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Kiššová Z, Schusterová P, Mudroňová D, Novotný J, Tkáčiková Ľ. Exopolysaccharides from Limosilactobacillus reuteri: their influence on in vitro activation of porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells - brief report. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10445-6. [PMID: 38963469 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of two α-D-glucans from Limosilactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™ (EPS-L26) and L. reuteri DSM17938 (EPS-DSM17938), with respect to their influence on in vitro activation of porcine dendritic cells (DCs). We used immature DCs differentiated from porcine blood monocytes under in vitro conditions. Based on the surface expression of MHC II and costimulatory CD80/86 molecules, we showed that both used EPSs favour the maturation of monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) similarly to the commonly used stimulant tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In contrast to TNF-α stimulation, MoDCs treated with both used EPSs significantly up-regulated the mRNA levels not only for interleukin (IL)-10 (P < 0.0001 for EPS-DSM17938; P = 0.0037 for EPS-L26), but also for IL-12 (P = 0.0176 for EPS-DSM17938; P = 0.0019 for EPS-L26). These cytokines are known to regulate T-cell kinetics and play a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Interestingly, only relatively linear α-D-glucan (EPS-DSM17938) significantly increased gene expression of the major pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (P = 0.0011) and the "SOS" cytokine IL-6 (P = 0.0127). However, it is important to highlight the need for further studies aimed at cytokine kinetics in DCs, as well as a co-culture study with allogenic T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kiššová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Schusterová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Dagmar Mudroňová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Novotný
- Clinic of Swine, University Veterinary Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Tkáčiková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
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Kiššová Z, Mudroňová D, Link R, Tkáčiková Ľ. Immunomodulatory effect of probiotic exopolysaccharides in a porcine in vitro co-culture model mimicking the intestinal environment on ETEC infection. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:705-724. [PMID: 37875712 PMCID: PMC10998797 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of EPS-L26 isolated from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus (Limosilactobacillus) reuteri L26 Biocenol™, in a model of infection with an enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) by establishing monocultures consisting of the IPEC-J2 cell line or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and creating a 3D model of cell co-cultures established with IPEC-J2 cells and moDCs. The immunomodulatory and immunoprotective potential of used EPS-L26 was confirmed in monocultures in an experimental group of pretreated cells, where our study showed that pretreatment of cells with EPS-L26 and subsequent exposure to infection resulted in significantly down-regulated mRNA levels of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines compared to ETEC challenge in single cell cultures (in IPEC-J2, decreased mRNA levels for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p35; in moDCs, decreased mRNA levels for IL-1β). Similar to monocultures, we also demonstrated the immunostimulatory potential of the ETEC strain in the co-culture model on directly treated IPEC-J2 cells cultivated on insert chambers (apical compartment) and also on indirectly treated moDCs cultivated in the lower chamber (basolateral compartment), however in the co-culture model the expression of inflammatory cytokines was attenuated at the mRNA level compared to monocultures. Pretreatment of the cells on the insert chambers pointed to the immunoprotective properties of EPS-L26, manifested by decreased mRNA levels in both cell lines compared to ETEC challenge (in IPEC-J2 decreased mRNA levels for IL-12p35; in moDCs decreased mRNA levels for IL-1β, IL-6). Our results suggest intercellular communication via humoral signals derived from IPEC-J2 cells by influencing the gene expression of indirectly treated moDC cells located in the basolateral compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kiššová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Dagmar Mudroňová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Link
- Clinik of Swine, University Veterinary Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Tkáčiková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia.
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Valério-Bolas A, Meunier M, Palma-Marques J, Rodrigues A, Santos AM, Nunes T, Ferreira R, Armada A, Alves JC, Antunes W, Cardoso I, Mesquita-Gabriel S, Lobo L, Alexandre-Pires G, Marques L, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. Exploiting Leishmania-Primed Dendritic Cells as Potential Immunomodulators of Canine Immune Response. Cells 2024; 13:445. [PMID: 38474410 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) capture pathogens and process antigens, playing a crucial role in activating naïve T cells, bridging the gap between innate and acquired immunity. However, little is known about DC activation when facing Leishmania parasites. Thus, this study investigates in vitro activity of canine peripheral blood-derived DCs (moDCs) exposed to L. infantum and L. amazonensis parasites and their extracellular vesicles (EVs). L. infantum increased toll-like receptor 4 gene expression in synergy with nuclear factor κB activation and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This parasite also induced the expression of class II molecules of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and upregulated co-stimulatory molecule CD86, which, together with the release of chemokine CXCL16, can attract and help in T lymphocyte activation. In contrast, L. amazonensis induced moDCs to generate a mix of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that this parasite can establish a different immune relationship with DCs. EVs promoted moDCs to express class I MHC associated with the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of CXCL16, suggesting that EVs can modulate moDCs to attract cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Thus, these parasites and their EVs can shape DC activation. A detailed understanding of DC activation may open new avenues for the development of advanced leishmaniasis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valério-Bolas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Meunier
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Palma-Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Ferreira
- Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Armada
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), 1849-012 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Cardoso
- Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Mesquita-Gabriel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lis Lobo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Marques
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon-FCUL-BioISI Ce3CE, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Mu S, Chen L, Dong H, Li S, Zhang Y, Yin S, Tian Y, Ding Y, Sun S, Shang S, Guo H. Enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cells contribute to early protection against FMDV through swine DC vaccination. J Virol 2024; 98:e0200223. [PMID: 38289108 PMCID: PMC10878267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains a challenge for cloven-hooved animals. The currently licensed FMDV vaccines induce neutralizing antibody (NAb)-mediated protection but show defects in the early protection. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown great potency in inducing rapid T-cell immunity in humans and mice. Whether DC vaccination could enhance early protection against FMDV has not been elaborately explored in domestic pigs. In this study, we employed DC vaccination as an experimental approach to study the roles of cellular immunity in the early protection against FMDV in pigs. Autologous DCs were differentiated from the periphery blood mononuclear cells of each pig, pulsed with inactivated FMDV (iFMDV-DC) and treated with LPS, and then injected into the original pigs. The cellular immune responses and protective efficacy elicited by the iFMDV-DC were examined by multicolor flow cytometry and tested by FMDV challenge. The results showed that autologous iFMDV-DC immunization induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), high NAb titers, compared to the inactivated FMDV vaccine, and accelerated the development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, which was concomitantly associated with early protection against FMDV virulent strain in pigs. Such early protection was associated with the rapid proliferation of secondary T-cell response after challenge and significantly contributed by secondary CD8 effector memory T cells. These results demonstrated that rapid induction of cellular immunity through DC immunization is important for improving early protection against FMDV. Enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells may facilitate the development of more effective FMDV vaccines.IMPORTANCEAlthough the currently licensed FMDV vaccines provide NAb-mediated protection, they have defects in early immune protection, especially in pigs. In this study, we demonstrated that autologous swine DC immunization augmented the cellular immune response and induced an early protective response against FMDV in pigs. This approach induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, high NAb titers, and rapid development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Importantly, the early protection conferred by this DC immunization is more associated with secondary CD8+ T response rather than NAbs. Our findings highlighted the importance of enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in early protection to FMDV in addition to Th1 response and identifying a strategy or adjuvant comparable to the DC vaccine might be a future direction for improving the current FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Démoulins T, Techakriengkrai N, Ebensen T, Schulze K, Liniger M, Gerber M, Nedumpun T, McCullough KC, Guzmán CA, Suradhat S, Ruggli N. New Generation Self-Replicating RNA Vaccines Derived from Pestivirus Genome. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2786:89-133. [PMID: 38814391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3770-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
While mRNA vaccines have shown their worth, they have the same failing as inactivated vaccines, namely they have limited half-life, are non-replicating, and therefore limited to the size of the vaccine payload for the amount of material translated. New advances averting these problems are combining replicon RNA (RepRNA) technology with nanotechnology. RepRNA are large self-replicating RNA molecules (typically 12-15 kb) derived from viral genomes defective in at least one essential structural protein gene. They provide sustained antigen production, effectively increasing vaccine antigen payloads over time, without the risk of producing infectious progeny. The major limitations with RepRNA are RNase-sensitivity and inefficient uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), which need to be overcome for efficacious RNA-based vaccine design. We employed biodegradable delivery vehicles to protect the RepRNA and promote DC delivery. Condensing RepRNA with polyethylenimine (PEI) and encapsulating RepRNA into novel Coatsome-replicon vehicles are two approaches that have proven effective for delivery to DCs and induction of immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand.
