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Friedman MI, Sørensen TIA, Taubes G, Lund J, Ludwig DS. Trapped fat: Obesity pathogenesis as an intrinsic disorder in metabolic fuel partitioning. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13795. [PMID: 38961319 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity remains at best incomplete despite a century of research. During this time, two alternative perspectives have helped shape thinking about the etiology of the disorder. The currently prevailing view holds that excessive fat accumulation results because energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, with excessive food consumption being the primary cause of the imbalance. The other perspective attributes the initiating cause of obesity to intrinsic metabolic defects that shift fuel partitioning from pathways for mobilization and oxidation to those for synthesis and storage. The resulting reduction in fuel oxidation and trapping of energy in adipose tissue drives a compensatory increase in energy intake and, under some conditions, a decrease in expenditure. This theory of obesity pathogenesis has historically garnered relatively less attention despite its pedigree. Here, we present an updated comprehensive formulation of the fuel partitioning theory, focused on evidence gathered over the last 80 years from major animal models of obesity showing a redirection of fuel fluxes from oxidation to storage and accumulation of excess body fat with energy intake equal to or even less than that of lean animals. The aim is to inform current discussions about the etiology of obesity and by so doing, help lay new foundations for the design of more efficacious approaches to obesity research, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Childhood Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Renard E, Thevenard-Berger A, Meyre D. Medical semiology of patients with monogenic obesity: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13797. [PMID: 38956946 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Patients with monogenic obesity display numerous medical features on top of hyperphagic obesity, but no study to date has provided an exhaustive description of their semiology. Two reviewers independently conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection databases from inception to January 2022 to identify studies that described symptoms of patients carrying pathogenic mutations in at least one of eight monogenic obesity genes (ADCY3, LEP, LEPR, MC3R, MC4R, MRAP2, PCSK1, and POMC). Of 5207 identified references, 269 were deemed eligible after title and abstract screening, full-text reading, and risk of bias and quality assessment. Data extraction included mutation spectrum and mode of inheritance, clinical presentation (e.g., anthropometry, energy intake and eating behaviors, digestive function, puberty and fertility, cognitive features, infectious diseases, morphological characteristics, chronic respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease), biological characteristics (metabolic profile, endocrinology, hematology), radiological features, and treatments. The review provides an exhaustive description of mandatory, non-mandatory, and unique symptoms in heterozygous and homozygous carriers of mutation in eight monogenic obesity genes. This information is critical to help clinicians to orient genetic testing in subsets of patients with suspected monogenic obesity and provide actionable treatments (e.g., recombinant leptin and MC4R agonist).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Renard
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - David Meyre
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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3
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Stefanucci L, Moslemi C, Tomé AR, Virtue S, Bidault G, Gleadall NS, Watson LPE, Kwa JE, Burden F, Farrow S, Chen J, Võsa U, Burling K, Walker L, Ord J, Barker P, Warner J, Frary A, Renhstrom K, Ashford SE, Piper J, Biggs G, Erber WN, Hoffman GJ, Schoenmakers N, Erikstrup C, Rieneck K, Dziegiel MH, Ullum H, Azzu V, Vacca M, Aparicio HJ, Hui Q, Cho K, Sun YV, Wilson PW, Bayraktar OA, Vidal-Puig A, Ostrowski SR, Astle WJ, Olsson ML, Storry JR, Pedersen OB, Ouwehand WH, Chatterjee K, Vuckovic D, Frontini M. SMIM1 absence is associated with reduced energy expenditure and excess weight. MED 2024; 5:1083-1095.e6. [PMID: 38906141 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity rates have nearly tripled in the past 50 years, and by 2030 more than 1 billion individuals worldwide are projected to be obese. This creates a significant economic strain due to the associated non-communicable diseases. The root cause is an energy expenditure imbalance, owing to an interplay of lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Obesity has a polygenic genetic architecture; however, single genetic variants with large effect size are etiological in a minority of cases. These variants allowed the discovery of novel genes and biology relevant to weight regulation and ultimately led to the development of novel specific treatments. METHODS We used a case-control approach to determine metabolic differences between individuals homozygous for a loss-of-function genetic variant in the small integral membrane protein 1 (SMIM1) and the general population, leveraging data from five cohorts. Metabolic characterization of SMIM1-/- individuals was performed using plasma biochemistry, calorimetric chamber, and DXA scan. FINDINGS We found that individuals homozygous for a loss-of-function genetic variant in SMIM1 gene, underlying the blood group Vel, display excess body weight, dyslipidemia, altered leptin to adiponectin ratio, increased liver enzymes, and lower thyroid hormone levels. This was accompanied by a reduction in resting energy expenditure. CONCLUSION This research identified a novel genetic predisposition to being overweight or obese. It highlights the need to investigate the genetic causes of obesity to select the most appropriate treatment given the large cost disparity between them. FUNDING This work was funded by the National Institute of Health Research, British Heart Foundation, and NHS Blood and Transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Stefanucci
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; British Heart Foundation, Cambridge Centre for Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camous Moslemi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital (Roskilde University), Køge, Denmark
| | - Ana R Tomé
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas S Gleadall
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura P E Watson
- NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing E Kwa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frances Burden
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samantha Farrow
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Keith Burling
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsay Walker
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Ord
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Barker
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Warner
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Frary
- NIHR National BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karola Renhstrom
- NIHR National BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sofie E Ashford
- NIHR National BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jo Piper
- NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gail Biggs
- NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wendy N Erber
- Discipline of Pathology and Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gary J Hoffman
- Discipline of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Rieneck
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten H Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Vian Azzu
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Michele Vacca
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy; Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, UK
| | | | - Qin Hui
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter W Wilson
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Emory University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omer A Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Centro de Innvestigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William J Astle
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; British Heart Foundation, Cambridge Centre for Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; MRC Biostatistics Unit, East Forvie Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin L Olsson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jill R Storry
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital (Roskilde University), Køge, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK; Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, NW1 2BU London, UK
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Frontini
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; British Heart Foundation, Cambridge Centre for Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
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Fang P, She Y, Yu M, Yan J, Yu X, Zhao J, Jin Y, Min W, Shang W, Zhang Z. Novel hypothalamic pathways for metabolic effects of spexin. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107399. [PMID: 39245191 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
One of the main underlying etiologies of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is insulin resistance, which is most frequently caused by obesity. Notably, the deregulation of adipokine secretion from visceral adiposity has been identified as a crucial characteristic of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Spexin is an adipokine that is released by many different tissues, including white adipocytes and the glandular stomach, and is negatively connected with the state of energy storage. This peptide acts through GALR2/3 receptors to control a wide range of metabolic processes, including inflammation, browning, lipolysis, energy expenditure, and eating behavior. Specifically, spexin can enter the hypothalamus and regulate the hypothalamic melanocortin system, which in turn balances energy expenditure and food intake. This review examines recent advances and the underlying mechanisms of spexin in obesity and T2DM. In particular, we address a range of topics from basic research to clinical findings, such as an analysis of the possible function of spexin in the hypothalamic melanocortin response, which involves reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure while also enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Gaining more insight into the mechanisms that underlie the spexin system's control over energy metabolism and homeostasis may facilitate the development of innovative treatment approaches that focus on combating obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Pukou People's Hospital, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xizhong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Min
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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5
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Köroğlu Ç, Traurig M, Muller YL, Day SE, Piaggi P, Wiedrich K, Vazquez L, Hanson RL, Van Hout CV, Alkelai A, Shuldiner AR, Bogardus C, Baier LJ. Identification and functional validation of rare coding variants in genes linked to monogenic obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1769-1777. [PMID: 39192769 PMCID: PMC11361714 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rare cases of monogenic obesity, which may respond to specific therapeutics, can remain undetected in populations in which polygenic obesity is prevalent. This study examined rare DNA variation in established monogenic obesity genes within a community using whole-exome sequence data from 6803 longitudinally studied individuals. METHODS Exome data across 15 monogenic obesity genes were analyzed for nonsynonymous variants observed in any child with a maximum BMI z score > 2 (N = 279) but not observed in a child with a maximum BMI z score ≤ 0 (n = 1542) or that occurred in adults in the top 5th percentile of BMI (n = 263) but not in adults below the median BMI (n = 2629). Variants were then functionally analyzed using luciferase assays. RESULTS The comparisons between cases of obesity and controls identified eight missense variants in six genes: DYRK1B, KSR2, MC4R, NTRK2, PCSK1, and SIM1. Among these, MC4R p.A303P and p.R165G were previously shown to impair MC4R function. Functional analyses of the remaining six variants suggest that KSR2 p.I402F and p.T193I and NTRK2 p.S249Y alter protein function. CONCLUSIONS In addition to MC4R, rare missense variants in KSR2 and NTRK2 may potentially explain the severe obesity observed for the carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Köroğlu
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Traurig
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yunhua L. Muller
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha E. Day
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kim Wiedrich
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Laura Vazquez
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Robert L. Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Cristopher V. Van Hout
