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O'Donnell L, Green JJ, Hill EC, O'Donnell MJ. Biocultural and social determinants of ill health and early mortality in a New Mexican paediatric autopsy sample. J Biosoc Sci 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38618934 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932024000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
RESULTS. Hispanic children have higher odds of growth stunting than non-Hispanic White children. Native American children die younger and have higher odds of respiratory diseases and porous lesions than Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites. Rural/urban location does not significantly impact age at death, but housing type does. Individuals who lived in trailers/mobile homes had earlier ages at death. When intersections between housing type and housing location are considered, children who were poor and from impoverished areas lived longer than those who were poor from relatively well-off areas. CONCLUSIONS. Children's health is shaped by factors outside their control. The children included in this study embodied experiences of social and ELS and did not survive to adulthood. They provide the most sobering example of the harm that social factors (structural racism/discrimination, socioeconomic, and political structures) can inflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi O'Donnell
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - John J Green
- Southern Rural Development Center and Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael J O'Donnell
- Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Palmu S, Kautiainen H, Eriksson JG, Hakovirta H, Korhonen PE. Body surface area is positively associated with ankle-brachial index. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241251649. [PMID: 38780467 PMCID: PMC11119366 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241251649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement is a widely used diagnostic test for lower extremity artery disease. Previously, a larger body surface area (BSA) has been associated with lower blood pressure and lower 2-h post-load glucose concentrations in the oral glucose tolerance test. Our aim was to evaluate whether BSA has an impact on ABI and the prevalence of lower ABI values. METHODS ABI measurements were performed on 972 subjects aged 45 to 70 years at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Subjects with previously diagnosed kidney disease, CVD, and diabetes were excluded. Their BSA was calculated by the Mosteller formula. Study subjects were divided into five BSA levels corresponding to 12.5th, 25th, 25th, 25th, and 12.5th percentiles of the total distribution. Effect modification by BSA in ABI between sexes was derived from a four-knot restricted cubic splines regression model. RESULTS After adjustments for age, sex, pulse pressure, glucose regulation, waist circumference, alcohol intake, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity and medication, BSA level had a positive linear relationship with ABI (p for linearity <0.001). When BSA was less than 2.0 m2, there was no difference between the sexes, but when BSA was higher than 2.0 m2, men had higher ABI. CONCLUSION BSA shows a positive linear relationship with ABI in CVD risk subjects without manifested CVD. The difference in ABI between men and women is modified by BSA and is appreciable when BSA is larger than 2.0 m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Palmu
- Department of General Practice, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Human Potential Translational Research programme and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harri Hakovirta
- Department of Surgery, University of Turku and Southwest Finland Wellbeing Services County, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Satasairaala Hospital, Satakunta Wellbeing Services County, Pori, Finland
| | - Päivi E. Korhonen
- Department of General Practice, University of Turku and Southwest Finland Wellbeing Services County, Turku, Finland
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Jacobs M, Miller D, Diah J, Desroches BR, Shields JM. Association of Height and Prevalence of Kidney Stones. Cureus 2022; 14:e32919. [PMID: 36699765 PMCID: PMC9872204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives Nephrolithiasis is universally understood to be a multifactorial disease resulting from genetic and environmental factors including gender, diet, calcium, and uric acid excretion. Notably, several of these factors may be related to body habitus. Because men are more likely to develop kidney stones and on average have a larger body size, height may be an important risk factor for stone formation. Several studies have demonstrated that short adult stature is associated with numerous conditions such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular diseases. However, other studies have demonstrated otherwise. Additionally, stones have been shown to be correlated with a high body mass index (BMI). This is likely due to dietary factors. Although height is a component of BMI, there is minimal literature regarding the relationship of height to stone prevalence adjusting for weight. Methods We aimed to examine whether short adult height is associated with the development of kidney stones using a population-based cohort of the National Center for Health Statistics. Data was gathered from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) "Kidney Conditions - Urology" and "Weight History" questionnaire datasets from March 2017 to March 2020 along with demographic data. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine an association between current self-reported height (inches) and if the participant has ever had kidney stones, controlling for weight, gender, age, race, educational level, and marital status. Results We found that those who were shorter had higher odds of reporting a history of stones (OR: 1.017; 95%CI: 1.005-1.028). This association was found after controlling for covariates such as age, gender, race, education, and weight. In addition, the male gender and Hispanic race had higher odds of reporting a history of stones (OR: 1.43 and 1.073, respectively). Conclusion Our results suggest that short height is related to the prevalence of kidney stones independent of weight, age, gender, and race. This supports previous literature indicating height to be a component of renal disease.
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Fahim O, Naghshi S, Khademi Z, Esmaillzadeh A. Association of Adult Height with Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:6959359. [PMID: 36349059 PMCID: PMC9629919 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6959359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies on the association between adult height and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have provided conflicting findings. We examined the association between adult height and the risk of CVD mortality. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published up to September 2021. Prospective cohort studies that reported the risk estimates for death from CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke were included. The random-effects model was used to calculate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest vs. lowest categories of adult height. RESULTS In total, 20 prospective cohort publications were included in this systematic review and 17 in the meta-analysis. During 5 to 41 years of follow-up, the total number of deaths from CVD was 95,197 (51,608 from CHD and 20,319 from a stroke) among 2,676,070 participants. The summary RR comparing the highest and lowest categories of height was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74-0.87, I 2 = 59.4%, n = 15 studies) for CVD mortality, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.90, I 2 = 70.6%, n = 12) for CHD mortality, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.67-0.80, I 2 = 0%, n = 10) for stroke mortality, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61-0.81, I 2 = 0%, n = 4) for hemorrhagic stroke mortality, and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.72-1.08, I 2 = 0%, n = 4) for ischemic stroke mortality. CONCLUSION The present comprehensive meta-analysis provides evidence for an inverse association between adult height and the risk of CVD, CHD, and stroke mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaidullah Fahim
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Kabul University of Medical Science, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sina Naghshi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zainab Khademi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular—Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hong YA, Han KD, Yun JS, Sil ES, Ko SH, Chung S. Short adult height increases the risk of end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:912-921. [PMID: 33069158 PMCID: PMC7583136 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although short adult height has been associated with an increasing variety of diseases and all-cause death, no reliable data exist on the association between adult height and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetic patients. We investigated the relationship between short adult height, development of ESRD, and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS This nationwide population-based cohort study analyzed clinical data from a total of 2,621,907 subjects aged ≥30 years with type 2 DM between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012, using the National Health Insurance Database in Korea. RESULTS During a 6.9-year follow-up period, 220,457 subjects (8.4%) died, and 28,704 subjects (1.1%) started dialysis. Short adult height significantly increased the incidence of ESRD and all-cause mortality in the overall cohort analysis. In multivariable Cox models, hazard ratios (HR) for the development of ESRD comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of adult height were 0.86 (95% CI 0.83-0.89). All-cause mortality also decreased with the highest height compared to patients with the lowest height, after fully adjusting for confounding variables (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.78-0.81). Adult height had an inverse relationship to newly diagnosed ESRD (male: HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.83-0.90, female: HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.90) and all-cause mortality (male: HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.79-0.82, female: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.78-0.82). CONCLUSIONS Short adult height is strongly associated with the increased risk of ESRD development and all-cause mortality in type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ah Hong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Yun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Sil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence should be addressed to S-H Ko or S Chung: or
| | - Sungjin Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence should be addressed to S-H Ko or S Chung: or
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Schott W, Aurino E, Penny ME, Behrman JR. The double burden of malnutrition among youth: Trajectories and inequalities in four emerging economies. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2019; 34:80-91. [PMID: 31248754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As part of the nutritional transition, undernutrition is globally declining while changes brought by economic development have ushered in increases in overweight and its related economic costs and health consequences around the world. We examine trajectories in stunting and overweight from age one year to mid-adolescence and from mid-childhood to early adulthood among two cohorts from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam using data from the Young Lives study. We examine descriptive data and then model trajectories in stunting and overweight status over age. Group-based trajectory analysis with five ages of overweight and stunting for each country-cohort reveals (1) trajectories of catch-up growth for a subset of study children between the ages of 12 and 19 in the older cohort in Ethiopia (20.1% of the cohort), India (20.5%), Peru (16.9%), and Vietnam (14.0%); (2) trajectories of increasing probabilities of stunting as children age from 12 to 22 in the older cohort in India (22.2%) and Peru (30.7%); (3) trajectories of early (childhood) increases in overweight probabilities (younger cohort: India, 3.4%, Peru, 19.4%, and Vietnam, 8.1%), and of later (adolescence) increases in overweight probabilities (older cohort: Ethiopia, 0.5%, India, 6.3%, Peru, 40.9%, and Vietnam, 9.4%). Multinomial logit prediction of membership in trajectory categories reveals that higher wealth quartiles and maternal schooling are protective against high stunting probability trajectory group membership, but higher wealth and urban residence predict high overweight probability trajectory group membership. This evidence suggests a window of opportunity for interventions to reduce stunting and to avert overweight development in adolescence, in addition to the often-emphasized first 1000 days after conception. A life-course approach to policies and programs to target both undernutrition and overweight should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Schott
- Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Aurino
- Department of Management and Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovations, Imperial College London and Young Lives, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Mary E Penny
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Av. La Molina 1885, La Molina, Lima, Peru.
