
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Bao A Nguyen
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Erik J Schneibel
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Laura L Wertz
- Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jonathan S Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 1] Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [2] Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [4] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [5] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kevin T Seale
- 1] Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [2] Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Sacristán C, Depoil D, Wlodkowic D, McIntyre P, Mitchell A. Immunology on chip: Promises and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:333-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Wlodkowic D, Cooper JM. Microfluidic cell arrays in tumor analysis: new prospects for integrated cytomics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:521-30. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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