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigation sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Campus Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | | | | | - Clifton Bogardus
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Leslie J. Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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6
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Fitch AK, Malhotra S, Conroy R. Differentiating monogenic and syndromic obesities from polygenic obesity: Assessment, diagnosis, and management. OBESITY PILLARS 2024; 11:100110. [PMID: 38766314 PMCID: PMC11101890 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a multifactorial neurohormonal disease that results from dysfunction within energy regulation pathways and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life. The most common form is polygenic obesity, which results from interactions between multiple gene variants and environmental factors. Highly penetrant monogenic and syndromic obesities result from rare genetic variants with minimal environmental influence and can be differentiated from polygenic obesity depending on key symptoms, including hyperphagia; early-onset, severe obesity; and suboptimal responses to nontargeted therapies. Timely diagnosis of monogenic or syndromic obesity is critical to inform management strategies and reduce disease burden. We outline the physiology of weight regulation, role of genetics in obesity, and differentiating characteristics between polygenic and rare genetic obesity to facilitate diagnosis and transition toward targeted therapies. Methods In this narrative review, we focused on case reports, case studies, and natural history studies of patients with monogenic and syndromic obesities and clinical trials examining the efficacy, safety, and quality of life impact of nontargeted and targeted therapies in these populations. We also provide comprehensive algorithms for diagnosis of patients with suspected rare genetic causes of obesity. Results Patients with monogenic and syndromic obesities commonly present with hyperphagia (ie, pathologic, insatiable hunger) and early-onset, severe obesity, and the presence of hallmark characteristics can inform genetic testing and diagnostic approach. Following diagnosis, specialized care teams can address complex symptoms, and hyperphagia is managed behaviorally. Various pharmacotherapies show promise in these patient populations, including setmelanotide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Conclusion Understanding the pathophysiology and differentiating characteristics of monogenic and syndromic obesities can facilitate diagnosis and management and has led to development of targeted pharmacotherapies with demonstrated efficacy for reducing body weight and hunger in the affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonali Malhotra
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Farooqi IS, Xu Y. Translational potential of mouse models of human metabolic disease. Cell 2024; 187:4129-4143. [PMID: 39067442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Obesity causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. Research in the last three decades has delivered a step-change in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis, building on foundational discoveries in mouse models of metabolic disease. However, not all findings made in rodents have translated to humans, hampering drug discovery in this field. Here, we review how studies in mice and humans have informed our current framework for understanding energy homeostasis, discuss their challenges and limitations, and offer a perspective on how human studies may play an increasingly important role in the discovery of disease mechanisms and identification of therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Li Y, Cacciottolo TM, Yin N, He Y, Liu H, Liu H, Yang Y, Henning E, Keogh JM, Lawler K, Mendes de Oliveira E, Gardner EJ, Kentistou KA, Laouris P, Bounds R, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Barroso I, Tu L, Bean JC, Yu M, Conde KM, Wang M, Ginnard O, Fang X, Tong L, Han J, Darwich T, Williams KW, Yang Y, Wang C, Joss S, Firth HV, Xu Y, Farooqi IS. Loss of transient receptor potential channel 5 causes obesity and postpartum depression. Cell 2024; 187:4176-4192.e17. [PMID: 38959890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypothalamic neural circuits regulate instinctive behaviors such as food seeking, the fight/flight response, socialization, and maternal care. Here, we identified microdeletions on chromosome Xq23 disrupting the brain-expressed transient receptor potential (TRP) channel 5 (TRPC5). This family of channels detects sensory stimuli and converts them into electrical signals interpretable by the brain. Male TRPC5 deletion carriers exhibited food seeking, obesity, anxiety, and autism, which were recapitulated in knockin male mice harboring a human loss-of-function TRPC5 mutation. Women carrying TRPC5 deletions had severe postpartum depression. As mothers, female knockin mice exhibited anhedonia and depression-like behavior with impaired care of offspring. Deletion of Trpc5 from oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus caused obesity in both sexes and postpartum depressive behavior in females, while Trpc5 overexpression in oxytocin neurons in knock-in mice reversed these phenotypes. We demonstrate that TRPC5 plays a pivotal role in mediating innate human behaviors fundamental to survival, including food seeking and maternal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tessa M Cacciottolo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Na Yin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang He
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hailan Liu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuxue Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Taizhou People's Hospital, Medical School of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Lawler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eugene J Gardner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine A Kentistou
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Panayiotis Laouris
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan C Bean
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristine M Conde
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mengjie Wang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olivia Ginnard
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xing Fang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lydia Tong
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junying Han
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tia Darwich
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen V Firth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Du K, Ricci JMB, Lu Y, Garcia-Olazabal M, Walter RB, Warren WC, Dodge TO, Schumer M, Park H, Meyer A, Schartl M. Phylogenomic analyses of all species of swordtail fishes (genus Xiphophorus) show that hybridization preceded speciation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6609. [PMID: 39098897 PMCID: PMC11298535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybridization has been recognized to play important roles in evolution, however studies of the genetic consequence are still lagging behind in vertebrates due to the lack of appropriate experimental systems. Fish of the genus Xiphophorus are proposed to have evolved with multiple ancient and ongoing hybridization events. They have served as an informative research model in evolutionary biology and in biomedical research on human disease for more than a century. Here, we provide the complete genomic resource including annotations for all described 26 Xiphophorus species and three undescribed taxa and resolve all uncertain phylogenetic relationships. We investigate the molecular evolution of genes related to cancers such as melanoma and for the genetic control of puberty timing, focusing on genes that are predicted to be involved in pre-and postzygotic isolation and thus affect hybridization. We discovered dramatic size-variation of some gene families. These persisted despite reticulate evolution, rapid speciation and short divergence time. Finally, we clarify the hybridization history in the entire genus settling disputed hybridization history of two Southern swordtails. Our comparative genomic analyses revealed hybridization ancestries that are manifested in the mosaic fused genomes and show that hybridization often preceded speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, TX, USA
| | | | - Yuan Lu
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, TX, USA
| | - Mateo Garcia-Olazabal
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, TX, USA
| | - Ronald B Walter
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, TX, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Surgery, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Tristram O Dodge
- Department of Biology & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Molly Schumer
- Department of Biology & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Manfred Schartl
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, TX, USA.
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria.
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10
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Dosda S, Renard E, Meyre D. Sequencing methods, functional characterization, prevalence, and penetrance of rare coding mutations in panels of monogenic obesity genes from the leptin-melanocortin pathway: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13754. [PMID: 38779716 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The recent development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to an increase of mutation screening reports of monogenic obesity genes in diverse experimental designs. However, no study to date has summarized their findings. Two reviewers independently conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection databases from inception to September 2022 to identify monogenic non-syndromic obesity gene screening studies. Of 1051 identified references, 31 were eligible after title and abstract screening and 28 after full-text reading and risk of bias and quality assessment. Most studies (82%) used NGS methods. The number of genes screened varied from 2 to 12 genes from the leptin-melanocortin pathway. While all the included studies used in silico tools to assess the functional status of mutations, only 2 performed in vitro tests. The prevalence of carriers of pathogenic/likely pathogenic monogenic mutations is 13.24% on average (heterozygous: 12.31%; homozygous/heterozygous composite: 0.93%). As no study reported the penetrance of pathogenic mutations on obesity, we estimated that homozygous carriers exhibited a complete penetrance (100%) and heterozygous carriers a variable penetrance (3-100%). The review provides an exhaustive description of sequencing methods, functional characterization, prevalence, and penetrance of rare coding mutations in monogenic non-syndromic obesity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dosda
- INSERM UMR 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Specialized Obesity Center and Endocrinology, Diabetology, Department of Nutrition, Brabois Hospital, CHRU of Nancy, Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Emeline Renard
- INSERM UMR 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - David Meyre
- INSERM UMR 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Zhao Z, Yang Y, Liu P, Yan T, Li R, Pan C, Li Y, Lan X. A Critical Functional Missense Mutation (T117M) in Sheep MC4R Gene Significantly Leads to Gain-of-Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2207. [PMID: 39123733 PMCID: PMC11311007 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis and food intake in livestock, thereby affecting their economic worth and growth. In a previous study, the p.T117M mutation in the sheep MC4R gene, which leads to the transition of threonine to methionine, was found to affect the body weight at six months and the average daily gain in Hu sheep. However, there are still limited studies on the frequency of the sheep p.T117M missense mutation globally, and the underlying cellular mechanism remains elusive. Therefore, this study first used WGS to investigate the distribution of the MC4R gene p.T117M mutation in 652 individuals across 22 breeds worldwide. The results showed that the mutation frequency was higher in European breeds compared with Chinese sheep breeds, particularly in Poll Dorset sheep (mutation frequency > 0.5). The p.T117M mutation occurs in the first extracellular loop of MC4R. Mechanistically, the basal activity of the mutated receptor is significantly increased. Specifically, upon treatment with α-MSH and ACTH ligands, the cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling activation of M117 MC4R is enhanced. These results indicate that the T117M mutation may change the function of the gene by increasing the constitutive activity and signaling activation of cAMP and MAPK/ERK, and, thus, may regulate the growth traits of sheep. In conclusion, this study delved into the global distribution and underlying cellular mechanisms of the T117M mutation of the MC4R gene, establishing a scientific foundation for breeding sheep with superior growth, thereby contributing to the advancement of the sheep industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.L.); (T.Y.); (R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.L.); (T.Y.); (R.L.); (C.P.)