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Liniger
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenneth C McCullough
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Identification of African swine fever virus MGF505-2R as a potent inhibitor of innate immunity in vitro. Virol Sin 2023; 38:84-95. [PMID: 36442611 PMCID: PMC10006314 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is etiologically an acute, highly contagious and hemorrhagic disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Due to its genetic variation and phenotypic diversity, until now, no efficient commercial vaccines or therapeutic options are available. The ASFV genome contains a conserved middle region and two flexible ends that code for five multigene families (MGFs), while the biological functions of the MGFs are not fully characterized. Here, ASFV MGF505-2R-deficient mutant ASFV-Δ2R was constructed based on a highly virulent genotype II field isolate ASFV CN/GS/2018 currently circulating in China. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated that ASFV-Δ2R was capable of inducing a larger number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with ASFV CN/GS/2018. Hierarchical clustering of up-regulated DEGs revealed that ASFV-Δ2R induced the most dramatic expression of interferon-related genes and inflammatory and innate immune genes, as further validated by RT-qPCR. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis identified significantly enriched pathways involved in pathogen recognition and innate antiviral immunity. Conversely, pharmacological activation of those antiviral immune responses by exogenous cytokines, including type I/II IFNs, TNF-α and IL-1β, exerted combinatory effects and synergized in antiviral capacity against ASFV replication. Collectively, MGF505-2R is a newly identified inhibitor of innate immunity potentially implicated in immune evasion.
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Xia T, Yang H, Guo Y, Guo T, Xin L, Jiang Y, Cui W, Zhou H, Qiao X, Wang X, Li J, Shan Z, Tang L, Wang L, Li Y. Human dendritic cell targeting peptide can be targeted to porcine dendritic cells to improve antigen capture efficiency to stimulate stronger immune response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:950597. [PMID: 36059519 PMCID: PMC9437479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.950597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the natural recognition of pathogens and subsequent activation of adaptive immune responses due to their potent antigen-presenting ability. Dendritic cell-targeting peptide (DCpep) is strongly targeted to DCs, which often express antigens, to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Our previous study showed that recombinant Lactobacillus expressing human DCpep could significantly induce stronger immune responses than recombinant Lactobacillus without DCpep, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the mechanism by which DCpep enhances the immune response against recombinant Lactobacillus was explored. Fluorescence-labeled human DCpep was synthesized to evaluate the binding ability of human DCpep to porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) and DCs of the small intestine. The effects of Mo-DC function induced by recombinant Lactobacillus expressing human DCpep fused with the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) core neutralizing epitope (COE) antigen were also investigated. The results showed that human DCpep bind to porcine DCs, but not to porcine small intestinal epithelial cells. Human DCpep can also improve the capture efficiency of recombinant Lactobacillus by Mo-DCs, promote the maturation of dendritic cells, secrete more cytokines, and enhance the ability of porcine DCs to activate T-cell proliferation. Taken together, these results promote advanced understanding of the mechanism by which DCpep enhances immune responses. We found that some DCpeps are conserved between humans and pigs, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of a DC-targeted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huizhu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuyao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingxiang Xin
- Division of Bacterial Biologics Testing (I) China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control (IVDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Zhifu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yijing Li, ; Li Wang,
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeastern Science Inspection Station, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yijing Li, ; Li Wang,
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Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of CSF virus challenged monocyte-derived macrophages provides distinct insights into immune response of Landrace and indigenous Ghurrah pigs. Genomics 2022; 114:110427. [PMID: 35803450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to characterize the distinct immune response in indigenous Ghurrah and exotic Landrace pigs by challenging monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with CSF virus under in-vitro conditions and assessing the variations in the transcriptome profile at 48 h post-infection (hpi). RNA-sequencing was carried out in infected and non-infected MDMs of Ghurrah (n = 3) and Landrace (n = 3) piglets prior- as well as post-stimulation. MDMs of Ghurrah showed greater immune regulation in response to CSF infection with 518 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEG) in infected versus non-infected MDMs, as compared to only 31 DEGs in Landrace MDMs. In Landrace, the principal regulators of inflammation (IL1α, IL1β and TNF) were upregulated in infected cells while in Ghurrah, these were downregulated. Overall, macrophages from indigenous Ghurrah showed more immunological dysregulation in response to virulent CSF virus infection as compared to the exotic Landrace pigs.
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Meloni D, Franzoni G, Oggiano A. Cell Lines for the Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Candidates: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:707. [PMID: 35632463 PMCID: PMC9144233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly lethal disease in both domestic and wild pigs. The virus has rapidly spread worldwide and has no available licensed vaccine. An obstacle to the construction of a safe and efficient vaccine is the lack of a suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation. Macrophages are the main targets for ASFV, and they have been widely used to study virus-host interactions; nevertheless, obtaining these cells is time-consuming and expensive, and they are not ethically suitable for the production of large-scale vaccines. To overcome these issues, different virulent field isolates have been adapted on monkey or human continuous cells lines; however, several culture passages often lead to significant genetic modifications and the loss of immunogenicity of the adapted strain. Thus, several groups have attempted to establish a porcine cell line able to sustain ASFV growth. Preliminary data suggested that some porcine continuous cell lines might be an alternative to primary macrophages for ASFV research and for large-scale vaccine production, although further studies are still needed. In this review, we summarize the research to investigate the most suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.M.); (A.O.)
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10
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Schäfer A, Franzoni G, Netherton CL, Hartmann L, Blome S, Blohm U. Adaptive Cellular Immunity against African Swine Fever Virus Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020274. [PMID: 35215216 PMCID: PMC8878497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a threat to global pig populations. Infections with ASFV lead to a hemorrhagic disease with up to 100% lethality in Eurasian domestic and wild pigs. Although myeloid cells are the main target cells for ASFV, T cell responses are impacted by the infection as well. The complex responses remain not well understood, and, consequently, there is no commercially available vaccine. Here, we review the current knowledge about the induction of antiviral T cell responses by cells of the myeloid lineage, as well as T cell responses in infected animals, recent efforts in vaccine research, and T cell epitopes present in ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | | | - Luise Hartmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1543; +49-38351-7-1236
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11
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Fascinating Dendritic Cells—Sentinel Cells of the Immune System a Review. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized antigen presenting cells which have the unique ability to activate naive T-lymphocytes. Their role in the immune system is much more sophisticated than it seems, as they do not kill the pathogens directly, but provide a long-lasting antigen specific immune response thanks to that sufficiently bridging the innate and the adaptive immunity. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studies of their role in immune regulation, autoimmune reactions, as well as in immune responses against pathogens and tumours. Processing and presentation capabilities of a highly specific and unique tumour antigen makes them an interesting tool for stimulating effective anti-tumour immunity. In vitro generations of DC represent a preferred model for more detailed studies of DC biology in other fields. The aim of this review was to discuss the main role of dendritic cells in the body as well as their current use as experimental models for further scientific studies.
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12
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Zanna MY, Yasmin AR, Omar AR, Arshad SS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Nur-Fazila SH, Mahiza MIN. Review of Dendritic Cells, Their Role in Clinical Immunology, and Distribution in Various Animal Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158044. [PMID: 34360810 PMCID: PMC8348663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of the bone marrow and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. They are the most efficient, potent, and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, inducing and dispersing a primary immune response by the activation of naïve T-cells, and playing an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance under homeostatic conditions. Thus, this review has elucidated the general aspects of DCs as well as the current dynamic perspectives and distribution of DCs in humans and in various species of animals that includes mouse, rat, birds, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, pig, and non-human primates. Besides the role that DCs play in immune response, they also play a pathogenic role in many diseases, thus becoming a target in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, its roles in clinical immunology have also been addressed, which include its involvement in transplantation, autoimmune disease, viral infections, cancer, and as a vaccine target. Therefore, based on the current knowledge and understanding of the important roles they play, DCs can be used in the future as a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yusuf Zanna
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abd Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.R.O.); (A.R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8609-3473 or +601-7353-7341
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.R.O.); (A.R.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.R.O.); (A.R.M.)
