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Su Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Jiang H, Tang G, Liu H. The Catalase Gene MrCat1 Contributes to Oxidative Stress Tolerance, Microsclerotia Formation, and Virulence in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium rileyi. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:543. [PMID: 39194869 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalases play a crucial role in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by converting H2O2 into molecular oxygen and water. They also contribute to virulence and fungal responses to various stresses. Previously, the MrCat1-deletion mutant (ΔMrCat1) was generated using the split-marker method in Metarhizium rileyi. In this study, the Cat1 gene was identified, and its function was evaluated. Under normal culture conditions, there were no significant differences in colony growth or dimorphic switching between ΔMrCat1 and the wild-type (WT) strains. However, under oxidative stress, the colony growth was inhibited, and the yeast-hyphal transition was suppressed in the ΔMrCat1 strain. Hyperosmotic stress did not differ significantly between the two strains. In the ΔMrCat1 strain, microsclerotia (MS) formation was delayed, resulting in less uniform MS size and a 76% decrease in MS yield compared to the WT strain. Moreover, the ΔMrCat1 strain exhibited diminished virulence. Gene expression analysis revealed up-regulation of ΔMrCat1, MrCat2, MrCat4, and MrAox in the ΔMrCat1 strain. These findings indicate that the MrCat1 gene in M. rileyi is essential for oxidative stress tolerance, MS formation, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Xuyi Wang
- Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Yuanli Luo
- Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Guiting Tang
- Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Huai Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Spada M, Pugliesi C, Fambrini M, Pecchia S. Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Host- Botrytis cinerea Interactions to Outline Novel and Sustainable Control Strategies: The Key Role of RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6798. [PMID: 38928507 PMCID: PMC11203536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers., 1794), the causative agent of gray mold disease, causes significant losses in agricultural production. Control of this fungal pathogen is quite difficult due to its wide host range and environmental persistence. Currently, the management of the disease is still mainly based on chemicals, which can have harmful effects not only on the environment and on human health but also because they favor the development of strains resistant to fungicides. The flexibility and plasticity of B. cinerea in challenging plant defense mechanisms and its ability to evolve strategies to escape chemicals require the development of new control strategies for successful disease management. In this review, some aspects of the host-pathogen interactions from which novel and sustainable control strategies could be developed (e.g., signaling pathways, molecules involved in plant immune mechanisms, hormones, post-transcriptional gene silencing) were analyzed. New biotechnological tools based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) are emerging in the crop protection scenario as versatile, sustainable, effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of chemicals. RNAi-based fungicides are expected to be approved soon, although they will face several challenges before reaching the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spada
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Pecchia
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Luo D, Cai J, Sun W, Yang Q, Hu G, Wang T. Tomato SlWRKY3 Negatively Regulates Botrytis cinerea Resistance via TPK1b. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1597. [PMID: 38931029 PMCID: PMC11207927 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is considered the second most important fungal plant pathogen, and can cause serious disease, especially on tomato. The TPK1b gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that can positively regulate plant resistance to B. cinerea. Here, we identified a tomato WRKY transcription factor SlWRKY3 that binds to the W-box on the TPK1b promoter. It can negatively regulate TPK1b transcription, then regulate downstream signaling pathways, and ultimately negatively regulate tomato resistance to B. cinerea. SlWRKY3 interference can enhance resistance to B. cinerea, and SlWRKY3 overexpression leads to susceptibility to B. cinerea. Additionally, we found that B. cinerea can significantly, and rapidly, induce the upregulation of SlWRKY3 expression. In SlWRKY3 transgenic plants, the TPK1b expression level was negatively correlated with SlWRKY3 expression. Compared with the control, the expression of the SA pathway marker gene PR1 was downregulated in W3-OE plants and upregulated in W3-Ri plants when inoculated with B. cinerea for 48 h. Moreover, SlWRKY3 positively regulated ROS production. Overall, SlWRKY3 can inhibit TPK1b transcription in tomato, and negatively regulate resistance to B. cinerea by modulating the downstream SA and ROS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jun Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenhui Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Guoyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Park J, Son H. Antioxidant Systems of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Functions in Oxidative Stress Response and Their Regulatory Mechanisms. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:235-250. [PMID: 38835295 PMCID: PMC11162859 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2024.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
During the infection process, plant pathogenic fungi encounter plant-derived oxidative stress, and an appropriate response to this stress is crucial to their survival and establishment of the disease. Plant pathogenic fungi have evolved several mechanisms to eliminate oxidants from the external environment and maintain cellular redox homeostasis. When oxidative stress is perceived, various signaling transduction pathways are triggered and activate the downstream genes responsible for the oxidative stress response. Despite extensive research on antioxidant systems and their regulatory mechanisms in plant pathogenic fungi, the specific functions of individual antioxidants and their impacts on pathogenicity have not recently been systematically summarized. Therefore, our objective is to consolidate previous research on the antioxidant systems of plant pathogenic fungi. In this review, we explore the plant immune responses during fungal infection, with a focus on the generation and function of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we delve into the three antioxidant systems, summarizing their functions and regulatory mechanisms involved in oxidative stress response. This comprehensive review provides an integrated overview of the antioxidant mechanisms within plant pathogenic fungi, revealing how the oxidative stress response contributes to their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Qin W, Guo S, Li Q, Tang A, Liu H, Liu Y. Biotransformation of the azo dye reactive orange 16 by Aspergillus flavus A5P1: Performance, genetic background, pathway, and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133562. [PMID: 38401208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the strain Aspergillus flavus A5P1 (A5P1), which is with the capable of degrading the azo dye reactive orange 16 (RO16). The mechanism of RO16 degradation by A5P1 was elucidated through genomic analysis, enzymatic analysis, degradation pathway analysis and oxidative stress analysis. Strain A5P1 exhibited aerobic degradation of RO16, with optimal degradation at an initial pH of 3.0. Genomic analysis indicates that strain A5P1 possesses the potential for acid tolerance and degradation of azo dye. Enzymatic analysis, combined with degradation product analysis, demonstrated that extracellular laccase, intracellular lignin peroxidase, and intracellular quinone reductase were likely key enzymes in the RO16 degradation process. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that cell stress responses may participate in the RO16 biotransformation process. The results indicated that the biotransformation of RO16 may involves biological processes such as transmembrane transport of RO16, cometabolism of the strain with RO16, and cell stress responses. These findings shed light on the biodegradation of RO16 by A5P1, indicating A5P1's potential for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixing Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Radwan IT, Ghazawy NAR, Alkhaibari AM, Gattan HS, Alruhaili MH, Selim A, Salem ME, AbdelFattah EA, Hamama HM. Nanostructure Lipid Carrier of Curcumin Co-Delivered with Linalool and Geraniol Monoterpenes as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor of Culex pipiens. Molecules 2024; 29:271. [PMID: 38202854 PMCID: PMC10780757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A molecular hybridization docking approach was employed to develop and detect a new category of naturally activated compounds against Culex pipiens as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors via designing a one-pot multicomponent nano-delivery system. (2) Methods: A nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC), as a second generation of solid lipid nanoparticles, was used as a carrier to deliver the active components of curcumin (Cur), geraniol (G), and linalool (L) in one nanoformulation after studying their applicability in replacing the co-crystallized ligand imidacloprid. (3) Results: The prepared nanostructure showed spherical-shaped, polydisperse particles ranging in size from 50 nm to 300 nm, as found using a transmission electron microscope. Additionally, dynamic light scattering confirmed an average size of 169 nm and a highly stable dispersed solution, as indicated by the zeta potential (-38 mV). The prepared NLC-Cur-LG displayed competitive, high-malignancy insecticidal activity against fourth instar C. pipiens with an elevated rate of death of 0.649 µg/mL. The treatment, due to the prepared nanostructure, affects oxidative stress enzymes, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (4 ppm), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.03 OD/mg), and protein carbonyl (0.08 OD/mg), and there are observable upward and downward fluctuations when using different concentrations of NLC-Cur-LG, suggesting significant problems in its foreseeable insecticidal activity. The acetylcholinesterase activity was assessed by an enzyme inhibition assay, and strengthened inhibition occurred due to the encapsulated NLCs (IC50 = 1.95 µg/mL). An investigation of the gene expression by Western blotting, due to treatment with NLC-Cur-LG, revealed a severe reduction of nearly a quarter of what was seen in the untreated group. As a preliminary safety step, the nanoformulation's toxicity against normal cell lines was tested, and a reassuring result was obtained of IC50 = 158.1 µg/mL for the normal lung fibroblast cell line. (4) Conclusions: the synthesized nanoformulation, NLC-Cur-LG, is a useful insecticide in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Taha Radwan
