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Nusslock R, Kogan SM, Yu T, Armstrong CC, Chen E, Miller GE, Brody GH, Sweet LH. Higher substance use is associated with low executive control neural activity and higher inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:532-542. [PMID: 38925415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with substance use problems show lower executive control and alterations in prefrontal brain systems supporting emotion regulation and impulse control. A separate literature suggests that heightened inflammation also increases risk for substance use, in part, through targeting brain systems involved in executive control. Research on neural and inflammatory signaling in substance use, however, has occurred in parallel. Drawing on recent neuroimmune network models, we used fMRI to examine the relationships between executive control-related brain activity (as elicited by an n-back working memory task), peripheral inflammation, as quantified by inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), and substance use for the past month in 93 participants [mean age = 24.4 (SD = 0.6)]. We operationalized low executive control as a neural inefficiency during the n-back task to achieve normative performance, as reflected in higher working memory-related brain activity and lower activity in the default mode network (DMN). Consistent with prediction, individuals with low executive control and high inflammation reported more substance use over the past month, controlling for behavioral performance on the n-back, sex, time between assessments, body-mass-index (BMI), and personal socioeconomic status (SES) (interaction between inflammation and working memory-related brain activity, b = 0.210, p = 0.005; interaction between inflammation and DMN, b = -0.219, p < 0.001). Findings suggest that low executive control and high inflammation may be associated with higher substance use. This has implications for understanding psychological, neural, and immunological risk for substance use problems and the development of interventions to target each of these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA.
| | | | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, USA
| | | | - Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, USA
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Kalisch R, Russo SJ, Müller MB. Neurobiology and systems biology of stress resilience. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1205-1263. [PMID: 38483288 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress resilience is the phenomenon that some people maintain their mental health despite exposure to adversity or show only temporary impairments followed by quick recovery. Resilience research attempts to unravel the factors and mechanisms that make resilience possible and to harness its insights for the development of preventative interventions in individuals at risk for acquiring stress-related dysfunctions. Biological resilience research has been lagging behind the psychological and social sciences but has seen a massive surge in recent years. At the same time, progress in this field has been hampered by methodological challenges related to finding suitable operationalizations and study designs, replicating findings, and modeling resilience in animals. We embed a review of behavioral, neuroimaging, neurobiological, and systems biological findings in adults in a critical methods discussion. We find preliminary evidence that hippocampus-based pattern separation and prefrontal-based cognitive control functions protect against the development of pathological fears in the aftermath of singular, event-type stressors [as found in fear-related disorders, including simpler forms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] by facilitating the perception of safety. Reward system-based pursuit and savoring of positive reinforcers appear to protect against the development of more generalized dysfunctions of the anxious-depressive spectrum resulting from more severe or longer-lasting stressors (as in depression, generalized or comorbid anxiety, or severe PTSD). Links between preserved functioning of these neural systems under stress and neuroplasticity, immunoregulation, gut microbiome composition, and integrity of the gut barrier and the blood-brain barrier are beginning to emerge. On this basis, avenues for biological interventions are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Kalisch
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Scott J Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
- Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Marianne B Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Nusslock R, Alloy LB, Brody GH, Miller GE. Annual Research Review: Neuroimmune network model of depression: a developmental perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:538-567. [PMID: 38426610 PMCID: PMC11090270 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a serious public health problem, and adolescence is an 'age of risk' for the onset of Major Depressive Disorder. Recently, we and others have proposed neuroimmune network models that highlight bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system in both mental and physical health, including depression. These models draw on research indicating that the cellular actors (particularly monocytes) and signaling molecules (particularly cytokines) that orchestrate inflammation in the periphery can directly modulate the structure and function of the brain. In the brain, inflammatory activity heightens sensitivity to threats in the cortico-amygdala circuit, lowers sensitivity to rewards in the cortico-striatal circuit, and alters executive control and emotion regulation in the prefrontal cortex. When dysregulated, and particularly under conditions of chronic stress, inflammation can generate feelings of dysphoria, distress, and anhedonia. This is proposed to initiate unhealthy, self-medicating behaviors (e.g. substance use, poor diet) to manage the dysphoria, which further heighten inflammation. Over time, dysregulation in these brain circuits and the inflammatory response may compound each other to form a positive feedback loop, whereby dysregulation in one organ system exacerbates the other. We and others suggest that this neuroimmune dysregulation is a dynamic joint vulnerability for depression, particularly during adolescence. We have three goals for the present paper. First, we extend neuroimmune network models of mental and physical health to generate a developmental framework of risk for the onset of depression during adolescence. Second, we examine how a neuroimmune network perspective can help explain the high rates of comorbidity between depression and other psychiatric disorders across development, and multimorbidity between depression and stress-related medical illnesses. Finally, we consider how identifying neuroimmune pathways to depression can facilitate a 'next generation' of behavioral and biological interventions that target neuroimmune signaling to treat, and ideally prevent, depression in youth and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
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Sullivan ADW, Roubinov D, Noroña-Zhou AN, Bush NR. Do dyadic interventions impact biomarkers of child health? A state-of-the-science narrative review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 162:106949. [PMID: 38295654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life adversity is related to numerous poor health outcomes in childhood; however, dyadic interventions that promote sensitive and responsive caregiving may protect children from the negative consequences of such exposures. To date, quasi-experimental and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the impact of dyadic interventions on a range of individual biomarkers in children, which may elucidate the relation between early stress exposure and transdiagnostic risk factors for prospective poor health. However, the content of interventions, analytic strategies, and findings vary widely across studies, obscuring key themes in the science and hindering policy and research efforts. METHODS We use a narrative approach to review findings from methodologically rigorous (predominantly RCT) studies of dyadic interventions' impacts on different biomarkers in children, including indicators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS), brain development, inflammation, and intracellular DNA processes. We contribute to this important area of inquiry through integrating findings across biological systems and identifying contextual and mechanistic factors to depict the current state of the field. RESULTS Evidence suggests dyadic interventions improved PNS functioning and advanced brain maturation. Some studies indicated interventions reduced hair cortisol concentrations, systemic inflammation, and resulted in differences in DNA methylation patterns. Findings did not support main effect-level change in salivary measures of HPA axis activity, SNS activity, or telomere length. Importantly, reviewed studies indicated significant heterogeneity in effects across biological systems, underscoring the importance of contextual factors (e.g., adversity subtype and severity) as potential moderators of effects. Further, findings suggested enhanced parenting behaviors may be a mechanism through which dyadic interventions operate on biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS We close with future policy and research directions, emphasizing the promise of biologically-informed dyadic interventions for understanding and ameliorating the effects of early adversity on transdiagnostic biomarkers of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D W Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Health and Community, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Danielle Roubinov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Health and Community, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Amanda N Noroña-Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Health and Community, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, UCSF, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Health and Community, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, UCSF, USA.
