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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zeng L, Xiong Y, Wang X, Xiang W, Su P. Paternal cadmium exposure affects estradiol synthesis by impairing intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and mitochondrial function in offspring female mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115280. [PMID: 37481860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal commonly found in nature and an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Previous studies found that Cd can damage several organs, including the kidneys, bones, cardiovascular system and reproductive system. However, the effect of paternal Cd exposure on the offspring is unclear. In this study, 1 mg/kg of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was injected intraperitoneally every other day in 8-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice to study the effects on their female offspring. Our results showed an increase in body weight, water intake and food intake in F1 female mice from the Cd-exposed group. The development of secondary follicles and antral follicles in the ovaries of Cd-treated was inhibited. Serum estradiol (E2) was found to be decreased. Further analysis revealed significant downregulation of StAR, P450scc, 17β-HSD, CYP17A1 and CYP19A1, which are related to E2 synthesis. Serum total cholesterol was increased and free cholesterol was reduced. Total cholesterol in ovarian tissue was decreased. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in the mRNA and protein expression of HMGCR, LDLR, and ABCA1, which are associated with cholesterol homeostasis. Oil red O staining indicated that lipid droplets (LDs) were accumulated in ovarian tissues, while the expression of ATGL and HSL proteins associated with lipid droplet degradation was significantly downregulated. In juvenile female mice, ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria in the ovaries were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In adult female mice, the expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial dynamics (DRP1 and MFN2) was significantly reduced in the ovaries. Overall, our study suggests that paternal Cd exposure inhibits follicular development, and affects serum E2 synthesis by impairing cholesterol homeostasis and affecting mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinzhao Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Medical Genetics Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Xiong
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenpei Xiang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan Huake Reproductive Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430013, China
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan Huake Reproductive Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430013, China.
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2
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Plewes MR, Talbott HA, Saviola AJ, Woods NT, Schott MB, Davis JS. Luteal Lipid Droplets: A Novel Platform for Steroid Synthesis. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad124. [PMID: 37586092 PMCID: PMC10445418 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is an essential steroid hormone that is required to initiate and maintain pregnancy in mammals and serves as a metabolic intermediate in the synthesis of endogenously produced steroids, including sex hormones and corticosteroids. Steroidogenic luteal cells of the corpus luteum have the tremendous capacity to synthesize progesterone. These specialized cells are highly enriched with lipid droplets that store lipid substrate, which can be used for the synthesis of steroids. We recently reported that hormone-stimulated progesterone synthesis by luteal cells requires protein kinase A-dependent mobilization of cholesterol substrate from lipid droplets to mitochondria. We hypothesize that luteal lipid droplets are enriched with steroidogenic enzymes and facilitate the synthesis of steroids in the corpus luteum. In the present study, we analyzed the lipid droplet proteome, conducted the first proteomic analysis of lipid droplets under acute cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated conditions, and determined how specific lipid droplet proteins affect steroidogenesis. Steroidogenic enzymes, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B), were highly abundant on lipid droplets of the bovine corpus luteum. High-resolution confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of active HSD3B on the surface of luteal lipid droplets. We report that luteal lipid droplets have the capacity to synthesize progesterone from pregnenolone. Lastly, we analyzed the lipid droplet proteome following acute stimulation with cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, and report increased association of HSD3B with luteal lipid droplets following stimulation. These findings provide novel insights into the role of luteal lipid droplets in steroid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Plewes
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
- Department of Research Services, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Heather A Talbott
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045USA
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Micah B Schott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
- Department of Research Services, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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3
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Althaher AR. An Overview of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL). ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:1964684. [PMID: 36530555 PMCID: PMC9754850 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1964684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a pivotal enzyme that mediates triglyceride hydrolysis to provide free fatty acids and glycerol in adipocytes in a hormonally controlled lipolysis process. Elevated plasma-free fatty acids were accompanied by insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and obesity. Inhibition of lipolysis through HSL inhibition may provide a mechanism to prevent the accumulation of free fatty acids and to improve the affectability of insulin and blood glucose handling in type II diabetes. The published studies that examine the structure, regulation, and function of HSL and major inhibitors were reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa R. Althaher