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12
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Abu-Rub LI, Al-Barazenji T, Abiib S, Hammad AS, Abbas A, Hussain K, Al-Shafai M. Identification of KSR2 Variants in Pediatric Patients with Severe Early-Onset Obesity from Qatar. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:966. [PMID: 39202327 PMCID: PMC11353872 DOI: 10.3390/genes15080966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The kinase suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2) gene is associated with monogenic obesity, and loss-of-function variants in KSR2 have been identified in individuals with severe early-onset obesity. This study investigated KSR2 variants in 9 pediatric patients with severe early-onset obesity in Qatar using whole genome sequencing among a cohort of 240 individuals. We focused on KSR2 variants with a minor allele frequency (MAF) below 1% and a Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) score above 13 to identify potential causative variants. Our analysis identified four KSR2 variants: one intronic (c.1765-8G>A) and three missense variants (c.1057G>A, c.1673G>A, and c.923T>C) in nine patients. The intronic variant c.1765-8G>A was the most frequent (seen in six individuals) and had a CADD score of 21.10, suggesting possible pathogenicity. This variant showed a significantly higher allele frequency in the Qatari population compared to the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), indicating a possible founder effect. Molecular modeling of the missense variants revealed structural changes in the protein structure. The study concludes that these four KSR2 variants are associated with monogenic obesity, with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The c.1765-8G>A variant's prevalence in Qatar underscores its importance in genetic screening for severe obesity. This research advances the understanding of genetic factors in severe early-onset obesity and may inform better management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna I. Abu-Rub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (L.I.A.-R.); (T.A.-B.); (S.A.); (A.S.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Tara Al-Barazenji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (L.I.A.-R.); (T.A.-B.); (S.A.); (A.S.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Sumaya Abiib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (L.I.A.-R.); (T.A.-B.); (S.A.); (A.S.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Ayat S Hammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (L.I.A.-R.); (T.A.-B.); (S.A.); (A.S.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Alaa Abbas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (L.I.A.-R.); (T.A.-B.); (S.A.); (A.S.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar
| | - Mashael Al-Shafai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (L.I.A.-R.); (T.A.-B.); (S.A.); (A.S.H.); (A.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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13
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38366037 PMCID: PMC11199107 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Welling MS, Mohseni M, Meeusen REH, de Groot CJ, Boon MR, Kleinendorst L, Visser JA, van Haelst MM, van den Akker ELT, van Rossum EFC. Clinical phenotypes of adults with monogenic and syndromic genetic obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1257-1267. [PMID: 38807300 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering limited evidence on diagnostics of genetic obesity in adults, we evaluated phenotypes of adults with genetic obesity. Additionally, we assessed the applicability of Endocrine Society (ES) recommendations for genetic testing in pediatric obesity. METHODS We compared clinical features, including age of onset of obesity and appetite, between adults with non-syndromic monogenic obesity (MO), adults with syndromic obesity (SO), and adults with common obesity (CO) as control patients. RESULTS A total of 79 adults with genetic obesity (32 with MO, 47 with SO) were compared with 186 control patients with CO. Median BMI was similar among the groups: 41.2, 39.5, and 38.7 kg/m2 for patients with MO, SO, and CO, respectively. Median age of onset of obesity was 3 (IQR: 1-6) years in patients with MO, 9 (IQR: 4-13) years in patients with SO, and 21 (IQR: 13-33) years in patients with CO (p < 0.001). Patients with genetic obesity more often reported increased appetite: 65.6%, 68.1%, and 33.9% in patients with MO, SO, and CO, respectively (p < 0.001). Intellectual deficit and autism spectrum disorder were more prevalent in patients with SO (53.2% and 21.3%) compared with those with MO (3.1% and 6.3%) and CO (both 0.0%). The ES recommendations were fulfilled in 56.3%, 29.8%, and 2.7% of patients with MO, SO, and CO, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We found distinct phenotypes in adult genetic obesity. Additionally, we demonstrated low sensitivity for detecting genetic obesity in adults using pediatric ES recommendations, necessitating specific genetic testing recommendations in adult obesity care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila S Welling
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Mohseni
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate E H Meeusen
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Groot
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erica L T van den Akker
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Gad H, Mohammed I, Dauleh H, Pasha M, Al-Barazenji T, Hussain K, Malik RA. Case report: Nerve fiber regeneration in children with melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutation related obesity treated with semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1385463. [PMID: 38974580 PMCID: PMC11227249 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1385463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) mutations are the commonest cause of monogenic obesity through dysregulation of neuronal pathways in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex that regulate hunger and satiety. MC4R also regulates neuropathic pain pathways via JNK signaling after nerve injury. We show evidence of corneal small fiber degeneration in 2 siblings carrying a heterozygous missense variant c.508A>G, p.Ille170Val in the MC4R gene. Both children were treated with once weekly semaglutide for 6 months with no change in weight, and only a minor improvement in HbA1c and lipid profile. However, there was evidence of nerve regeneration with an increase in corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD) [child A (13.9%), child B (14.7%)], corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) [child A (110.2%), child B (58.7%)] and corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) [child A (21.5%), child B (44.0%)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Gad
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Idris Mohammed
- Endocrinology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hajar Dauleh
- Endocrinology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maheen Pasha
- Endocrinology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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16
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Talbi R, Stincic TL, Ferrari K, Hae CJ, Walec K, Medve E, Gerutshang A, León S, McCarthy EA, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ, Navarro VM. POMC neurons control fertility through differential signaling of MC4R in Kisspeptin neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.18.580873. [PMID: 38915534 PMCID: PMC11195098 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.18.580873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene cause monogenic obesity. Interestingly, female patients also display various degrees of reproductive disorders, in line with the subfertile phenotype of MC4RKO female mice. However, the cellular mechanisms by which MC4R regulates reproduction are unknown. Kiss1 neurons directly stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release through two distinct populations; the Kiss1ARH neurons, controlling GnRH pulses, and the sexually dimorphic Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons controlling the preovulatory LH surge. Here, we show that Mc4r expressed in Kiss1 neurons is required for fertility in females. In vivo, deletion of Mc4r from Kiss1 neurons in female mice replicates the reproductive impairments of MC4RKO mice without inducing obesity. Conversely, reinsertion of Mc4r in Kiss1 neurons of MC4R null mice restores estrous cyclicity and LH pulsatility without reducing their obese phenotype. In vitro, we dissect the specific action of MC4R on Kiss1ARH vs Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons and show that MC4R activation excites Kiss1ARH neurons through direct synaptic actions. In contrast, Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons are normally inhibited by MC4R activation except under elevated estradiol levels, thus facilitating the activation of Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons to induce the LH surge driving ovulation in females. Our findings demonstrate that POMCARH neurons acting through MC4R, directly regulate reproductive function in females by stimulating the "pulse generator" activity of Kiss1ARH neurons and restricting the activation of Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons to the time of the estradiol-dependent LH surge, and thus unveil a novel pathway of the metabolic regulation of fertility by the melanocortin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajae Talbi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd L. Stincic
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kaitlin Ferrari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choi Ji Hae
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karol Walec
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Medve
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Achi Gerutshang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia León
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McCarthy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Víctor M. Navarro
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Program in Neuroscience, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Hemerich D, Svenstrup V, Obrero VD, Preuss M, Moscati A, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJF. An integrative framework to prioritize genes in more than 500 loci associated with body mass index. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1035-1046. [PMID: 38754426 PMCID: PMC11179420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for a myriad of diseases, affecting >600 million people worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of genetic variants that influence body mass index (BMI), a commonly used metric to assess obesity risk. Most variants are non-coding and likely act through regulating genes nearby. Here, we apply multiple computational methods to prioritize the likely causal gene(s) within each of the 536 previously reported GWAS-identified BMI-associated loci. We performed summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR), FINEMAP, DEPICT, MAGMA, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs), mutation significance cutoff (MSC), polygenic priority score (PoPS), and the nearest gene strategy. Results of each method were weighted based on their success in identifying genes known to be implicated in obesity, ranking all prioritized genes according to a confidence score (minimum: 0; max: 28). We identified 292 high-scoring genes (≥11) in 264 loci, including genes known to play a role in body weight regulation (e.g., DGKI, ANKRD26, MC4R, LEPR, BDNF, GIPR, AKT3, KAT8, MTOR) and genes related to comorbidities (e.g., FGFR1, ISL1, TFAP2B, PARK2, TCF7L2, GSK3B). For most of the high-scoring genes, however, we found limited or no evidence for a role in obesity, including the top-scoring gene BPTF. Many of the top-scoring genes seem to act through a neuronal regulation of body weight, whereas others affect peripheral pathways, including circadian rhythm, insulin secretion, and glucose and carbohydrate homeostasis. The characterization of these likely causal genes can increase our understanding of the underlying biology and offer avenues to develop therapeutics for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Hemerich
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Svenstrup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Virginia Diez Obrero
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arden Moscati