| | - Jere R Behrman
- Population Studies Center, 3718 Locust Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Economics Department, Ronald O. Perelman Center for Political Science and Economics (PCPSE), 133 South 36th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6297, USA.
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Sofer T, Moon JY, Isasi CR, Qi Q, Shah NA, Kaplan RC, Kuniholm MH. Relationship of genetic determinants of height with cardiometabolic and pulmonary traits in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:2059-2069. [PMID: 30137430 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations of adult height with cardiometabolic and pulmonary traits have been studied in majority European ancestry populations using Mendelian randomization and polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis. The standard PRS approach entails creating a PRS for height using variants identified in prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It is unclear how well the standard PRS approach performs in non-European populations and whether height-trait associations observed in Europeans are also observed in other populations. Methods In the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), we used: (i) the standard approach to create a PRS for height (PRS1) and (ii) a novel approach to optimize the selection of variants from previously established height association loci to better explain height in HCHS/SOL (PRS2). We also estimated the extent to which PRS-trait associations were independent or mediated by the PRS effect on height. Results In 7539 women and 5245 men, PRS1 and PRS2 explained 9 and 29% of the variance in measured height, respectively. Both PRS1 and PRS2 were associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/ FVC ratio, total cholesterol and 2-hour oral glucose-tolerance test insulin levels. Additionally, PRS2 was associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate and ankle brachial index. Both PRS1 and PRS2 had pleiotropic associations with FEV1/ FVC ratio in mediation analyses. Conclusions Associations of polygenic scores of height with measures of lung function and cholesterol were consistent with those observed in prior studies of majority European ancestry populations. Mediation analysis may augment standard PRS approaches to disentangle pleiotropic and mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Sofer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neomi A Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark H Kuniholm
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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Vähämurto L, Pahkala K, Magnussen CG, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Tossavainen P, Lehtimäki T, Jokinen E, Telama R, Rönnemaa T, Viikari J, Juonala M, Raitakari OT. Coronary heart disease risk factor levels in eastern and western Finland from 1980 to 2011 in the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns study. Atherosclerosis 2018; 280:92-98. [PMID: 30496985 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the 1960s and 1970s, Finland, mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) was over 30% higher among Finns residing in the east of the country compared with those residing in the west. Today, CHD mortality remains 20% higher among eastern Finns. The higher incidence of CHD mortality among eastern Finns has largely been explained by higher risk factor levels. Using a unique longitudinal cohort, we aimed to determine if participants who resided in eastern Finland during childhood had higher CHD risk factors in adulthood and from childhood to adulthood. METHODS The study population included 2063 participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, born during the period 1962-1977, with risk factor data available from baseline (1980) when participants were aged 3-18 years, and had risk factor data collected again in adulthood (2011) when aged 34-49 years. RESULTS Adult CHD risk factor profile was similar for those who resided in eastern or western Finland in childhood. Over life-course from 1980 to 2011, those subjects with childhood residency in eastern Finland had, on average, higher systolic (p = 0.006) and diastolic (p = 0.0009) blood pressures, total (p = 0.01) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.01), triglycerides (p = 0.04), apoB (p = 0.02), and serum glucose (p < 0.0001) than those who resided in western Finland in childhood. CONCLUSIONS Our sample of adult Finns aged 34-49 years had a similar CHD risk factor profile irrespective of whether they resided in eastern or western Finland during their childhood. However, when considering participants risk factor profiles over a 31-year period, those who resided in eastern Finland in childhood were associated with a less favorable CHD risk factor profile than those who resided in western Finland in childhood. The observed differences suggest that future CHD mortality might remain higher in eastern Finland compared with western Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vähämurto
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Telama
- LIKES-Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Zöller B, Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Body Height and Incident Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: A Cosibling Design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:CIRCGENETICS.116.001651. [PMID: 28874396 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body height has been associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the association can be confounded with shared familial factors (genetic/environmental). A cosibling design is useful for deeper understanding about the relationship between VTE and height. METHODS AND RESULTS From Swedish national registry databases, we used a corelative design with full siblings alongside a general Swedish population sample. A cohort of male conscripts (n=1 610 870), born in 1951 to 1992 without previous VTE, was followed from enlistment (1969-2010) until 2012. Another cohort of first-time pregnant women (n=1 093 342) from the medical birth register, without previous VTE, was followed from first pregnancy (1982-2012) until 2012. Using the Multi-Generation Register, we identified all full-sibling pairs discordant for height. This cosibling design allowed for adjustment for familial factors (genetic/environmental). Compared with the tallest women (>185 cm) and men (>190 cm), there was a graded decreased risk by lower height for both men and women. The risk was lowest in women and men with the shortest stature (<155 and <160 cm, respectively): hazard ratios=0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.42) and 0.35 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.55), respectively. There was a graded association also in the cosibling design comparing siblings with varying degree of discordance for height (reference was the taller sibling): ≥10 cm difference between brothers hazard ratios=0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.78) and sisters hazard ratios=0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.80), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Height is an independent predictor of VTE. The use of sibling pairs reduces the likelihood that familial confounding explains the results. The findings are important for the understanding of the pathogenesis of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Zöller
- From the Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Jianguang Ji
- From the Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- From the Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- From the Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Galić BS, Pavlica T, Udicki M, Stokić E, Mikalački M, Korovljev D, Čokorilo N, Drvendžija Z, Adamović D. Somatotype characteristics of normal-weight and obese women among different metabolic subtypes. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2016; 60:60-5. [PMID: 26909484 PMCID: PMC10118907 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a well known risk factor for the development of metabolic abnormalities. However, some obese people are healthy and on the other hand some people with normal weight have adverse metabolic profile, therefore it can be assumed that there is a difference in physical characteristics amongst these people. The aim of this study was to establish whether there are somatotype differences between metabolically healthy and metabolically obese women who are obese or of normal weight. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Study included 230 women aged 44.76 ± 11.21y. Metabolic status was assessed according to IDF criteria, while somatotype was obtained using Heath & Carter method. RESULTS Significant somatotype differences were observed in the group of women with normal-weight: metabolically healthy women had significantly lower endomorphy, mesomorphy and higher ectomorphy compared to metabolically obese normal-weight women (5.84-3.97-2.21 vs. 8.69-6.47-0.65). Metabolically healthy obese women had lower values of endomorphy and mesomorphy and higher values of ectomorphy compared to 'at risk' obese women but the differences were not statistically significant (7.59-5.76-0.63 vs. 8.51-6.58-0.5). Ectomorphy was shown as an important determinant of the favorable metabolic profile (cutoff point was 0.80). CONCLUSION We concluded that, in addition to fat mass, metabolic profile could be predicted by the structure of lean body mass, and in particular by body linearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Srdić Galić
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Pavlica
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Udicki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Edita Stokić
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milena Mikalački
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Darinka Korovljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Čokorilo
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorka Drvendžija
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragan Adamović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Adult height associates with angiographic extent of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 254:237-241. [PMID: 27582429 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Shorter stature is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), but less is known about its association with extent of the disease. METHODS We assessed the relationship between self-reported height and angiographic findings in 7706 men and 3572 women identified from a nationwide coronary angiography registry in Iceland. RESULTS After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, a standard deviation decrease in height associated with a greater likelihood of significant CAD (defined as ≥50% luminal diameter stenosis) both in men (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]: 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18, 1.31; p = 3.2 × 10-16) and women (ORadj = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18; p = 0.012). In partial proportional odds logistic regression models, a standard deviation decrease in height was associated with higher odds of having greater extent of CAD in men (ORadj = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.25; p = 1.5 × 10-16) and women (ORadj = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.16; p = 0.014). When limited to patients with significant CAD, the association was statistically significant in men (ORadj = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.14; p = 0.0022) but not in women (p = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that shorter stature is associated with greater extent of coronary atherosclerosis in a large unselected population of individuals undergoing coronary angiography. This relationship appears to be sex-dependent, with stronger effects in men than in women.