- Supplementary General Sciences Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer Mousa Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S. Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia;
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Alruhaili
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Mostafa E. Salem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Heba M. Hamama
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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7
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Gao T, Zhang B, Wu Z, Zhang Q, Shi X, Zhou C, Liu X, Liu P, Liu X. Fabrication of ROS-responsive nanoparticles by modifying the interior pore-wall of mesoporous silica for smart delivery of azoxystrobin. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:11496-11504. [PMID: 37990572 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01954c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The suboptimal efficiency in pesticide utilization may elevate residues, posing safety risks to human food and non-target organisms. To address this challenge, delivery systems, such as pathogen infection stimuli-responsive carriers, can be employed to augment the efficiency of fungicide utilization. The bursting of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common defense response of host plants to pathogenic infections. In this study, ROS-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) modified with phenyl sulfide (PHS) as azoxystrobin (AZOX) carrier (MSN-PHS-AZOX) were fabricated. Results demonstrated that MSN-PHS-AZOX exhibited fungicide release kinetics dependent on ROS. In vitro inhibition experiments confirmed the fungicidal effect of MSN-PHS-AZOX on Botrytis cinerea, relying on external ROS. In vivo leaf experiments showcased the superior persistence of MSN-PHS-AZOX in compared to AZOX SC. Furthermore, MSN-PHS-AZOX exhibits favorable biosafety and lower toxicity to aquatic zebrafish compared to AZOX SC, with no adverse impact on cucumber leaf growth. These findings suggest the potential application of this ROS-responsive nano fungicide in managing plant disease in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqiang Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Borui Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhaochen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Qizhen Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xin Shi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Congying Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Pengfei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Orsi B, Sestari I, Preczenhak AP, de Abreu Vieira AP, Tessmer MA, da Silva Souza MA, Hassimotto NMA, Kluge RA. Fruits from tomato carotenoid mutants have altered susceptibility to grey mold. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108100. [PMID: 37864928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botritys cinerea takes advantage of the oxidative burst to facilitate tissue infection, leading to substantial losses during tomato postharvest. Tomato fruit is a source of carotenoids, pigments with a wide variety of isomeric configurations that determine their antioxidant capacity. Here, fruit susceptibility to B. cinerea was assessed in Micro-Tom Near Isogenic lines harboring mutations that alter the profile of carotenoids. Wound-inoculated fruit of the mutants Delta carotene (Del) and tangerine (t), which show large variety of carotenoids rather than the major accumulation of trans-lycopene, were less susceptible to the pathogen. Differences in susceptibility between the mutants were only observed in ripe fruit, after the formation of carotenoids, and they were associated with attenuation of damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The greater variety of carotenoid isomers, which in turn contributed to the greater lipophilic antioxidant capacity of fruit, was associated with the less susceptible mutants, Del and t. Together, our data reveals a potential activity of carotenoids in fruit defense, in addition to the well-known and widespread ecological role as attractors of seed dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Orsi
- University of São Paulo, Department of Biological Sciences, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ivan Sestari
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Biological and Agronomical Sciences, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Preczenhak
- University of São Paulo, Department of Biological Sciences, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Radwan IT, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Ghazawy NA, Alqahtani SS, Ahmad S, Alam N, Alkhaibari AM, Ali MS, Selim A, AbdelFattah EA. Effect of nanostructure lipid carrier of methylene blue and monoterpenes as enzymes inhibitor for Culex pipiens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12522. [PMID: 37532732 PMCID: PMC10397322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles second generation, nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC), is one of the most important biodegradable nanoparticles. Nanostructure Lipid carrier (NLC) was used to encapsulate methylene blue (MB) dye, carvacrol and citronellal and their efficacy as insecticidal against Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) were distinguished. The prepared nanoformulation revealed very good physicochemical properties, especially the homogeneity of the particle size. Transmission electron microscope showed spherical shaped nanoparticles within range less than 200 nm. The prepared NLC-MB-MT system showed a very competitive insecticidal activity and high virulence against the mosquito larvae with higher mortality rate of LC50 of 0.141 µl/mL, in addition to high level of Oxidative stress parameters obtained through all the tested enzymes including hydrogen peroxide (4.8 ppm), protein carbonyl amount (0.12 OD/mg protein), ascorbic acid (0.15 mg) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed strong increasing (0.09 OD/mg protein/min) at 6 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas paradoxical results of the oxidative stress enzymes were obtained from different concentration of nanoformulation that introduce a convenient reason for their potential insecticidal effect. The cytotoxic effect of NLC-MB-MT was evaluated using WI38 human lung cell lines, the LC50 was 6.4 mg/mL. The low cytotoxic reactivity towards the tested cell line makes the NLC-MB-MT nanoformulation has its promising insecticidal efficacy. Molecular docking study for each component were done against acetylcholine esterase protein and accepted binding modes achieved by the three compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Taha Radwan
- Supplementary General Sciences Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | | | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Mousa Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
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Song J, Han C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liang Y, Dai Q, Huo Z, Xu K. Hormetic Effects of Carbendazim on Mycelial Growth and Aggressiveness of Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101008. [PMID: 36294573 PMCID: PMC9604696 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of rice worldwide. Stimulatory effects of low doses of fungicides on pathogens are closely relevant to disease management. In the present study, in potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with carbendazim at a dose range from 0.003 to 0.3 μg/mL, stimulatory effects on the mycelial growth of three isolates sensitive to carbendazim were tested. Carbendazim at concentrations from 0.003 to 0.1 µg/mL showed stimulatory effects on mycelial growth of isolates Guy11 and H08-1a, while carbendazim at concentrations from 0.003 to 0.03 µg/mL stimulated the growth of isolate P131. The maximum stimulation magnitudes were 11.84% for the three isolates tested. Mycelial colonies grown on PDA amended with different concentrations of carbendazim were incubated at 28 °C in darkness for 7 days as the pretreatment. Pretreatment mycelia were inoculated on fresh fungicide-free PDA and subsequent mycelia growth stimulations were still observed, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 9.15% for the three isolates tested. Pretreatment mycelia did not significantly change the tolerance to H2O2 and NaCl, except that the tolerance to H2O2 was increased significantly (p < 0.05) when the carbendazim was at 0.3 µg/mL. After five generations of mycelial transference on fungicide-free PDA, the transgenerational hormesis of mycelial were exhibited when transferred onto PDA supplemented with carbendazim at 0.3 µg/mL, and the maximum percent stimulation was 51.28%. The time course of infection indicated that the visible initial necrotic symptoms could be detected at 2 DPI on leaves treated with carbendazim at 0.03 µg/mL, whereas no necrotic symptom could be discerned for the control. Statistical results of lesion area and lesion type at 7 DPI showed that there was a significant stimulation (p < 0.05) on aggressiveness of M. oryzae isolate Guy11 on detached rice leaves at 0.03 µg/mL carbendazim. These results will advance our understanding of hormetic effects of fungicides and provide valuable information for judicious application of fungicides.
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Lee HM, Park JS, Kim SJ, Kim SG, Park YD. Using Transcriptome Analysis to Explore Gray Mold Resistance-Related Genes in Onion (Allium cepa L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030542. [PMID: 35328095 PMCID: PMC8955018 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis in onions (Allium cepa L.) during growth and storage negatively affects their yield and quality. Exploring the genes related to gray mold resistance in onion and their application to the breeding of resistant onion lines will support effective and ecological control methods of the disease. Here, the genetic relationship of 54 onion lines based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and in vitro-cultured onion lines infected with gray mold were used for screening resistance and susceptibility traits. Two genetically related onion lines were selected, one with a resistant and one with a susceptible phenotype. In vitro gray mold infection was repeated with these two lines, and leaf samples were collected for gene expression studies in time series. Transcript sequences obtained by RNA sequencing were subjected to DEG analysis, variant analysis, and KEGG mapping. Among the KEGG pathways, ‘α-linoleic acid metabolism’ was selected because the comparison of the time series expression pattern of Jasmonate resistant 1 (JAR1), Coronatine-insensitive protein 1 (COI 1), and transcription factor MYC2 (MYC2) genes between the resistant and susceptible lines revealed its significant relationship with gray-mold-resistant phenotypes. Expression pattern and SNP of the selected genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, respectively. The results of this study will be useful for the development of molecular marker and finally breeding of gray-mold-resistant onions.