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Duan J, He XH, Li SJ, Xu HE. Cryo-electron microscopy for GPCR research and drug discovery in endocrinology and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:349-365. [PMID: 38424377 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors, with many GPCRs having crucial roles in endocrinology and metabolism. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized the field of structural biology, particularly regarding GPCRs, over the past decade. Since the first pair of GPCR structures resolved by cryo-EM were published in 2017, the number of GPCR structures resolved by cryo-EM has surpassed the number resolved by X-ray crystallography by 30%, reaching >650, and the number has doubled every ~0.63 years for the past 6 years. At this pace, it is predicted that the structure of 90% of all human GPCRs will be completed within the next 5-7 years. This Review highlights the general structural features and principles that guide GPCR ligand recognition, receptor activation, G protein coupling, arrestin recruitment and regulation by GPCR kinases. The Review also highlights the diversity of GPCR allosteric binding sites and how allosteric ligands could dictate biased signalling that is selective for a G protein pathway or an arrestin pathway. Finally, the authors use the examples of glycoprotein hormone receptors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor to illustrate the effect of cryo-EM on understanding GPCR biology in endocrinology and metabolism, as well as on GPCR-related endocrine diseases and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin-Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Kühnen P, Argente J, Clément K, Dollfus H, Dubern B, Farooqi S, de Groot C, Grüters A, Holm JC, Hopkins M, Kleinendorst L, Körner A, Meeker D, Rydén M, von Schnurbein J, Tschöp M, Yeo GSH, Zorn S, Wabitsch M. IMPROVE 2022 International Meeting on Pathway-Related Obesity: Vision of Excellence. Clin Obes 2024; 14:e12659. [PMID: 38602039 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nearly 90 clinicians and researchers from around the world attended the first IMPROVE 2022 International Meeting on Pathway-Related Obesity. Delegates attended in person or online from across Europe, Argentina and Israel to hear the latest scientific and clinical developments in hyperphagia and severe, early-onset obesity, and set out a vision of excellence for the future for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) pathway-related obesity. The meeting co-chair Peter Kühnen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, indicated that change was needed with the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and the associated complications to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and acknowledge that monogenic forms of obesity can play an important role, providing insights that can be applied to a wider group of patients with obesity. World-leading experts presented the latest research and led discussions on the underlying science of obesity, diagnosis (including clinical and genetic approaches such as the role of defective MC4R signalling), and emerging clinical data and research with targeted pharmacological approaches. The aim of the meeting was to agree on the questions that needed to be addressed in future research and to ensure that optimised diagnostic work-up was used with new genetic testing tools becoming available. This should aid the planning of new evidence-based treatment strategies for the future, as explained by co-chair Martin Wabitsch, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kühnen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Clément
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Research Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- CARGO and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Dubern
- INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Research Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sadaf Farooqi
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Corjan de Groot
- Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Grüters
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Meeker
- Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine H7, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia von Schnurbein
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefanie Zorn
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Dai HC, Ji RL, Tao YX. SHU9119 and MBP10 are biased ligands at the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116325. [PMID: 38815629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a G protein-coupled receptor, is critically involved in regulating energy homeostasis as well as modulation of reproduction and sexual function. Two peptide antagonists (SHU9119 and MBP10) were derived from the endogenous agonist α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. But their pharmacology at human MC4R is not fully understood. Herein, we performed detailed pharmacological studies of SHU9119 and MBP10 on wild-type (WT) and six naturally occurring constitutively active MC4Rs. Both ligands had no or negligible agonist activity in Gαs-cAMP signaling on WT MC4R, but stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation on WT and mutant MC4Rs. Mechanistic studies revealed that SHU9119 and MBP10 stimulated ERK1/2 signaling of MC4R by different mechanisms, with SHU9119-stimulated ERK1/2 signaling mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and MBP10-initiated ERK1/2 activation through PI3K and β-arrestin. In summary, our studies demonstrated that SHU9119 and MBP10 were biased ligands for MC4R, preferentially activating ERK1/2 signaling through different mechanisms. SHU9119 acted as a biased ligand and MBP10 behaved as a biased allosteric modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chuan Dai
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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21
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He W, Loganathan N, Tran A, Belsham DD. Npy transcription is regulated by noncanonical STAT3 signaling in hypothalamic neurons: Implication with lipotoxicity and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112179. [PMID: 38387703 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (Npy) is an abundant neuropeptide expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY-secreting neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulate energy homeostasis, and Npy mRNA expression is regulated by peripheral nutrient and hormonal signals like leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fatty acids. This study demonstrates that IL-6, which phosphorylates tyrosine 705 (Y705) of STAT3, decreased Npy mRNA in arcuate immortalized hypothalamic neurons. In parallel, inhibitors of STAT3-Y705 phosphorylation, stattic and cucurbitacin I, robustly upregulated Npy mRNA. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation showed high baseline total STAT3 binding to multiple regulatory regions of the Npy gene, which are decreased by IL-6 exposure. The STAT3-Npy interaction was further examined in obesity-related pathologies. Notably, in four different hypothalamic neuronal models where palmitate potently stimulated Npy mRNA, Socs3, a specific STAT3 activity marker, was downregulated and was negatively correlated with Npy mRNA levels (R2 = 0.40, p < 0.001), suggesting that disrupted STAT3 signaling is involved in lipotoxicity-mediated dysregulation of Npy. Finally, human NPY SNPs that map to human obesity or body mass index were investigated for potential STAT3 binding sites. Although none of the SNPs were linked to direct STAT3 binding, analysis show that rs17149106 (-602 G > T) is located on an upstream enhancer element of NPY, where the variant is predicted to disrupt validated binding of KLF4, a known inhibitory cofactor of STAT3 and downstream effector of leptin signaling. Collectively, this study demonstrates that STAT3 signaling negatively regulates Npy transcription, and that disruption of this interaction may contribute to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan He
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andy Tran
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Possa-Paranhos IC, Butts J, Pyszka E, Nelson C, Cho D, Sweeney P. Neuroanatomical dissection of the MC3R circuitry regulating energy rheostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590573. [PMID: 38712101 PMCID: PMC11071362 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Although mammals resist both acute weight loss and weight gain, the neural circuitry mediating bi-directional defense against weight change is incompletely understood. Global constitutive deletion of the melanocortin-3-receptor (MC3R) impairs the behavioral response to both anorexic and orexigenic stimuli, with MC3R knockout mice demonstrating increased weight gain following anabolic challenges and increased weight loss following anorexic challenges (i.e. impaired energy rheostasis). However, the brain regions mediating this phenotype remain incompletely understood. Here, we utilized MC3R floxed mice and viral injections of Cre-recombinase to selectively delete MC3R from medial hypothalamus (MH) in adult mice. Behavioral assays were performed on these animals to test the role of MC3R in MH in the acute response to orexigenic and anorexic challenges. Complementary chemogenetic approaches were used in MC3R-Cre mice to localize and characterize the specific medial hypothalamic brain regions mediating the role of MC3R in energy homeostasis. Finally, we performed RNAscope in situ hybridization to map changes in the mRNA expression of MC3R, POMC, and AgRP following energy rheostatic challenges. Our results demonstrate that MC3R deletion in MH increased feeding and weight gain following acute high fat diet feeding in males, and enhanced the anorexic effects of semaglutide, in a sexually dimorphic manner. Additionally, activation of DMH MC3R neurons increased energy expenditure and locomotion. Together, these results demonstrate that MC3R mediated effects on energy rheostasis result from the loss of MC3R signaling in the medial hypothalamus of adult animals and suggest an important role for DMH MC3R signaling in energy rheostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Butts
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
| | - Emma Pyszka
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Christina Nelson
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Dajin Cho
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
| | - Patrick Sweeney
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
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23
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Xue P, Lin J, Tang J, Chen Y, Yu T, Chen C, Kong H, Lin C, Liu S. Association of obesity and menarche SNPs and interaction with environmental factors on precocious puberty. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03168-6. [PMID: 38649724 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important cause for the precocious or early puberty. However, the association between obesity-related loci and the risk of precocious puberty as well as the effect of gene-environment interaction are unclear, especially in the Chinese children population. METHODS This was a case-control study using baseline data from two cohorts and hospital cases in China. 15 SNPs loci and several environmental factors were included in the analysis of 1201 participants. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the association between SNPs and precocious puberty. Additionally, exploratory factor analysis was conducted on 13 environmental variables, and then to explore their interaction with genes on precocious puberty. RESULTS The effect allele C of rs571312, and G of rs12970134 MC4R were associated with precocious puberty in girls with obesity. Regarding the gene-environment interaction, we found that when girls were in the high socioeconomic status, the rs571312 (OR: 3.996; 95% CI: 1.694-9.423) and rs12970134 (OR: 3.529; 95% CI: 1.452-8.573) risk genotypes had a greater effect on precocious puberty. CONCLUSIONS The obesity risk gene polymorphisms MC4R rs571312 and rs12970134 were associated with precocious puberty in Chinese girls with obesity, and girls with risk genotypes and high socioeconomic status should be given extra attention. IMPACT This is the first study that identified the association between rs571312 and rs12970134 of MC4R gene and precocious puberty in Chinese children. We found that when girls were in the high socioeconomic status, the risk genotypes of rs571312 and rs12970134 had a greater effect on precocious puberty. The results of this study have great public health implications. It is recommended that girls who are in high socioeconomic status and have a high genetic risk for early sexual maturity should closely monitor their pubertal development and consider early intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Lin
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Office of Hospital Infection Management, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chang Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Qufu People's Hospital, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Cuilan Lin
- Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Fansa S, Acosta A. The melanocortin-4 receptor pathway and the emergence of precision medicine in obesity management. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 2:46-63. [PMID: 38504134 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a global surge in the prevalence of obesity, rendering it a globally recognized epidemic. Contrary to simply being a medical condition, obesity is an intricate disease with a multifactorial aetiology. Understanding the precise cause of obesity remains a challenge; nevertheless, there seems to be a complex interplay among biological, psychosocial and behavioural factors. Studies on the genetic factors of obesity have revealed several pathways in the brain that play a crucial role in food intake regulation. The best characterized pathway, thus far, is the leptin-melanocortin pathway, from which disruptions are responsible for the majority of monogenic obesity disorders. The effectiveness of conservative lifestyle interventions in addressing monogenic obesity has been limited. Therefore, it is crucial to complement the management strategy with pharmacological and surgical options. Emphasis has been placed on developing drugs aimed at replacing the absent signals, with the goal of restoring the pathway. In both monogenic and polygenic forms of obesity, outcomes differ across various interventions, likely due to the multifaceted nature of the disease. This underscores the need to explore alternative therapeutic strategies that can mitigate this heterogeneity. Precision medicine can be regarded as a powerful tool that can address this concern, as it values the understanding of the underlying abnormality triggering the disease and provides a tailored treatment accordingly. This would assist in optimizing outcomes of the current therapeutic approaches and even aid in the development of novel treatments capable of more effectively managing the global obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Fansa