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Md Isa Nur Mahiza
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
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13
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Heterogeneous populations from in vitro cultures of antigen presenting cells in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110215. [PMID: 33676089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs). Because of the difficulty in obtaining these cells directly from tissues, different sources of DCs are frequently used for in vitro experimentation and many of their biological and functional characteristics were studied using these systems. Until recently, it was assumed that specific culture conditions polarized the differentiation of either DCs or macrophages (Macs); however, it was shown that some DC culture systems in other species generate heterogeneous cell populations that can be identified according to their CD11c and MHC class II (MHC-II) expression. Following this approach, porcine DCs were directly isolated from peripheral blood or differentiated in vitro by culturing bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells or blood monocytes treated with growth factors. Mostly homogeneous monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) were obtained with similar phenotype and phagocytic characteristics to that of blood DCs. On the contrary, BM-derived DC (BMDC) cultures generated two distinct heterogeneous populations identified as MHC-II+ and MHC-II++ cells. BMDCs MHC-II+ had similar phenotypic and phagocytic characteristics to those of MoDCs and blood DCs. However, BMDCs MHC-II++ population expressed a higher amount of surface markers and transcribed genes associated with Macs-lineage exhibiting a higher phagocytic capacity than all the other cells. Noteworthy, every cell system expressed different genetic signatures. These results will help interpreting and re-interpreting data obtained using in vitro systems.
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Li Y, Puebla-Clark L, Hernández J, Díaz I, Mateu E. Development of Pig Conventional Dendritic Cells From Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells in vitro. Front Immunol 2020; 11:553859. [PMID: 33162975 PMCID: PMC7580533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.553859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, porcine dendritic cells (DCs) have been identified from pig tissues. However, studying the interaction of porcine DCs with pathogens is still difficult due to the scarcity of DCs in tissues. In the present work, the Flt3-ligand (Flt3L)-based in vitro derivation system was further characterized and compared with other cytokine derivation models using a combination of factors: stem cell factor (SCF), GM-CSF, and IL-4. The method using Flt3L alone or combined with SCF supported the development of pig bone marrow hematopoietic cells into in vivo equivalent conventional DCs (cDCs). The equivalent cDC1 (the minor population in the cultures) were characterized as CADM1+CD14–MHC-II+CD172a–/loCD1–CD163– DEC205+CD11R3loCD11R1+CD33+CD80/86+. They expressed high levels of FLT3, ZBTB46, XCR1, and IRF8 mRNA, were efficient in endocytosing dextran and in proliferating allogenic CD4+CD8+ T cells, but were deficient in phagocyting inactivated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Also, after poly I:C stimulation, they predominantly produced IL-12p40a and matured as indicated by the increase of MHC-I, MHC-II, and CD80/86. The equivalent cDC2 (the main population) were CADM1+CD14–MHC-II+C D172a+CD1+CD163–/loDEC205loCD11R3+CD11R1+CD33+CD80/86+; meanwhile, they overexpressed FcεR1α and IRF4 mRNA. They showed high efficiency in the endocytosis of dextran, but weak in phagocytosing bacteria. They supported allogenic CD4+CD8–/CD4+CD8+ T cell proliferation and were high producers of IL-12p40 (upon TLR7 stimulation) and IL-10 (upon TLR7 stimulation). TLR ligand stimulation also induced their maturation. In addition, a CD14+ population was identified with the phenotype CADM1+CD14+MHC-II+CD172a+ CD1+CD163+DEC205–CD11R3+CD11R1+CD33–/loCD80/86+. They shared some functional similarities with cDC2 and were distinguishable from macrophages. This CD14+ population was efficient in phagocyting S. aureus but showed less maturation upon TLR ligand stimulation than cDC1 or cDC2. The alternative methods of DC derivation including GM-CSF and/or IL-4 produced mostly CADM1– cells that did not fulfill the canonical phenotype of bona fide porcine DCs. Our study provides an exhaustive characterization of Flt3L-derived DCs with different methods that can help the in vitro study of the interaction of DCs with porcine-relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucinda Puebla-Clark
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Geervliet M, Lute LCP, Jansen CA, Rutten VPMG, Savelkoul HFJ, Tijhaar E. Differential immunomodulation of porcine bone marrow derived dendritic cells by E. coli Nissle 1917 and β-glucans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233773. [PMID: 32559198 PMCID: PMC7304589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In early life and around weaning, pigs are at risk of developing infectious diseases which compromise animal welfare and have major economic consequences for the pig industry. A promising strategy to enhance resistance against infectious diseases is immunomodulation by feed additives. To assess the immune stimulating potential of feed additives in vitro, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were used. These cells play a central role in the innate and adaptive immune system and are the first cells encountered by antigens that pass the epithelial barrier. Two different feed additives were tested on dendritic cells cultured from fresh and cryopreserved bone marrow cells; a widely used commercial feed additive based on yeast-derived β-glucans and the gram-negative probiotic strain E. coli Nissle 1917. E. coli Nissle 1917, but not β-glucans, induced a dose-dependent upregulation of the cell maturation marker CD80/86, whereas both feed additives induced a dose-dependent production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. Furthermore, E. coli Nissle 1917 consistently induced higher levels of cytokine production than β-glucans. These immunomodulatory responses could be assessed by fresh as well as cryopreserved in vitro cultured porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both β-glucans and E. coli Nissle 1917 are able to enhance dendritic cell maturation, but in a differential manner. A more mature dendritic cell phenotype could contribute to a more efficient response to infections. Moreover, both fresh and cryopreserved bone marrow-derived dendritic cells can be used as in vitro pre-screening tools which enable an evidence based prediction of the potential immune stimulating effects of different feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelle Geervliet
- Cell Biology and Immunology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C. P. Lute
- Cell Biology and Immunology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Zmrhal V, Slama P. Current knowledge about interactions between avian dendritic cells and poultry pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103565. [PMID: 31830703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In poultry production conditions today, birds are surrounded by viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents. DCs are the main antigen-presenting cells located in tissues of the body, and their role involves recognizing antigen structures, engulfing and processing them, and subsequently presenting antigen peptides on their surface by major histocompatibility complex, where T cells and B cells are stimulated and can begin appropriate cellular and antibody immune response. This unique function indicates that these cells can be used in producing vaccines, but first it is necessary to culture DCs in vitro to identify the principles of their interactions with pathogens. The following review summarizes our current knowledge about avian dendritic cells and their interactions with pathogens. It provides a basis for future studies of these unique cells and their use in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zmrhal
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slama
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Arkesteijn GJA, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Jansen CA. In vitro Chicken Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Comprise Subsets at Different States of Maturation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:141. [PMID: 32174908 PMCID: PMC7054383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in chickens has been fundamental for the discovery of basic aspects of the immune system and has led to an interest in the in-depth characterization of avian immune cell types including dendritic cells (DCs). The in vitro generation and expansion of chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBMDCs) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has provided a way to study chicken DCs, which are only present at limited cell numbers in vivo. This method has been employed to study the interactions between chicken DCs and pathogens or vaccines. However, a detailed characterization of the chBMDC culture is still lacking. In the present study, we performed an elaborate phenotypical and functional analysis of the chBMDC culture and addressed its heterogeneity. After 8 days of culture, chBMDCs comprised major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)low and MHC-IIhigh subsets with different morphologies. Compared with MHC-IIlow chBMDCs, the MHC-IIhigh subset showed a more mature phenotype, with higher expressions of CD1.1, CD40, CD80, CCR7, and CD83, and a relatively low opsonophagocytic capacity. Nevertheless, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs did not show an increased capacity to induce T-cell proliferation. Therefore, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs were found to be semi-mature. Interestingly, the presence of the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh chBMDC subset reduced when cells were cultured in the presence of IL-4. Finally, prolonged cell culture after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) converted the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh subset back into the immature phenotype of the MHC-IIlow subset, demonstrating plasticity of their maturation state. This detailed characterization explained the heterogeneity of the chBMDC