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García-Machado FJ, García-García AL, Borges AA, Jiménez-Arias D. Root treatment with a vitamin K 3 derivative: a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides against Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:974-981. [PMID: 34738317 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold has a great economic impact on several important crops. This necrotrophic fungus causes disease symptoms during vegetative growth and also into postharvest stages. The current method to combat this disease is fungicide application, with high economic costs and environmentally unsustainable impacts. Moreover, there is an increasing general public health concern about these strategies of crop protection. We studied the protection of tomato plants against B. cinerea by previous root treatment with menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB), a known plant defense activator. RESULTS Root treatment 48 h before inoculation with MSB 0.6 mmol L-1 reduced leaf lesion diameter by 30% and notably cell deaths, compared to control plants 72 h after inoculation. We studied the expression level of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes from different defense transduction pathways, and found that MSB primes higher PR1 expression against B. cinerea. However, this stronger induced resistance was impaired in transgenic salicylic acid-deficient NahG line. Additionally, in the absence of pathogen challenge, MSB increased tomato plant growth by 28% after 10 days. Our data provide evidence that MSB protects tomato plants against B. cinerea by priming defense responses through the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling pathway and reducing oxidative stress. CONCLUSION This work confirms the efficacy of MSB as plant defense activator against B. cinerea and presents a novel alternative to combat gray mold in important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J García-Machado
- Chemical Plant Defense Activators Group, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, IPNA-CSIC, Campus de Anchieta, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Applied Plant Biology Group, Department of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics. Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana L García-García
- Chemical Plant Defense Activators Group, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, IPNA-CSIC, Campus de Anchieta, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Applied Plant Biology Group, Department of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics. Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andrés A Borges
- Chemical Plant Defense Activators Group, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, IPNA-CSIC, Campus de Anchieta, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Arias
- Chemical Plant Defense Activators Group, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, IPNA-CSIC, Campus de Anchieta, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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13
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Sinha N, Patra SK, Sarkar TS, Ghosh S. Secretome analysis identified extracellular superoxide dismutase and catalase of Macrophomina phaseolina. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:62. [PMID: 34940926 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen is known to cause charcoal rot disease in food crops, pulse crops, oil crops and cotton and fibre crops. Necrotrophic fungi survive on dead plant tissue. It is well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the host plant during plant-pathogen interaction. However, it is still unclear how M. phaseolina can overcome the ROS-induced cellular damage. To mimic the invasion of M. phaseolina inside the plant cell wall, we developed solid substrate fermentation where M. phaseolina spore suspension was inoculated on a wheat bran bed and incubated for vegetative growth. To analyse the secretome of M. phaseolina after different day interval, its secretory material was collected and concentrated. Both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were detected in the secretome by zymogram. The presence of SOD and catalase was further confirmed by liquid chromatography based mass spectrometry. The physicochemical properties of M. phaseolina catalase in terms of stability towards pH, temperature, metal ions and chaotropic agent and inhibitors indicated its fitness at different environmental conditions. Apart from the production of catalase in SSF, the studies on this particular microorganism may also have significance in necrotrophic fungal pathogen and their susceptible host plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Sourav Kumar Patra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Tuhin Subhra Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.,Sister Nibedita Government General Degree College for Girls, Hastings House, 20B, Judges Court Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700027, India
| | - Sanjay Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
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14
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Wang JJ, Yin YP, Song JZ, Hu SJ, Cheng W, Qiu L. A p53-like transcription factor, BbTFO1, contributes to virulence and oxidative and thermal stress tolerances in the insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249350. [PMID: 33788872 PMCID: PMC8011754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-like transcription factor (TF) NDT80 plays a vital role in the regulation of pathogenic mechanisms and meiosis in certain fungi. However, the effects of NDT80 on entomopathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this paper, the NDT80 orthologue BbTFO1 was examined in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous entomopathogenic fungus, to explore the role of an NDT80-like protein for fungal pest control potential. Disruption of BbTFO1 resulted in impaired resistance to oxidative stress (OS) in a growth assay under OS and a 50% minimum inhibitory concentration experiment. Intriguingly, the oxidation resistance changes were accompanied by transcriptional repression of the two key antioxidant enzyme genes cat2 and cat5. ΔBbTFO1 also displayed defective conidial germination, virulence and heat resistance. The specific supplementation of BbTFO1 reversed these phenotypic changes. As revealed by this work, BbTFO1 can affect the transcription of catalase genes and play vital roles in the maintenance of phenotypes associated with the biological control ability of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JJW); (LQ)
| | - Ya-Ping Yin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Zheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JJW); (LQ)
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15
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Huang Z, Lu J, Liu R, Wang P, Hu Y, Fang A, Yang Y, Qing L, Bi C, Yu Y. SsCat2 encodes a catalase that is critical for the antioxidant response, QoI fungicide sensitivity, and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 149:103530. [PMID: 33561548 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogen with worldwide distribution. The metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for the development and infection process of this economically important pathogen. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is converted into water and dioxygen by catalases, which are major ROS scavengers in cells. Several genes have been predicted to encode the catalases of S. sclerotiorum, but the critical ones that function in the ROS stress response are still unknown. In this research, a catalase gene called SsCat2 was found to contribute to the predominant catalase activity at the stages of hyphae growth and sclerotial development. SsCat2 transcripts were induced under oxidative stress, and the target deletion of SsCat2 led to significant sensitivity to H2O2, suggesting that SsCat2 is critical in dealing with the oxidative stress. SsCat2-deletion strains were sensitive to hyperosmotic stresses and cell membrane-perturbing agents, suggesting impairment in cell integrity due to the inactivation of SsCat2. The expression of the alternative oxidase-encoding gene was upregulated in the SsCat2-deletion strains, which showed decreased sensitivity to QoI fungicides. SsCat2-deletion strains showed impaired virulence in different hosts, and more H2O2 accumulation was detected during the infect processes. In summary, these results indicate that SsCat2 encodes a catalase that is related to the oxidative stress response, QoI fungicide sensitivity, and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruiwen Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Balsells-Llauradó M, Silva CJ, Usall J, Vall-llaura N, Serrano-Prieto S, Teixidó N, Mesquida-Pesci SD, de Cal A, Blanco-Ulate B, Torres R. Depicting the battle between nectarine and Monilinia laxa: the fruit developmental stage dictates the effectiveness of the host defenses and the pathogen's infection strategies. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:167. [PMID: 33082973 PMCID: PMC7527454 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Infections by the fungus Monilinia laxa, the main cause of brown rot in Europe, result in considerable losses of stone fruit. Herein, we present a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to unravel strategies deployed by nectarine fruit and M. laxa during their interaction. We used M. laxa-inoculated immature and mature fruit, which was resistant and susceptible to brown rot, respectively, to perform a dual RNA-Seq analysis. In immature fruit, host responses, pathogen biomass, and pathogen transcriptional activity peaked at 14-24 h post inoculation (hpi), at which point M. laxa appeared to switch its transcriptional response to either quiescence or death. Mature fruit experienced an exponential increase in host and pathogen activity beginning at 6 hpi. Functional analyses in both host and pathogen highlighted differences in stage-dependent strategies. For example, in immature fruit, M. laxa unsuccessfully employed carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) for penetration, which the fruit was able to combat with tightly regulated hormone responses and an oxidative burst that challenged the pathogen's survival at later time points. In contrast, in mature fruit, M. laxa was more dependent on proteolytic effectors than CAZymes, and was able to invest in filamentous growth early during the interaction. Hormone analyses of mature fruit infected with M. laxa indicated that, while jasmonic acid activity was likely useful for defense, high ethylene activity may have promoted susceptibility through the induction of ripening processes. Lastly, we identified M. laxa genes that were highly induced in both quiescent and active infections and may serve as targets for control of brown rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balsells-Llauradó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia Spain
| | - Christian J. Silva
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Josep Usall
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia Spain