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Purnell JQ, le Roux CW. Hypothalamic control of body fat mass by food intake: The key to understanding why obesity should be treated as a disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 2:3-12. [PMID: 38351898 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic centres have been recognized to play a central role in body weight regulation for nearly 70 years. AIMS In this review, we will explore the current undersanding of the role the hypothalamus plays in controlling food intake behaviours. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of relevant literature from PubMed searches and review article citations. RESULTS Beginning with autopsy studies showing destructive hypothalamic lesions in patients manifesting hyperphagia and rapid weight gain, followed by animal lesioning studies pinpointing adjacent hypothalamic sites as the 'satiety' centre and the 'feeding' centre of the brain, the neurocircuitry that governs our body weight is now understood to consist of a complex, interconnected network, including the hypothalamus and extending to cortical sites, reward centres and brainstem. Neurons in these sites receive afferent signals from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue indicating food availability, calorie content, as well as body fat mass. DISCUSSION Integration of these complex signals leads to modulation of the two prime effector systems that defend a body fat mass set point: food intake and energy expenditure. CONCLUSION Understanding the hypothalamic control of food intake forms the foundation for understanding and managing obesity as a chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Q Purnell
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carel W le Roux
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Shoemaker A. Bardet-Biedl syndrome: A clinical overview focusing on diagnosis, outcomes and best-practice management. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 2:25-33. [PMID: 38383825 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetic disorder characterized by early-onset obesity, polydactyly, genital and kidney anomalies, developmental delay and vision loss due to rod-cone dystrophy. BBS is an autosomal recessive disorder with >20 implicated genes. The genotype-phenotype relationship in BBS is not clear, and there may be additional modifying factors. The underlying mechanism is dysfunction of primary cilia. In BBS, receptor trafficking in and out of the cilia is compromised, affecting multiple organ systems. Along with early-onset obesity, hyperphagia is a prominent symptom and contributes significantly to clinical morbidity and caregiver burden. While there is no cure for BBS, setmelanotide is a new pharmacotherapy approved for treatment of obesity in BBS. The differential diagnosis for BBS includes other ciliopathies, such as Alstrom syndrome, and other genetic obesity syndromes, such as Prader-Willi syndrome. Careful clinical history and genetic testing can help determine the diagnosis and a multidisciplinary team is necessary to guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Shoemaker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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27
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Rajcsanyi LS, Zheng Y, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Seitz J, de Zwaan M, Herzog W, Ehrlich S, Zipfel S, Giel K, Egberts K, Burghardt R, Föcker M, Antel J, Fischer-Posovszky P, Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Unexpected identification of obesity-associated mutations in LEP and MC4R genes in patients with anorexia nervosa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7067. [PMID: 38528040 PMCID: PMC10963783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations leading to a reduced or loss of function in genes of the leptin-melanocortin system confer a risk for monogenic forms of obesity. Yet, gain of function variants in the melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) gene predispose to a lower BMI. In individuals with reduced body weight, we thus expected mutations leading to an enhanced function in the respective genes, like leptin (LEP) and MC4R. Therefore, we have Sanger sequenced the coding regions of LEP and MC4R in 462 female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), and 445 healthy-lean controls. In total, we have observed four and eight variants in LEP and MC4R, respectively. Previous studies showed different functional in vitro effects for the detected frameshift and non-synonymous variants: (1) LEP: reduced/loss of function (p.Val94Met), (2) MC4R: gain of function (p.Val103Ile, p.Ile251Leu), reduced or loss of function (p.Thr112Met, p.Ser127Leu, p.Leu211fsX) and without functional in vitro data (p.Val50Leut). In LEP, the variant p.Val94Met was detected in one patient with AN. For MC4R variants, one patient with AN carried the frameshift variant p.Leu211fsX. One patient with AN was heterozygous for two variants at the MC4R (p.Val103Ile and p.Ser127Leu). All other functionally relevant variants were detected in similar frequencies in patients with AN and lean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sophie Rajcsanyi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Section for Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Institute of Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine II, General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Excellence in Eating Disorders KOMET, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Excellence in Eating Disorders KOMET, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Burghardt
- Oberberg Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Fasanenkiez, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany
- LWL-University Hospital Hamm for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Section for Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jantzen L, Dumontoy S, Ramadan B, Houdayer C, Haffen E, Hichami A, Khan NA, Van Waes V, Cabeza L. Dietary linoleic acid supplementation protects against obesity-induced microglial reactivity in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6644. [PMID: 38503857 PMCID: PMC10951280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether linoleic acid (LA) supplementation could modulate emotional behavior and microglia-related neuroinflammation. For that, male mice of C57BL/6J genetic background fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a standard diet (STD) for 12 weeks, were treated with a vehicle or LA solution for 5 weeks before being evaluated for emotional behavior using a battery of behavioral tests. The animals were subsequently sacrificed and their brains collected and processed for immunofluorescence staining, targeting microglia-specific calcium-binding proteins (IBA-1). Neuroinflammation severity was assessed in multiple hypothalamic, cortical and subcortical brain regions. We show an anxio-depressive-like effect of sustained HFD feeding that was neither alleviated nor worsened with LA supplementation. However, increased IBA-1 expression and microgliosis in the HFD group were largely attenuated by LA supplementation. These observations demonstrate that the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of LA are not restricted to hypothalamic areas but are also evident at the cortical and subcortical levels. This study discloses that neuroinflammation plays a role in the genesis of neuropsychiatric disorders in the context of obesity, and that LA supplementation is a useful dietary strategy to alleviate the impact of obesity-related neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jantzen
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, 19, Rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Dumontoy
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, 19, Rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Bahrie Ramadan
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, 19, Rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Houdayer
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, 19, Rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Aziz Hichami
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR UB/Institut Agro/INSERM U1231, Lipides, Nutrition & Cancer, LABEX-LipStick, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR UB/Institut Agro/INSERM U1231, Lipides, Nutrition & Cancer, LABEX-LipStick, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Van Waes
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, 19, Rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Lidia Cabeza
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, 19, Rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon Cedex, France.
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Borgmann D, Fenselau H. Vagal pathways for systemic regulation of glucose metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:244-252. [PMID: 37500301 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining blood glucose at an appropriate physiological level requires precise coordination of multiple organs and tissues. The vagus nerve bidirectionally connects the central nervous system with peripheral organs crucial to glucose mobilization, nutrient storage, and food absorption, thereby presenting a key pathway for the central control of blood glucose levels. However, the precise mechanisms by which vagal populations that target discrete tissues participate in glucoregulation are much less clear. Here we review recent advances unraveling the cellular identity, neuroanatomical organization, and functional contributions of both vagal efferents and vagal afferents in the control of systemic glucose metabolism. We focus on their involvement in relaying glucoregulatory cues from the brain to peripheral tissues, particularly the pancreatic islet, and by sensing and transmitting incoming signals from ingested food to the brain. These recent findings - largely driven by advances in viral approaches, RNA sequencing, and cell-type selective manipulations and tracings - have begun to clarify the precise vagal neuron populations involved in the central coordination of glucose levels, and raise interesting new possibilities for the treatment of glucose metabolism disorders such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diba Borgmann
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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Silva SCDA, de Lemos MDT, Dos Santos Junior OH, Rodrigues TO, Silva TL, da Silva AI, Fiamoncini J, Lagranha CJ. Overweight during development dysregulates cellular metabolism and critical genes that control food intake in the prefrontal cortex. Physiol Behav 2024; 276:114453. [PMID: 38159589 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Childhood obesity is increasing substantially across the world. The World Obesity Federation (WOF) and World Health Organization (WHO) predicted that in 2030 > 1 billion people will be obese, and by 2035 over 4 billion will reach obesity worldwide. According to WHO, the world soon cannot afford the economic cost of obesity, and we need to act to stop obesity acceleration now. Data in the literature supports that the first 1000 days of life are essential in preventing obesity and related adversities. Therefore, using basic research, the present a study that focuses on the immediate effect of overnutrition and serotonin modulation during the lactation period. METHODS Using a neonatal overfeeding model, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups based on nutrition or serotonin modulation by pharmacological treatment up to 22 days of life. Cellular and mitochondrial function markers, oxidative stress biomarkers and mRNA levels of hedonic and homeostatic genes were evaluated. RESULTS Our data showed that overfeeding during lactation decrease NAD/NADH ratio, citrate synthase activity, and increase ROS production. Lipid and protein oxidation were increased in overfed animals, with a decrease in antioxidant defenses, we also observe a differential expression of mRNA levels of homeostatic and hedonic genes. On the contrary, serotonin modulation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treatment reduces harmful effects caused by overnutrition. CONCLUSION Early effects of overnutrition significantly affect the prefrontal cortex at molecular and cellular level, which could mediate obesity-related neurodegenerative dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thyago Oliveira Rodrigues
- Gradute Program in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Tercya Lucidi Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Food Research Center, Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Gradute Program in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.