culture by the simultaneous presence of immature and semi-mature chBMDC subsets, in addition to cells without features of antigen-presenting cells. Our findings are instrumental for the interpretation of experiments using the chBMDC culture in past and future research by providing insights into its phenotypically and functionally distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Liu S, Li Q, Qiao J, Wang J, Cui D, Gu K, Zhou S, Li H. Endothelial IL-8 induced by porcine circovirus type 2 affects dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function. Virol J 2019; 16:154. [PMID: 31831027 PMCID: PMC6909562 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus (PCV) disease caused by PCV type 2 (PCV2) is mainly attributed to immunosuppression and immune damage. PCV2 can infect vascular endothelial cells and induce high expression of endothelial IL-8. Dendritic cells (DCs), as professional antigen-presenting cells, can not only present antigens but also activate naïve T-cells, causing an immune response. Methods To demonstrate whether endothelial IL-8 is the main factor inhibiting the maturation and related functions of dendritic cells during PCV2 infection, monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs) processed by different methods were co-cultured in two ways. Flow cytometry, molecular probe labeling, fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the MTS assay were used to detect the changes in related functions and molecules of MoDCs. Results Compared to those in the PIEC-DC group, the endothelial IL-8 upregulation co-culture group showed significantly lower double-positive rates for CD80/86 and MHC-II of MoDCs and significantly increased endocytosis of MoDCs. Meanwhile, the adhesion rate and average fluorescence intensity of MoDCs were significantly downregulated in migration and adhesion experiments. Furthermore, the MHC-I and LAMP7 mRNA levels in MoDCs and the proliferation of MoDC-stimulated T-cells were markedly reduced. However, the changes in MoDCs of the endothelial IL-8 downregulation co-culture group were the opposite. Conclusions PCV2-induced endothelial IL-8 reduces the adhesion and migration ability of MoDCs, resulting in a decreased maturation rate of MoDCs, and further inhibits antigen presentation by DCs. These results may explain the immunosuppressive mechanism of PCV2 from the perspective of the interaction between endothelial cells and DCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiuming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jinzeng Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Defeng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCVM, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kewei Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Kim SE, Hwang JH, Kim YK, Lee HT. Heterogeneity of porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells induced by GM-CSF. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223590. [PMID: 31689334 PMCID: PMC6830806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro generation of dendritic cells (DCs) is advantageous for overcoming the low frequency of primary DCs and the difficulty of applying isolation techniques for studying DC immunobiology. The culture of bone marrow cells with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been used extensively to generate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Studies have reported the heterogeneity of cells grown in murine GM-CSF culture based on the levels of MHCII expression. Although porcine DCs are generated by this classical method, the exact characteristics of the BMDC population have not yet been defined. In this study, we discriminated GM-CSF-grown BMDCs from gnotobiotic miniature pigs according to several criteria including morphology, phenotype, gene expression pattern and function. We showed that porcine BMDCs were heterogeneous cells that differentially expressed MHCII. MHCIIhigh cells displayed more representative of DC-like morphology and phenotype, including costimulatory molecules, as well as they showed a superior T cell priming capacity as compared to MHCIIlow cell. Our data showed that the difference in MHCIIhigh and MHCIIlow cell populations involved distinct maturation states rather than the presence of different cell types. Overall, characterization of porcine BMDC cultures provides important information about this widely used cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyu Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Porcine Dendritic Cells and Viruses: An Update. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050445. [PMID: 31100880 PMCID: PMC6563313 DOI: 10.3390/v11050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral infections of swine are responsible for major economic losses and represent a threat to the swine industry worldwide. New tools are needed to prevent and control endemic, emerging, and re-emerging viral diseases. Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in linking the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, so knowledge regarding their interaction with pathogens is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying diseases pathogenesis and protection. In the first part of this review, we provide an update on the heterogeneous cell subsets that comprise the porcine DC family. In the second part of this review, we provide an overview of how three viruses, affecting pork production at a global level, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), modulate DC function.
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Zhai T, Wu C, Wang N, Shi B, Li J, Chen R, Dong J, Zhang Y, Zhou EM, Nan Y. Development of a monoclonal antibody against swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-DR α chain and evaluation of SLA-DR expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells after PRRSV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:19-24. [PMID: 31084889 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most common diseases in the global swine industry. PRRSV infection is highly restricted to cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. However, the lack of antibodies to swine monocyte-macrophage lineage markers significantly hampers PRRSV research. In this study, we have developed a monoclonal antibody against the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-DRα chain and confirmed its reactivity with endogenous expressed SLA-DR in a variety of cell lines and primary swine antigen-presenting cells (PAMs, PBMC and BM-DCs). Moreover, the level of SLA-DR expression after PRRSV infection were evaluated by our homemade Mab and a commercial anti-SLA-DR antibody. Based on our result, the protein level of SLA-DRα expression is increased after PRRSV infection in DC, while the mRNA of both SLA-DRα and SLA-DRβ were significantly inhibited by PRRSV replication. In conclusion, we successfully developed a MAb reactive with endogenous SLA-DR in western blotting, and this MAb could be a useful tool for further research and analysis. Moreover, the inconsistency of SLA-DR expression between protein and mRNA levels may suggest a novel role of DC played during the immune response after PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Binjun Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Shaanxi Innolever Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Shaanxi Innolever Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Guzman E, Pujol M, Ribeca P, Montoya M. Bovine Derived in vitro Cultures Generate Heterogeneous Populations of Antigen Presenting Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:612. [PMID: 30984187 PMCID: PMC6450137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) of the mononuclear phagocytic system include dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Macs) which are essential mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Many of the biological functions attributed to these cell subsets have been elucidated using models that utilize in vitro-matured cells derived from common progenitors. However, it has recently been shown that monocyte culture systems generate heterogeneous populations of cells, DCs, and Macs. In light of these findings, we analyzed the most commonly used bovine in vitro-derived APC models and compared them to bona fide DCs. Here, we show that bovine monocyte-derived DCs and Macs can be differentiated on the basis of CD11c and MHC class II (MHCII) expression and that in vitro conditions generate a heterologous group of both DCs and Macs with defined and specific biological activities. In addition, skin-migrating macrophages present in the bovine afferent lymph were identified and phenotyped for the first time. RNA sequencing analyses showed that these monophagocytic cells have distinct transcriptomic profiles similar to those described in other species. These results have important implications for the interpretation of data obtained using in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Pujol
- Doctoral Program in Agronomy Forestry and Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maria Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB - CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Cellular Innate Immunity against PRRSV and Swine Influenza Viruses. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010026. [PMID: 30862035 PMCID: PMC6466325 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in the pig industry worldwide. This review focuses on the interactions of two enveloped RNA viruses—porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV)—as major etiological agents that contribute to PRDC within the porcine cellular innate immunity during infection. The innate immune system of the porcine lung includes alveolar and parenchymal/interstitial macrophages, neutrophils (PMN), conventional dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, thus the in vitro and in vivo interactions between those cells and PRRSV and SwIV are reviewed. Likewise, the few studies regarding PRRSV-SwIV co-infection are illustrated together with the different modulation mechanisms that are induced by the two viruses. Alterations in responses by natural killer (NK), PMN, or γδ T cells have not received much attention within the scientific community as their counterpart antigen-presenting cells and there are numerous gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of those cells in both infections. This review will help in paving the way for future directions in PRRSV and SwIV research and enhancing the understanding of the innate mechanisms that are involved during infection with these viruses.