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Lutski M, Tanne D, Goldbourt U. Tall stature in coronary heart disease patients is associated with decreased risk of frailty in late life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 17:1270-1277. [PMID: 27539907 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the possible inverse association between tall stature and subsequent late-life frailty. METHODS A subset of surviving men with coronary heart disease (n = 1232; mean age at baseline 57.0 ± 6.0 years), who previously participated in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention clinical trial (1990-1997) were reassessed during 2004-2008 (T1; n = 558) and 2011-2013 (T2; n = 351) at the mean ages of 72.6 ± 6.4 years and 77.2 ± 6.4 years, respectively. Frailty status was measured at T2 according to the physical phenotype developed by Fried, and was categorized into non-frail, prefrail and frail. We estimated the odds ratios of increasing frailty by tertiles of height at baseline. RESULTS Among 351 patients, 117 (33.3%) were classified as non-frail, 134 (38.2%) as prefrail and 100 (28.5%) as frail. Frailty was found among 21% of participants at the highest tertile, 33% at the middle tertile and 46% at the lowest tertile for height (P for trend = 0.002). Adjusting for age, weight, place of birth, education, blood pressure, New York Heart Association classification functional class and comorbidity score, the estimated OR for increasing frailty for participants in the highest tertile was 0.32 (95% CI 0.17-0.59) and for those at the middle tertile 0.46 (95% CI 0.27-0.79), as compared with the lowest tertile. An increment of 1 SD of height was associated with a 38% (95% CI 18-53%) decrease in frailty odds. CONCLUSION Among men with coronary heart disease, tall stature was associated with lower adjusted odds of late-life frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1270-1277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lutski
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Goldbourt
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Yeboah K, Antwi DA, Gyan B. Arterial Stiffness in Nonhypertensive Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Ghana. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:6107572. [PMID: 27774104 PMCID: PMC5059649 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Increased arterial stiffness is an independent cardiovascular risk factor in diabetes patients and general population. However, the contribution of diabetes to arterial stiffness is often masked by coexistent obesity and hypertension. In this study, we assessed arterial stiffness in nonhypertensive, nonobese type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients in Ghana. Methods. In case-control design, 166 nonhypertensive, nonobese participants, comprising 96 T2DM patients and 70 nondiabetes controls, were recruited. Peripheral and central blood pressure (BP) indices were measured, and arterial stiffness was assessed as aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao), augmentation index (AIx), cardioankle vascular index (CAVI), and heart-ankle pulse wave velocity (haPWV). Results. With similar peripheral and central BP indices, T2DM patients had higher PWVao (8.3 ± 1 versus 7.8 ± 1.3, p = 0.044) and CAVI (7.9 ± 1.2 versus 6.9 ± 0.7, p = 0.021) than nondiabetic control. AIx and haPWV were similar between T2DM and nondiabetic controls. Multiple regression models showed that, in the entire study participants, the major determinants of PWVao were diabetes status, age, gender, systolic BP, and previous smoking status (β = 0.22, 0.36, 0.48, 0.21, and 0.25, resp.; all p < 0.05); the determinants of CAVI were diabetes status, age, BMI, heart rate, HbA1c, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and previous smoking status (β = 0.21, 0.38, 0.2, 0.18, 0.24. 0.2, -0.19, and 0.2, resp.; all p < 0.05). Conclusion. Our findings suggest that nonhypertensive, nonobese T2DM patients have increased arterial stiffness without appreciable increase in peripheral and central pressure indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Yeboah
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied & Biomedical Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- *Kwame Yeboah:
| | - Daniel A. Antwi
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied & Biomedical Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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The placental mTOR-pathway: correlation with early growth trajectories following intrauterine growth restriction? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:317-26. [PMID: 25989725 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a result of impaired placental nutrient supply. Newborns with IUGR exhibiting postnatal catch-up growth are of higher risk for cardiovascular and metabolic co-morbidities in adult life. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was recently shown to function as a placental nutrient sensor. Thus, we determined possible correlations of members of the placental mTOR signaling cascade with auxologic parameters of postnatal growth. The protein expression and activity of mTOR-pathway signaling components, Akt, AMP-activated protein kinase α, mTOR, p70S6kinase1 and insulin receptor substrate-1 were analysed via western blotting in IUGR v. matched appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) placentas. Moreover, mTOR was immunohistochemically stained in placental sections. Data from western blot analyses were correlated with retrospective auxological follow-up data at 1 year of age. We found significant catch-up growth in the 1st year of life in the IUGR group. MTOR and its activated form are immunohistochemically detected in multiple placental compartments. We identified correlations of placental mTOR-pathway signaling components to auxological data at birth and at 1 year of life in IUGR. Analysis of the protein expression and phosphorylation level of mTOR-pathway components in IUGR and AGA placentas postpartum, however, did not reveal pathognomonic changes. Our findings suggest that the level of activated mTOR correlates with early catch-up growth following IUGR. However, the complexity of signals converging at the mTOR nexus and its cellular distribution pattern seem to limit its potential as biomarker in this setting.
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Żądzińska E, Lorkiewicz W, Kurek M, Borowska-Strugińska B. Accentuated lines in the enamel of primary incisors from skeletal remains: A contribution to the explanation of early childhood mortality in a medieval population from Poland. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:402-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żądzińska
- Department of Anthropology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź; 90-237 Poland
| | - Wiesław Lorkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź; 90-237 Poland
| | - Marta Kurek
- Department of Anthropology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź; 90-237 Poland
| | - Beata Borowska-Strugińska
- Department of Anthropology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź; 90-237 Poland
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Azcorra H, Dickinson F, Bogin B, Rodríguez L, Varela-Silva MI. Intergenerational influences on the growth of Maya children: The effect of living conditions experienced by mothers and maternal grandmothers during their childhood. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:494-500. [PMID: 25573763 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that living conditions experienced by maternal grandmothers (F1 generation) and mothers (F2 generation) during their childhood are related to height and leg length (LL: height - sitting height) of their 6-to-8 year old children (F3 generation). METHODS From September 2011 to June 2012 we obtained height and LL, and calculated z-score values of these measurements for 109 triads (F1 , F2 , F3 ) who are Maya living in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Multiple regression models were adjusted to examine the relation of anthropometric and intergenerational socioeconomic parameters of F1 (house index and family size during childhood) and F2 (paternal job loss during childhood) with the z-score values of height and LL of F3 . RESULTS Children's height and LL were positively associated with maternal height and LL. This association was relatively stronger in LL. Better categories of grand-maternal house index were significantly associated with higher values of height and LL in grandchildren. Grand-maternal family size was positively related with LL, but not with height. CONCLUSIONS Our findings partially support the hypothesis that living conditions experienced by recent maternal ancestors (F1 and F2 ) during their growth period influence the growth of descendants (F3 ). Results suggest that LL is more sensitive to intergenerational influences than is total height and that the transition from a traditional rural lifestyle to urban conditions results in new exposures for risk in human physical growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Azcorra
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav)-Unidad Mérida, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Federico Dickinson
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav)-Unidad Mérida, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Barry Bogin
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Rodríguez
- Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Maria Inês Varela-Silva
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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Montagnese C, Nutile T, Marphatia AA, Grijalva-Eternod CS, Siervo M, Ciullo M, Wells JC. Body composition, leg length and blood pressure in a rural Italian population: a test of the capacity-load model. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1204-1212. [PMID: 24984827 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whereas adult weight or body mass index (BMI) are directly associated with blood pressure (BP), birth weight is inversely associated with BP. The scenario for height is more complex, as both tall and short stature have been associated with higher BP. We used a theoretical model treating sitting height (SH) and tissue masses (fat mass, lean mass) as components of metabolic load, and leg length (LL) as a marker of homeostatic metabolic capacity. We predicted that decreased capacity and increased load would be independently associated with increased BP.. METHODS AND RESULTS Anthropometry, body composition (bio-electrical impedance analysis) and BP were measured in 601 adults (228 male) aged 20-91 years from three hill villages in southern Italy. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate associations of body composition and anthropometry with BP. Adjusting for age, systolic BP (SBP) was associated with lean mass in males, and with adiposity in females, whereas diastolic BP (DBP) was associated with fat mass in both sexes. Associations of LL and SH with BP were in opposite directions. LL was inversely associated with SBP and DBP in males, with a similar trend evident in females. SH was directly associated with SBP and DBP in females, and with DBP in males. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our theoretical model, metabolic load is associated with increased BP, though differently between the sexes, whereas metabolic capacity is independently associated with lower BP. Our findings suggest that early growth improves hemodynamic tolerance of high metabolic load in adulthood..