| | - Núria Vall-llaura
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia Spain
| | - Sandra Serrano-Prieto
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia Spain
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia Spain
| | | | - Antonieta de Cal
- Department of Plant Protection, INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Community of Madrid Spain
| | - Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia Spain
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17
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Zhang H, Zhang D, Wang F, Hsiang T, Liu J, Li G. Lasiodiplodia theobromae-induced alteration in ROS metabolism and its relation to gummosis development in Prunus persica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:43-53. [PMID: 32526610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peach gummosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most detrimental diseases to peaches in southern China. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play major roles in plant-pathogen interactions, however, their roles in the pathogenesis of peach gummosis, especially shoot disease in perennials, are largely unknown. In this study, the effects of L. theobromae on ROS production-scavenging systems and on signalling transduction during L. theobromae-induced gummosis in current-year peach shoots were investigated. The infection by L. theobromae led to a ROS burst and activated the plant antioxidant enzyme-dependent scavenging system. With disease progression, the capacity of the plant antioxidant machinery declined, and allowed for ROS accumulation and eventual malondialdehyde production. As for the fungus L. theobromae, the transcripts of genes related to ROS production were significantly repressed, and concomitantly the expression of genes related to antioxidant systems and oxidative stress resistance was markedly upregulated, perhaps to alleviate oxidative stress for successful colonisation. Moreover, genes involved in phytohormones biosynthesis and pathogenesis-related proteins were all markedly promoted, which could contribute to the restriction of disease development in peach shoots. Overall, the results showed that the ROS production-scavenging system in P. persica might affect disease development during peach-L. theobromae interaction. Our findings lay the foundations for future in-depth investigations of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying L. theobromae-mediated shoot diseases in terms of ROS production-scavenging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forest Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forest Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332005, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Junwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forest Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Guohuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forest Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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18
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Wang PY, Xiang M, Luo M, Liu HW, Zhou X, Wu ZB, Liu LW, Li Z, Yang S. Novel piperazine-tailored ursolic acid hybrids as significant antibacterial agents targeting phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. axonopodis pv. citri probably directed by activation of apoptosis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2746-2754. [PMID: 32187443 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced apoptosis is an effective technique that can reprogram cellular physiological and pathological processes to eradicate undesirable cells using their innate systems. Inspired by this, numerous apoptosis inducers have been developed to treat animal diseases, especially in the anticancer field. However, few studies have reported on the development of inductive agents that attack plant pathogens by activation of apoptosis. With the aim of exploring and discovering apoptosis inducers that target phytopathogens, a cluster of piperazine-tailored ursolic acid (UA) hybrids was systematically fabricated. RESULTS In vitro testing showed that the title molecules could inhibit the growth of two intractable bacterial strains, defined as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. axonopodis pv. citri. The corresponding lowest EC50 values were 0.37 and 1.08 μg mL-1 , which exceed those of UA (>400 μg mL-1 ) and positive controls. Moreover, compounds 5u and 5v could manage bacterial blight in vivo using pot experiments. Flow cytometer analysis indicted that the title compounds could induce distinct apoptotic behaviors on tested bacteria. In-depth study revealed that the introduction of designed compounds could reduce the enzyme activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, subsequently leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION This study promoted the development of apoptosis initiators for managing bacterial infections in agriculture by an innovative mode of action. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Wu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
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19
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Bui TTA, Wright SAI, Falk AB, Vanwalleghem T, Van Hemelrijck W, Hertog MLATM, Keulemans J, Davey MW. Botrytis cinerea differentially induces postharvest antioxidant responses in 'Braeburn' and 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5662-5670. [PMID: 31150567 PMCID: PMC6771965 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruit of two apple cultivars - 'Braeburn', which is susceptible to inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, and the less susceptible cv. 'Golden Delicious' - were investigated with respect to their response to inoculation with B. cinerea. Successful infection by B. cinerea leads to an oxidative burst and perturbation of plant redox homeostasis. To investigate the interaction between apple fruit and B. cinerea, antioxidant metabolism in fruit samples from sun-exposed and shaded sides of different tissue types was measured over time. RESULTS The sun-exposed tissue of 'Braeburn' had higher initial levels of total vitamin C in the peel and phenolic compounds in the flesh than 'Golden Delicious', despite its greater susceptibility to gray mold. A substantial antioxidant response was recorded in diseased 'Braeburn' fruit 14 days after inoculation, which involved an elevated superoxide dismutase activity and ascorbate peroxidase activity, a progressive oxidation of total vitamin C, and a decrease in peroxidase activity and phenolic content. Disease development was slower on the sun-exposed sides than on the shaded sides. CONCLUSION The two cultivars appeared to utilize different strategies to defend themselves against B. cinerea. 'Golden Delicious' almost entirely escaped infection. Preharvest exposure of apple fruit to high light / temperature stress appears to prepare them to better resist subsequent postharvest attack and disease. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet TA Bui
- Lab. of Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sandra AI Wright
- Section of BiologyFaculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of GävleGävleSweden
| | | | | | | | - Maarten LATM Hertog
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Keulemans
- Lab. of Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mark W Davey
- Lab. of Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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20
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Proteomic study of the membrane components of signalling cascades of Botrytis cinerea controlled by phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9860. [PMID: 31285484 PMCID: PMC6614480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and membrane proteins play an important role in the infection of plants by phytopathogenic fungi, given their involvement in signal transduction cascades. Botrytis cinerea is a well-studied necrotrophic fungus taken as a model organism in fungal plant pathology, given its broad host range and adverse economic impact. To elucidate relevant events during infection, several proteomics analyses have been performed in B. cinerea, but they cover only 10% of the total proteins predicted in the genome database of this fungus. To increase coverage, we analysed by LC-MS/MS the first-reported overlapped proteome in phytopathogenic fungi, the "phosphomembranome" of B. cinerea, combining the two most important signal transduction subproteomes. Of the 1112 membrane-associated phosphoproteins identified, 64 and 243 were classified as exclusively identified or overexpressed under glucose and deproteinized tomato cell wall conditions, respectively. Seven proteins were found under both conditions, but these presented a specific phosphorylation pattern, so they were considered as exclusively identified or overexpressed proteins. From bioinformatics analysis, those differences in the membrane-associated phosphoproteins composition were associated with various processes, including pyruvate metabolism, unfolded protein response, oxidative stress response, autophagy and cell death. Our results suggest these proteins play a significant role in the B. cinerea pathogenic cycle.
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21
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Herrera-Téllez VI, Cruz-Olmedo AK, Plasencia J, Gavilanes-Ruíz M, Arce-Cervantes O, Hernández-León S, Saucedo-García M. The Protective Effect of Trichoderma asperellum on Tomato Plants against Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea Diseases Involves Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082007. [PMID: 31022849 PMCID: PMC6514666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species are fungi widely employed as plant-growth-promoting agents and for biological control. Several commercial and laboratory-made solid formulations for mass production of Trichoderma have been reported. In this study, we evaluated a solid kaolin-based formulation to promote the absortion/retention of Trichoderma asperellum in the substrate for growing tomato plants. The unique implementation of this solid formulation resulted in an increased growth of the tomato plants, both in roots and shoots after 40 days of its application. Plants were challenged with two fungal pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea, and pretreatment with T. asperellum resulted in less severe wilting and stunting symptoms than non-treated plants. Treatment with T. asperellum formulation inhibited Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production in response to the pathogens in comparison to plants that were only challenged with both pathogens. These results suggest that decrease in ROS levels contribute to the protective effects exerted by T. asperellum in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica I Herrera-Téllez
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca-Tulancingo de Bravo Kilómetro 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Ana K Cruz-Olmedo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Acapulco, Carr. Cayaco Puerto Marqués s/n, Del PRI, Acapulco 39905, Guerrero, Mexico.