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Ogno G, Sautter CA, Canelli E, García-Nicolás O, Stadejek T, Martelli P, Borghetti P, Summerfield A. In vitro characterization of PRRSV isolates with different in vivo virulence using monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:139-146. [PMID: 30955801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) strains has caused severe economic losses. The biological elements defining virulence and pathogenicity are still unclear. In vitro characteristics using natural target cells of PRRSV provide important information to understand the basis of virulence at the cellular level, and provide a mean to reduce animal experimentations to achieve this goal. Here, we compared PRRSV strains from two geographically different regions, with varying in vivo characteristics, in terms of their interactions with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The strains included Lena and BOR59 from Belarus, and ILI6 from Russia, as well as PR11 and PR40, both from Italy. As a reference, we used a cell culture-adapted version of Lelystad, LVP. MDMs were pre-treated with IFNγ, IL-4 or IFNβ, in order to understand responses in polarized and antiviral MDMs. In general, independent of the geographical origin, the strains with high virulence infected a higher percentage of MDMs and replicated to higher titers. These virulence-dependent differences were most pronounced when the MDMs had been treated with IFNβ. Differentiation between intermediate and low virulent PRRSV was difficult, due to variations between different experiments, but LVP differed clearly from all field strains. IFNα and IL-10 were not detected in any experiment, but PR40 induced TNF and IL-1β. Taken together, these results validate the MDM model to understand pathogenicity factors of PRRSV and confirm the importance of the escape from type I and II IFN-mediated effects for PRRSV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Wang G, Yu Y, He X, Wang M, Cai X, Zimmerman JJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection of bone marrow: Lesions and pathogenesis. Virus Res 2019; 265:20-29. [PMID: 30831176 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Red bone marrow is physiologically unique in that it is both the major hematopoietic organ and a primary lymphoid organ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects normal bone marrow functions. The cumulative effect of PRRSV infection is acute bone marrow failure, i.e., hypoplasia characterized by the absence of normal myeloid and erythroid precursors and increased red bone marrow M:E ratios. The measurable clinical consequence of PRRSV infection on normal red bone marrow functions is a reduction in the number of cells emigrating to the peripheral blood resulting in leucopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. These observations may be explained by the fact that bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells, i.e., imDCs, mDCs, monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid precursor cells are susceptible to PRRSV. Apoptosis in bone marrow-derived cells occurs both as a direct consequence of infection and indirectly via a bystander effect. Immunologically, PRRSV-susceptible mononuclear cells are the first line of defense against microbial infection and responsible for antigen recognition, processing, and presentation to T and B cells; a critical step in the initiation and development of an effective adaptive immune. Thus, impairment of normal immune function renders the host less able to resist and/or eliminate secondary infectious agents and partially explains the synergy between PRRSV and bacterial and viral co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Menghang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
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García-Nicolás O, Lewandowska M, Ricklin ME, Summerfield A. Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells as Model to Evaluate Species Tropism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:5. [PMID: 30746342 PMCID: PMC6360178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne Flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Dengue Virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause severe clinical disease. Being zoonotic, Flaviviruses infect a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, which dependent of the virus-host interactions, can enhance ongoing epidemics and maintain the virus in the environment for prolonged periods. Targeted species can vary from amphibians, birds to various mammals, dependent on the virus. For many mosquito-borne flaviviruses the spectrum of targeted species is incompletely understood, in particular with respect to their contribution to the maintenance of virus in certain geographical regions. Furthermore, little is known about virus and host factors contributing to species tropism. The present study utilized human and porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) as a cell culture model to better understand Flavivirus species tropism and innate immune responses. MoDC were selected based on their presence in the skin and their role as an early target cell for several Flaviviruses and their role as immune sentinels. While differences in viral infectivity and replication were minor when comparing porcine with human MoDC for some of the tested Flaviviruses, a particularly strong replication in human MoDC was found with USUV, while JEV appeared to have a stronger tropism for porcine MoDC. With respect to innate immune responses we found high induction of TNF and IFN-β in both human and porcine MoDC after infection with JEV, WNV, and USUV, but not with DENV, ZIKV, and Wesselsbron virus. Spondweni virus induced these cytokine responses only in porcine MoDC. Overall, innate immune responses correlated with early infectivity and cytokine production. In conclusion, we demonstrate Flavivirus-dependent differences in the interaction with MoDC. These may play a role in pathogenesis but appear to only partially reflect the expected species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Lewandowska
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Targeting of the Nasal Mucosa by Japanese Encephalitis Virus for Non-Vector-Borne Transmission. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01091-18. [PMID: 30282716 PMCID: PMC6258954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV. The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes severe central nervous system diseases and cycles between Culex mosquitoes and different vertebrates. For JEV and some other flaviviruses, oronasal transmission is described, but the mode of infection is unknown. Using nasal mucosal tissue explants and primary porcine nasal epithelial cells (NEC) at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could represent the route of entry and exit for JEV in pigs. Porcine NEC at the ALI exposed to with JEV resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines, indicating infection and replication in macrophages. Moreover, macrophages stimulated by alarmins, including interleukin-25, interleukin-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, were more permissive to the JEV infection. Altogether, our data are important to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs. IMPORTANCE JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV.
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Infection, modulation and responses of antigen-presenting cells to African swine fever viruses. Virus Res 2018; 258:73-80. [PMID: 30316802 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar for which there is no vaccine available. The aetiological agent ASF virus (ASFV) has a predilection for cells of the myeloid lineage. Macrophages provide a first line defence against pathogens and are the main target of ASFV, thus several studies analysed their response to infection in terms of cytokine/chemokine expression and modulation of functionality. These studies have typically used macrophages differentiated in vitro from blood or bone marrow progenitors and few studies have focused on responses of polarized macrophages (M1, M2) or functional macrophage subsets isolated from different tissues. ASFV can also infect dendritic cells (DC), but regardless of their central role in the induction of adaptive immune responses, their role in ASFV infection was only partially analysed. Future studies on ASFV-DC interaction are needed, which should take into consideration the heterogeneity within this family, composed of different subsets whose phenotype is also organ specific. Other porcine immune cells such as γδ-T cells, NK cells and fibrocytes, can act as 'non-conventional' antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, γδ-T cells from ASFV immune pigs were shown to present viral antigens to T cells, but no studies have further explored the interaction of ASFV with this cell type or other non-conventional APCs. In this review we will provide an overview of the interaction of APCs with ASFV, describing the differences between virulent and attenuated strains, and suggesting areas for possible future studies.
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Loss H, Aschenbach JR, Ebner F, Tedin K, Lodemann U. Effects of a pathogenic ETEC strain and a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain on the inflammasome response in porcine dendritic cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 203:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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30
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Li YL, Darwich L, Mateu E. Characterization of the attachment and infection by Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolates in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:181-188. [PMID: 30173745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect porcine dendritic cells (DC). Previous studies indicated that different PRRSV1 isolates regulated differently the cytokine profiles and expression of surface molecules of DC. However, the characterisation of the infection is lacking. The current study aimed to characterise the replication and attachment of different PRRSV1 isolates in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC). For this purpose, immature (i) and mature (m) BMDC were infected with three PRRSV1 isolates. The replication kinetics showed that titres in iBMDC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in mBMDC by 24 hpi, and for two isolates titres peaked earlier in iBMDC, suggesting that iBMDC were more efficient in supporting PRRSV1 replication than mBMDC. The attachment was revealed by a three-colour confocal microscopy staining. All three isolates were seen attached to iBMDC even in cells lacking CD163 -the essential receptor for PRRSV- or porcine sialoadhesin (PoSn). The attachment was not fully avoided after removal of heparan sulphate by heparinase I. Furthermore, the infection was examined with regards to CD163 expression. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, positive signals of PRRSV1 nucleocapsid could be observed in CD163- iBMDC. Additional sorting experiment demonstrated that CD163- iBMDC were infected only when CD163lo/hi cells were present. This can be interpreted in different ways: susceptible CD163- cells arose as result of milieu created by CD163+ infected BMDC; CD163- cells were infected by receptor-independent mechanisms (i.e. exosomes) or, some cells expressed CD163 at levels beyond the technical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