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Affiliation(s)
- C Montagnese
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - T Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - A A Marphatia
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - M Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, UK
| | - M Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, Napoli, Italy.
| | - J C Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Abstract
It is well known that the reflected pressure wave in small children returns earlier than that in adolescent. The reason of early return of the reflected pressure wave in infancy is their height. The short distance between heart and reflection point makes the reflected pressure wave returning to the heart earlier. In adult, the early return (during systole) of the reflected pressure wave means disadvantage to cardiac blood supply-workload balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the early return of the reflected pressure wave in small children impairs the cardiac blood supply-workload balance. This study enrolled 37 small left-to-right shunt patients with normal aortic circulation below 15 years of age. The aortic pressure waveform was recorded using a pressure sensor mounted catheter, and augmentation index and subendocardial viability ratio were calculated. The age of patients was 6.1 ± 3.2 years. The augmentation index was 8.7 ± 14.3 % and the index had a negative correlation with patients' age (r = -0.6243, p < 0.0001). The subendocardial viability ratio, which means the cardiac blood supply-workload balance, was 0.92 ± 0.14 and the index had a positive relationship with patients' age (r = 0.6435, p < 0.0001). The cardiac blood supply-workload balance gradually improves from infancy to young adulthood. One of the causes of the unfavorable cardiac blood supply-workload balance in infancy would be the accelerated aortic pressure wave reflection due to their short height.
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20
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Ferriol C, Tremols S, Jimenez C, Tura A, Sanmartín M, Pagès N, Rodríguez-Poncelas A, Paz-Bermejo M, Saez M, Coll-de-Tuero G. Are There Height-Dependent Differences in Subclinical Vascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:70-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Saez
- Research Group on Statistics; Applied Economics and Health (GRECS); University of Girona; Girona Spain
| | - Gabriel Coll-de-Tuero
- PCC Anglès; IAS; Girona Spain
- Research Unit; IAS; Salt Girona Spain
- Department of Medical Science; University of Girona; Girona Spain
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21
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Azcorra H, Varela-Silva MI, Rodriguez L, Bogin B, Dickinson F. Nutritional status of Maya children, their mothers, and their grandmothers residing in the City of Merida, Mexico: revisiting the leg-length hypothesis. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:659-65. [PMID: 23907793 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that leg length-relative-to-stature is a more sensitive indicator of nutrition and health than is total height (HT) or sitting height (SH) in a sample of 109 triads of urban Maya children (6.0-8.99 years), their mothers, and maternal grandmothers from Merida, Mexico. METHODS From September 2011 to June 2012, the following factors were obtained from all participants: (1) HT, SH, and leg length (LL); (2) the sitting height ratio (SHR = [SH × 100]/HT), relative leg length index (RLLI = [LL × 100]/height), and percentiles and z-scores of HT, SH, and LL were calculated; and (3) the percentages of stunting for children or very short ZHT for the adults, short ZSH, and short ZLL: HT-for-age, SH-for-age, or LL-for-age below the 5th percentile of the reference were calculated. Correlations were performed to examine the association between z-scores of HT, SH, and LL among three generations. RESULTS Stunting in children was 11% (short ZLL = 29%, short ZSH = 7%). Short ZHT was present in 71% of mothers (short ZLL = 54%, short ZSH = 50%) and 90% of grandmothers (short ZLL = 69%, short ZSH = 83%). Significant correlations in ZHT, ZSH, and ZLL were found in mother-to-child and grandmother-to-mother, with the strongest correlations for ZLL. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis for children and mothers. Based on ZLL, there is evidence that childhood and nutrition have improved somewhat for each younger generation. Persistent environmental adversity during growth resulted in growth deficits for LL and SH for the mothers and grandmothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Azcorra
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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22
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Ong KK, Hardy R, Shah I, Kuh D. Childhood stunting and mortality between 36 and 64 years: the British 1946 Birth Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2070-7. [PMID: 23533234 PMCID: PMC4207952 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to examine the associations between childhood or adult height and adult mortality. METHODS In the prospective British 1946 Birth Cohort Study, childhood height was measured at 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, and 15 years, and adult height was measured at 36 years. Deaths were reported from the national health service register. RESULTS A total of 3877 study members (1963 male) contributed 106,333 person-years of follow-up; 391 deaths (228 male) were reported between the ages of 36 and 64 years. The strongest sex-adjusted association between height and mortality between ages 36 and 64 years was seen for height at age 6 years. The association was nonlinear; only study members in the shortest quintile at 6 years had a higher relative risk of adult mortality compared with those in the tallest quintile. By contemporary growth standards, 5.7% (n = 188) had heights at 6 years less than the second percentile, and a further 15.0% (n = 490) had heights between the second to ninth percentiles; these groups had higher adult mortality than all other study members (hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-3.13; P < .001; and hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.88; P = .01, respectively). Several determinants of childhood stunting (height at 6 years less than the second percentile) were directly associated with adult mortality; these included shorter parental heights and adverse early life nutrition and housing. CONCLUSIONS British men and women born in 1946 were relatively stunted as children by contemporary standards. Those who were short at age 6 years had substantially higher mortality 30 to 60 years later. Furthermore, they accounted for the well-recognized inverse association between adult height and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken K Ong
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom.