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Gravina AG, Panarese I, Trotta MC, D'Amico M, Pellegrino R, Ferraraccio F, Galdiero M, Alfano R, Grieco P, Federico A. Melanocortin 3,5 receptors immunohistochemical expression in colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients: A matter of disease activity? World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1132-1142. [PMID: 38577176 PMCID: PMC10989484 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin 3 and 5 receptors (i.e., MC3R and MC5R) belong to the melanocortin family. However, data regarding their role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are currently unavailable. AIM This study aims to ascertain their expression profiles in the colonic mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), aligning them with IBD disease endoscopic and histologic activity. METHODS Colonic mucosal biopsies from CD/UC patients were sampled, and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of MC3R and MC5R. Colonic sampling was performed on both traits with endoscopic scores (Mayo endoscopic score and CD endoscopic index of severity) consistent with inflamed mucosa and not consistent with disease activity (i.e., normal appearing mucosa). RESULTS In both CD and UC inflamed mucosa, MC3R (CD: + 7.7 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01; UC: + 12 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01) and MC5R (CD: + 5.5 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01; UC: + 8.1 fold vs normal mucosa, P < 0.01) were significantly more expressed compared to normal mucosa. CONCLUSION MC3R and MC5R are expressed in the colon of IBD patients. Furthermore, expression may differ according to disease endoscopic activity, with a higher degree of expression in the traits affected by disease activity in both CD and UC, suggesting a potential use of these receptors in IBD pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Iacopo Panarese
- Pathology Division, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Franca Ferraraccio
- Pathology Division, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
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Montero-Vallejo R, Maya-Miles D, Ampuero J, Martín F, Romero-Gómez M, Gallego-Durán R. Novel insights into metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease preclinical models. Liver Int 2024; 44:644-662. [PMID: 38291855 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of metabolic conditions associated with an excess of fat accumulation in the liver, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finding appropriate tools to study its development and progression is essential to address essential unmet therapeutic and staging needs. This review discusses advantages and shortcomings of different dietary, chemical and genetic factors that can be used to mimic this disease and its progression in mice from a hepatic and metabolic point of view. Also, this review will highlight some additional factors and considerations that could have a strong impact on the outcomes of our model to end up providing recommendations and a checklist to facilitate the selection of the appropriate MASLD preclinical model based on clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Montero-Vallejo
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, University Pablo Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases-CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- SeLiver Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Hepatic and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Sevilla, Spain
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Ong SG, Dehghan R, Dorajoo R, Liu JJ, Sng AA, Lee YS, Ooi DSQ. Novel Melanocortin-3 and -4 Receptor Functional Variants in Asian Children With Severe Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1249-e1259. [PMID: 37820740 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic variants in melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) genes are strongly associated with childhood obesity. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify and functionally characterize MC3R and MC4R variants in an Asian cohort of children with severe early-onset obesity. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed to screen for MC3R and MC4R coding variants in 488 Asian children with severe early-onset obesity (body mass index for age ≥97th percentile). Functionality of the identified variants were determined via measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and luciferase activity. RESULTS Four MC3R and 2 MC4R heterozygous nonsynonymous rare variants were detected. There were 3 novel variants: MC3R c.151G > C (p.Val51Leu), MC4R c.127C > A (p.Gln43Lys), and MC4R c.272T > G (p.Met91Arg), and 3 previously reported variants: MC3R c.127G > A (p.Glu43Lys), MC3R c.97G > A (p.Ala33Thr), and MC3R c.437T > A (p.Ile146Asn). Both MC3R c.127G > A (p.Glu43Lys) and MC4R c.272T > G (p.Met91Arg) variants demonstrated defective downstream cAMP signaling activity. The MC4R c.127C > A (p.Gln43Lys) variant showed reduced cAMP signaling activity at low substrate concentration but the signaling activity was restored at high substrate concentration. The MC3R c.151G > C (p.Val51Leu) variant did not show a significant reduction in cAMP signaling activity compared to wild-type (WT) MC3R. Coexpression studies of the WT and variant MC3R/MC4R showed that the heterozygous variants did not exhibit dominant negative effect. CONCLUSION Our functional assays demonstrated that MC3R c.127G > A (p.Glu43Lys) and MC4R c.272T > G (p.Met91Arg) variants might predispose individuals to early-onset obesity, and further studies are needed to establish the causative effect of these variants in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siong Gim Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Roghayeh Dehghan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Science, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jian-Jun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Andrew Anjian Sng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Delicia Shu Qin Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Wang Y, Pan L, He H, Li Z, Cui S, Yang A, Li W, Jia G, Han X, Wang X, Shan G. Prevalence, associated factors, and gene polymorphisms of obesity in Tibetan adults in Qinghai, China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:305. [PMID: 38279121 PMCID: PMC10811834 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the prevalence and associated factors of obesity in Tibetan adults in Qinghai, China, and to determine the association between the FTO (rs1121980 and rs17817449) and MC4R gene (rs17782313 and rs12970134) polymorphisms with obesity. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 in Qinghai to selected Tibetan adults aged 20 to 80 years. Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI 24 ~ 27.9 kg/m2) were evaluated. Multivariable logistic models were used to determine the associated factors. Pair-matched subjects of obesity cases and normal-weight controls were selected for the gene polymorphism analyses. Conditional logistic models were used to assess the association between gene polymorphisms with obesity. Additive and multiplicative gene-environment interactions were tested. RESULTS A total of 1741 Tibetan adults were enrolled. The age- and sex- standardized prevalence of obesity and overweight was 18.09% and 31.71%, respectively. Male sex, older age, heavy level of leisure-time exercise, current smoke, and heavy level of occupational physical activity were associated with both obesity and overweight. MC4R gene polymorphisms were associated with obesity in Tibetan adults. No significant gene-environment interaction was detected. CONCLUSION The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Tibetan adults was high. Both environmental and genetic factors contributed to the obesity prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Huijing He
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhanquan Li
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Sen Cui
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Airong Yang
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Jia
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Ximing Han
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Xianghua Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Guangliang Shan
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Metzger PJ, Zhang A, Carlson BA, Sun H, Cui Z, Li Y, Jahnke MT, Layton DR, Gupta MB, Liu N, Kostenis E, Gavrilova O, Chen M, Weinstein LS. A human obesity-associated MC4R mutation with defective Gq/11α signaling leads to hyperphagia in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e165418. [PMID: 38175730 PMCID: PMC10869179 DOI: 10.1172/jci165418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) mutations are the most common cause of human monogenic obesity and are associated with hyperphagia and increased linear growth. While MC4R is known to activate Gsα/cAMP signaling, a substantial proportion of obesity-associated MC4R mutations do not affect MC4R/Gsα signaling. To further explore the role of specific MC4R signaling pathways in the regulation of energy balance, we examined the signaling properties of one such mutant, MC4R (F51L), as well as the metabolic consequences of MC4RF51L mutation in mice. The MC4RF51L mutation produced a specific defect in MC4R/Gq/11α signaling and led to obesity, hyperphagia, and increased linear growth in mice. The ability of a melanocortin agonist to acutely inhibit food intake when delivered to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was lost in MC4RF51L mice, as well as in WT mice in which a specific Gq/11α inhibitor was delivered to the PVN; this provided evidence that a Gsα-independent signaling pathway, namely Gq/11α, significantly contributes to the actions of MC4R on food intake and linear growth. These results suggest that a biased MC4R agonist that primarily activates Gq/11α may be a potential agent to treat obesity with limited untoward cardiovascular and other side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Sun
- Metabolic Diseases Branch and
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular, and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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36
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Du K, Lu Y, Garcia-Olazabal M, Walter RB, Warren WC, Dodge T, Schumer M, Park H, Meyer A, Schartl M. Phylogenomics analyses of all species of Swordtails (Genus Xiphophorus ) highlights hybridization precedes speciation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.30.573732. [PMID: 38260540 PMCID: PMC10802237 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.30.573732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization has been recognized as an important driving force for evolution, however studies of the genetic consequence and its cause are still lagging behind in vertebrates due to the lack of appropriate experimental systems. Fish of the central American genus Xiphophorus were proposed to have evolved with multiple ancient and ongoing hybridization events, and served as a valuable research model in evolutionary biology and in biomedical research on human disease for more than a century. Here, we provide the complete genome resource and its annotation of all 26 Xiphophorus species. On this dataset we resolved the so far conflicting phylogeny. Through comparative genomic analyses we investigated the molecular evolution of genes related to melanoma, for a main sexually selected trait and for the genetic control of puberty timing, which are predicted to be involved in pre-and postzygotic isolation and thus to influence the probability of interspecific hybridization in Xiphophorus . We demonstrate dramatic size-variation of some gene families across species, despite the reticulate evolution and short divergence time. Finally, we clarify the hybridization history in the genus Xiphophorus genus, settle the long dispute on the hybridization origin of two Southern swordtails, highlight hybridizations precedes speciation, and reveal the distribution of hybridization ancestry remaining in the fused genome.