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marina Gavilanes-Ruíz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Arce-Cervantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Avenida Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo-Santiago Tulantepec, Tulancingo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Hernández-León
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Avenida Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo-Santiago Tulantepec, Tulancingo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Mariana Saucedo-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Avenida Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo-Santiago Tulantepec, Tulancingo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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Zhu XG, Tong SM, Ying SH, Feng MG. Antioxidant activities of four superoxide dismutases in Metarhizium robertsii and their contributions to pest control potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9221-9230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Liu L, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Yu G, Pan H. Sssfh1, a Gene Encoding a Putative Component of the RSC Chromatin Remodeling Complex, Is Involved in Hyphal Growth, Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation, and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1828. [PMID: 30131794 PMCID: PMC6090059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SFH1 (for Snf5 homolog) protein, comprised in the RSC (Remodels Structure of Chromatin) chromatin remodeling complex, functions as a transcription factor (TF) to specifically regulate gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. As one of the well-conserved TFs in eukaryotic organisms, little is known about the roles of SFH1 protein in the filamentous fungi. In Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, one of the notorious plant fungal pathogens, there are nine proteins predicted to contain GATA-box domain according to GATA family TF classification, among which Sssfh1 (SS1G_01151) encodes a protein including a GATA-box domain and a SNF5 domain. Here, we characterized the roles of Sssfh1 in the developmental process and fungal pathogenicity by using RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing in S. sclerotiorum. RNA-silenced strains with significantly reduced Sssfh1 RNA levels exhibited slower hyphal growth and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in hyphae compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays demonstrated that SsSFH1 interacts with SsMSG5, a MAPK phosphatase in S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, Sssfh1-silenced strains exhibited enhanced tolerance to NaCl and H2O2. Results of infection assays on soybean and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves indicated that Sssfh1 is required for full virulence of S. sclerotiorum during infection in the susceptible host plants. Collectively, our results suggest that the TF SsSFH1 is involved in growth, ROS accumulation and virulence in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gao S, Gold SE, Glenn AE. Characterization of two catalase-peroxidase-encoding genes in Fusarium verticillioides reveals differential responses to in vitro versus in planta oxidative challenges. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1127-1139. [PMID: 28802018 PMCID: PMC6638182 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Catalase-peroxidases (KatGs) are a superfamily of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-degrading enzymes believed to have been horizontally acquired by ancient Ascomycota from bacteria. Subsequent gene duplication resulted in two KatG paralogues in ascomycetes: the widely distributed intracellular KatG1 group and the phytopathogen-dominated extracellular KatG2 group. To functionally characterize FvCP01 (KatG1) and FvCP02 (KatG2) in the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, single and double gene deletion mutants were examined in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Both ΔFvCP01 and ΔFvCP02 were more sensitive to H2 O2 than the wild-type in vitro, although their sensitivity differed depending on the type of inoculum. Inoculations using mycelial agar plugs demonstrated an additive effect of the mutants, with the ΔFvCP01/ΔFvCP02 double deletion being the most sensitive to H2 O2 . In general, conidia were much more sensitive than agar plugs to H2 O2 , and conidial inoculations indicated that FvCP01 conferred more H2 O2 tolerance than FvCP02. Transcriptional analysis showed the induction of FvCP01, but decreased expression of FvCP02, in both mycelia and spores in the wild-type after H2 O2 exposure, but this trend was reversed when the fungus was grown on germinating maize seeds. This interaction with the plant increased the expression of FvCP02, but not FvCP01, indicating that FvCP02 may be responsive to plant-derived H2 O2 . Yet, FvCP01 was induced more than three-fold in the ΔFvCP02 mutant grown on germlings, suggesting that FvCP01 can compensate for the loss of FvCP02. Given the differential responses of these two F. verticillioides genes to in vitro versus in planta challenges, a model is proposed to illustrate the differing roles of FvCP01 and FvCP02 in protective responses against H2 O2 -derived oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Scott E. Gold
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research UnitUSDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research CenterAthensGA 30605USA
| | - Anthony E. Glenn
- Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research UnitUSDA, ARS, US National Poultry Research CenterAthensGA 30605USA
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25
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Antioxidant enzymes and their contributions to biological control potential of fungal insect pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4995-5004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Lee Y, Son H, Shin JY, Choi GJ, Lee Y. Genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidases in the head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:715-730. [PMID: 28387997 PMCID: PMC6638050 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with various developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in pathogenic fungi. Peroxidases are a group of ROS-detoxifying enzymes that are involved in the oxidative stress response and in a variety of physiological processes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidase genes in Fusarium graminearum, a head blight pathogen of cereal crops. We identified 31 putative peroxidase genes and generated deletion mutants for these genes. Twenty-six of the deletion mutants showed developmental phenotypes indistinguishable from that of the wild-type, and five deletion mutants exhibited phenotypic changes in at least one phenotypic category. Four deletion mutants, fca6, fca7, fpx1 and fpx15, showed increased sensitivity to extracellular H2 O2 . Deletion mutants of FCA7 also exhibited reduced virulence and increased trichothecene production compared with those of the wild-type strain, suggesting that Fca7 may play an important role in the host-pathogen interaction in F. graminearum. To identify the transcription factors (TFs) regulating FCA6, FCA7, FPX1 and FPX15 in response to oxidative stress, we screened an F. graminearum TF mutant library for growth in the presence of H2 O2 and found that multiple TFs co-regulated the expression of FCA7 under oxidative stress conditions. These results demonstrate that a complex network of transcriptional regulators of antioxidant genes is involved in oxidative stress responses in this fungus. Moreover, our study provides insights into the roles of peroxidases in developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Center for Food and BioconvergenceSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco‐friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114South Korea
| | - Yin‐Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
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27
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Segal LM, Wilson RA. Reactive oxygen species metabolism and plant-fungal interactions. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 110:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Sun K, van Tuinen A, van Kan JAL, Wolters AMA, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of DND1 in potato and tomato impedes conidial germination, attachment and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:235. [PMID: 29212470 PMCID: PMC5719932 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, attacks many crops including potato and tomato. Major genes for complete resistance to B. cinerea are not known in plants, but a few quantitative trait loci have been described in tomato. Loss of function of particular susceptibility (S) genes appears to provide a new source of resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. RESULTS In this study, orthologs of Arabidopsis S genes (DND1, DMR6, DMR1 and PMR4) were silenced by RNAi in potato and tomato (only for DND1). DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants showed significantly reduced diameters of B. cinerea lesions as compared to control plants, at all-time points analysed. Reduced lesion diameter was also observed on leaves of DMR6 silenced potato plants but only at 3 days post inoculation (dpi). The DMR1 and PMR4 silenced potato transformants were as susceptible as the control cv Desiree. Microscopic analysis was performed to observe B. cinerea infection progress in DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato leaves. A significantly lower number of B. cinerea conidia remained attached to the leaf surface of DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants and the hyphal growth of germlings was hampered. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a cytological investigation of Botrytis development on DND1-silenced crop plants. Silencing of DND1 led to reduced susceptibility to Botrytis, which was associated with impediment of conidial germination and attachment as well as hyphal growth. Our results provide new insights regarding the use of S genes in resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth van Tuinen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Tayal P, Raj S, Sharma E, Kumar M, Dayaman V, Verma N, Jogawat A, Dua M, Kapoor R, Johri AK. A Botrytis cinerea KLP-7 Kinesin acts as a Virulence Determinant during Plant Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10664. [PMID: 28878341 PMCID: PMC5587557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that infects many important crops. In an attempt to unravel some novel factors that govern pathogenicity in B. cinerea, Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT) was deployed, and a number of tagged transformants were generated. Among these, a mutant, BCM-29 exhibited slower growth rate, reduced conidia size, conidiation and penetration. The mutant was also defective in secretion of oxalic acid (OA) and exhibited reduced activities of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methyl esterases (PME). TAIL-PCR followed by BLAST search identified the tagged gene as KLP-7 that encodes for kinesin. Targeted deletion of KLP-7 resulted in several folds decrease in virulence of mutants as compared to WT, while complementation of the gene helped in rescue of virulence traits. This is the first time when a unique kinesin KLP-7 that is mainly found in the phylum Pezizomycotina has been linked to virulence in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamil Tayal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sumit Raj
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Esha Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Vikram Dayaman
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Nidhi Verma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Abhimanyu Jogawat
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dua
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
| | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India.
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30