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Wang PX, Wang JJ, Lei YX, Xiao L, Luo ZC. Impact of fetal and infant exposure to the Chinese Great Famine on the risk of hypertension in adulthood. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49720. [PMID: 23185416 PMCID: PMC3504120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Famine provides quasi-experimental conditions for testing the hypothesis of "programming" health effects by poor nutrition in early life. It remains uncertain whether early life exposure to famine increases the risk of hypertension in adulthood. There is a lack of data on the relative impact of exposure to famine during fetal development versus infancy (<2 years postnatal). We sought to assess the impact of exposure to the 1959-1961 Chinese Great Famine (the largest in human history) during fetal development and infancy on the risks of hypertension, short stature and obesity in adulthood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 12,065 adults (46-53 years of age) born 1957-1964 in the Zhongshan and Nanhai municipalities of Guangdong province, China. Adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, as compared to subjects who were unexposed to famine, the risk of hypertension was not significantly elevated in subjects exposed to famine during fetal development only overall, but was 1.36-fold higher in those exposed during the first trimester of pregnancy only [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.36 (95% confidence intervals 1.03-1.79)], 1.83-fold higher in those exposed during infancy only [adjusted OR 1.83 (1.61-2.08)], and 1.31-fold higher in those exposed during both fetal development and infancy [adjusted OR 1.31 (1.14-1.51)]. Exposure to famine during infancy increased the risk of short stature. Early life exposure to famine did not increase the risk of obesity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to the Chinese Great Famine during the first trimester of pregnancy only, or during infancy only, or during both fetal development and infancy increased the risk of hypertension in adulthood, suggesting an important role of changes in exposure to famine during fetal development and from prenatal to early postnatal life in developmental "programming" cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Xi Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ji Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xiong Lei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Lutsey PL, Folsom AR. Taller women are at greater risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:716-7. [PMID: 22488550 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurs frequently. Greater height is associated with increased risk of incident VTE, but it is unclear whether height is related to risk of VTE recurrence. Recurrent VTE is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, thus identifying individuals at greatest risk of experiencing a recurrent event, who may benefit from extended anticoagulant therapy, is vitally important. Using data from the Iowa Women,s Health Study, we explored whether greater height was associated with increased risk of VTE recurrence.Among 1,691 women who experienced an initial VTE event, 286(16.9%) experienced a recurrent event. Risk of recurrence was 76%(95% CI: 16% -186%) higher among women >66 inches [168 cm] tall relative to those ≤62 inches [158 cm] tall, after adjustment for age and waist circumference. Future research should evaluate whether body height improves clinical prediction of VTE recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Jenum AK, Diep LM, Holmboe-Ottesen G, Holme IMK, Kumar BN, Birkeland KI. Diabetes susceptibility in ethnic minority groups from Turkey, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Pakistan compared with Norwegians - the association with adiposity is strongest for ethnic minority women. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:150. [PMID: 22380873 PMCID: PMC3315409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The difference in diabetes susceptibility by ethnic background is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the association between adiposity and diabetes in four ethnic minority groups compared with Norwegians, and take into account confounding by socioeconomic position. METHODS Data from questionnaires, physical examinations and serum samples were analysed for 30-to 60-year-olds from population-based cross-sectional surveys of Norwegians and four immigrant groups, comprising 4110 subjects born in Norway (n = 1871), Turkey (n = 387), Vietnam (n = 553), Sri Lanka (n = 879) and Pakistan (n = 420). Known and screening-detected diabetes cases were identified. The adiposity measures BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were categorized into levels of adiposity. Gender-specific logistic regression models were applied to estimate the risk of diabetes for the ethnic minority groups adjusted for adiposity and income-generating work, years of education and body height used as a proxy for childhood socioeconomic position. RESULTS The age standardized diabetes prevalence differed significantly between the ethnic groups (women/men): Pakistan: 26.4% (95% CI 20.1-32.7)/20.0% (14.9-25.2); Sri Lanka: 22.5% (18.1-26.9)/20.7% (17.3-24.2), Turkey: 11.9% (7.2-16.7)/12.0% (7.6-16.4), Vietnam: 8.1% (5.1-11.2)/10.4% (6.6-14.1) and Norway: 2.7% (1.8-3.7)/6.4% (4.6-8.1). The prevalence increased more in the minority groups than in Norwegians with increasing levels of BMI, WHR and waist circumference, and most for women. Highly significant ethnic differences in the age-standardized prevalence of diabetes were found for both genders in all categories of all adiposity measures (p < 0.001). The Odds Ratio (OR) for diabetes adjusted for age, WHR, body height, education and income-generating work with Norwegians as reference was 2.9 (1.30-6.36) for Turkish, 2.7 (1.29-5.76) for Vietnamese, 8.0 (4.19-15.14) for Sri Lankan and 8.3 (4.37-15.58) for Pakistani women. Men from Sri Lanka and Pakistan had identical ORs (3.0 (1.80-5.12)). CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of diabetes was found in 30-to 60-year-olds from ethnic minority groups in Oslo, with those from Sri Lanka and Pakistan at highest risk. For all levels of adiposity, a higher susceptibility for diabetes was observed for ethnic minority groups compared with Norwegians. The association persisted after adjustment for socioeconomic position for all minority women and for men from Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Karen Jenum
- Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Kåre Inge Birkeland
- Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Height and risk of incident intraparenchymal hemorrhage: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Cardiovascular Health study cohorts. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 22:323-8. [PMID: 22177930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Height is inversely associated with incident coronary disease and total stroke, but few studies have examined the association between height and intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH). We hypothesized that height would be inversely associated with incident IPH in the combined cohorts of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Cardiovascular Health Study. METHODS Data on Caucasian and African American participants were used to estimate the association of height at baseline with incident IPH verified by clinician review of medical records and imaging reports. Sex-specific Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios. RESULTS A total of 20,983 participants initially free of stroke (11,788 women and 9195 men) were followed for an average of 15.9 years (standard deviation [SD] 5.1 years). Incident IPH occurred in 115 women and 73 men. Sex, but not age, race, study, or blood pressure, modified the association (P = .03). After adjustment for risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fibrinogen, and race), among women, height was significantly inversely associated with incident IPH (hazard ratio [HR] per SD [6.3 cm] was 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66-0.99; P = .04). The HR for tertile 3 vs 1 in women was 0.63 (95% CI 0.37-1.08). Among men, height was not linearly associated with incident IPH (HR per SD [6.7 cm] was 1.09; 95% CI 0.84-1.40; P = .52). CONCLUSIONS This large prospective study provides evidence that shorter height may be a risk factor for incident IPH in women.
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Yang TL, Guo Y, Zhang LS, Tian Q, Yan H, Papasian CJ, Recker RR, Deng HW. Runs of homozygosity identify a recessive locus 12q21.31 for human adult height. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:3777-82. [PMID: 20466785 PMCID: PMC2913044 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runs of homozygosity (ROHs) have recently been proposed to have potential recessive significance for complex traits. Human adult height is a classic complex trait with heritability estimated up to 90%, and recessive loci that contribute to adult height variation have been identified. METHODS Using the Affymetrix 500K array set, we performed a genome-wide ROHs analysis to identify genetic loci for adult height in a discovery sample including 998 unrelated Caucasian subjects from the midwest United States. For the significant ROHs identified, we replicated these findings in a family-based sample of 8385 Caucasian subjects from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). RESULTS Our results revealed one ROH, located in 12q21.31, that had a strong association with adult height variation both in the discovery (P=6.69x10(-6)) and replication samples (P=5.40x10(-5)). We further validated the presence of this ROH using the HapMap sample. CONCLUSION Our findings open a new avenue for identifying loci with recessive contributions to adult height variation. Further molecular and functional studies are needed to explore and clarify the potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Paajanen TA, Oksala NKJ, Kuukasjärvi P, Karhunen PJ. Short stature is associated with coronary heart disease: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1802-9. [PMID: 20530501 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between short stature and coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a systematic search from MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, and All EBM Reviews as well as from a reference list of relevant articles. We used SPICO (Study design, Patient, Intervention, Control-intervention, Outcome) criteria. The methodological quality of studies was analysed by modified Borghoust criteria. From a total of 1907 articles, we selected 52 studies comprising population-based follow-up studies and patient cohorts followed after a CHD event, as well as case-control studies with height either as a continuous or categorical variable, totalling 3 012 747 individuals. The short ones were below 160.5 cm and tall ones over 173.9 cm on average. Among the shortest height category, the relative risks were 1.35 (95% CI 1.25-1.44) for all-cause mortality, 1.55 (1.37-1.74) for all cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, 1.49 (1.33-1.67) for CHD, and 1.52 (1.28-1.81) for myocardial infarction when compared with those within the highest height category. The mean relative risk was 1.46 (1.37-1.55). Short stature was associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in both genders. CONCLUSION The relationship between short stature and CVD appears to be a real one. On the basis of comparison, adults within the shortest category had an approximately 50% higher risk of CHD morbidity and mortality than tall individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula A Paajanen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Tampere and Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Early Life and Adult Socioeconomic Influences on Mortality Risk: Preliminary Report of a ‘Pauper Rich’ Paradox in a Chilean Adult Cohort. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20:487-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Choi SK, Park SM, Joung H. Still life with less: North Korean young adult defectors in South Korea show continued poor nutrition and physique. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:136-41. [PMID: 20461202 PMCID: PMC2867224 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