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Gotlieb RJM, Yang XF, Immordino-Yang MH. Diverse adolescents' transcendent thinking predicts young adult psychosocial outcomes via brain network development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6254. [PMID: 38491075 PMCID: PMC10943076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental scientists have long described mid-adolescents' emerging capacities to make deep meaning about the social world and self, here called transcendent thinking, as a hallmark developmental stage. In this 5-years longitudinal study, sixty-five 14-18 years-old youths' proclivities to grapple psychologically with the ethical, systems-level and personal implications of social stories, predicted future increases in the coordination of two key brain networks: the default-mode network, involved in reflective, autobiographical and free-form thinking, and the executive control network, involved in effortful, focused thinking; findings were independent of IQ, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background. This neural development predicted late-adolescent identity development, which predicted young-adult self-liking and relationship satisfaction, in a developmental cascade. The findings reveal a novel predictor of mid-adolescents' neural development, and suggest the importance of attending to adolescents' proclivities to engage agentically with complex perspectives and emotions on the social and personal relevance of issues, such as through civically minded educational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J M Gotlieb
- Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners, and Social Justice, School of Education and Information Studies, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xiao-Fei Yang
- Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education; Brain and Creativity Institute; Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Helen Immordino-Yang
- Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education; Brain and Creativity Institute; Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program; Psychology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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López-Otín C, Kroemer G. The missing hallmark of health: psychosocial adaptation. Cell Stress 2024; 8:21-50. [PMID: 38476764 PMCID: PMC10928495 DOI: 10.15698/cst2024.03.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The eight biological hallmarks of health that we initially postulated (Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):33-63) include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers, containment of local perturbations), maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling & turnover, integration of circuitries, rhythmic oscillations) and an array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, repair & regeneration). These hallmarks affect all eight somatic strata of the human body (molecules, organelles, cells, supracellular units, organs, organ systems, systemic circuitries and meta-organism). Here we postulate that mental and socioeconomic factors must be added to this 8×8 matrix as an additional hallmark of health ("psychosocial adaptation") and as an additional stratum ("psychosocial interactions"), hence building a 9×9 matrix. Potentially, perturbation of each of the somatic hallmarks and strata affects psychosocial factors and vice versa. Finally, we discuss the (patho)physiological bases of these interactions and their implications for mental health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Jiang T, Chen E, Lam PH, Kim J, Moon H, Miller GE. Peer support as moderator of association between socioeconomic status and low-grade inflammation in adolescents. Health Psychol 2024; 43:171-183. [PMID: 38010779 PMCID: PMC10922557 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals who grow up in low-socioeconomic status (SES) families are at an increased risk of health problems across the lifespan. Although supportive social relationships are postulated to be a protective factor for the health of these individuals, the role of friend support in adolescence is not well understood. Given that low-grade inflammation is one key biological mechanism proposed to explain links between family SES and health outcomes, we examined whether adolescents' friend support buffers the association between family SES and low-grade inflammation among adolescents. METHOD 277 dyads of adolescents (63.5% female; 39.4% White, 38.3% Black, and 32.1% Hispanic; Mage = 13.92 years) and one of their parents participated in this longitudinal study (two waves approximately 2 years apart). Parents reported family objective SES (i.e., income, savings, and education) and family subjective SES (i.e., subjective social status). Adolescents reported perceived friend support. Fasting antecubital blood was drawn from adolescents at both visits. Low-grade inflammatory activity was represented by a composite of inflammatory biomarkers and numbers of classical monocytes. RESULTS Adolescents' friend support moderated the associations of family subjective SES with both the inflammation composite and classical monocyte counts across cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective change (only significant for the inflammation composite) analyses. Specifically, lower family subjective SES was associated with higher levels of low-grade inflammation only among adolescents lower, but not higher, in friend support. No moderation was observed for objective SES. CONCLUSION Supportive peer relationships buffer the link between family subjective, but not objective, SES and low-grade inflammation in adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
| | - Phoebe H Lam
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
| | - Hee Moon
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
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Mrug S, Barker-Kamps M, Goering M, Patki A, Tiwari HK. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Parenting in Early Adolescence Predict Epigenetic Aging and Mortality Risk in Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:258-272. [PMID: 37715862 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Youth who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods experience poorer health later in life, but little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying these effects and socioenvironmental factors that may protect youth from the biological embedding of neighborhood adversity. This study tests whether supportive and consistent parenting buffers associations between neighborhood disadvantage in early adolescence and epigenetic aging in adulthood. A community sample from Birmingham, Alabama, USA (N = 343; 57% female; 81% Black, 19% White) was assessed in early adolescence (T1; ages 11 and 13) and adulthood (T2; age 27). At T1, neighborhood poverty was derived from census data and neighborhood disorder was reported by caregivers. Both youth and parents reported on parental discipline and nurturance. At T2, methylation of salivary DNA was used to derive a mortality risk index and Hannum, Horvath, PhenoAge, and GrimAge epigenetic age estimators. Regression analyses revealed that neighborhood disadvantage was associated with accelerated epigenetic aging and/or mortality risk only when combined with high levels of harsh and inconsistent discipline and low child-reported parental nurturance. These findings identify epigenetic aging and mortality risk as relevant mechanisms through which neighborhood adversity experienced in adolescence may affect later health; they also point to the importance of supportive and consistent parenting for reducing the biological embedding of neighborhood adversity in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Malcolm Barker-Kamps
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Marlon Goering
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Amit Patki
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Keenan-Devlin L, Miller GE, Ernst LM, Freedman A, Smart B, Britt JL, Singh L, Crockett AH, Borders A. Inflammatory markers in serum and placenta in a randomized controlled trial of group prenatal care. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:101200. [PMID: 37875178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and socioeconomic disparities in preterm birth and small for gestational age births are growing in the United States, increasing the burden of morbidity and mortality particularly among Black women and birthing persons and their infants. Group prenatal care is one of the only interventions to show potential to reduce the disparity, but the mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE The goal of this project was to identify if group prenatal care, when compared with individual prenatal care, was associated with a reduction in systemic inflammation during pregnancy and a lower prevalence of inflammatory lesions in the placenta at delivery. STUDY DESIGN The Psychosocial Intervention and Inflammation in Centering Study was a prospective cohort study that exclusively enrolled participants from a large randomized controlled trial of group prenatal care (the Cradle study, R01HD082311, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02640638) that was performed at a single site in Greenville, South Carolina, from 2016 to 2020. In the Cradle study, patients were randomized to either group prenatal care or individual prenatal care, and survey data were collected during the second and third trimesters. The Psychosocial Intervention and Inflammation in Centering Study cohort additionally provided serum samples at these 2 survey time points and permitted collection of placental biopsies for inflammatory and histologic analysis, respectively. We examined associations between group prenatal care treatment and a composite of z scored serum inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor α) in both the second and third trimesters and the association with the prevalence of acute and chronic maternal placental inflammatory lesions. Analyses were conducted using the intent to treat principle, and the results were also examined by attendance of visits in the assigned treatment group (modified intent to treat and median or more number of visits) and were stratified by race and ethnicity. RESULTS A total of 1256 of 1375 (92%) Cradle participants who were approached enrolled in the Psychosocial Intervention and Inflammation in Centering Study, which included 54% of all the Cradle participants. The Psychosocial Intervention and Inflammation in Centering Study cohort did not differ from the Cradle cohort by demographic or clinical characteristics. Among the 1256 Psychosocial Intervention and Inflammation in Centering Study participants, 1133 (89.6%) had placental data available for analysis. Among those, 549 were assigned to group prenatal care and 584 of 1133 were assigned to individual prenatal care. In the intent to treat and modified intent to treat cohorts, participation in group prenatal care was associated with a higher serum inflammatory score, but it was not associated with an increased prevalence of placental inflammatory lesions. In the stratified analyses, group prenatal care was associated with a higher second trimester inflammatory biomarker composite (modified intent to treat: B=1.17; P=.02; and median or more visits: B=1.24; P=.05) among Hispanic or Latine participants. CONCLUSION Unexpectedly, group prenatal care was associated with higher maternal serum inflammation during pregnancy, especially among Hispanic or Latine participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Keenan-Devlin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL (Drs Keenan-Devlin and Freedman, Ms Smart, and Dr Borders); University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (Dr Ernst and Drs Keenan-Devlin, Freedman, and Dr Borders).
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (Dr Miller)
| | - Linda M Ernst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL (Dr Ernst); University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (Dr Ernst and Drs Keenan-Devlin, Freedman, and Dr Borders)
| | - Alexa Freedman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL (Drs Keenan-Devlin and Freedman, Ms Smart, and Dr Borders); University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (Dr Ernst and Drs Keenan-Devlin, Freedman, and Dr Borders)
| | - Britney Smart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL (Drs Keenan-Devlin and Freedman, Ms Smart, and Dr Borders)
| | - Jessica L Britt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prisma Health, Greenville, SC (Dr Britt)
| | - Lavisha Singh
- Department of Biostatistics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL (Ms. Singh)
| | - Amy H Crockett
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prisma Health/University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville SC (Dr Crockett)
| | - Ann Borders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL (Drs Keenan-Devlin and Freedman, Ms Smart, and Dr Borders); University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (Dr Ernst and Drs Keenan-Devlin, Freedman, and Dr Borders)
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Wiggins ER, Brisson JM, Lavner JA, Ehrlich KB. The benefits of nurturant-involved parenting for children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic health in high-risk contexts. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2420-2429. [PMID: 37386849 PMCID: PMC11228812 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence that nurturant-involved parenting is linked with children's social, psychological, and physiological development, less is known about the specific contexts in which nurturant-involved parenting is most beneficial for children's mental and physical health. The present study examined how associations between nurturant-involved parenting and children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic risk varied as a function of children's stress and discrimination. Participants included 165 Black and Latinx children (Mage = 11.5 years) and their guardians. Children reported on their ongoing stress, experiences of discrimination, and internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety). Guardians provided information about their nurturant-involved parenting practices. Children's cardiometabolic risk was assessed as a composite reflecting a high level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. Regression analyses indicated that among youth who reported high levels of stress and discrimination, nurturant-involved parenting was negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Although children's stress and discrimination were significantly associated with their internalizing symptoms, neither stress nor discrimination moderated the relation between nurturant-involved parenting and internalizing symptoms. Results highlight the significant role that parents play in shaping children's health, particularly among youth experiencing high levels of stress and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M Brisson
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Justin A Lavner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Katherine B Ehrlich
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Xia C, Xu J, Wang Y. Getting Good Sleep with Family Support: The Role of Fear of Crime and Loneliness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:909. [PMID: 37998656 PMCID: PMC10669028 DOI: 10.3390/bs13110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep problems in middle-aged and older people can threaten their physical and mental health. Family support is regarded as a key factor that affects sleep quality, but the influence mechanism remains underexplored. This study analyzes the mediating effects of fear of crime (FOC) and loneliness in the relationship between family support and sleep quality, and explores whether gender plays a moderating role between family support and FOC. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1043 Chinese middle-aged and older people aged 45-93 years. Using 10,000 bootstrapped samples, the study shows that middle-aged and older people who receive more family support have better sleep quality, and FOC and loneliness play mediating role in this association. Gender moderates the relationship between family support and FOC. Compared with men, family support for females has a greater impact on their FOC condition, and the mediating effect of family support on sleep quality through FOC is also greater among women. Family support can affect sleep quality through the chain mediating effect of FOC and loneliness for women. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between family support and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xia
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Jiuhua-Nan-Road 189, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Marxism, Anhui Normal University, Jiuhua-Nan-Road 189, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Yaya Wang
- School of Finance, Taxation and Public Administration, Tongling University, Cuihu-Si-Road 1335, Tongling 244061, China
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12
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Thomas M, Rakesh D, Whittle S, Sheridan M, Upthegrove R, Cropley V. The neural, stress hormone and inflammatory correlates of childhood deprivation and threat in psychosis: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 157:106371. [PMID: 37651860 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity increases the risk of developing psychosis, but the biological mechanisms involved are unknown. Disaggregating early adverse experiences into core dimensions of deprivation and threat may help to elucidate these mechanisms. We therefore systematically searched the literature investigating associations between deprivation and threat, and neural, immune and stress hormone systems in individuals on the psychosis spectrum. Our search yielded 74 articles, from which we extracted and synthesized relevant findings. While study designs were heterogeneous and findings inconsistent, some trends emerged. In psychosis, deprivation tended to correlate with lower global cortical volume, and some evidence supported threat-related variation in prefrontal cortex morphology. Greater threat exposure was also associated with higher C-reactive protein, and higher and lower cortisol measures. When examined, associations in controls were less evident. Overall, findings indicate that deprivation and threat may associate with partially distinct biological mechanisms in the psychosis spectrum, and that associations may be stronger than in controls. Dimensional approaches may help disentangle the biological correlates of childhood adversity in psychosis, but more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Thomas
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia.