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Haile ZM, Pilati S, Sonego P, Malacarne G, Vrhovsek U, Engelen K, Tudzynski P, Zottini M, Baraldi E, Moser C. Molecular analysis of the early interaction between the grapevine flower and Botrytis cinerea reveals that prompt activation of specific host pathways leads to fungus quiescence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1409-1428. [PMID: 28239986 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grape quality and yield can be impaired by bunch rot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Infection often occurs at flowering, and the pathogen stays quiescent until fruit maturity. Here, we report a molecular analysis of the early interaction between B. cinerea and Vitis vinifera flowers, using a controlled infection system, confocal microscopy and integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the host and the pathogen. Flowers from fruiting cuttings of the cultivar Pinot Noir were infected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled B. cinerea and studied at 24 and 96 hours post-inoculation (h.p.i.). We observed that penetration of the epidermis by B. cinerea coincided with increased expression of genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes, phytotoxins and proteases. Grapevine responded with a rapid defence reaction involving 1193 genes associated with the accumulation of antimicrobial proteins, polyphenols, reactive oxygen species and cell wall reinforcement. At 96 h.p.i., the reaction appears largely diminished both in the host and in the pathogen. Our data indicate that the defence responses of the grapevine flower collectively are able to restrict invasive fungal growth into the underlying tissues, thereby forcing the fungus to enter quiescence until the conditions become more favourable to resume pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46,, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B,, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46,, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Trentino, Italy
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31
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Pan X, Wu J, Xu S, Duan Y, Zhou M. CatB is Critical for Total Catalase Activity and Reduces Bactericidal Effects of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:163-172. [PMID: 27749149 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-16-0251-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rice bacterial leaf blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and rice bacterial leaf streak, caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, are major diseases of rice. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is a natural product that is isolated from Pseudomonas spp. and is used to control many important rice diseases in China. We previously reported that PCA disturbs the redox balance, which results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in X. oryzae pv. oryzae. In this study, we found that PCA significantly upregulated the transcript levels of catB and katE, which encode catalases, and that PCA sensitivity was reduced when X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola were cultured with exogenous catalase. Furthermore, catB deletion mutants of X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola showed dramatically decreased total catalase activity, increased sensitivity to PCA, and reduced virulence in rice. In contrast, deletion mutants of srpA and katG, which also encode catalases, exhibited little change in PCA sensitivity. The results indicate that catB in both X. oryzae pvs. oryzae and oryzicola encodes a catalase that helps protect the bacteria against PCA-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Pan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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32
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Johansen KS. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases: The Microbial Power Tool for Lignocellulose Degradation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:926-936. [PMID: 27527668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-enzymes that catalyze oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds. These enzymes are secreted by many microorganisms to initiate infection and degradation processes. In particular, the concept of fungal degradation of lignocellulose has been revised in the light of this recent finding. LPMOs require a source of electrons for activity, and both enzymatic and plant-derived sources have been identified. Importantly, light-induced electron delivery from light-harvesting pigments can efficiently drive LPMO activity. The possible implications of LPMOs in plant-symbiont and -pathogen interactions are discussed in the context of the very powerful oxidative capacity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Salomon Johansen
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Management, Copenhagen University, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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33
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Chen SN, Luo CX, Hu MJ, Schnabel G. Fitness and Competitive Ability of Botrytis cinerea Isolates with Resistance to Multiple Chemical Classes of Fungicides. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:997-1005. [PMID: 27161219 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0061-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to multiple chemical classes of fungicides in Botrytis cinerea isolates from eastern United States strawberry fields is common and strategies to control them are needed. In this study, we compared fitness and competitive ability of eight sensitive isolates (S), eight isolates resistant to five or six chemical classes of fungicides but not to phenylpyrroles (5CCR), and eight isolates resistant to six or seven chemical classes including phenylpyrroles (6CCR/MDR1h). The latter included the MDR1h phenotype due to overexpression of atrB based on Δ497V/L in mrr1. The 6CCR/MDR1h isolates grew more slowly at 4°C on potato dextrose agar, and both 5CCR and 6CCR/MDR1h isolates were hypersensitive to osmotic stress compared with S isolates. In contrast, no differences were found in oxidative sensitivity, aggressiveness, and spore production in vivo, and sclerotia production and viability in vitro. In competition experiments, the 5CCR and 6CCR/MDR1h isolates were both outcompeted by S isolates and 6CCR/MDR1h isolates were outcompeted by 5CCR isolates in the absence of fungicide pressure. Under selective pressure of a fludioxonil/pyraclostrobin rotation, the 6CCR/MDR1h isolates dominated after coinoculation with 5CCR and S isolates. The competitive disadvantage of 5CCR and especially 6CCR/MDR1h isolates suggest that, in the absence of fungicide selection pressure, S isolates may reduce inoculum potential of multifungicide-resistant isolates under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Chen
- First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - C X Luo
- First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - M J Hu
- First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - G Schnabel
- First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634
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34
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Ben M'Barek S, Cordewener JHG, van der Lee TAJ, America AHP, Mirzadi Gohari A, Mehrabi R, Hamza S, de Wit PJGM, Kema GHJ. Proteome catalog of Zymoseptoria tritici captured during pathogenesis in wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:42-53. [PMID: 26092789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is an economically important pathogen of wheat. However, the molecular basis of pathogenicity on wheat is still poorly understood. Here, we present a global survey of the proteins secreted by this fungus in the apoplast of resistant (cv. Shafir) and susceptible (cv. Obelisk) wheat cultivars after inoculation with reference Z. tritici strain IPO323. The fungal proteins present in apoplastic fluids were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and by data-independent acquisition liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS(E)) combined with data-dependent acquisition LC-MS/MS. Subsequent mapping mass spectrometry-derived peptide sequence data against the genome sequence of strain IPO323 identified 665 peptides in the MS(E) and 93 in the LC-MS/MS mode that matched to 85 proteins. The identified fungal proteins, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and proteases, might function in pathogenicity, but the functions of many remain unknown. Most fungal proteins accumulated in cv. Obelisk at the onset of necrotrophy. This inventory provides an excellent basis for future detailed studies on the role of these genes and their encoded proteins during pathogenesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Ben M'Barek
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901 Hammam-Lif-2050, Tunisia
| | - Jan H G Cordewener
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Center for BioSystems and Genomics, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H P America
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Center for BioSystems and Genomics, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Plant Pathology Building, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sonia Hamza
- Laboratory of genetics, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit H J Kema
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Lyu X, Shen C, Fu Y, Xie J, Jiang D, Li G, Cheng J. The Microbial Opsin Homolog Sop1 is involved in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Development and Environmental Stress Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1504. [PMID: 26779159 PMCID: PMC4703900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial opsins play a crucial role in responses to various environmental signals. Here, we report that the microbial opsin homolog gene sop1 from the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was dramatically up-regulated during infection and sclerotial development compared with the vegetative growth stage. Further, study showed that sop1 was essential for growth, sclerotial development and full virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Sop1-silenced transformants were more sensitive to high salt stress, fungicides and high osmotic stress. However, they were more tolerant to oxidative stress compared with the wild-type strain, suggesting that sop1 is involved in different stress responses and fungicide resistance, which plays a role in the environmental adaptability of S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, a Delta blast search showed that microbial opsins are absent from the genomes of animals and most higher plants, indicating that sop1 is a potential drug target for disease control of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Cuicui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Eloy YRG, Vasconcelos IM, Barreto ALH, Freire-Filho FR, Oliveira JTA. H2O2 plays an important role in the lifestyle of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during interaction with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:747-57. [PMID: 26228563 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-fungus interactions usually generate H(2)O(2) in the infected plant tissue. H(2)O(2) has a direct antimicrobial effect and is involved in the cross-linking of cell walls, signaling, induction of gene expression, hypersensitive cell death and induced systemic acquired resistance. This has raised the hypothesis that H(2)O(2) manipulation by pharmacological compounds could alter the lifestyle of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during interaction with the BR-3-Tracuateua cowpea genotype. The primary leaves of cowpea were excised, infiltrated with salicylic acid (SA), glucose oxidase + glucose (GO/G), catalase (CAT) or diphenyliodonium chloride (DPI), followed by spore inoculation on the adaxial leaf surface. SA or GO/G-treated plantlets showed increased H(2)O(2) accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The fungus used a subcuticular, intramural necrotrophic strategy, and developed secondary hyphae associated with the quick spread and rapid killing of host cells. However, CAT or DPI-treated leaves exhibited decreased H(2)O(2) concentration and lipid peroxidation and the fungus developed intracellular hemibiotrophic infection with vesicles, in addition to primary and secondary hyphal formation. These results suggest that H(2)O(2) plays an important role in the cowpea (C. gloeosporioides) pathosystem given that it affected fungal lifestyle during interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor R G Eloy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60451-970, Brazil; University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceara 60811-905, Brazil.
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana L H Barreto
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) - Meio-Norte, Teresina, Piaui 64006-220, Brazil.
| | - Francisco R Freire-Filho
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) - Meio-Norte, Teresina, Piaui 64006-220, Brazil.
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60451-970, Brazil.