North Korean defectors who settle in South Korea have experienced severe food shortage and transition of food environment which could affect their health status. However, little is known about their anthropometric measurements and dietary intake after settlement in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare anthropometric measurements and dietary intake between North Korean young adults who defected to South Korea and those of South Koreans. We hypothesized that North Korean young adults' physiques and dietary intake would be poorer than that of South Koreans. We compared anthropometric measurements and dietary intake from 3-day food records in a cross-sectional study of 103 North Korean young adult defectors, aged 12 to 24 and 309 South Korean subjects. North Korean subjects were significantly shorter (4.9 to 10.8 cm) and lighter (6.0 to 12.5 kg) than the control group. Body mass index were significantly different between North and South Korean groups only in men. North Korean young adult defectors had lower mean daily intakes of energy and most nutrients and food groups compared to the control group, while North Korean subjects had higher nutrient density diet than that of South Koreans. The proportion of subjects who had dietary intakes of nutrients of less than the Estimated Average Requirement was higher in North Korean subjects than in controls except for in the cases of vitamin A and vitamin C. In conclusion, we recommend providing nutrition support programs for North Korean young adult defectors to secure adequate nutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ki Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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El cociente perímetro abdominal/estatura como índice antropométrico de riesgo cardiovascular y de diabetes. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 134:386-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liu JZ, Medland SE, Wright MJ, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Duncan A, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, McRae AF. Genome-wide association study of height and body mass index in Australian twin families. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 13:179-93. [PMID: 20397748 PMCID: PMC3232006 DOI: 10.1375/twin.13.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human height and body mass index are influenced by a large number of genes, each with small effects, along with environment. To identify common genetic variants associated with these traits, we performed genome-wide association studies in 11,536 individuals composed of Australian twins, family members, and unrelated individuals at approximately 550,000 genotyped SNPs. We identified a single genome-wide significant variant for height (P value=1.06x10(-9)) located in HHIP, a well-replicated height-associated gene. Suggestive levels of association were found for other known genes associated with height (P values<1x10(-6)): ADAMTSL3, EFEMP1, GPR126, and HMGA2; and BMI (P values<1x10(-4)): FTO and MC4R. Together, these variants explain less than 2% of total phenotypic variation for height and 0.5% for BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Z. Liu
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Alexis Duncan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Kajantie E, Forsén T, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Prenatal growth, postnatal growth and trait anxiety in late adulthood - the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121:227-35. [PMID: 19570107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trait anxiety may predispose to anxiety disorders and cardiovascular events. We tested whether prenatal growth or postnatal growth from birth to 11 years of age and in adulthood predict trait anxiety in late adulthood. METHOD Women (n = 951) and men (n = 753) reported trait anxiety using the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale at an average age of 63.4 years and growth was estimated from records. RESULTS Higher trait anxiety was predicted by smaller body size at birth, in infancy and in adulthood. Moreover, faster growth particularly from seven to 11 years of age and slower growth between 11 and 63 years predicted higher trait anxiety. CONCLUSION We found a pattern of pre- and postnatal growth that predisposed to higher trait anxiety in late adulthood. This pattern resembles that found to increase the risk of cardiovascular events and, thus, points to a shared common origin in a suboptimal prenatal and childhood developmental milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lahti
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Baldassarre D, Nyyssönen K, Rauramaa R, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Smit AJ, Mannarino E, Humphries SE, Giral P, Grossi E, Veglia F, Paoletti R, Tremoli E. Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data to identify the major determinants of carotid intima-media thickness in a European population: the IMPROVE study. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:614-22. [PMID: 19952003 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The 'IMPROVE study' was designed to investigate whether cross-sectional carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and overall IMT progression are predictors of new vascular events in European individuals at high risk of cardiovascular diseases. This paper reports the results of the baseline analyses aimed at identifying the major determinants of increased carotid IMT (C-IMT). METHODS AND RESULTS IMPROVE is a prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, observational study. A total of 3711 subjects (age range 54-79 years) with at least three vascular risk factors (VRFs) were recruited in seven centres in Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Collected variables included clinical, biochemical, genetic, socioeconomic, psychological, nutritional, and educational data, personal and family history of diseases, drug intake, and physical activity. By multiple linear regression analysis, C-IMT was positively associated with latitude, age, gender, pulse pressure, pack-years, and hypertension, and inversely with educational level (all P < 0.0001 for IMT(mean-max)). Latitude was the strongest independent determinant of C-IMT (partial r(2) for IMT(mean-max) = 0.109, P < 0.0001) and alone accounted for nearly half of the variation explained by the regression model (partial r(2) for IMT(mean-max) = 0.243, P < 0.0001). The geographical gradient for C-IMT paralleled the well-known north-to-south cardiovascular mortality gradient (r(2) for IMT(mean) = 0.96). CONCLUSION Latitude is an important determinant of C-IMT, which is not explained by between-country differences in established VRFs. Other unknown contributory mechanisms such as heritable, nutritional, or environmental factors may be important in the genesis of this geographical gradient.
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Wadén J, Forsblom C, Thorn LM, Saraheimo M, Rosengård-Bärlund M, Heikkilä O, Hietala K, Ong K, Wareham N, Groop PH. Adult stature and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: the FinnDiane Study and the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 2009; 58:1914-20. [PMID: 19491208 PMCID: PMC2712782 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Short adult stature has previously been associated with cardiovascular disease, but its relationship with the microvascular complications of diabetes is uncertain. Therefore, we evaluated the association between adult stature and prevalence and incidence of diabetic microvascular complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional and longitudinal study comprises 3,968 adult patients with type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) Study and 1,246 adult patients from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). In FinnDiane, diabetic nephropathy was defined as urinary albumin excretion > or = 300 mg/24 h, dialysis, or renal transplantation. Retinopathy was divided into background and proliferative (laser-treated) retinopathy. In the DCCT, original nephropathy (class 1-6) and retinopathy (Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study) classifications were used. RESULTS In the FinnDiane study, patients in the lowest quartile of adult height had increased risks of prevalent diabetic nephropathy (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% CI 1.44-2.02) and prevalent laser-treated retinopathy (1.66, 1.43-1.93) compared with other patients. Similarly, in the DCCT, patients in the lowest quartile of adult height had increased risks of incident diabetic nephropathy class 4-6 (hazard ratio 2.70, 95% CI 1.59-4.59) and incident proliferative retinopathy (2.06, 1.15-3.71). In the FinnDiane study, the associations were largely explained by childhood exposure to diabetes. However, in the DCCT, where a greater proportion of patients had diabetes onset >18 years, the association with nephropathy was independent of childhood diabetes exposure. CONCLUSIONS Short adult stature is associated with microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. These findings are compatible with either childhood diabetes exposure or "common soil" or both as potential explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wadén
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lena M. Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Saraheimo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Rosengård-Bärlund
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Heikkilä
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kustaa Hietala
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ken Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nicholas Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding author: Per-Henrik Groop,
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Abstract
Although advanced age or symptoms of aging are not among approved indications for growth hormone (GH) therapy, recombinant human GH (rhGH) and various GH-related products are aggressively promoted as anti-aging therapies. Well-controlled studies of the effects of rhGH treatment in endocrinologically normal elderly subjects report some improvements in body composition and a number of undesirable side effects in sharp contrast to major benefits of GH therapy in patients with GH deficiency. Controversies surrounding the potential utility of GH in treatment of a geriatric patient are fueled by increasing evidence linking GH and cancer and by remarkably increased lifespan of GH-resistant and GH-deficient mice. Conservation of cellular signaling mechanisms that influence aging in organisms ranging from worms to mammals suggests that at least some of the results obtained in mutant mice are applicable to the human. We suggest that the normal, physiological functions of GH in promoting growth, sexual maturation and fecundity involve significant costs in terms of aging and life expectancy. Natural decline in GH levels during aging likely contributes to concomitant alterations in body composition and vigor but also may be offering important protection from cancer and other age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA.
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Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:453-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508190304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Shorter than average adults are at a higher risk for obesity and are also more susceptible to diabetes and CVD, independent of BMI. In contrast, taller children have a higher risk of obesity. We hypothesised that short stature is related to adverse body composition and that the association between stature and obesity differs between generations. In a cross-sectional German database of 213 804 adults and 12 411 children and adolescents, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was compared between percentiles of height. The association between stature and percentage of fat mass (%FM), lean BMI (LBMI; kg/m2) or waist:hip ratio (in children only) was analysed within BMI groups. In adults, the prevalence of BMI >30 kg/m2 gradually increased with decreasing percentile of height whereas in children and adolescents, a positive association between height and weight status was observed. Short-stature women and girls had a 0·8–3·2 % lower %FM than tall subjects (P < 0·05), whereas no trend for %FM was observed in males. When compared with tall subjects, LBMI was 0·2–0·6 kg/m2 lower in short-stature men, as well as obese women (P < 0·05). There was a non-significant trend for a lower LBMI and a higher waist:hip ratio in shorter children. In conclusion, short stature is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adults. Cardiometabolic risk in short stature is not explained by an adverse body composition.