| | - Divyangana Rakesh
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia; Neuroimaging Department, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia
| | - Margaret Sheridan
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia
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13
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Jones EJ, Feinberg ME, Graham-Engeland JE, Jones DE, Schreier HMC. A perinatal coparenting intervention: Effects of a randomized trial on parent cardiometabolic risk and self-reported health. Biol Psychol 2023; 183:108664. [PMID: 37625684 PMCID: PMC10592003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition to parenthood is a common yet stressful experience faced by many young and midlife adults, and the risk of cardiometabolic conditions also begins to rise at this time. Consequently, parenthood represents an opportune time to intervene with adults to support their psychological and physical health. PURPOSE We examined whether the benefits of the Family Foundations program, a perinatal preventative intervention promoting positive coparenting, extend beyond documented mental health and family relationship outcomes to better cardiometabolic risk factors among parents. METHODS We analyzed data from 183 couples (n = 366 participants) who, eight years prior, were randomly assigned to the 9-session perinatal preventative intervention program or a control condition. We collected dried blood spots to measure C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cholesterol; parents also reported on their self-rated health. RESULTS Randomization to the intervention condition was associated with lower cholesterol (B=-.081, p = .049). Among parents who demonstrated more negative communication styles at pretest (during pregnancy), the intervention was further associated with better self-rated health (B=.181, p = .018). Participation in the intervention program was also marginally associated with lower CRP (B=-.261, p = .077), particularly among mothers (B=-.428, p = .076). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that coparenting-focused interventions, such as Family Foundations, can lead to benefits beyond psychosocial and behavioral outcomes, and suggest that Family Foundations may improve parents' longer-term physical health, with potentially more benefits among couples who demonstrated more negative communication styles during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mark E Feinberg
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Damon E Jones
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hannah M C Schreier
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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14
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Farrell AK, Stimpel AL, Stanton SCE, Slatcher RB. Relationship quality and physical health: Responsiveness as an active ingredient predicting health across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 52:101628. [PMID: 37413936 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has established responsiveness as a robust predictor of physical health. Here, we evaluate the extent to which this work establishes partner responsiveness as an active ingredient- a specific component within the broader construct of relationship quality that accounts for a demonstrated association between relationship quality and health. We review work demonstrating that responsiveness predicts a wide range of physical health outcomes, above and beyond other facets of relationship quality, and that it moderates the effects of other protective processes and risk factors. Finally, we discuss how new methodological and interdisciplinary approaches can provide generalizable, causal, and mechanistic evidence to further validate responsiveness as an active ingredient linking relationships and health.
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15
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Tobón AL, Condon E, Slade A, Holland ML, Mayes LC, Sadler LS. Participation in an Attachment-Based Home Visiting Program Is Associated with Lower Child Salivary C-Reactive Protein Levels at Follow-Up. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2023; 44:e292-e299. [PMID: 37126599 PMCID: PMC10353420 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to early childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk for physiological disruption, including increased inflammation. Early interventions that support the mother-child relationship have been shown to potentially buffer negative psychosocial outcomes related to early adversity, but it is unclear whether these interventions have long-term biological effects. We evaluated whether prior participation in Minding the Baby® (MTB), an attachment-based home visiting intervention for young mother-infant dyads living in underserved communities, is associated with lower child salivary inflammatory biomarkers compared with controls at follow-up. METHODS Ninety-seven maternal-child dyads (n = 43 intervention and n = 54 controls) enrolled in a follow-up study of the MTB randomized controlled trial, an average of 4.6 years after RCT completion. Children provided salivary specimens. We used adjusted linear regression to examine the relationship between MTB participation and child salivary inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). RESULTS Children were on average 6.6 years old, 48% female, and identified as non-Hispanic/Latino Black/African American (34%) and Hispanic/Latino (63%). Participation in MTB was associated with lower salivary CRP levels (β = -0.31, SE = 0.28, p = 0.003) compared with controls. Participation in MTB was not associated with salivary cytokine levels. DISCUSSION Participation in an intensive two-generation home visiting intervention such as MTB may reduce salivary inflammatory biomarkers associated with early childhood adversity. Replication and further research are needed to improve the understanding of the potential for early childhood interventions to buffer the biological embedding of early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Londoño Tobón
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Washington, DC
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT CT
| | - Eileen Condon
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, CT
| | - Arietta Slade
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT CT
| | - Margaret L. Holland
- Department of Population Health & Leadership, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT CT
| | - Lois S. Sadler
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT CT
- Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, CT
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16
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Kaufman J, Khan M, Shepard Payne J, Mancini J, Summers White Y. Transgenerational Inheritance and Systemic Racism in America. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20220043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kaufman
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J. Kaufman, M. Khan, J. Shepard Payne, J. Mancini, Y. Summers White)
| | - Maria Khan
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J. Kaufman, M. Khan, J. Shepard Payne, J. Mancini, Y. Summers White)
| | - Jennifer Shepard Payne
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J. Kaufman, M. Khan, J. Shepard Payne, J. Mancini, Y. Summers White)
| | - Julia Mancini
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J. Kaufman, M. Khan, J. Shepard Payne, J. Mancini, Y. Summers White)
| | - Yvonne Summers White
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J. Kaufman, M. Khan, J. Shepard Payne, J. Mancini, Y. Summers White)
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17
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O'Brien JR, Loi EC, Byrne ML, Zalewski M, Casement MD. The Link Between Positive and Negative Parenting Behaviors and Child Inflammation: A Systematic Review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:51-65. [PMID: 34347228 PMCID: PMC8814056 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Children's inflammation may be an important link between parenting behaviors and health outcomes. The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) describe associations between parenting behaviors and child inflammatory markers, and (2) evaluate the relevance of existing literature to the review question. Database searches identified 19 studies that included a measure of positive or negative parenting behaviors and a marker of child inflammation, 53% of which measured parental responsiveness/warmth. Greater parental responsiveness/warmth was associated with lower levels of child pro-inflammatory markers in 60% of studies. Across studies, the association between parenting and child inflammation varied as a function of parenting construct, inflammatory measure, and sample characteristics. Studies were highly relevant, with 42% rated 5 + out of 6 for study's ability to address links between parenting behavior and child inflammation. If future research uncovers causal effects of parenting behaviors on inflammation, parenting interventions could be employed as a preventative tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Elizabeth C Loi
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Michelle L Byrne
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maureen Zalewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Melynda D Casement
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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18
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Stern JA, Dunbar AS, Cassidy J. Pathways to emotion regulation in young Black children: An attachment perspective. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 64:163-188. [PMID: 37080668 PMCID: PMC10763371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attachment theory proposes that a central function of caregivers is to provide protection and co-regulation of children's distress in the context of threat, and that children's secure attachment (confidence in a secure base/safe haven when needed) precipitates positive developmental cascades in part by supporting children's emotion regulation. Yet the field of attachment has rarely considered the unique experiences of African American families, including the context of systemic racism in which caregivers must provide physical and emotional protection for their children, and in which children must learn to regulate emotion across different sociocultural contexts (emotional flexibility and "code-switching"; Dunbar et al., 2022a; Lozada et al., 2022; Stern et al., 2022b). This chapter brings attachment theory into conversation with the field of positive Black youth development to explore pathways to emotion regulation in African American children during early childhood. In doing so, we (a) highlight the strengths of African American caregivers in providing unique and specific forms of protection via racial and emotional socialization; (b) review research on predictors and consequences of secure caregiver-child relationships in Black families, with a focus on the outcome of child emotion regulation; (c) present a theoretical framework for understanding cascades of positive Black youth development via healthy relationships and emotion regulation; and (d) outline promising new directions for more inclusive and just attachment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Stern
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Angel S Dunbar
- Department of African American Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jude Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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19
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The role of childhood unpredictability in adult health. J Behav Med 2022:10.1007/s10865-022-00373-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Anis L, Letourneau N, Ross KM, Hart M, Graham I, Lalonde S, Varro S, Baldwin A, Soulsby A, Majnemer A, Donnelly C, Piotrowski C, Collier C, Lindeman C, Goldowitz D, Isaac D, Thomson D, Serré D, Citro E, Zimmermann G, Pliszka H, Mann J, Baumann J, Piekarski J, Dalton JA, Johnson-Green J, Wood K, Bruce M, Santana M, Mayer M, Gould M, Kobor M, Flowers M, Haywood M, Koerner M, Parker N, Muhajarine N, Fairie P, Chrishti R, Perry R, Merrill S, Pociuk S, StephanieTaylor, Cole S, Murphy T, Marchment T, Xavier V, Shajani Z, West Z. Study protocol for Attachment & Child Health (ATTACHTM) program: promoting vulnerable Children’s health at scale. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:491. [PMID: 35986306 PMCID: PMC9388995 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s exposure to toxic stress (e.g., parental depression, violence, poverty) predicts developmental and physical health problems resulting in health care system burden. Supporting parents to develop parenting skills can buffer the effects of toxic stress, leading to healthier outcomes for those children. Parenting interventions that focus on promoting parental reflective function (RF), i.e., parents’ capacity for insight into their child’s and their own thoughts, feelings, and mental states, may understand help reduce societal health inequities stemming from childhood stress exposures. The Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) program has been implemented and tested in seven rapid-cycling pilot studies (n = 64) and found to significantly improve parents’ RF in the domains of attachment, parenting quality, immune function, and children’s cognitive and motor development. The purpose of the study is to conduct an effectiveness-implementation hybrid (EIH) Type II study of ATTACHTM to assess its impacts in naturalistic, real-world settings delivered by community agencies rather than researchers under more controlled conditions. Methods The study is comprised of a quantitative pre/post-test quasi-experimental evaluation of the ATTACHTM program, and a qualitative examination of implementation feasibility using thematic analysis via Normalization Process Theory (NPT). We will work with 100 families and their children (birth to 36-months-old). Study outcomes include: the Parent Child Interaction Teaching Scale to assess parent-child interaction; the Parental Reflective Function and Reflective Function Questionnaires to assess RF; and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire – 3rd edition to examine child development, all administered pre-, post-, and 3-month-delayed post-assessment. Blood samples will be collected pre- and post- assessment to assess immune biomarkers. Further, we will conduct one-on-one interviews with study participants, health and social service providers, and administrators (total n = 60) from each collaborating agency, using NPT to explore perceptions and experiences of intervention uptake, the fidelity assessment tool and e-learning training as well as the benefits, barriers, and challenges to ATTACHTM implementation. Discussion The proposed study will assess effectiveness and implementation to help understand the delivery of ATTACHTM in community agencies. Trial registration Name of registry: https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Registration number: NCT04853888. Date of registration: April 22, 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03439-3.