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Vos CMF, De Cremer K, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. The toolbox of Trichoderma spp. in the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:400-12. [PMID: 25171761 PMCID: PMC6638538 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease in many plant species, leading to economically important crop losses. So far, fungicides have been widely used to control this pathogen. However, in addition to their detrimental effects on the environment and potential risks for human health, increasing fungicide resistance has been observed in the B. cinerea population. Biological control, that is the application of microbial organisms to reduce disease, has gained importance as an alternative or complementary approach to fungicides. In this respect, the genus Trichoderma constitutes a promising pool of organisms with potential for B. cinerea control. In the first part of this article, we review the specific mechanisms involved in the direct interaction between the two fungi, including mycoparasitism, the production of antimicrobial compounds and enzymes (collectively called antagonism), and competition for nutrients and space. In addition, biocontrol has also been observed when Trichoderma is physically separated from the pathogen, thus implying an indirect systemic plant defence response. Therefore, in the second part, we describe the consecutive steps leading to induced systemic resistance (ISR), starting with the initial Trichoderma-plant interaction and followed by the activation of downstream signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, the defence response resulting in ISR (ISR-prime phase). Finally, we discuss the ISR-boost phase, representing the effect of ISR priming by Trichoderma spp. on plant responses after additional challenge with B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M F Vos
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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Vatsa-Portugal P, Walker AS, Jacquens L, Clément C, Barka EA, Vaillant-Gaveau N. Inflorescences vs leaves: a distinct modulation of carbon metabolism process during Botrytis infection. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:162-177. [PMID: 25251162 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and survival depends critically on photo assimilates. Pathogen infection leads to changes in carbohydrate metabolism of plants. In this study, we monitored changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the grapevine inflorescence and leaves using Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis pseudo cinerea. Fluctuations in gas exchange were correlated with variations in chlorophyll a fluorescence. During infection, the inflorescences showed an increase in net photosynthesis (Pn) with a stomatal limitation. In leaves, photosynthesis decreased, with a non-stomatal limitation. A decrease in the effective photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (ΦPSII) was accompanied by an increase in photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qN). The enhancement of qP and ΦPSII could explain the observed increase in Pn. In leaves, the significant decline in ΦPSII and qP, and increase in qN suggest that energy was mostly oriented toward heat dissipation instead of CO2 fixation. The accumulation of glucose and sucrose in inflorescences and glucose and fructose in the leaves during infection indicate that the plant's carbon metabolism is differently regulated in these two organs. While a strong accumulation of starch was observed at 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with both species of Botrytis in the inflorescences, a significant decrease with B. cinerea at 24 hpi and a significant increase with B. pseudo cinerea at 48 hpi were observed in the leaves. On the basis of these results, it can be said that during pathogen attack, the metabolism of grapevine inflorescence and leaf is modified suggesting distinct mechanisms modifying gas exchange, PSII activity and sugar contents in these two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Vatsa-Portugal
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vigne et Vin de Champagne URVVC EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, F-51687, France
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López-Pérez M, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L. Identification and functional analysis of Penicillium digitatum genes putatively involved in virulence towards citrus fruit. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:262-75. [PMID: 25099378 PMCID: PMC6638479 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of green mould rot, is the most destructive post-harvest pathogen of citrus fruit in Mediterranean regions. In order to identify P. digitatum genes up-regulated during the infection of oranges that may constitute putative virulence factors, we followed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA macroarray hybridization approach. The origin of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was determined by comparison against the available genome sequences of both organisms. Genes coding for fungal proteases and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes represent the largest categories in the subtracted cDNA library. Northern blot analysis of a selection of P. digitatum genes, including those coding for proteases, cell wall-related enzymes, redox homoeostasis and detoxification processes, confirmed their up-regulation at varying time points during the infection process. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was used to generate knockout mutants for two genes encoding a pectin lyase (Pnl1) and a naphthalene dioxygenase (Ndo1). Two independent P. digitatum Δndo1 mutants were as virulent as the wild-type. However, the two Δpnl1 mutants analysed were less virulent than the parental strain or an ectopic transformant. Together, these results provide a significant advance in our understanding of the putative determinants of the virulence mechanisms of P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario López-Pérez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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Lee Y, Min K, Son H, Park AR, Kim JC, Choi GJ, Lee YW. ELP3 is involved in sexual and asexual development, virulence, and the oxidative stress response in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1344-1355. [PMID: 25083910 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important fungal plant pathogen that causes serious losses in cereal crop yields and mycotoxicoses in humans and livestock. In this study, we characterized an insertion mutant, Z39R9282, with pleiotropic defects in sexual development and virulence. We determined that the insertion occurred in a gene encoding an ortholog of yeast elongator complex protein 3 (ELP3). Deletion of elp3 led to significant defects in sexual and asexual development in F. graminearum. In the elp3 deletion mutant, the number of perithecia formed was reduced and maturation of perithecia was delayed. This mutant also produced morphologically abnormal ascospores and conidia. Histone acetylation in the elp3 deletion mutant was reduced compared with the wild type, which likely caused the developmental defects. Trichothecenes were not produced at detectable levels, and expression of trichothecene biosynthesis genes were significantly reduced in the elp3 deletion mutant. Infection of wheat heads revealed that the elp3 deletion mutant was unable to spread from inoculated florets to neighboring spikelets. Furthermore, the elp3 deletion mutant was more sensitive to oxidative stress than the wild type, and the expression of putative catalase genes was reduced. We demonstrate that elp3 functions in sexual and asexual development, virulence, and the oxidative stress response of F. graminearum by regulating the expression of genes involved in these various developmental processes.
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Zhou F, Liang HJ, Di YL, You H, Zhu FX. Stimulatory Effects of Sublethal Doses of Dimethachlon on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1364-1370. [PMID: 30703927 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-13-1059-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth and virulence stimulations of sublethal doses of fungicides on plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes have been reported and the stimulatory effects are potentially relevant to plant disease management. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating and economically important necrotrophic fungal phytopathogens, capable of infecting more than 400 species of plants worldwide. In order to study stimulatory effects of sublethal doses of fungicides on S. sclerotiorum, 55 dimethachlon-sensitive isolates and 3 dimethachlon-resistant isolates of S. sclerotiorum were assayed to determine effects of sublethal doses of dimethachlon on mycelial growth rate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media and virulence on oilseed rape plants. Results showed that all 3 dimethachlon-resistant isolates and 13 of the 55 sensitive isolates exhibited stimulatory responses to sublethal doses of dimethachlon. Dimethachlon-resistant isolates grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster on PDA media amended with dimethachlon at 0.5 to 4 μg/ml than on fungicide-free PDA media. As for virulence on detached leaves of oilseed rape plants, lesion diameters of dimethachlon-resistant isolates after growth on PDA media amended with dimethachlon at 0.5 to 2 μg/ml were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than the control. The maximum stimulatory effects were 42.40 to 59.80%. In pot experiments, for both dimethachlon-sensitive and -resistant isolates, significant (P < 0.05) virulence stimulations were observed after spraying with dimethachlon at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. After growing on dimethachlon-amended PDA media, H2O2 sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the nonamended PDA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong-Jie Liang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ya-Li Di
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong You
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fu-Xing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Li F, Shi HQ, Ying SH, Feng MG. Distinct contributions of one Fe- and two Cu/Zn-cofactored superoxide dismutases to antioxidation, UV tolerance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 81:160-71. [PMID: 25263710 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous entomopathogen, has five distinct superoxide dismutases (SODs), including cytosolic and mitochondrial MnSODs (Sod2/3) which have proved contributing primarily to intracelluar SOD activity and additively to antioxidation and virulence. Here we characterized cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD (Sod1), mitochondrial FeSOD (Sod4) and cell wall-anchored Cu/ZnSOD (Sod5). The latter two are unexplored despite existence in many filamentous fungi, and their subcellular localization was well confirmed with specifically stained cells expressing Sod4::eGFP or Sod5::eGFP fusion. Total SOD activity decreased by ∼15% in Δsod1 but increased by 11-20% in three sod4 knockdown mutants (Δsod4 was lethal) when co-cultivated with menadone and H2O2. Surprisingly, total catalase activity decreased much more in the sod4 mutants (69-75%) than in Δsod1 (27-33%) under normal and oxidative conditions. However, Δsod5 showed little change in either SOD or catalase activity. Transcript levels of SOD partners and five catalases also changed more dramatically in the sod4 mutants than in Δsod1 and Δsod5. As a consequence of global effect, intracellular ROS levels induced by both oxidants were higher in Δsod1 than in the sod4 mutants and Δsod5. All the mutants were differentially more sensitive to the two oxidants and UV-A/UV-B irradiations and less virulent to Galleria mellonella larvae but not responsive to high osmolarity, cell wall stress and high temperature. Taken together with previously characterized Sod2 and Sod3, our results provide full insight into the SOD family, unveiling the interactions of each SOD with other partners and catalases in the antioxidant reaction associated with the fungal biocontrol potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Qiang Shi
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Viefhues A, Heller J, Temme N, Tudzynski P. Redox systems in Botrytis cinerea: impact on development and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:858-74. [PMID: 24983673 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-14-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is of great importance for maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. Here, we show that it has a severe influence on virulence of Botrytis cinerea, demonstrating that redox processes are important for host-pathogen interactions in this necrotrophic plant pathogen. The thioredoxin system is composed of two enzymes, the thioredoxin and the thioredoxin reductase. We identified two genes encoding for thioredoxins (bctrx1, bctrx2) and one gene encoding for a thioredoxin reductase (bctrr1) in the genome of B. cinerea. Knockout mutants of bctrx1 and bctrr1 were severely impaired in virulence and more sensitive to oxidative stress. Additionally, Δbctrr1 showed enhanced H2O2 production and retarded growth. To investigate the impact of the second major cellular redox system, glutathione, we generated deletion mutants for two glutathione reductase genes. The effects were only marginal; deletion of bcglr1 resulted in reduced germination and, correspondingly, to retarded infection as well as reduced growth on minimal medium, whereas bcglr2 deletion had no distinctive phenotype. In summary, we showed that the balanced redox status maintained by the thioredoxin system is essential for development and pathogenesis of B. cinerea, whereas the second major cellular redox system, the glutathione system, seems to have only minor impact on these processes.