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Hong X, Tsai HJ, Liu X, Li Z, Liu X, Tang G, Xing H, Yang J, Wang B, Feng Y, Xu X, Xu X, Wang X. A large-scale genome-wide linkage analysis to map loci linked to stature in Chinese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4511-8. [PMID: 18728177 PMCID: PMC2582574 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A number of genome-wide scans of stature have been reported previously, but with inconsistent results. The inconsistency may be partly due to differential population characteristics and gender- and/or age-specific effects on this trait. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the variation of stature in Chinese population, and to evaluate age- and gender-specific linkage for stature. METHODS We conducted a large-scale, genome-wide linkage scan using the data from three independent samples (a total of 7112 subjects from 1811 pedigrees) enrolled from the same geographical region in China. Linkage analyses were performed in the pooled samples and in subgroups defined by age (<or=25 vs. >25 yr), gender, or both, using the model-free regression method implemented in MERLIN-REGRESS. RESULTS The strongest linkage signal was obtained on 17q24 (LOD=3.82) in the pooled samples. Age-specific analysis revealed two additional significant QTLs on 13q34 and 18p11.3 among subjects 25 yr or younger. In gender-specific analyses, males showed suggestive QTLs on 12q21 (LOD=2.31) and 17q22 (LOD=2.60), and females showed a suggestive QTL on 13q31.1 (LOD=2.68). Age- and gender-specific linkage analyses suggested that males older than 25 yr contributed more signals to QTLs on 12q21 and 17q22, with a LOD score of 3.00 and 2.26, respectively, whereas females older than 25 yr presented a suggestive QTL on 8q24.3 (LOD=2.57). CONCLUSION Our study identified a strong linkage of chromosome 17q24 to stature in this Chinese population, and indicated that it may be informative to consider differential age and gender effects in the genetic dissection of stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Hong
- Mary Ann and J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research Program, Children's Memorial Hospital and Children's Memorial Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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Comprehensive association analyses of IGF1, ESR2, and CYP17 genes with adult height in Caucasians. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1380-7. [PMID: 18560445 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adult height is closely related to body growth that is regulated by multiple cytokines or hormones like growth hormone (GH) and estrogen. Our study focused on three potential candidate genes to human height, namely IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), ESR2, and CYP17. We genotyped 43 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and tested their associations in 1873 subjects from 405 nuclear families, using both the family-based quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT) and population-based ANOVA methods. Both analyses consistently detected that two novel SNPs of IGF1, rs5742694 and rs2033178, were significantly associated with human height, with the P-values of 0.0097 and 0.0057 in QTDT analyses, 0.0002/0.004 (sample 1/sample 2) and 8.46 x 10(-5)/1.92 x 10(-5) in ANOVA analyses. For ESR2, significant associations were only detected in women (rs1256061: QTDT P=0.002, ANOVA P=0.002/0.012; rs17766755: QTDT P=0.019, ANOVA P=0.023/0.006; rs1256044: QTDT P=0.022, ANOVA P=0.002/0.034). Haplotype analyses corroborated our single-SNP results. However, no association was detected between CYP17 and human height. In conclusion, we identified the important effects of IGF1 and ESR2 on adult height variation in Caucasians, and first suggested the potential sex-specific effect of ESR2 on height variation in Caucasian women. It will be valuable for other independent studies to replicate and confirm these findings.
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Santos AC, Ebrahim S, Barros H. Gender, socio-economic status and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and old adults. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:62. [PMID: 18282285 PMCID: PMC2270270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies that addressed social and economic determinants of cardiovascular diseases, consistently showed an increase prevalence of the individual features of metabolic syndrome in the lower socio-economic strata. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association between social class and metabolic syndrome in a sample of urban middle-aged and old Portuguese adults. Methods We evaluated 1962 subjects (1207 women and 755 men) aged 40 or more years. Marital status, education, occupation, menarche age and height distribution were used as socioeconomic indicators. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the ATP III, by the presence of at least three of the following characteristics: waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl in men and <50 mg/dl in women; blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mm Hg; and fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dl. Proportions were compared using the chi square test or Fisher's exact test. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed using unconditional logistic regression to estimate the magnitude of the associations. Results Metabolic syndrome was significantly more frequent in females (24.9 vs. 17.4, p < 0.001). In females, the odds favoring metabolic syndrome significantly increased with age and in unfavorable social class as described by occupation, and decreased with education level. In males, metabolic syndrome was significantly more frequent in the 60–69 years age class (OR = 1.82; 95%CI: 1.02–3.26) when compared to those in the 40–49 years age class. Concerning other socioeconomic indicators no significant associations were found. Conclusion This study showed that gender influenced the association of socio-economic status indicators with metabolic syndrome. Females in lower social classes, as defined by education and occupational classification, more frequently presented metabolic syndrome, no such association was found in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Santos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
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Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT. Mortality in achondroplasia study: a 42-year follow-up. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:2502-11. [PMID: 17879967 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common dwarfing condition having a prevalence of 1/25,000 live births. An increase in overall mortality, age specific mortality up to age 34 years and heart disease-related mortality was first reported in a 1987 study of a large population of ACH individuals. Since this study, concern about premature death, particularly in young adults, has persisted in the ACH population. The present study was undertaken to follow-up the patterns of mortality in a more contemporaneous ACH population. The vital status of 718 ACH individuals from the original study and 75 new ACH individuals was determined through the search of two computerized mortality database. The results showed that the overall mortality and age-specific mortality at all ages remained significantly increased. Rates of death were similar across all 42 years of follow-up suggesting that higher death rates were still occurring in the contemporary ACH population. Accidental, neurological, and heart disease-related deaths were increased in adults. Heart disease-related mortality, between ages 25 and 35, was more than 10 times higher than the general population. Overall survival and the average life expectancy for this ACH population were decreased by 10 years. These results demonstrate that despite advances in the knowledge of the natural history of ACH and health care needs of this population, mortality remains significantly increased. The high rate of heart disease related deaths illustrates the need to identify risk factors in the ACH population and develop treatment interventions accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lettre G, Butler JL, Ardlie KG, Hirschhorn JN. Common genetic variation in eight genes of the GH/IGF1 axis does not contribute to adult height variation. Hum Genet 2007; 122:129-39. [PMID: 17546465 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stature (adult height) is one of the most heritable human traits, yet few genes, if any, have been convincingly associated with adult height variation in the general population. Here, we selected 150 tag SNPs from eight candidate genes in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis (GHR, GHRH, GHRHR, IGF1, IGFALS, IGFBP3, JAK2, STAT5B), and genotyped them in approximately 2,200 individuals ascertained for short or tall stature. Nominally significant tag SNPs were then tested in three additional replication cohorts, including a family-based panel to rule out spurious associations owing to population stratification. Across the four height cohorts (N = 6,075 individuals), we did not observe any consistent associations between stature and common variants (> or =5% minor allele frequency) in these eight genes, including a common deletion of the growth hormone receptor gene exon 3. Tests of epistatic interactions between these genes did not yield any results beyond those expected by chance. Although we have not tested all genes in the GH/IGF1 axis, our results indicate that common variation in these GH/IGF1 axis genes is not a major determinant of stature, and suggest that if common variation contributes to adult height variation in the general population, the variants are in other, possibly unanticipated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lettre
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Tilling K, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Chambless L, Szklo M. The relation between components of adult height and intimal-medial thickness in middle age: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:136-42. [PMID: 16707651 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors aimed to investigate the relation between components of adult height (leg and trunk length) and atherosclerosis in middle age, using data from 12,254 participants (aged 44-65 years) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Intimal-medial thickness (IMT) as measured by B-mode ultrasound was the outcome, and exposures were trunk and leg lengths as estimated (using sitting height and the difference between sitting and standing height) at the first study examination in 1987-1989. The mean IMT was 0.73 (standard deviation, 0.17) mm. Greater leg length was associated with lower IMT, with the largest difference being for Black men (a 0.045 (95% confidence interval: 0.023, 0.068)-mm lower IMT per 10-cm higher leg length). Greater trunk length was associated with higher IMT, with the largest difference being for White men (a 0.024 (95% confidence interval: 0.005, 0.044)-mm higher IMT per 10-cm higher trunk length). Although the effect sizes were small, leg length was inversely associated with atherosclerosis, consistent with the results of other studies with cardiovascular disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tilling
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, UK.