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21
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Brinkworth JF, Shaw JG. On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9544695 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Brinkworth
- Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - J. Grace Shaw
- Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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22
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Mrug S, Barker-Kamps M, Orihuela CA, Patki A, Tiwari HK. Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage, Parenting, and Adult Health. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:S28-S36. [PMID: 35725138 PMCID: PMC9219037 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing up in disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with poor adult health indicators. Consistent and supportive parenting plays a key role in life-long health, but it is not known whether positive parenting can mitigate the relationship between neighborhood adversity and poor health. This study examines parenting as a moderator of the links between childhood neighborhood characteristics and adult health indicators. METHODS A sample of 305 individuals (61% female; 82% African American, 18% Caucasian) were assessed in childhood (T1; age 11 years; 2003‒2004) and adulthood (T2; age 27 years; 2018‒2021). At T1, neighborhood poverty was derived from census data; neighborhood disorder was reported by parents. Children reported on parental harsh discipline, inconsistent discipline, and parental nurturance. At T2, health outcomes included BMI, serum cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP), and salivary DNA methylation index related to CRP. Regression models predicted T2 health outcomes from T1 neighborhood and parenting variables and their interactions, adjusting for clustering and confounders. Data were analyzed in 2021. RESULTS Neighborhood poverty was associated with lower cortisol, whereas neighborhood disorder was linked with CRP‒related DNA methylation. Multiple interactions between neighborhood and parenting variables emerged, indicating that adverse neighborhood conditions were only related to poor adult health when combined with inconsistent discipline and low parental nurturance. By contrast, warm and supportive parenting, consistent discipline, and to a lesser extent harsh discipline buffered children from poor health outcomes associated with neighborhood disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS Interventions enhancing consistent and nurturing parenting may help to reduce the long-term associations of neighborhood disadvantage with poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Malcolm Barker-Kamps
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Catheryn A Orihuela
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amit Patki
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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23
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Shonkoff JP, Boyce WT, Bush NR, Gunnar MR, Hensch TK, Levitt P, Meaney MJ, Nelson CA, Slopen N, Williams DR, Silveira PP. Translating the Biology of Adversity and Resilience Into New Measures for Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics 2022; 149:187008. [PMID: 35535547 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-054493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the science of adversity and resilience advances, and public awareness of the health consequences of stress grows, primary care providers are being increasingly asked to address the effects of adverse experiences on child wellbeing. Given limited tools for assessing these effects early in life, the authors explore how enhanced capacity to measure stress activation directly in young children could transform the role and scope of pediatric practice. When employed within a trusted relationship between caregivers and clinicians, selective use of biological measures of stress responses would help address the documented limitations of rating scales of adverse childhood experiences as a primary indicator of individual risk and strengthen the ability to focus on variation in intervention needs, assess their effectiveness, and guide ongoing management. The authors provide an overview of the potential benefits and risks of such expanded measurement capacity, as well as an introduction to candidate indicators that might be employed in an office setting. The ultimate value of such measures for both pediatricians and parents will require vigilant attention to the ethical responsibilities of assuring their correct interpretation and minimizing the harm of inappropriate labeling, especially for children and families experiencing the hardships and threats of racism, poverty, and other structural inequities. Whereas much work remains to be done to advance measurement development and ensure its equitable use, the potential of validated markers of stress activation and resilience to strengthen the impact of primary health care on the lives of young children facing significant adversity demands increased attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Shonkoff
- Center on the Developing Child.,Harvard Graduate School of Education.,Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W Thomas Boyce
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Center on the Developing Child.,Conte Center for Basic Mental Health Research.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pat Levitt
- Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Center on the Developing Child.,Harvard Graduate School of Education.,Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Center on the Developing Child.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David R Williams
- Center on the Developing Child.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Barton AW, Yu T, Gong Q, Miller GE, Chen E, Brody GH. Childhood poverty, immune cell aging, and African Americans' insulin resistance: A prospective study. Child Dev 2022; 93:1616-1624. [PMID: 35596670 PMCID: PMC9427675 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated developmental pathways that can contribute to chronic disease among rural African Americans. With a sample of 342 African American youth (59% female) from the southeastern United States followed for nearly two decades (2001–2019), we examined the prospective association between family poverty during adolescence (ages 11–18) and insulin resistance (IR) in young adulthood (ages 25–29) as well as underlying biological and psychosocial mechanisms. Results indicated family poverty during adolescence forecast higher levels of IR in young adulthood, with accelerated immune cell aging at age 20 partially mediating this association. Serial mediational models confirmed the hypothesized pathway linking family poverty, perceived life chances, cellular aging, and IR. Findings provide empirical support for theorized developmental precursors of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Barton
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Qiujie Gong
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Institute for Policy Research & Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research & Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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25
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Hakamata Y, Suzuki Y, Kobashikawa H, Hori H. Neurobiology of early life adversity: A systematic review of meta-analyses towards an integrative account of its neurobiological trajectories to mental disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100994. [PMID: 35331780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may leave long-lasting neurobiological scars, increasing the risk of developing mental disorders in later life. However, no review has comprehensively integrated existing evidence across the fields: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune/inflammatory system, neuroimaging, and genetics/epigenetics. We thus systematically reviewed previous meta-analyses towards an integrative account of ACE-related neurobiological alterations. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, a total of 27 meta-analyses until October 2021 were identified. This review found that individuals with ACEs possess blunted cortisol response to psychosocial stressors, low-grade inflammation evinced by increased C-reactive protein levels, exaggerated amygdalar response to emotionally negative information, and diminished hippocampal gray matter volume. Importantly, these alterations were consistently observed in those with and without psychiatric diagnosis. These findings were integrated and discussed in a schematic model of ACE-related neurobiological alterations. Future longitudinal research based on multidisciplinary approach is imperative for ACE-related mental disorders' prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hakamata
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Yuhki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hajime Kobashikawa
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Alen NV, Deer LK, Hostinar CE. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as a Physiological Resilience Marker for Children's Health. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:374-382. [PMID: 35100188 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to test parasympathetic nervous system activity, indexed through resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as a resilience factor that moderates the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), circulating cytokines, and somatic health in children. METHODS The sample included 181 parent-child dyads (mean [standard deviation] child age = 9.91 [0.57] years; 50.3% boys). Parents reported on family income, parental education, and subjective social status, to index SES. Children provided serum samples for assaying circulating inflammatory cytokines and had RSA measured during a 5-minute seated resting period. We used a composite measure of inflammation that combined standardized measures of interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor α. Parents reported on their child's global health impairment and number of chronic health conditions. RESULTS Lower SES was associated with poorer global health, and higher levels of inflammation were associated with poorer global health, but these associations were not significant among children with high resting RSA. Specifically, resting RSA moderated the association between SES and global health impairment (B = 0.09, standard error [SE] = 0.02, p < .001). Preliminary evidence suggests that resting RSA may also moderate the association between inflammation and global health impairment (B = -0.12, SE = 0.03, p < .001), although this effect was no longer significant after Winsorizing an outlier value of a child with high global health impairment (B = -0.06, SE = 0.03, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS High resting RSA may represent a physiological profile of resilience in children, weakening the associations between low SES and poor somatic health, and between greater inflammation and poor somatic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Alen
- From the Psychology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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27