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Aver'yanov AA, Lapikova VP, Pasechnik TD, Abramova OS, Gaivoronskaya LM, Kuznetsov VV, Baker CJ. Pre-illumination of rice blast conidia induces tolerance to subsequent oxidative stress. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:743-53. [PMID: 25110136 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many environmental factors, alone or combined, affect organisms by changing a pro-/antioxidant balance. Here we tested rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) for possible cross-adaptations caused by relatively intense light and protecting from artificially formed reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-dependent fungitoxic response of the host plant. Spore germination was found to be suppressed under 4-h and, to larger extent, 5-h illumination. The effect was diminished by antioxidants and, therefore, suggests involvement of ROS. One-hour of light did not affect spore germination, but stimulated their chemically assayed superoxide production. The illuminated spores were more tolerant (than non-illuminated ones) to artificially generated H(2)O(2), O(2)(-), or OH or to toxic diffusate of rice leaf. They also caused more severe disease symptoms if applied to leaves of the susceptible rice cultivar at low concentration. Spore diffusates decomposed hydrogen peroxide. They detoxified exogenous H(2)O(2) and superoxide radical as well as leaf diffusates. Spore illumination increased some of these protective effects. It is suggested that short-term light led to mild oxidative stress, which induced spore antioxidant capacity, enhancing spore tolerance to subsequent stronger oxidative stress and its aggressiveness in planta. Such tolerance depends partly on the antidotal action of spore extracellular compounds, which may also be light-stimulated. Therefore, a certain ROS-related environmental factor may adapt a fungus to other factors and so modulate its pathogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Aver'yanov
- Research Institute of Phytopathology, B. Vyazemy, Moscow Region 143050, Russia.
| | - Vera P Lapikova
- Research Institute of Phytopathology, B. Vyazemy, Moscow Region 143050, Russia
| | - Tatiana D Pasechnik
- Research Institute of Phytopathology, B. Vyazemy, Moscow Region 143050, Russia
| | - Olga S Abramova
- Russian People's Friendship University, 8 M. Maklay Str., Moscow 117813, Russia
| | | | | | - C Jacyn Baker
- Agricultural Research Service USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Lalève A, Fillinger S, Walker AS. Fitness measurement reveals contrasting costs in homologous recombinant mutants of Botrytis cinerea resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Buxdorf K, Rubinsky G, Barda O, Burdman S, Aharoni A, Levy M. The transcription factor SlSHINE3 modulates defense responses in tomato plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:37-47. [PMID: 23943056 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays an important role in plant interactions with pathogens and with their surroundings. The cuticle acts as both a physical barrier against physical stresses and pathogens and a chemical deterrent and activator of the plant defense response. Cuticle production in tomato plants is regulated by several transcription factors, including SlSHINE3, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis WIN/SHN3. Here we used a SlSHINE3-overexpressing (SlSHN3-OE) and silenced (Slshn3-RNAi) lines and a mutant in SlCYP86A69 (Slcyp86A69)--a direct target of SlSHN3--to analyze the roles of the leaf cuticle and cutin content and composition in the tomato plant's defense response to the necrotrophic foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. We showed that SlSHN3, which is predominantly expressed in tomato fruit epidermis, also affects tomato leaf cuticle, as morphological alterations in the SlSHN3-OE leaf tissue resulted in shiny, stunted and permeable leaves. SlSHN3-OE leaves accumulated 38% more cutin monomers than wild-type leaves, while Slshn3-RNAi and Slcyp86A69 plants showed a 40 and 70% decrease in leaf cutin monomers, respectively. Overexpression of SlSHN3 resulted in resistance to B. cinerea infection and to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, correlated with cuticle permeability and elevated expression of pathogenesis-related genes PR1a and AOS. Further analysis revealed that B. cinerea-infected Slshn3-RNAi plants are more sensitive to B. cinerea and produce more hydrogen peroxide than wild-type plants. Cutin monomer content and composition differed between SlSHN3-OE, Slcyp86A69, Slshn3-RNAi and wild-type plants, and cutin monomer extracted from SlSHN3-OE plants altered the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Buxdorf
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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Hamdoun S, Liu Z, Gill M, Yao N, Lu H. Dynamics of defense responses and cell fate change during Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83219. [PMID: 24349466 PMCID: PMC3859648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions involve sophisticated action and counteraction strategies from both parties. Plants can recognize pathogen derived molecules, such as conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effector proteins, and subsequently activate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), respectively. However, pathogens can evade such recognitions and suppress host immunity with effectors, causing effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). The differences among PTI, ETS, and ETI have not been completely understood. Toward a better understanding of PTI, ETS, and ETI, we systematically examined various defense-related phenotypes of Arabidopsis infected with different Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 strains, using the virulence strain DG3 to induce ETS, the avirulence strain DG34 that expresses avrRpm1 (recognized by the resistance protein RPM1) to induce ETI, and HrcC- that lacks the type three secretion system to activate PTI. We found that plants infected with different strains displayed dynamic differences in the accumulation of the defense signaling molecule salicylic acid, expression of the defense marker gene PR1, cell death formation, and accumulation/localization of the reactive oxygen species, H2O2. The differences between PTI, ETS, and ETI are dependent on the doses of the strains used. These data support the quantitative nature of PTI, ETS, and ETI and they also reveal qualitative differences between PTI, ETS, and ETI. Interestingly, we observed the induction of large cells in the infected leaves, most obviously with HrcC- at later infection stages. The enlarged cells have increased DNA content, suggesting a possible activation of endoreplication. Consistent with strong induction of abnormal cell growth by HrcC-, we found that the PTI elicitor flg22 also activates abnormal cell growth, depending on a functional flg22-receptor FLS2. Thus, our study has revealed a comprehensive picture of dynamic changes of defense phenotypes and cell fate determination during Arabidopsis-P. syringae interactions, contributing to a better understanding of plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safae Hamdoun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Manroop Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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De Coninck B, Carron D, Tavormina P, Willem L, Craik DJ, Vos C, Thevissen K, Mathys J, Cammue BPA. Mining the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana as a basis for the identification of novel bioactive peptides involved in oxidative stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5297-307. [PMID: 24043855 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence has accumulated on the role of plant peptides in the response to external conditions, the number of peptide-encoding genes in the genome is still underestimated. Using tiling arrays, we identified 176 unannotated transcriptionally active regions (TARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana that were induced upon oxidative stress generated by the herbicide paraquat (PQ). These 176 TARs could be translated into 575 putative oxidative stress-induced peptides (OSIPs). A high-throughput functional assay was used in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae allowing us to test for bioactive peptides that increase oxidative stress tolerance. In this way, we identified three OSIPs that, upon overexpression in yeast, resulted in a significant rise in tolerance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For one of these peptides, the decapeptide OSIP108, exogenous application to H2O2-treated yeast also resulted in significantly increased survival. OSIP108 is contained within a pseudogene and is induced in A. thaliana leaves by both the reactive oxygen species-inducer PQ and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, infiltration and overexpression of OSIP108 in A. thaliana leaves resulted in increased tolerance to treatment with PQ. In conclusion, the identification and characterization of OSIP108 confirms the validity of our high-throughput approach, based on tiling array analysis in A. thaliana and functional screening in yeast, to identify bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Coninck
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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49
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De Cremer K, Mathys J, Vos C, Froenicke L, Michelmore RW, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. RNAseq-based transcriptome analysis of Lactuca sativa infected by the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1992-2007. [PMID: 23534608 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea establishes a necrotrophic interaction with its host plants, including lettuce (Lactuca sativa), causing it to wilt, collapse and eventually dry up and die, which results in serious economic losses. Global expression profiling using RNAseq and the newly sequenced lettuce genome identified a complex network of genes involved in the lettuce-B. cinerea interaction. The observed high number of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are implicated, generating a holistic picture. Most pronounced were the induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway and terpenoid biosynthesis, whereas photosynthesis was globally down-regulated at 48 h post-inoculation. Large-scale comparison with data available on the interaction of B. cinerea with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed both general and species-specific responses to infection with this pathogen. Surprisingly, expression analysis of selected genes could not detect significant systemic transcriptional alterations in lettuce leaves distant from the inoculation site. Additionally, we assessed the response of these lettuce genes to a biotrophic pathogen, Bremia lactucae, revealing that similar pathways are induced during compatible interactions of lettuce with necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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50
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Montibus M, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C, Ponts N. Coupling of transcriptional response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism regulation in filamentous fungi. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:295-308. [PMID: 24041414 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.829416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To survive sudden and potentially lethal changes in their environment, filamentous fungi must sense and respond to a vast array of stresses, including oxidative stresses. The generation of reactive oxygen species, or ROS, is an inevitable aspect of existence under aerobic conditions. In addition, in the case of fungi with pathogenic lifestyles, ROS are produced by the infected hosts and serve as defense weapons via direct toxicity, as well as effectors in fungal cell death mechanisms. Filamentous fungi have thus developed complex and sophisticated responses to evade oxidative killing. Several steps are determinant in these responses, including the activation of transcriptional regulators involved in the control of the antioxidant machinery. Gathering and integrating the most recent advances in knowledge of oxidative stress responses in fungi are the main objectives of this review. Most of the knowledge coming from two models, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fungi of the genus Aspergillus, is summarized. Nonetheless, recent information on various other fungi is delivered when available. Finally, special attention is given on the potential link between the functional interaction between oxidative stress and secondary metabolism that has been suggested in recent reports, including the production of mycotoxins.
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