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Sautter CA, Auray G, Python S, Liniger M, Summerfield A. Phenotypic and functional modulations of porcine macrophages by interferons and interleukin-4. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:181-192. [PMID: 29408047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering that macrophage functions are strongly impacted by the local tissue environment and the type of immune response, the aim of this study was to carefully set the methodological baseline for phenotype and functions of polarized porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. To this end, macrophages were generated in autologous serum alone or with colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 or CSF-2, and subsequently polarized with interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin-4 or IFNβ. IFNγ promoted expression of MHC class I, MHC class II, CD11a, and CD40 as well as LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-12. A hallmark of interleukin-4 was Arginase 1 and CD203a upregulation, without abrogating pro-inflammatory cytokine production. IFNβ induced CD169, MHC class I, CD40, CD80/86, but suppressed IL-6, IL-12 and tumor-necrosis-factor secretion. CSF-2 alone altered macrophage differentiation and promoted an IFNγ-like polarization. Altogether, the results provide a comprehensive overview of porcine macrophage polarization, and demonstrate commonalities with other species as well as peculiarities of the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Sautter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Franzoni G, Graham SP, Sanna G, Angioi P, Fiori MS, Anfossi A, Amadori M, Dei Giudici S, Oggiano A. Interaction of porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells with African swine fever viruses of diverse virulence. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang N, Li J, Yang Q, Qiao J, Cui D, Liu F, Li H, Zhou S. Reduced antigen presentation capability and modified inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokine expression of induced monocyte-derived dendritic cells from peripheral blood of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1231-1239. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yang N, Qiao J, Liu S, Zou Z, Zhu L, Liu X, Zhou S, Li H. Change in the immune function of porcine iliac artery endothelial cells infected with porcine circovirus type 2 and its inhibition on monocyte derived dendritic cells maturation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186775. [PMID: 29073194 PMCID: PMC5658068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease is caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, which targets iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs); it leads to severe immunopathologies and is associated with major economic losses in the porcine industry. Here, we report that in vitro PCV2 infection of PIECs causes cell injury, which affects DC function as well as adaptive immunity. Specifically, PCV2 infection downregulated PIEC antigen-presenting molecule expression, upregulated cytokines involved in the immune and inflammatory response causing cell damage and repair, and altered the migratory capacity of PIECs. In addition, PCV2-infected PIECs inhibited DC maturation, enhanced the endocytic ability of DCs, and weakened the stimulatory effect of DCs on T lymphocytes. Together, these findings indicate that profound functional impairment of DCs in the presence of PCV2-infected PIECs may be a potential pathogenic mechanism associated with PCV2-induced porcine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Jinzeng Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Zhanming Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SZ)
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R., China
- * E-mail: (HL); (SZ)
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Garba A, Acar DD, Roukaerts IDM, Desmarets LMB, Devriendt B, Nauwynck HJ. Long-term culture and differentiation of porcine red bone marrow hematopoietic cells co-cultured with immortalized mesenchymal cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:44-50. [PMID: 28895865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are multipotent stromal cells with self-renewal, differentiation and immunomodulatory capabilities. We aimed to develop a co-culture model for differentiating hematopoietic cells on top of immortalized mesenchymal cells for studying interactions between hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, useful for adequately exploring the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal cells. In this study, we investigated the survival, proliferation and differentiation of porcine red bone marrow hematopoietic cells co-cultured with immortalized porcine bone marrow mesenchymal cells for a period of five weeks. Directly after collection, primary porcine bone marrow mesenchymal cells adhered firmly to the bottom of the culture plates and showed a fibroblast-like appearance, one week after isolation. Upon immortalization, porcine bone marrow mesenchymal cells were continuously proliferating. They were positive for simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen and the mesenchymal cell markers CD44 and CD55. Isolated red bone marrow cells were added to these immortalized mesenchymal cells. Five weeks post-seeding, 92±6% of the red bone marrow hematopoietic cells were still alive and their number increased 3-fold during five weekly subpassages on top of the immortalized mesenchymal cells. The red bone marrow hematopoietic cells were originally small and round; later, the cells increased in size. Some of them became elongated, while others remained round. Tiny dendrites appeared attaching hematopoietic cells to the underlying immortalized mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, weekly differential-quick staining of the cells indicated the presence of monoblasts, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in the co-cultures. At three weeks of co-culture, flow cytometry analysis showed an increased surface expression of CD172a, CD14, CD163, CD169, CD4 and CD8 up to 37±0.8%, 40±8%, 41±4%, 23±3% and 19±5% of the hematopoietic cells, respectively. In conclusion, continuous mesenchymal cell cultures were successfully established and characterized and they supported the proliferation of red bone marrow hematopoietic cells, which finally differentiated into monocytic cells and CD4+ and CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Garba
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delphine D Acar
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Sharma R, Ghasparian A, Robinson JA, McCullough KC. Dendritic Cell Sensing of Hydrophobic Di- and Triacylated Lipopeptides Self-Assembled within Synthetic Virus-like Particles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28630093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in developing immune defenses. One important aspect is interaction with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)/danger-associated molecular patterns, including di- and triacylated lipopeptides. Isolated or synthetic lipopeptides are potent vaccine adjuvants, interacting with cell surface TLR2 heterodimers. In contrast, deep embedment within bacteria cell walls would impair lipopeptide interaction with cell surface TLR2, requiring degradation for PAMP recognition. Accordingly, DC processing in the absence of surface TLR2 ligation was defined using synthetic virus-like particles (SVLPs) carrying hydrophobic TLR2 PAMPs within di- and triacylated lipopeptide cores (P2Cys-SVLPs and P3Cys-SVLPs) compared with SVLPs lacking immunomodulatory lipopeptides. DCs rapidly and efficiently internalized SVLPs, which was dominated by slow endocytic processing via macropinocytosis, although some caveolar endocytosis was implicated. This delivered SVLPs primarily into macropinosomes often interacting with EEA-1+ early endosomes. Although endoplasmic reticulum association was occasionally noted, association with recycling/sorting structures was not observed. Involvement of LysoTracker+ structures slowly increased with time, with SVLPs present in such structures ultimately dominating. Only SVLPs carrying di- and triacylated lipopeptide cores induced DC activation and maturation independently of surface TLR2 ligation. Intracellular recognition of SVLP TLR2 ligands was confirmed by observing SVLPs' association with internal TLR2, which had similar kinetics to SVLP association with LysoTracker. This related to inflammatory cytokine induction by SVLP+ DCs, with adaptive immune response activation ex vivo/in vivo. Importantly, particular DCs, not monocytes, recognized intracellular exposure of the TLR2 PAMPs carried by di- and triacylated SVLP cores, which indicates subset-distinct recognition of functional internal TLR2 ligands. Thus, vaccines carrying hydrophobic TLR2 ligands would interact with particular DCs for efficient induction of specific immunity in the absence of additional adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Arin Ghasparian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; and.,Virometix AG, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; and
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Kalaiyarasu S, Kumar M, Senthil Kumar D, Bhatia S, Dash SK, Bhat S, Khetan RK, Nagarajan S. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus induces cytokine dysregulation with suppressed maturation of chicken monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:687-693. [PMID: 27730669 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the major causes of death in highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection in chickens is acute induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), which leads to severe pathology and acute mortality. DCs and respiratory tract macrophages are the major antigen presenting cells that are exposed to mucosal pathogens. We hypothesized that chicken DCs are a major target for induction of cytokine dysregulation by H5N1 HPAIV. It was found that infection of chicken peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (chMoDCs) with H5N1 HPAIV produces high titers of progeny virus with more rounding and cytotoxicity than with H9N2 LPAIV. Expression of maturation markers (CD40, CD80 and CD83) was weaker in both H5N1 and H9N2 groups than in a LPS control group. INF-α, -β and -γ were significantly upregulated in the H5N1 group. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-18) were highly upregulated in early mid (IL-1), and late (IL-6) phases of H5N1 virus infection. IL-8 (CXCLi2) mRNA expression was significantly stronger in the H5N1 group from 6 hr of infection. TLR3, 7, 15 and 21 were upregulated 24 hr after infection by H5N1 virus compared with H9N2 virus, with maximum expression of TLR 3 mRNA. Similarly, greater H5N1 virus-induced apoptotic cell death and cytotoxicity, as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively, were found. Thus, both H5N1 and H9N2 viruses evade the host immune system by inducing impairment of chMoDCs maturation and enhancing cytokine dysregulation in H5N1 HPAIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal-462022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal-462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhanapal Senthil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal-462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal-462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushant Bhat
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit K Khetan
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal-462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal-462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Porcine Dendritic Cells as an In Vitro Model to Assess the Immunological Behaviour of Streptococcus suis Subunit Vaccine Formulations and the Polarizing Effect of Adjuvants. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6010013. [PMID: 28327531 PMCID: PMC5371901 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) culture was developed as a model for evaluating immune polarization induced by adjuvants when administered with immunogens that may become vaccine candidates if appropriately formulated. The swine pathogen Streptococcus suis was chosen as a prototype to evaluate proposed S. suis vaccine candidates in combination with the adjuvants Poly I:C, Quil A ®, Alhydrogel ®, TiterMax Gold ® and Stimune ®. The toll-like receptor ligand Poly I:C and the saponin Quil A ® polarized swine DC cytokines towards a type 1 phenotype, with preferential production of IL-12 and TNF-α. The water-in-oil adjuvants TiterMax Gold ® and Stimune ® favoured a type 2 profile as suggested by a marked IL-6 release. In contrast, Alhydrogel ® induced a type 1/type 2 mixed cytokine profile. The antigen type differently modified the magnitude of the adjuvant effect, but overall polarization was preserved. This is the first comparative report on swine DC immune activation by different adjuvants. Although further swine immunization studies would be required to better characterize the induced responses, the herein proposed in vitro model is a promising approach that helps assessing behaviour of the vaccine formulation rapidly at the pre-screening stage and will certainly reduce numbers of animals used while advancing vaccinology science.