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Exposure to childhood maltreatment and systemic inflammation across pregnancy: The moderating role of depressive symptomatology. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:397-409. [PMID: 35131443 PMCID: PMC9615483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) has long-term consequences for dysregulation of the immune system which is particularly pronounced when mental and physical health sequelae have manifested. Higher proinflammatory state has been shown in non-pregnant state in association with CM as well as with depression, one of the most frequent and pernicious psychiatric sequelae of CM. During pregnancy, however, this association is less clear. Given the important role of maternal inflammatory state during pregnancy for fetal, pregnancy, and birth outcomes, we sought to examine the association between CM and proinflammatory state during pregnancy considering the moderating role of maternal depressive symptoms characterized serially across pregnancy. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal study of 180 healthy pregnant women was conducted with serial assessments in early (12.98 ± 1.71 weeks gestation), mid (20.53 ± 1.38 weeks gestation) and late (30.42 ± 1.4 weeks gestation) pregnancy. Maternal history of CM was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the total score was used as an indicator of CM experience. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed at each pregnancy visit with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were obtained at each pregnancy visit and combined to a composite maternal proinflammatory score. Linear mixed effects models were employed to assess the association between CTQ score, CES-D score, and proinflammatory score during pregnancy, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Gestational age was associated with the proinflammatory score (B = 0.02; SE = 0.00; p < .001), indicating an increase in inflammation across gestation. Neither CTQ score nor depressive symptoms were independently associated with the proinflammatory score (ps > 0.28). However, the interaction between CTQ score and depressive symptoms was associated with the proinflammatory score (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p < .05), indicating higher inflammation across pregnancy with increasing levels of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in women with higher CTQ scores. Exploratory analyses suggested that this interaction was mainly driven by CTQ subscale scores assessing experiences of abuse rather than neglect. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a moderating role of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy on the association of early life stress with inflammation and thus highlight the importance of the timely assessment of both CM exposure and depressive symptoms which might allow for the development of targeted and individualized interventions to impact inflammation during pregnancy and to ameliorate the detrimental long-term effects of CM. The current findings add to a better understanding of the prenatal biological pathways that may underlie intergenerational transmission of maternal CM.
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28
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Miller GE, Chen E, Finegood E, Shimbo D, Cole SW. Prospective associations between neighborhood violence and monocyte pro-inflammatory transcriptional activity in children. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:1-7. [PMID: 34800620 PMCID: PMC8766930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals exposed to persistent neighborhood violence are at increased risk for developing mental and physical health problems across the lifespan. The biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood. Thus, we examined the relationship between children's exposure to neighborhood violence and inflammatory activity, a process involved in the pathogenesis of multiple health problems. 236 children from the Chicago area participated in a two-year longitudinal study (mean age at baseline, 13.9 years; 67% female; 39% White, 34% Black, 33% Hispanic). Neighborhood violence was measured as the homicide frequency in a child's Census block group in the five years before study entry. Fasting blood was drawn at study entry and two years later (in eighth and tenth grade). The blood was used to quantify protein biomarkers of systemic inflammatory activity and perform genome-wide expression profiling of isolated monocytes. Neighborhood violence was associated with higher systemic inflammatory activity at both assessments. It also was associated with a monocyte transcriptional profile indicative of increased signaling along the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) control pathways, which are key orchestrators of pro-inflammatory effector functions. Neighborhood violence also was associated with transcriptional indications of higher beta-adrenergic and lower glucocorticoid signaling, which could function as neuroendocrine conduits linking threatening experiences with inflammatory activity. Neighborhood violence was not associated with two-year changes in protein biomarkers, although it did presage a transcriptional profile indicative of increasing AP-1 and declining glucocorticoid signaling over follow-up. Collectively, these observations highlight cellular and molecular pathways that could underlie health risks associated with neighborhood violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Miller
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Eric Finegood
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Columbia Hypertension Center and Lab, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steve W Cole
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Finegood ED, Miller GE. Childhood Violence Exposure, Inflammation, and Cardiometabolic Health. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 54:439-459. [PMID: 34935115 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to interpersonal violence during childhood, a severe and often traumatic form of social stress, is an enduring problem that an emerging body of work suggests may be relevant to cardiometabolic health and the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) across the life course. Less is known about this association causally, and consequently, the biological mechanisms that may confer risk for, and resilience to, poor health outcomes in the aftermath of violence are not well understood. Drawing on recent theoretical insights and empirical research in both humans and non-human animal models, the current paper articulates a hypothesis for one way that childhood violence could get "under the skin" to influence CVD. Based on this emerging literature, one plausible way that childhood violence exposure could increase susceptibility to CVD in later life is by sensitizing stress-response neurobiology and immune processes that regulate and promote inflammation, which is a key pathogenic mechanism in CVD. This is inherently a developmental process that begins in early life and that unfolds across the life course, although less is known about the specific mechanisms through which this occurs. The goal of this paper is to articulate some of these plausible mechanisms and to suggest areas for future research that aims to reduce the burden of disease among individuals who are exposed to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Finegood
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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30
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Farrell AK, Stanton SCE, Sbarra DA. Good Theories in Need of Better Data: Combining Clinical and Social Psychological Approaches to Study the Mechanisms Linking Relationships and Health. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:863-883. [PMID: 34878961 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211027563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of intimate relationships and health is a fast-growing discipline with numerous well-developed theories, many of which outline specific interpersonal behaviors and psychological pathways that may give rise to good or poor health. In this article, we argue that the study of relationships and health can move toward interrogating these mechanisms with greater precision and detail, but doing so will require a shift in the nature of commonly used research methods in this area. Accordingly, we draw heavily on the science of behavior change and discuss six key methodologies that may galvanize the mechanistic study of relationships and health: dismantling studies, factorial studies, experimental therapeutics, experimental mediation research, multiple assessments, and recursive modeling. We provide empirical examples for each strategy and outline new ways in which a given approach may be used to study the mechanisms linking intimate relationships and health. We conclude by discussing the key challenges and limitations for using these research strategies as well as novel ideas about how to integrate this work into existing paradigms within the field.
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31
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Suglia SF, Appleton AA, Bleil ME, Campo RA, Dube SR, Fagundes CP, Heard-Garris NJ, Johnson SB, Slopen N, Stoney CM, Watamura SE. Timing, duration, and differential susceptibility to early life adversities and cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan: Implications for future research. Prev Med 2021; 153:106736. [PMID: 34293381 PMCID: PMC8595689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversities (ELA), include experiences such as child maltreatment, household dysfunction, bullying, exposure to crime, discrimination, bias, and victimization, and are recognized as social determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Strong evidence shows exposure to ELA directly impacts cardiometabolic risk in adulthood and emerging evidence suggests there may be continuity in ELA's prediction of cardiometabolic risk over the life course. Extant research has primarily relied on a cumulative risk framework to evaluate the relationship between ELA and CVD. In this framework, risk is considered a function of the number of risk factors or adversities that an individual was exposed to across developmental periods. The cumulative risk exposure approach treats developmental periods and types of risk as equivalent and interchangeable. Moreover, cumulative risk models do not lend themselves to investigating the chronicity of adverse exposures or consider individual variation in susceptibility, differential contexts, or adaptive resilience processes, which may modify the impact of ELA on CVD risk. To date, however, alternative models have received comparatively little consideration. Overall, this paper will highlight existing gaps and offer recommendations to address these gaps that would extend our knowledge of the relationship between ELA and CVD development. We focus specifically on the roles of: 1) susceptibility and resilience, 2) timing and developmental context; and 3) variation in risk exposure. We propose to expand current conceptual models to incorporate these factors to better guide research that examines ELA and CVD risk across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria E Bleil
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A Campo
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Shanta R Dube
- Public Health Program, Levine College of Health Sciences, Wingate University, Wingate, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nia J Heard-Garris
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sara B Johnson
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine M Stoney
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Watamura
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
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32
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The ATTACH™ program and immune cell gene expression profiles in mothers and children: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100358. [PMID: 34647106 PMCID: PMC8501501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children exposed to adversity and toxic stress are at increased risk for poor health across the lifespan, possibly through alterations to immune pathways. Parenting interventions could buffer the effect of adversity on child immune activity. The purpose of this study was to test whether mothers and children who were randomly assigned to a parenting intervention (ATTACH™) had healthier post-intervention immune cell gene expression patterns, as indexed by the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA), compared with mothers and children in a wait-list control group. Methods A sample of 20 mother-child dyads were recruited from a domestic violence shelter in Calgary, AB, Canada. The ATTACH™ program is a 10-week psycho-educational intervention that fosters maternal reflective function, i.e. how to understand and respond to mental states. Dyads were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait-list group. Dried blood spots were collected from both groups post-intervention, subjected to RNA sequencing, and assessed for CTRA gene expression using mixed effect linear model analysis. Covariates were age, child sex, maternal race/ethnicity, and maternal medication use. Results In unadjusted models, differences by treatment group were detected, F(1,1794) = 4.26, p = .039. Mothers and children who completed the ATTACH™ intervention had lower CTRA scores, indicating healthier immune cell gene expression profiles (Mn = −0.36, SE = 0.17), compared with mothers and children in the wait-list control group (Mn = 0.11, SE = 0.15). Results persisted after controlling for covariates. Discussion ATTACH™ participation predicted healthier immune cell gene expression profiles post-intervention compared with wait-list controls. Parenting interventions could decrease the impact of toxic stress on maternal-child immune health. The ATTACH™ program is a reflective function parenting intervention. The ATTACH™ program predicted healthier immune cell gene expression in children. The ATTACH™ program predicted healthier immune cell gene expression in mothers. The ATTACH™ program could protect the health of families escaping domestic violence.