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37
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Hernandez CC, Gimenez LE, Cone RD. Automated Patch Clamp Recordings of GPCR-Gated Ion Channels: Targeting the MC4-R/Kir7.1 Potassium Channel Complex. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2796:229-248. [PMID: 38856905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3818-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Automated patch clamp recording is a valuable technique in drug discovery and the study of ion channels. It allows for the precise measurement and manipulation of channel currents, providing insights into their function and modulation by drugs or other compounds. The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crucial to appetite regulation, energy balance, and body weight. MC4-R signaling is complex and involves interactions with other receptors and neuropeptides in the appetite-regulating circuitry. MC4-Rs, like other GPCRs, are known to modulate ion channels such as Kir7.1, an inward rectifier potassium channel, in response to ligand binding. This modulation is critical for controlling ion flow across the cell membrane, which can influence membrane potential, excitability, and neurotransmission. The MC4-R is the target for the anti-obesity drug Imcivree. However, this drug is known to lack optimal potency and also has side effects. Using high-throughput techniques for studying the MC4-R/Kir7.1 complex allows researchers to rapidly screen many compounds or conditions, aiding the development of drugs that target this system. Additionally, automated patch clamp recording of this receptor-channel complex and its ligands can provide valuable functional and pharmacological insights supporting the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This approach can be generalized to other GPCR-gated ion channel functional complexes, potentially accelerating the pace of research in different fields with the promise to uncover previously unknown aspects of receptor-ion channel interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciria C Hernandez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Luis E Gimenez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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38
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Xiao Z, Liu H. The estrogen receptor and metabolism. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 20:17455057241227362. [PMID: 38420694 PMCID: PMC10903191 DOI: 10.1177/17455057241227362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Across the globe, metabolic syndrome, hyperuric acid, and their related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and insulin resistance, are increasing in incidence due to metabolic imbalances. Due to the pathogenesis, women are more prone to these diseases than men. As estrogen levels decrease after menopause, obesity and metabolic disorders are more likely to occur. Men are also affected by hyperuric acid. To provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia, this article reviews and analyzes the relationship between estrogen receptors, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Xiao
- Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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39
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Fitzpatrick M, Solberg Woods LC. Adenylate cyclase 3: a potential genetic link between obesity and major depressive disorder. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:1-8. [PMID: 37955134 PMCID: PMC11281808 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00056.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both significant health issues that have been increasing in prevalence and are associated with multiple comorbidities. Obesity and MDD have been shown to be bidirectionally associated, and they are both influenced by genetics and environmental factors. However, the molecular mechanisms that link these two diseases are not yet fully understood. It is possible that these diseases are connected through the actions of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Within this pathway, adenylate cyclase 3 (Adcy3) has emerged as a key player in both obesity and MDD. Numerous genetic variants in Adcy3 have been identified in humans in association with obesity. Rodent knockout studies have also validated the importance of this gene for energy homeostasis. Furthermore, Adcy3 has been identified as a top candidate gene and even a potential blood biomarker for MDD. Adcy3 and the cAMP/PKA pathway may therefore serve as an important genetic and functional link between these two diseases. In this mini-review, we discuss the role of both Adcy3 and the cAMP/PKA pathway, including specific genetic mutations, in both diseases. Understanding the role that Adcy3 mutations play in obesity and MDD could open the door for precision medicine approaches and treatments for both diseases that target this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Fitzpatrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
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40
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Abbas A, Hammad AS, Al-Shafai M. The role of genetic and epigenetic GNAS alterations in the development of early-onset obesity. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 793:108487. [PMID: 38103632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GNAS (guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating) is an imprinted gene that encodes Gsα, the α subunit of the heterotrimeric stimulatory G protein. This subunit mediates the signalling of a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) that serves a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy homoeostasis, and body weight. Genetic or epigenetic alterations in GNAS are known to cause pseudohypoparathyroidism in its different subtypes and have been recently associated with isolated, early-onset, severe obesity. Given the diverse biological functions that Gsα serves, multiple molecular mechanisms involving various GPCRs, such as MC4R, β2- and β3-adrenoceptors, and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of severe, early-onset obesity that results from genetic or epigenetic GNAS changes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review examines the structure and function of GNAS and provides an overview of the disorders that are caused by defects in this gene and may feature early-onset obesity. Moreover, it elucidates the potential molecular mechanisms underlying Gsα deficiency-induced early-onset obesity, highlighting some of their implications for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of this complex condition. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Gsα deficiency is an underappreciated cause of early-onset, severe obesity. Therefore, screening children with unexplained, severe obesity for GNAS defects is recommended, to enhance the molecular diagnosis and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abbas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayat S Hammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mashael Al-Shafai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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41
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Adeva-Andany MM, Domínguez-Montero A, Adeva-Contreras L, Fernández-Fernández C, Carneiro-Freire N, González-Lucán M. Body Fat Distribution Contributes to Defining the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Human Diseases. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e160823219824. [PMID: 37587805 DOI: 10.2174/1573399820666230816111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The risk for metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity is defined by body fat distribution rather than global adiposity. Unlike subcutaneous fat, visceral fat (including hepatic steatosis) reflects insulin resistance and predicts type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In humans, available evidence indicates that the ability to store triglycerides in the subcutaneous adipose tissue reflects enhanced insulin sensitivity. Prospective studies document an association between larger subcutaneous fat mass at baseline and reduced incidence of impaired glucose tolerance. Case-control studies reveal an association between genetic predisposition to insulin resistance and a lower amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma (PPAR-γ) promotes subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation and subcutaneous fat deposition, improving insulin resistance and reducing visceral fat. Thiazolidinediones reproduce the effects of PPAR-γ activation and therefore increase the amount of subcutaneous fat while enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing visceral fat. Partial or virtually complete lack of adipose tissue (lipodystrophy) is associated with insulin resistance and its clinical manifestations, including essential hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced HDL-c, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Patients with Prader Willi syndrome manifest severe subcutaneous obesity without insulin resistance. The impaired ability to accumulate fat in the subcutaneous adipose tissue may be due to deficient triglyceride synthesis, inadequate formation of lipid droplets, or defective adipocyte differentiation. Lean and obese humans develop insulin resistance when the capacity to store fat in the subcutaneous adipose tissue is exhausted and deposition of triglycerides is no longer attainable at that location. Existing adipocytes become large and reflect the presence of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Alberto Domínguez-Montero
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Fernández-Fernández
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Natalia Carneiro-Freire
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Lucán
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
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42
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Schartl M, Lu Y. Validity of Xiphophorus fish as models for human disease. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050382. [PMID: 38299666 PMCID: PMC10855230 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Platyfish and swordtails of the genus Xiphophorus provide a well-established model for melanoma research and have become well known for this feature. Recently, modelling approaches for other human diseases in Xiphophorus have been developed or are emerging. This Review provides a comprehensive summary of these models and discusses how findings from basic biological and molecular studies and their translation to medical research demonstrate that Xiphophorus models have face, construct and predictive validity for studying a broad array of human diseases. These models can thus improve our understanding of disease mechanisms to benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Developmental Biochemistry, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Yuan Lu
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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43
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Busebee B, Ghusn W, Cifuentes L, Acosta A. Obesity: A Review of Pathophysiology and Classification. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:1842-1857. [PMID: 37831039 PMCID: PMC10843116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, and morbid disease. In the United States, 69% of adults are overweight or have obesity, and the global prevalence of obesity is increasing. Obesity is influenced by genetic, neurologic, metabolic, enteric, and behavioral processes. It remains a key modifiable risk factor for many comorbid diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Whereas there are recent and significant advances in obesity therapy, including diets, lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapies, endoscopic procedures, and bariatric surgeries, there is an immense need for a better understanding of the heterogeneity in the pathophysiologic process of obesity and outcomes. Here we review salient pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the development and morbidity of obesity as well as pathophysiologically based classification systems that inform current obesity management and may inform improved and individualized management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wissam Ghusn
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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44
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Han JC, Rasmussen MC, Forte AR, Schrage SB, Zafar SK, Haqq AM. Management of Monogenic and Syndromic Obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023; 52:733-750. [PMID: 37919024 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, lifestyle interventions focused on nutrition and physical activity form the foundation for treating obesity caused by rare genetic disorders. Additional therapies, including metreleptin and setmelanotide, that target defects within the leptin signaling pathway can effectively synergize with lifestyle efforts to treat monogenic disorders of leptin, leptin receptor, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) and syndromic conditions, such as the ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl and Alström syndromes, whose pathophysiological mechanisms also converge on the leptin pathway. Investigational treatments for Prader-Willi syndrome target specific defects caused by reduced expression of paternally derived genes within the chromosome 15q region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C Han