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Démoulins T, Englezou PC, Milona P, Ruggli N, Tirelli N, Pichon C, Sapet C, Ebensen T, Guzmán CA, McCullough KC. Self-Replicating RNA Vaccine Delivery to Dendritic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1499:37-75. [PMID: 27987142 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6481-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most current vaccines are either inactivated pathogen-derived or protein/peptide-based, although attenuated and vector vaccines have also been developed. The former induce at best moderate protection, even as multimeric antigen, due to limitations in antigen loads and therefore capacity for inducing robust immune defense. While attenuated and vector vaccines offer advantages through their replicative nature, drawbacks and risks remain with potential reversion to virulence and interference from preexisting immunity. New advances averting these problems are combining self-amplifying replicon RNA (RepRNA) technology with nanotechnology. RepRNA are large self-replicating RNA molecules (12-15 kb) derived from viral genomes defective in at least one structural protein gene. They provide sustained antigen production, effectively increasing vaccine antigen payloads over time, without the risk of producing infectious progeny. The major limitation with RepRNA is RNase-sensitivity and inefficient uptake by dendritic cells (DCs)-absolute requirements for efficacious vaccine design. We employed biodegradable delivery vehicles to protect the RepRNA and promote DC delivery. Encapsulating RepRNA into chitosan nanoparticles, as well as condensing RepRNA with polyethylenimine (PEI), cationic lipids, or chitosans, has proven effective for delivery to DCs and induction of immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Pavlos C Englezou
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Panagiota Milona
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Cédric Sapet
- OzBiosciences, Parc scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kenneth C McCullough
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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40
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Piñeyro PE, Subramaniam S, Kenney SP, Heffron CL, Giménez-Lirola LG, Meng XJ. Modulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Through Interaction with the Porcine Intercellular-Adhesion-Molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:546-556. [PMID: 27643915 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important global swine pathogen. PRRSV infects porcine dendritic cells (DCs), but the effects of the interactions with DCs are largely unknown. Current research focuses on the production and regulation of interferons and selected inflammatory cytokines in DCs, which may play key roles in immune modulation. In addition, PRRSV also downregulates swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I), SLA-II, and CD80/86 costimulatory molecules in DCs. In this study, we aim to evaluate the PRRSV immunomodulatory effects on monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) through interactions with porcine DC-SIGN (pDC-SIGN) receptor. We demonstrated that blocking the PRRSV and pDC-SIGN interactions in MoDCs with recombinant hICAM-3 did not affect the regulatory effects of PRRSV on SLA-I, SLA-II, or CD80/86 molecules. The hICAM-3 did not affect the morphological changes on MoDCs associated with their activation and maturation after PRRSV infection, and did not impair the virus infectivity in these cells either. The mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-12p35, IL-1β, and IL-6 were upregulated after hICAM-3 treatment or PRRSV infection, but in the presence of the blockage of pDC-SIGN in MoDCs with hICAM-3, PRRSV did not modulate the expression of these genes. However, in the presence of an anti-pDC-SIGN monoclonal antibody (mAb), we showed that PRRSV infection significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1α, but enhanced the expression of IL-12p35 in MoDCs. Both hICAM-3-Fc and pDC-SIGN mAb treatments did not modulate proinflammatory cytokine protein levels in the culture supernatants of PRRSV-infected MoDCs. The results indicate that blocking the PRRSV-pDC-SIGN interactions by recombinant hICAM-3-Fc did not significantly affect virus infectivity, DC maturation, and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in infected MoDCs. However, blocking the PRRSV-pDC-SIGN interactions on MoDCs with an anti-pDC-SIGN mAb revealed differential regulatory effects on specific proinflammatory gene expressions in those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Piñeyro
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia.,2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Ames, Iowa
| | - Sakthivel Subramaniam
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott P Kenney
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - C Lynn Heffron
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- 2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Ames, Iowa
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
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Hartmann SB, Mohanty S, Skovgaard K, Brogaard L, Flagstad FB, Emnéus J, Wolff A, Summerfield A, Jungersen G. Investigating the Role of Surface Materials and Three Dimensional Architecture on In Vitro Differentiation of Porcine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158503. [PMID: 27362493 PMCID: PMC4928952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro generation of dendritic-like cells through differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes is typically done using two-dimensional polystyrene culture plates. In the process of optimising cell culture techniques, engineers have developed fluidic micro-devises usually manufactured in materials other than polystyrene and applying three-dimensional structures more similar to the in vivo environment. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an often used polymer for lab-on-a-chip devices but not much is known about the effect of changing the culture surface material from polystyrene to PDMS. In the present study the differentiation of porcine monocytes to monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) was investigated using CD172apos pig blood monocytes stimulated with GM-CSF and IL-4. Monocytes were cultured on surfaces made of two- and three-dimensional polystyrene as well as two- and three-dimensional PDMS and carbonised three-dimensional PDMS. Cells cultured conventionally (on two-dimensional polystyrene) differentiated into moDCs as expected. Interestingly, gene expression of a wide range of cytokines, chemokines, and pattern recognition receptors was influenced by culture surface material and architecture. Distinct clustering of cells, based on similar expression patterns of 46 genes of interest, was seen for cells isolated from two- and three-dimensional polystyrene as well as two- and three-dimensional PDMS. Changing the material from polystyrene to PDMS resulted in cells with expression patterns usually associated with macrophage expression (upregulation of CD163 and downregulation of CD1a, FLT3, LAMP3 and BATF3). However, this was purely based on gene expression level, and no functional assays were included in this study which would be necessary in order to classify the cells as being macrophages. When changing to three-dimensional culture the cells became increasingly activated in terms of IL6, IL8, IL10 and CCR5 gene expression. Further stimulation with LPS resulted in a slight increase in the expression of maturation markers (SLA-DRB1, CD86 and CD40) as well as cytokines (IL6, IL8, IL10 and IL23A) but the influence of the surfaces was unchanged. These findings highlights future challenges of combining and comparing data generated from microfluidic cell culture-devices made using alternative materials to data generated using conventional polystyrene plates used by most laboratories today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bruun Hartmann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Soumyaranjan Mohanty
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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42
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Sanchez RE, Meerts P, Nauwynck HJ, Ellis JA, Pensaert MB. Characteristics of Porcine Circovirus—2 Replication in Lymphoid Organs of Pigs Inoculated in Late Gestation or Postnatally and Possible Relation to Clinical and Pathological Outcome of Infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:175-85. [PMID: 15152830 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of porcine circovirus–2 (PCV2) replication (infectious virus titrations, distribution, and immunophenotyping of infected cells) in lymphoid organs were examined and related to the development of clinical signs and histological lesions in 26 piglets that had been inoculated with PCV2 either in utero or at 1 day of age. Piglets inoculated in utero at 92 or 104 gestational days ( n = 12) were collected by Caesarean section at term and either sacrificed immediately or kept in isolators and allowed to live postnatally until 35 days postinoculation (PI). Caesarean-derived piglets inoculated at 1 day of age ( n = 14) were sacrificed at 10, 21, 35, 42, and 49 days PI. Spleen and lymph nodes were collected for virologic and histopathological examinations. Clinical signs were not observed in any of the piglets. High virus titers (104.5–5.7 TCID50/g [TCID refers to tissue culture infectious dose]) were detected in 6 of the 26 piglets. Three of these 6 piglets were euthanized at 10 days PI, and infected cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage (SWC3+, CD14+, and sialoadhesin [Sa]+ cells) and infected cells bearing lymphocyte markers (CD4+, CD8+, and immunoglobulin M+ cells) were identified by double-immunofluorescence labeling on serial cryostat sections. The other 3 piglets were euthanized at 21 and 35 days PI, and the majority of infected cells were SWC3+, CD14+, and Sa–. The absence of Sa in these infected cells, together with their localization in lymphocyte-dependent regions, suggests that they were infiltrating monocytic cells. Sialoadhesin is highly expressed in differentiated macrophages and not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In all 6 piglets with high virus titers, lymphocyte depletion and infiltration of monocytic cells were observed. In the remaining 20 piglets with virus titers less than 1045 TCID50/g, the majority of infected cells were SWC3+, CD14+, and Sa+. In conclusion, it can be stated that high PCV2 titers in lymphoid organs may lead to the development of histological lesions similar to those observed in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome without causing disease. Furthermore, in lymphoid organs with high virus titers, infection occurs mainly in infiltrating monocytic cells and to a limited extent in cells bearing lymphocyte markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo E Sanchez
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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43
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Kalaiyarasu S, Bhatia S, Mishra N, Sood R, Kumar M, SenthilKumar D, Bhat S, Dass Prakash M. Elevated level of pro inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in chicken bone marrow and monocyte derived dendritic cells following LPS induced maturation. Cytokine 2016; 85:140-7. [PMID: 27344111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to characterize and compare chicken bone marrow and peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells (chBM-DC and chMoDC) and to evaluate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine alterations in response upon LPS stimulation. Typical morphology was observed in DCs from 48h of culture using recombinant chicken GM-CSF and IL-4. Maturation of DCs with LPS (1μg/ml) showed significant up regulation of mRNA of surface markers (CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, MHC-II and DC-LAMP (CD208)), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (LITAF)), iNOS, chemokine CXCli2 and TLRs4 and 15. Basal level of TLR1 mRNA expression was higher followed by TLR15 in both DCs irrespective of their origin. Expression of iNOS and CXCLi2 mRNA in mature DCs of both origins were higher than other surface molecules and cytokines studied. Hence, its level of expression can also be used as an additional maturation marker for LPS induced chicken dendritic cell maturation along with CD83 and CD40. LPS matured DCs of both origins upregulated IL-12 and IFN-γ. Based on CD40 and CD83 mRNA expression, it was observed that LPS induced the maturation in both DCs, but chMoDCs responded better in expression of surface markers and inflammatory mediator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India.