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Smith MV, Callinan LS, Posner CS, Holmes SC, Ebling R. Improving Maternal Mental Health as a Pathway to Economic Mobility in the TANF System. Psychiatr Serv 2021; 72:1139-1144. [PMID: 33993713 PMCID: PMC10408707 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and initial outcomes of the delivery of a group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) mental health intervention for mothers in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. METHODS An 8-week group CBT program was made available to parenting women (N=40) in a large, urban TANF system from April to August 2019. Participants completed baseline and endpoint measures to assess depressive symptoms, perceived stress, social support, employment, and program acceptability. TANF administrative data were examined to assess TANF engagement. RESULTS TANF staff were successfully trained to deliver CBT. The participants reported significantly reduced depressive symptoms and perceived stress; perceived social support significantly increased from the beginning to the end of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS A model that fully embedded CBT delivery in a TANF system was acceptable to low-income parenting women and TANF staff and reduced depressive symptoms among the women. The scalability of interventions to address maternal depression among low-income women has presented a challenge. Delivering mental health interventions in the U.S. TANF system may offer a scalable method to reduce depression and increase employment in a population bearing a high mental health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V Smith
- Department of Psychiatry (Smith, Callinan, Holmes) and Child Study Center (Smith, Posner, Ebling), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (Smith); Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island (Holmes)
| | - Laura S Callinan
- Department of Psychiatry (Smith, Callinan, Holmes) and Child Study Center (Smith, Posner, Ebling), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (Smith); Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island (Holmes)
| | - Caroline S Posner
- Department of Psychiatry (Smith, Callinan, Holmes) and Child Study Center (Smith, Posner, Ebling), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (Smith); Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island (Holmes)
| | - Samantha C Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry (Smith, Callinan, Holmes) and Child Study Center (Smith, Posner, Ebling), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (Smith); Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island (Holmes)
| | - Rachel Ebling
- Department of Psychiatry (Smith, Callinan, Holmes) and Child Study Center (Smith, Posner, Ebling), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (Smith); Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island (Holmes)
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34
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Lindsay EK. Mindfulness interventions for offsetting health risk following early life stress: Promising directions. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 17:100338. [PMID: 34589821 PMCID: PMC8474678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), common to childhood maltreatment, socioeconomic disadvantage, and racial discrimination, is thought to create a proinflammatory phenotype that increases risk for poor health in adulthood. Systemic change is needed to address the root causes of ELS, but a substantial number of adults are already at increased health risk by virtue of ELS exposure. Interventions that target stress pathways have the potential to interrupt the trajectory from ELS to inflammatory disease risk in adulthood. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), which train acceptance toward present-moment experience, have shown promise for reducing stress and improving a variety of stress-sensitive health outcomes. Although MBIs have primarily been conducted in more advantaged populations, evidence suggests that they may be uniquely effective for improving mental health and health-related quality of life among those with a history of ELS. Whether these effects extend to physical health remains unknown. To shed light on this question, I review evidence that MBIs influence inflammatory markers in at-risk samples, explore the promise of MBIs for improving stress-related health outcomes in diverse at-risk populations, and describe adaptations to MBIs that may increase their acceptability and efficacy in populations exposed to ELS. This prior work sets the stage for well-controlled RCTs to evaluate whether MBIs influence stress and inflammatory pathways among those exposed to ELS and for pragmatic and implementation trials focused on disseminating MBIs to reach these at-risk populations. Overall, the evidence assembled here shows the potential of MBIs for offsetting physical health risk related to ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lindsay
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology 600 Old Engineering Hall, 3943 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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35
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Joyce BT, Gao T, Koss K, Zheng Y, Cardenas A, Heiss J, Just A, Zhang K, van Horn L, Allen NB, Greenland P, Cohen S, Gordon-Larsen P, Mitchell C, McLanahan S, Schneper L, Notterman D, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Hivert MF, Wright R, Baccarelli A, Lloyd-Jones D, Hou L. Impact of paternal education on epigenetic ageing in adolescence and mid-adulthood: a multi-cohort study in the USA and Mexico. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 51:870-884. [PMID: 34534313 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both parental and neighbourhood socio-economic status (SES) are linked to poorer health independently of personal SES measures, but the biological mechanisms are unclear. Our objective was to examine these influences via epigenetic age acceleration (EAA)-the discrepancy between chronological and epigenetic ages. METHODS We examined three USA-based [Coronary Artery Risk Disease in Adults (CARDIA) study, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) and Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors (PROGRESS)] and one Mexico-based (Project Viva) cohort. DNA methylation was measured using Illumina arrays, personal/parental SES by questionnaire and neighbourhood disadvantage from geocoded address. In CARDIA, we examined the most strongly associated personal, parental and neighbourhood SES measures with EAA (Hannum's method) at study years 15 and 20 separately and combined using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) and compared with other EAA measures (Horvath's EAA, PhenoAge and GrimAge calculators, and DunedinPoAm). RESULTS EAA was associated with paternal education in CARDIA [GEEs: βsome college = -1.01 years (-1.91, -0.11) and β<high school = 1.05 (0.09, 2.01) vs college graduates] and FFCWS [GEEs: β<high school = 0.62 (0.00, 1.24)]. We found stronger associations for some paternal education categories among White adults (for GEE, βsome college = -1.39 (-2.41, -0.38)], men (βsome college = -1.76 (-3.16, -0.35)] and women [β<high school = 1.77 (0.42, 3.11)]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that EAA captures epigenetic impacts of paternal education independently of personal SES later in life. Longitudinal studies should explore these associations at different life stages and link them to health outcomes. EAA could be a useful biomarker of SES-associated health and provide important insight into the pathogenesis and prevention of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Joyce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Global Oncology, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Global Oncology, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kalsea Koss
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Global Oncology, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Heiss
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allan Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Norrina Bai Allen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Colter Mitchell
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara McLanahan
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa Schneper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Global Oncology, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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Stern JA, Barbarin O, Cassidy J. Working toward anti-racist perspectives in attachment theory, research, and practice. Attach Hum Dev 2021; 24:392-422. [PMID: 34528474 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2021.1976933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent social movements have illuminated systemic inequities in U.S. society, including within the social sciences. Thus, it is essential that attachment researchers and practitioners engage in reflection and action to work toward anti-racist perspectives in the field. Our aims in this paper are (1) to share the generative conversations and debates that arose in preparing the Special Issue of Attachment & Human Development, "Attachment Perspectives on Race, Prejudice, and Anti-Racism"; and (2) to propose key considerations for working toward anti-racist perspectives in the field of attachment. We provide recommendations for enriching attachment theory (e.g. considering relations between caregivers' racial-ethnic socialization and secure base provision), research (e.g. increasing the representation of African American researchers and participants), and practice (e.g. advocating for policies that reduce systemic inequities in family supports). Finally, we suggest two relevant models integrating attachment theory with perspectives from Black youth development as guides for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Stern
- Department Of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Oscar Barbarin
- Department Of African American Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States.,Department Of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
| | - Jude Cassidy
- Department Of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
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Dynamic adaptation of the Inventory of Piaget's Developmental Task (IPDT) and the application for children with low socioeconomic status. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Society to cell: How child poverty gets “Under the Skin” to influence child development and lifelong health. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Spallek J, Scholaske L, Duman EA, Razum O, Entringer S. Association of maternal migrant background with inflammation during pregnancy - Results of a birth cohort study in Germany. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:271-278. [PMID: 34146669 PMCID: PMC8316562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health disparities in children of immigrants are prevalent from birth and are hypothesized to - in part - emerge as a biological consequence of migration's unfavorable social and psychological sequelae. The aim of this study was to examine whether maternal migrant background is associated with inflammation during pregnancy - a key pathway by which maternal states and conditions during pregnancy may influence fetal development and subsequent pregnancy, birth, and child developmental and health outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data was available from 126 pregnant women who participated in a population based multi-site prospective birth cohort study in Bielefeld and Berlin, Germany. The study included two study visits in mid- and late pregnancy. At each visit, a composite maternal pro-inflammatory score was derived from circulating levels of plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP). Migrant background was defined by country of origin of participants and their parents' (Turkey or other) and generation status (1st or 2nd generation). We applied hierarchical linear models (HLM) in order to quantify the relationship between different migrant background variables and inflammation during pregnancy after adjustment for potential confounders (including socioeconomic status). RESULTS Migrant background was significantly associated with inflammation during pregnancy. When compared to women without migrant background, levels of inflammation were increased in 1) pregnant women with migrant background in general (B = 0.35, SE = 0.12, p < .01); 2) 1st (B = 0.28, SE = 0.15, p < .10) and 2nd generation (B = 0.40, SE = 0.15, p < .01); 3) women with a Turkish migrant background (B = 0.28, SE = 0.14, p < .10) and women with another migrant background (B = 0.42, SE = 0.15, p < .01); and 4) 2nd generation Turkish origin women (B = 0.38, SE = 0.20, p < .10), 1st generation women with other migrant background (B = 0.44, SE = 0.26, p < .10), and 2nd generation women with other migrant background (B = 0.43, SE = 0.17, p < .05). DISCUSSION Our findings support a role for maternal inflammation as a pathway of intergenerational transmission of migration-related health inequalities, suggest that the effect seems to persist in 2nd generation immigrants, and highlight the need for future research and targeted interventions in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Spallek
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.