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Yang TL, Xiong DH, Guo Y, Recker RR, Deng HW. Association analyses of CYP19 gene polymorphisms with height variation in a large sample of Caucasian nuclear families. Hum Genet 2006; 120:119-25. [PMID: 16733710 PMCID: PMC1829483 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human height is a complex trait regulated by multiple genetic and environmental factors. CYP19 (cytochrome P450 19) encodes aromatase, which catalyses the rate-limiting step in the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Deleterious mutations in CYP19 can result in estrogen deficiency that will influence adult height to certain extent. In the present study, we aimed to test the associations between the CYP19 gene polymorphisms with adult height variation, using family-based association methods, such as QTDT (quantitative transmission disequilibrium test) and FBAT (family-based association test) in 1,873 subjects from 405 Caucasian nuclear families. We found one SNP (rs730154) significantly associated with height by both QTDT (P=0.0030) and FBAT (P=0.0016) analyses. Haplotype analyses corroborated our single-marker results by showing that the haplotypes in block 4 containing rs730154 were significantly associated with height variation. We thus concluded that CYP19 could be one of the genetic factors influencing adult height in Caucasians. Further studies are required to identify the causal functional variants responsible for Caucasian height within the CYP19 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Lin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Hardy R, Kuh D, Whincup PH, Wadsworth ME. Age at puberty and adult blood pressure and body size in a British birth cohort study. J Hypertens 2006; 24:59-66. [PMID: 16331102 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000198033.14848.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between age at puberty and blood pressure at age 53 years. DESIGN A prospective birth cohort study with regular contacts through childhood and adulthood until the age of 53 years. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1193 men and 1204 women, from a sample of 5362 born in Britain in March 1946. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Blood pressure at age 53 years. RESULTS Regression models indicated that men who had reached puberty latest had a lower mean systolic blood pressure (SBP; P = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P = 0.01) at 53 years than others. The mean SBP (95% confidence interval) was 6.4 mmHg (1.8, 10.9) greater in the earliest puberty group compared with the latest; for DBP the difference was 4.6 mmHg (1.9, 7.4). The associations were not accounted for by current body size, even though later puberty was associated with a decreasing body mass index (BMI) at 53 years. Neither were they accounted for by prepubertal body size, birth weight, or childhood and adult social class. Although women who reached puberty early had a higher BMI and shorter stature at 53 years compared with other women, they did not have higher blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Better health behaviours in men reaching puberty late may explain the association between age at puberty and blood pressure. Alternatively, age at puberty may be a marker of the whole growth trajectory, distinguishing characteristics important in the later development of high blood pressure. The association of early puberty with high adult BMI in both sexes highlights the importance of controlling obesity in those who mature early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hardy
- Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Benetou V, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A. Associations of anthropometric characteristics with blood cholesterol fractions among adults. The Greek EPIC study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:942-8. [PMID: 16465197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the independent associations of body height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and hip circumference with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-cholesterol), in a large general population sample. DESIGN Cross sectional. SETTING Urban and rural areas throughout Greece. SUBJECTS In total,10 837 volunteers, 2034 men and 8803 women, aged 25-82 years, participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC), who have never smoked and never been treated for dyslipidemia. INTERVENTIONS None. RESULTS The effect of height on non-HDL-cholesterol was opposite but in absolute terms almost as important as that of BMI with no gender interaction. Among women, hip circumference was inversely associated with non-HDL-cholesterol (standardized coefficient bst = -1.11, with standard error (s.e.)=0.42) and positively with HDL-cholesterol (bst = 0.85, s.e.= 0.12) whereas, waist circumference was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol (bst = -1.16, s.e.=0.13) and strongly positively with non-HDL-cholesterol (bst = 8.83, s.e.= 0.45). Among men, associations were generally weaker (in absolute terms by about 50%) and for hip circumference the association with non-HDL-cholesterol was actually non significantly positive. CONCLUSIONS Height was inversely associated with HDL and non-HDL-cholesterol implicating early life phenomena in the regulation of these variables. Larger hip circumference among women had beneficial effects on blood cholesterol fractions by increasing HDL-cholesterol and reducing non-HDL-cholesterol, whereas among men the relevant effects were less clear cut. The detrimental consequences of large waist circumference on both HDL (reduction) and non-HDL-cholesterol (increase) were also particularly marked among women. SPONSORSHIP The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (World Health Organization) and supported by the Europe Against Cancer Program of the European Commission. The Greek segment of the EPIC study is also supported by the Greek Ministry of Health and the Greek Ministry of Education. This study was additionally supported by the fellowship 'Vassilios and Nafsika Tricha'.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Benetou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Hsieh SD, Muto T. Metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women with special reference to the anthropometric criteria for the assessment of obesity: Proposal to use the waist-to-height ratio. Prev Med 2006; 42:135-9. [PMID: 16376978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the criteria for defining metabolic syndrome. However, overt obesity in Asians is relatively low despite high prevalence of metabolic risks. METHODS We investigated the effectiveness of various anthropometric indices {body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio (W/Ht)} for the evaluation of coronary risk factors (hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol) and as one of the criteria for metabolic syndrome (clustering of three or more from one obesity and four coronary risk factors) in Japanese on 6141 men and 2137 women. RESULTS (1) The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the different anthropometric indices to identify any one and two or more coronary risk factors were highest for W/Ht. (2) The sensitivities for the identification of any one and two or more coronary risk factors were greater for W/Ht > or =0.5 than BMI > or =25, > or =23, and indices of waist circumference (Adult Treatment Panel III and Japan Society for the Study of Obesity). (3) The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varied greatly by different anthropometric indices, and the percentages of obesity risk factors in metabolic syndrome were highest for W/Ht > or =0.5 in both genders (approximate 95%). CONCLUSIONS W/Ht >/=0.5 may be the most effective anthropometric index for screening Japanese people for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiun Dong Hsieh
- Medical Center of Health Science, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tillin T, Forouhi N, McKeigue P, Chaturvedi N. Microalbuminuria and coronary heart disease risk in an ethnically diverse UK population: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:3702-10. [PMID: 16207830 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalbuminuria (MA) is a strong risk factor for subsequent chronic disease, both renal and coronary heart disease (CHD), in European origin populations, but CHD risks differ by ethnicity, and it was hypothesized that prevalence of MA and relations with CHD may also differ. Combined analyses of two population-based cohorts started in 1988 and consisted of 1460 Europeans (70% male), 946 South Asians (78% male), and 559 African Caribbeans (51% male) who resided in London and were aged 40 to 69. Baseline fasting blood, overnight urine collection, and clinical measurements were performed. Prevalent CHD was defined by clinical history or major electrocardiogram changes. Age-adjusted albumin excretion rates (AER; geometric means, mug/min) were significantly higher in African Caribbeans (men: 6.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.5 to 6.7; women: 5.7, 95% CI 5.2 to 6.2) than in South Asians (men: 4.3, 95% CI 4.0 to 4.5; women 3.4, 95% CI 3.0 to 3.8) and Europeans (men: 4.5, 95% CI 4.3 to 4.8; women: 3.3, 95% CI 3.1 to 3.6). MA was associated with both prevalent CHD and CHD mortality in South Asian men (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.8) and in European women (hazard ratio 13.0; 95% CI 2.6 to 64.2) but not in any other group. Greater AER in African Caribbeans and the absence of association with CHD contrast with lower AER in South Asian men and European women, both strongly associated with CHD prevalence and mortality. These differences suggest that the pathogenesis of kidney disease and its link with CHD differ by ethnicity and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Tillin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College at St. Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 IPG, UK.
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Langenberg C, Shipley MJ, Batty GD, Marmot MG. Adult socioeconomic position and the association between height and coronary heart disease mortality: findings from 33 years of follow-up in the Whitehall Study. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:628-32. [PMID: 15798120 PMCID: PMC1449231 DOI: 10.2105/2004.046219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the Whitehall Study, which followed 17,139 male civil servants over 33 years, the association between tall stature and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality differed between employment grades. In men without CHD at study entry, the hazard ratio per 15-cm increase in height was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.69, 0.85; P<0.001) for the highest grades, but 0.84 (95% CI=0.69, 1.03; P=.10) for middle and 0.95 (95% CI=0.75, 1.20; P=.65) for low grades, suggesting that childhood and adult social conditions may interact in their influence on coronary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Langenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London, England, United Kingdom.
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