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - D SenthilKumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Sushant Bhat
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - M Dass Prakash
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
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Singleton H, Graham SP, Bodman-Smith KB, Frossard JP, Steinbach F. Establishing Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Systems for Studying the Interaction with PRRSV-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:832. [PMID: 27313573 PMCID: PMC4889594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMØ) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) are two model systems well established in human and rodent systems that can be used to study the interaction of pathogens with host cells. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect myeloid cells, such as macrophages (MØ) and dendritic cells (DC). Therefore, this study aimed to establish systems for the differentiation and characterization of MoMØ and MoDC for subsequent infection with PRRSV-1. M-CSF differentiated MoMØ were stimulated with activators for classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation. GM-CSF and IL-4 generated MoDC were activated with the well established maturation cocktail containing PAMPs and cytokines. In addition, MoMØ and MoDC were treated with dexamethasone and IL-10, which are known immuno-suppressive reagents. Cells were characterized by morphology, phenotype, and function and porcine MØ subsets highlighted some divergence from described human counterparts, while MoDC, appeared more similar to mouse and human DCs. The infection with PRRSV-1 strain Lena demonstrated different replication kinetics between MoMØ and MoDC and within subsets of each cell type. While MoMØ susceptibility was significantly increased by dexamethasone and IL-10 with an accompanying increase in CD163/CD169 expression, MoDC supported only a minimal replication of PRRSV These findings underline the high variability in the susceptibility of porcine myeloid cells toward PRRSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Singleton
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| | | | | | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
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García-Nicolás O, Auray G, Sautter CA, Rappe JCF, McCullough KC, Ruggli N, Summerfield A. Sensing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Infected Macrophages by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:771. [PMID: 27458429 PMCID: PMC4937788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represents a macrophage (MØ)-tropic virus which is unable to induce interferon (IFN) type I in its target cells. Nevertheless, infected pigs show a short but prominent systemic IFN alpha (IFN-α) response. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is the ability of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to produce IFN-α in response to free PRRSV virions, independent of infection. Here, we show that the highly pathogenic PRRSV genotype 1 strain Lena is unique in not inducing IFN-α production in pDC, contrasting with systemic IFN-α responses found in infected pigs. We also demonstrate efficient pDC stimulation by PRRSV Lena-infected MØ, resulting in a higher IFN-α production than direct stimulation of pDC by PRRSV virions. This response was strain-independent, required integrin-mediated intercellular contact, intact actin filaments in the MØ and was partially inhibited by an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase. Although infected MØ-derived exosomes stimulated pDC, an efficient delivery of the stimulatory component was dependent on a tight contact between pDC and the infected cells. In conclusion, with this mechanism the immune system can efficiently sense PRRSV, resulting in production of considerable quantities of IFN-α. This is adding complexity to the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV infections, as IFN-α should alert the immune system and initiate the induction of adaptive immune responses, a process known to be inefficient during infection of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaël Auray
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Julie C F Rappe
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI)Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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Baert K, De Geest BG, De Greve H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Duality of β-glucan microparticles: antigen carrier and immunostimulants. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2463-9. [PMID: 27330289 PMCID: PMC4898424 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing efficient recombinant mucosal vaccines against enteric diseases is still a major challenge. Mucosal delivery of recombinant vaccines requires encapsulation in potent immunostimulatory particles to induce an efficient immune response. This paper evaluates the capacity of β-glucan microparticles (GPs) as antigen vehicles and characterizes their immune-stimulatory effects. The relevant infectious antigen FedF was chosen to be loaded inside the microparticles. The incorporation of FedF inside the particles was highly efficient (roughly 85%) and occurred without antigen degradation. In addition, these GPs have immunostimulatory effects as well, demonstrated by the strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by porcine neutrophils upon their recognition. Although antigen-loaded GPs still induce ROS production, antigen loading decreases this production by neutrophils for reasons yet unknown. However, these antigen-loaded GPs are still able to bind their specific β-glucan receptor, demonstrated by blocking complement receptor 3, which is the major β-glucan receptor on porcine neutrophils. The dual character of these particles is confirmed by a T-cell proliferation assay. FedF-loaded particles induce a significantly higher FedF-specific T-cell proliferation than soluble FedF. Taken together, these results show that GPs are efficient antigen carriers with immune-stimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Baert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
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Retinoic acid facilitates inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus induction of CD8(+) T-cell migration to the porcine gut. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24152. [PMID: 27080036 PMCID: PMC4832189 DOI: 10.1038/srep24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the entry site for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). TGEV transmission can be prevented if local immunity is established with increased lymphocytes. The current parenteral mode of vaccination stimulates systemic immunity well, but it does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity. Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the induction of cells that imprint gut-homing molecules. We examined whether RA assist parenteral vaccination of pigs could improve mucosal immunity. We demonstrated that elevated numbers of gut-homing CD8+ T cells (which express α4β7 and CCR9 molecules) were presented in porcine inguinal lymph nodes and were recruited to the small intestine by RA. Intestinal mucosal immunity (IgA titre) and systemic immunity (serum IgG titre) were enhanced by RA. Therefore, we hypothesized that RA could induce DCs to form an immature mucosal phenotype and could recruit them to the small intestinal submucosa. Porcine T-cells expressed β7 integrin and CCR9 receptors and migrated to CCL25 by a mechanism that was dependent of activation by RA-pretreated DCs, rather than direct activation by RA. Together, our results provide powerful evidence that RA can assist whole inactivated TGEV (WI-TGEV) via subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization to generate intestinal immunity, and offer new vaccination strategies against TGEV.
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Liu J, Tian ZY, Xiao YC, Wang XL, Jin ML, Shi DS. The Role of Porcine Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) in the Inflammation Storm Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151256. [PMID: 26974437 PMCID: PMC4790972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and zoonotic agent. Infection with this highly pathogenic strain can cause streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), characterized by a Th-1 inflammatory cytokine storm, and a high mortality rate. Monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) are known to stimulate Th-1 cell differentiation, but the role of MoDCs in STSLS remains to be elucidated. Methodology and Findings Porcine CD14-positive monocytes, purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were used to generate MoDCs using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Highly pure MoDCs were generated, as proved by their morphology, phenotype analysis, phagocytic ability, and induction of T cells proliferation. The MoDCs were further stimulated by the virulent S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) SC19 strain which triggered a strong release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12. Furthermore, the stimulated MoDCs induced CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells in vitro. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that the porcine MoDCs stimulated by SS2 could release high levels of Th-1 inflammatory cytokines and induce CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells. Hence, it is likely that porcine MoDCs play an important role in the STSLS caused by SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yun-Cai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xi-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mei-Lin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - De-Shi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Mou C, Zhu L, Xing X, Lin J, Yang Q. Immune responses induced by recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in pigs. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:74-84. [PMID: 26988122 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets, results in enormous economic loss in swine-producing areas of the world. To develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of TGE, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis CotGSG) displaying the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) protein and discussed its immune function to intestinal submucosal dendritic cells (DCs). Our results showed that the recombinant B. subtilis had the ability to recruit more DCs to sample B. subtilis CotGSG, migrate to MLNs, and induce immune responses. Immunized piglets with B. subtilis CotGSG could significantly elevate the specific SIgA titers in feces, IgG titers and neutralizing antibodies in serum. Collectively, our results suggested that recombinant B. subtilis CotGSG expressing the TGEV S protein could effectively induce immune responses via DCs, and provided a perspective on potential novel strategy and approach that may be applicable to the development of the next generation of TGEV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Liqi Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Xianping Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Andreasen A, Skovgaard K, Klaver EJ, van Die I, Mejer H, Thamsborg SM, Kringel H. Comparison of innate and Th1-type host immune responses inOesophagostomum dentatumandTrichuris suisinfections in pigs. Parasite Immunol 2015; 38:53-63. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Andreasen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - K. Skovgaard
- Innate Immunology Group; National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - E. J. Klaver
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - I. van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - H. Mejer
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - S. M. Thamsborg
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - H. Kringel
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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