| | - Laura Scholaske
- German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elif Aysimi Duman
- Department of Psychology, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey,,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology & International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, 10117 Berlin, Germany;,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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40
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Bleil ME, Spieker SJ, Booth-LaForce C. Targeting Parenting Quality to Reduce Early Life Adversity Impacts on Lifespan Cardiometabolic Risk. Front Psychol 2021; 12:678946. [PMID: 34149571 PMCID: PMC8211431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence that early life adversity (ELA) exposures confer risk for cardiometabolic disease over the lifespan motivated this narrative review to examine parenting quality as a potential intervention target to reduce ELA exposures or mitigate their impact as a way of reducing or preventing cardiometabolic disease. We describe findings from the limited number of family-based intervention studies in ELA-exposed children that have tested parenting impacts on cardiometabolic health outcomes. We then describe the implications of this work and make recommendations for future research that will move this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Bleil
- Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan J Spieker
- Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cathryn Booth-LaForce
- Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Chat IKY, Nusslock R, Moriarity DP, Bart CP, Mac Giollabhui N, Damme KSF, Carroll AL, Miller GE, Alloy LB. Goal-striving tendencies moderate the relationship between reward-related brain function and peripheral inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:60-70. [PMID: 33705866 PMCID: PMC8075112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with both lower and higher activity in brain regions that process rewarding stimuli. How can both low and high sensitivity to rewards be associated with higher inflammation? We propose that one potential mechanism underlying these apparently conflicting findings pertains to how people pursue goals in their environment. This prediction is based on evidence that both an inability to disengage from unattainable goals and low interest in and pursuit of important life goals are associated with poor health outcomes, including inflammation. Accordingly, this study examined the relationship between reward-related brain function and peripheral inflammation among individuals with different levels of ambitious goal-striving tendencies. Eighty-three participants completed an ambitious goal-striving tendency measure, an fMRI Monetary Incentive Delay task assessing orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) activation during reward anticipation and outcome, and a venous blood draw to assess the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein, from which we computed an inflammation composite score. We observed a reward anticipation by goal-striving interaction on inflammation, such that high OFC and NAc activation to reward anticipation (but not outcome) were associated with more inflammation, among high goal-striving individuals. By contrast, low NAc activation during reward anticipation (but not outcome) was associated with more inflammation, among low goal-striving individuals. The current study provides further evidence that both blunted and elevated reward function can be associated with inflammation. It also highlights the role that goal-striving tendencies may play in moderating the relationship between neural reward anticipation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ka-Yi Chat
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Corinne P Bart
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ann L Carroll
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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42
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Robles TF. Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:539-559. [PMID: 33164229 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A child's social relationships serve critical functions during development. The interface between a child's social world and their immune system, particularly innate immunity, which helped children survive in the face of infections, nutritional scarcity, and violence throughout human history, is the focus of this Annual Research Review. This article reviews the state of research on social relationships and innate immune inflammation during childhood. Warmth and rejection in childhood social relationships, as well as physical trauma and unpredictable social environments, were not consistently related to circulating inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein during childhood. Instead, links between social environments and inflammation were observed in studies that focus on children with greater background risk factors, such as low family socioeconomic status, family history of mood disorders, or presence of chronic interpersonal stressors combined with acute episodic stressors. In addition, studies on worse childhood social environments and greater inflammation in adulthood were more consistent. Warmth and rejection in the social environment may be related to sensitivity of immune cells to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids, though this is primarily observed in adolescent women at risk for depression. Additional mechanistic evidence suggests that greater warmth and less rejection are related to processes that regulate inflammation, including greater expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and lower expression of genes that are responsive to the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappa B. The article concludes by discussing implications of the interface between a child's social relationships and inflammation for mental health and other recent (on evolutionary timescales) health threats, as well as recommendations for future research, and recommendations for researchers interested in integrating inflammatory measures in developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore F Robles
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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43
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Matthews KA, Lee L, Duggan KA, Pardini DA. Pathways connecting family socioeconomic status in adolescence and sleep continuity in adult Black and White men. Sleep Health 2021; 7:436-444. [PMID: 33933378 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the roles of parenting and adolescent characteristics during ages 13 to 16 in connecting family socioeconomic status (SES) during adolescence with adult sleep in Black and White men. DESIGN Longitudinal school-based community study beginning in 1987-1988 when participants were enrolled in the first or seventh grade. SETTING Pittsburgh, PA. PARTICIPANTS 291 men (54.4% Black, mean age = 33, SD = 2.5) participated in 2012-2014 in a week-long study of sleep measured by actigraphy and diary. MEASURES In adolescence (ages 13-16), measures of family SES based on occupation, education, income and public assistance; parenting based on monitoring, positive expectations for future, warm parent-child relationship, and communication; and adolescent characteristics based on anxiety, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and peer rejection. In adulthood, participant SES, minutes awake after sleep onset (WASO), duration, and diary-assessed sleep quality. RESULTS Structural equation modeling confirmed significant indirect pathways: (1) low family SES in adolescence to negative parenting to low adult SES to greater WASO; (2) low family SES in adolescence to adolescent characteristics to low adult SES to greater WASO; (3) Black race to low family SES in adolescence to negative parenting to low adult SES to greater WASO; and (4) Black race to low family SES in adolescence to adolescent characteristics to adult SES to greater WASO. Similar models for duration and quality were not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Parenting and adolescent characteristics may have an indirect association with adult sleep continuity. Parenting and mental health interventions in adolescence may improve adult sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Laisze Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine A Duggan
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Dustin A Pardini
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Tooley UA, Mackey AP, Ciric R, Ruparel K, Moore TM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Bassett DS. Associations between Neighborhood SES and Functional Brain Network Development. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1-19. [PMID: 31220218 PMCID: PMC7029704 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood is associated with stronger cognitive abilities, higher academic achievement, and lower incidence of mental illness later in development. While prior work has mapped the associations between neighborhood SES and brain structure, little is known about the relationship between SES and intrinsic neural dynamics. Here, we capitalize upon a large cross-sectional community-based sample (Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, ages 8-22 years, n = 1012) to examine associations between age, SES, and functional brain network topology. We characterize this topology using a local measure of network segregation known as the clustering coefficient and find that it accounts for a greater degree of SES-associated variance than mesoscale segregation captured by modularity. High-SES youth displayed stronger positive associations between age and clustering than low-SES youth, and this effect was most pronounced for regions in the limbic, somatomotor, and ventral attention systems. The moderating effect of SES on positive associations between age and clustering was strongest for connections of intermediate length and was consistent with a stronger negative relationship between age and local connectivity in these regions in low-SES youth. Our findings suggest that, in late childhood and adolescence, neighborhood SES is associated with variation in the development of functional network structure in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A Tooley
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rastko Ciric
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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45
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Corsi-Zuelli F, Marques L, da Roza DL, Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Di Forti M, Menezes PR, Louzada-Junior P, Del-Ben CM. The independent and combined effects of cannabis use and systemic inflammation during the early stages of psychosis: exploring the two-hit hypothesis. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-11. [PMID: 33736715 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis consumption is a modifiable risk factor associated with psychosis, but not all cannabis users develop psychosis. Animal studies suggest that an antecedent active immune system interacts with subsequent cannabis exposure and moderates the cannabis-psychosis association, supporting the two-hit hypothesis. The clinical investigations are few, and it is unclear if the immune system is a biological candidate moderating the cannabis-psychosis association or whether cannabis increases inflammation, which in turn, augments psychosis likelihood. METHODS We explored the mediating and moderating role of blood inflammation using PROCESS macro. We used data from a cross-sectional study, including 153 first-episode psychosis patients and 256 community-based controls. Participants answered the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire (cannabis frequency, age of onset, and duration), and plasma cytokines were measured [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β); multiplex]. We computed an inflammatory composite score (ICS) to represent the systemic inflammatory state. Confounders included sex, age, ethnicity, educational level, body mass index, tobacco smoking, lifetime use of other drugs, and antipsychotic treatment. RESULTS Mediation: Cannabis consumption was not associated with increased inflammation, thus not supporting a mediating effect of inflammation. Moderation: Daily use and age of onset <17 interacted significantly with the ICS to increase the odds of psychosis beyond their individual effects and were only associated with psychosis among those scoring medium-high in the ICS. CONCLUSIONS Immune dysregulation might be part of the pathophysiology of psychosis, not explained by cannabis use or other confounders. We provide the first and initial evidence that immune dysregulation modifies the cannabis-psychosis association, in line with a two-hit hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases - CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Marques