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marcus C Rasmussen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison R Forte
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie B Schrage
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah K Zafar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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45
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van der Meer R, Mohamed SA, Monpellier VM, Liem RSL, Hazebroek EJ, Franks PW, Frayling TM, Janssen IMC, Serlie MJ. Genetic variants associated with weight loss and metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13626. [PMID: 37632325 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which genetic variations contribute to interindividual differences in weight loss and metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery is unknown. Identifying genetic variants that impact surgery outcomes may contribute to clinical decision making. This review evaluates current evidence addressing the association of genetic variants with weight loss and changes in metabolic parameters after bariatric surgery. A search was conducted using Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Fifty-two eligible studies were identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at ADIPOQ (rs226729, rs1501299, rs3774261, and rs17300539) showed a positive association with postoperative change in measures of glucose homeostasis and lipid profiles (n = 4), but not with weight loss after surgery (n = 6). SNPs at FTO (rs11075986, rs16952482, rs8050136, rs9939609, rs9930506, and rs16945088) (n = 10) and MC4R (rs11152213, rs476828, rs2229616, rs9947255, rs17773430, rs5282087, and rs17782313) (n = 9) were inconsistently associated with weight loss and metabolic improvement. Four studies examining the UCP2 SNP rs660339 reported associations with postsurgical weight loss. In summary, there is limited evidence supporting a role for specific genetic variants in surgical outcomes after bariatric surgery. Most studies have adopted a candidate gene approach, limiting the scope for discovery, suggesting that the absence of compelling evidence is not evidence of absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieneke van der Meer
- Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek, Huis ter Heide, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Siham A Mohamed
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ronald S L Liem
- Department of Surgery, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
- Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek, The Hague and Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Hazebroek
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital/Vitalys Clinics, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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46
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Prone-Olazabal D, Davies I, González-Galarza FF. Metabolic Syndrome: An Overview on Its Genetic Associations and Gene-Diet Interactions. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:545-560. [PMID: 37816229 DOI: 10.1089/met.2023.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias and whose inter-related occurrence may increase the odds of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. MetS has become one of the most studied conditions, nevertheless, due to its complex etiology, this has not been fully elucidated. Recent evidence describes that both genetic and environmental factors play an important role on its development. With the advent of genomic-wide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have gained special importance. In this review, we present an update of the genetics surrounding MetS as a single entity as well as its corresponding risk factors, considering SNPs and gene-diet interactions related to cardiometabolic markers. In this study, we focus on the conceptual aspects, diagnostic criteria, as well as the role of genetics, particularly on SNPs and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for interindividual analysis. In addition, this review highlights future perspectives of personalized nutrition with regard to the approach of MetS and how individualized multiomics approaches could improve the current outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Prone-Olazabal
- Postgraduate Department, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | - Ian Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, The Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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47
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Tschöp MH, Friedman JM. Seeking satiety: From signals to solutions. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4453. [PMID: 37992155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Remedies for the treatment of obesity date to Hippocrates, when patients with obesity were directed to "reduce food and avoid drinking to fullness" and begin "running during the night." Similar recommendations have been repeated ever since, despite the fact that they are largely ineffective. Recently, highly effective therapeutics were developed that may soon enable physicians to manage body weight in patients with obesity in a manner similar to the way that blood pressure is controlled in patients with hypertension. These medicines have grown out of a revolution in our understanding of the molecular and neural control of appetite and body weight, reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Munich and Technical University Munich, Munich, 85758 Germany
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
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48
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Mohammed I, Selvaraj S, Ahmed WS, Al-Barazenji T, Hammad AS, Dauleh H, Saraiva LR, Al-Shafai M, Hussain K. Functional Characterization of Novel MC4R Variants Identified in Two Unrelated Patients with Morbid Obesity in Qatar. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16361. [PMID: 38003551 PMCID: PMC10671262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The leptin-melanocortin pathway is pivotal in appetite and energy homeostasis. Pathogenic variants in genes involved in this pathway lead to severe early-onset monogenic obesity (MO). The MC4R gene plays a central role in leptin-melanocortin signaling, and heterozygous variants in this gene are the most common cause of MO. A targeted gene panel consisting of 52 obesity-related genes was used to screen for variants associated with obesity. Variants were analyzed and filtered to identify potential disease-causing activity and validated using Sanger sequencing. We identified two novel heterozygous variants, c.253A>G p.Ser85Gly and c.802T>C p.Tyr268His, in the MC4R gene in two unrelated patients with morbid obesity and evaluated the functional impact of these variants. The impact of the variants on the MC4R gene was assessed using in silico prediction tools and molecular dynamics simulation. To further study the pathogenicity of the identified variants, GT1-7 cells were transfected with plasmid DNA encoding either wild-type or mutant MC4R variants. The effects of allelic variations in the MC4R gene on cAMP synthesis, MC4R protein level, and activation of PKA, ERB, and CREB signaling pathways in both stimulated and unstimulated ɑ-MSH paradigms were determined for their functional implications. In silico analysis suggested that the variants destabilized the MC4R structure and affected the overall dynamics of the MC4R protein, possibly leading to intracellular receptor retention. In vitro analysis of the functional impact of these variants showed a significant reduction in cell surface receptor expression and impaired extracellular ligand binding activity, leading to reduced cAMP production. Our analysis shows that the variants do not affect total protein expression; however, they are predicted to affect the post-translational localization of the MC4R protein to the cell surface and impair downstream signaling cascades such as PKA, ERK, and CREB signaling pathways. This finding might help our patients to benefit from the novel therapeutic advances for monogenic forms of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Mohammed
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (I.M.); (W.S.A.); (L.R.S.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar;
| | - Senthil Selvaraj
- Department of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar;
| | - Wesam S. Ahmed
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (I.M.); (W.S.A.); (L.R.S.)
| | - Tara Al-Barazenji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (T.A.-B.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Ayat S Hammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (T.A.-B.); (A.S.H.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hajar Dauleh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar;
| | - Luis R. Saraiva
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (I.M.); (W.S.A.); (L.R.S.)
- Department of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar;
| | - Mashael Al-Shafai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (T.A.-B.); (A.S.H.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar;
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Liu R, Friedrich M, Hemmen K, Jansen K, Adolfi MC, Schartl M, Heinze KG. Dimerization of melanocortin 4 receptor controls puberty onset and body size polymorphism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1267590. [PMID: 38027153 PMCID: PMC10667928 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xiphophorus fish exhibit a clear phenotypic polymorphism in puberty onset and reproductive strategies of males. In X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, puberty onset is genetically determined and linked to a melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) polymorphism of wild-type and mutant alleles on the sex chromosomes. We hypothesized that Mc4r mutant alleles act on wild-type alleles by a dominant negative effect through receptor dimerization, leading to differential intracellular signaling and effector gene activation. Depending on signaling strength, the onset of puberty either occurs early or is delayed. Here, we show by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) that wild-type Xiphophorus Mc4r monomers can form homodimers, but also heterodimers with mutant receptors resulting in compromised signaling which explains the reduced Mc4r signaling in large males. Thus, hetero- vs. homo- dimerization seems to be the key molecular mechanism for the polymorphism in puberty onset and body size in male fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mike Friedrich
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katherina Hemmen
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jansen
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mateus C. Adolfi
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Katrin G. Heinze
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
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50
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Mainieri F, La Bella S, Rinaldi M, Chiarelli F. Rare genetic forms of obesity in childhood and adolescence, a comprehensive review of their molecular mechanisms and diagnostic approach. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:4781-4793. [PMID: 37607976 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity represents a major health problem in the pediatric population with an increasing prevalence worldwide, associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and due to both genetic and environmental factors. Rare forms of obesity are mostly monogenic, and less frequently due to polygenic influence. Polygenic form of obesity is usually the common obesity with single gene variations exerting smaller impact on weight and is commonly non-syndromic.Non-syndromic monogenic obesity is associated with variants in single genes typically related to the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin signalling pathway, which plays a key role in hunger and satiety regulation, thus body weight control. Patients with these genetic defects usually present with hyperphagia and early-onset severe obesity. Significant progress in genetic diagnostic testing has recently made for early identification of patients with genetic obesity, which guarantees prompt intervention in terms of therapeutic management of the disease. What is Known: • Obesity represents a major health problem among children and adolescents, with an increasing prevalence worldwide, associated with cardiovascular disease and metabolic abnormalities, and it can be due to both genetic and environmental factors. • Non-syndromic monogenic obesity is linked to modifications in single genes usually involved in the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin signalling pathway, which plays a key role in hunger and satiety regulation. What is New: • The increasing understanding of rare forms of monogenic obesity has provided significant insights into the genetic causes of pediatric obesity, and our current knowledge of the various genes associated with childhood obesity is rapidly expanding. • A useful diagnostic algorithm for early identification of genetic obesity has been proposed, which can ensure a prompt intervention in terms of therapeutic management of the disease and an early prevention of the development of associated metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Rinaldi
- Paediatric Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Thames Valley Deanery, Oxford, UK
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