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daiane Leite da Roza
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases - CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Shuhama
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases - CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Quidé Y, Bortolasci CC, Spolding B, Kidnapillai S, Watkeys OJ, Cohen-Woods S, Carr VJ, Berk M, Walder K, Green MJ. Systemic inflammation and grey matter volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Moderation by childhood trauma severity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110013. [PMID: 32540496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of systemic inflammation are consistently reported in both schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar-I disorder (BD), and are associated with childhood trauma exposure. We tested whether childhood trauma exposure moderates associations between systemic inflammation and brain morphology in people with these diagnoses. METHODS Participants were 55 SZ cases, 52 BD cases and 59 healthy controls (HC) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Systemic inflammation was measured using a composite z-score derived from serum concentrations of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and C-reactive protein. Indices of grey matter volume covariation (GMC) were derived from independent component analysis. Childhood trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ Total score). RESULTS A series of moderated moderation analyses indicated that increased systemic inflammation were associated with increased GMC in the striatum and cerebellum among all participants. Severity of childhood trauma exposure moderated the relationship between systemic inflammation and GMC in one component, differently among the groups. Specifically, decreased GMC in the PCC/precuneus, parietal lobule and postcentral gyrus, and increased GMC in the left middle temporal gyrus was associated with increased systemic inflammation in HC individuals exposed to high (but not low or average) levels of trauma and in SZ cases exposed to low (but not average or high) levels of trauma, but not in BD cases. CONCLUSIONS Increased systemic inflammation is associated with grey matter changes in people with psychosis, and these relationships may be partially and differentially moderated by childhood trauma exposure according to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Briana Spolding
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Srisaiyini Kidnapillai
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Cohen-Woods
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Órama Institute, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Scott J, McMillian-Bohler J, Johnson R, Simmons LA. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Blood Pressure in Women in the United States: A Systematic Review. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:78-87. [PMID: 33576175 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated blood pressure is a leading contributor to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Some studies suggest there is an association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and subsequent elevated blood pressure in adulthood. The literature specific to ACEs and blood pressure in women has not been synthesized; thus the purpose of this systematic review was to examine what is known about the association between ACEs and blood pressure in women living in the United States. METHODS In collaboration with a medical librarian, a systematic search of the literature published between January 1998 and December 2019 was conducted. Original, peer-reviewed publications were identified from PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. Studies were excluded if they (1) were conducted outside the United States, (2) measured acute stress or adult stressors, or (3) measured childhood- or pregnancy-related outcomes. RESULTS Of 1740 articles, 12 publications met criteria for inclusion in this study, 8 of which were from cohort studies. Racial and ethnic diversity was limited, with half of the articles in this review consisting of samples that were majority white. Of the studies that used a self-reported history of hypertension, 60% obtained significant associations with ACEs, compared with only 30% of the studies that had objective blood pressure data. ACEs were associated with lower blood pressure in 3 studies. DISCUSSION More research is needed to elucidate the relationship between ACEs and elevated blood pressure. Inconsistencies in the findings may be related to the measurement of blood pressure, assessment of ACEs, and population characteristics. Future studies should incorporate diverse population-representative samples with consideration for sex- or race-specific stressors such as pregnancy or racism and their potential influence on blood pressure. Health care providers may consider the history of ACEs as part of screening for cardiovascular risk factors among female patients, especially younger women presenting with elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Scott
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jacquelyn McMillian-Bohler
- Division of Health of Women, Children, and Families, Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ragan Johnson
- Division of Healthcare in Adult Populations, Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Leigh Ann Simmons
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, California
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48
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Boyce WT, Levitt P, Martinez FD, McEwen BS, Shonkoff JP. Genes, Environments, and Time: The Biology of Adversity and Resilience. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2020-1651. [PMID: 33495368 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposures to adverse environments, both psychosocial and physicochemical, are prevalent and consequential across a broad range of childhood populations. Such adversity, especially early in life, conveys measurable risk to learning and behavior and to the foundations of both mental and physical health. Using an interactive gene-environment-time (GET) framework, we survey the independent and interactive roles of genetic variation, environmental context, and developmental timing in light of advances in the biology of adversity and resilience, as well as new discoveries in biomedical research. Drawing on this rich evidence base, we identify 4 core concepts that provide a powerful catalyst for fresh thinking about primary health care for young children: (1) all biological systems are inextricably integrated, continuously "reading" and adapting to the environment and "talking back" to the brain and each other through highly regulated channels of cross-system communication; (2) adverse environmental exposures induce alterations in developmental trajectories that can lead to persistent disruptions of organ function and structure; (3) children vary in their sensitivity to context, and this variation is influenced by interactions among genetic factors, family and community environments, and developmental timing; and (4) critical or sensitive periods provide unmatched windows of opportunity for both positive and negative influences on multiple biological systems. These rapidly moving frontiers of investigation provide a powerful framework for new, science-informed thinking about health promotion and disease prevention in the early childhood period.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Boyce
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pat Levitt
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fernando D Martinez
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.,Deceased
| | - Jack P Shonkoff
- Center on the Developing Child and .,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and.,Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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49
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Shonkoff JP, Slopen N, Williams DR. Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on the Foundations of Health. Annu Rev Public Health 2021; 42:115-134. [PMID: 33497247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inequalities in health outcomes impose substantial human and economic costs on all societies-and the relation between early adversity and lifelong well-being presents a rich scientific framework for fresh thinking about health promotion and disease prevention broadly, augmented by a deeper focus on how racism influences disparities more specifically. This review begins with an overview of advances in the biology of adversity and resilience through an early childhood lens, followed by an overview of the unique effects of racism on health and a selective review of findings from related intervention research. This article presents a framework for addressing multiple dimensions of the public health challenge-including institutional/structural racism, cultural racism, and interpersonal discrimination-and concludes with the compelling need to protect the developing brain and other biological systems from the physiological disruptions of toxic stress that can undermine the building blocks of optimal health and development in the early childhood period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Shonkoff
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , , .,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , ,
| | - David R Williams
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , , .,Department of African and African American Studies and Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-3654, USA
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Bleil ME, Spieker SJ, Gregorich SE, Thomas AS, Hiatt RA, Appelhans BM, Roisman GI, Booth-LaForce C. Early Life Adversity and Pubertal Timing: Implications for Cardiometabolic Health. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:36-48. [PMID: 33120426 PMCID: PMC7819716 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify early life adversity (ELA) risk factors for earlier pubertal timing, itself a risk factor for poor cardiometabolic health, and to determine whether such ELA-related risk may be mediated by pre-pubertal body mass index (BMI). METHODS Subjects included 426 female participants in a prospective birth cohort study, the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Survival analysis models were fit to examine ELA exposures, representing childhood socioeconomic status (SES), maternal sensitivity, mother-child attachment, and negative life events, along with child health indicators and covariates, in relation to pubertal timing outcomes, including age at menarche and ages at Tanner stage II for breast and pubic hair development. RESULTS Higher childhood SES emerged as an independent predictor of older age at menarche, showing each one standard deviation increase in childhood SES corresponded to a 1.3% increase in age at menarche (factor change = 1.013; 1.003-1.022; p < .01), but did not predict breast or pubic hair development (ps > .05). In mediation analyses, indirect (mediated) effects of mother-child attachment on the pubertal timing outcomes, via pre-pubertal BMI, were all statistically significant (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS Higher childhood SES predicted directly, and secure (vs. insecure) mother-child attachment predicted indirectly (via pre-pubertal BMI), later pubertal timing, suggesting these factors may protect girls from earlier pubertal development. By extension, clinical implications are that intervention strategies designed to lessen ELA- and pre-pubertal obesity-related risk may be effective in remediating life course pathways linking ELA, accelerated pubertal development, and cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Bleil
- Child, Family, & Population Health Nursing, University of Washington
| | - Susan J Spieker
- Child, Family, & Population Health Nursing, University of Washington
| | | | - Alexis S Thomas
- Child, Family, & Population Health Nursing, University of Washington
| | - Robert A Hiatt
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
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