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
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4
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Abstract
More than 27 yr ago, the vimentin knockout (Vim-/- ) mouse was reported to develop and reproduce without an obvious phenotype, implying that this major cytoskeletal protein was nonessential. Subsequently, comprehensive and careful analyses have revealed numerous phenotypes in Vim-/- mice and their organs, tissues, and cells, frequently reflecting altered responses in the recovery of tissues following various insults or injuries. These findings have been supported by cell-based experiments demonstrating that vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) play a critical role in regulating cell mechanics and are required to coordinate mechanosensing, transduction, signaling pathways, motility, and inflammatory responses. This review highlights the essential functions of vimentin IFs revealed from studies of Vim-/- mice and cells derived from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Euro-Bioimaging European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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5
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Przygrodzka E, Plewes MR, Davis JS. Luteinizing Hormone Regulation of Inter-Organelle Communication and Fate of the Corpus Luteum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9972. [PMID: 34576135 PMCID: PMC8470545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is an endocrine gland that synthesizes the steroid hormone progesterone. luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key luteotropic hormone that stimulates ovulation, luteal development, progesterone biosynthesis, and maintenance of the corpus luteum. Luteotropic and luteolytic factors precisely regulate luteal structure and function; yet, despite recent scientific progress within the past few years, the exact mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present review, we summarize the recent progress towards understanding cellular changes induced by LH in steroidogenic luteal cells. Herein, we will focus on the effects of LH on inter-organelle communication and steroid biosynthesis, and how LH regulates key protein kinases (i.e., AMPK and MTOR) responsible for controlling steroidogenesis and autophagy in luteal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Przygrodzka
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA; (E.P.); (M.R.P.)
| | - Michele R. Plewes
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA; (E.P.); (M.R.P.)
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - John S. Davis
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA; (E.P.); (M.R.P.)
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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6
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Przygrodzka E, Hou X, Zhang P, Plewes MR, Franco R, Davis JS. PKA and AMPK Signaling Pathways Differentially Regulate Luteal Steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab015. [PMID: 33502468 PMCID: PMC7899060 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) via protein kinase A (PKA) triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum, which arises from the differentiation of follicular granulosa and theca cells into large and small luteal cells, respectively. The small and large luteal cells produce progesterone, a steroid hormone required for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. We recently reported on the importance of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL, also known as LIPE) and lipid droplets for appropriate secretory function of the corpus luteum. These lipid-rich intracellular organelles store cholesteryl esters, which can be hydrolyzed by HSL to provide cholesterol, the main substrate necessary for progesterone synthesis. In the present study, we analyzed dynamic posttranslational modifications of HSL mediated by PKA and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as their effects on steroidogenesis in luteal cells. Our results revealed that AMPK acutely inhibits the stimulatory effects of LH/PKA on progesterone production without reducing levels of STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B proteins. Exogenous cholesterol reversed the negative effects of AMPK on LH-stimulated steroidogenesis, suggesting that AMPK regulates cholesterol availability in luteal cells. AMPK evoked inhibitory phosphorylation of HSL (Ser565). In contrast, LH/PKA decreased phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172, a residue required for its activation. Additionally, LH/PKA increased phosphorylation of HSL at Ser563, which is crucial for enzyme activation, and decreased inhibitory phosphorylation of HSL at Ser565. The findings indicate that LH and AMPK exert opposite posttranslational modifications of HSL, presumptively regulating cholesterol availability for steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Przygrodzka
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michele R Plewes
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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7
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Recazens E, Mouisel E, Langin D. Hormone-sensitive lipase: sixty years later. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 82:101084. [PMID: 33387571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was initially characterized as the hormonally regulated neutral lipase activity responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols into fatty acids in adipose tissue. This review aims at providing up-to-date information on structural properties, regulation of expression, activity and function as well as therapeutic potential. The lipase is expressed as different isoforms produced from tissue-specific alternative promoters. All isoforms are composed of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain within which a regulatory domain containing the phosphorylation sites is embedded. Some isoforms possess additional N-terminal regions. The catalytic domain shares similarities with bacteria, fungus and vascular plant proteins but not with other mammalian lipases. HSL singularity is provided by regulatory and N-terminal domains sharing no homology with other proteins. HSL has a broad substrate specificity compared to other neutral lipases. It hydrolyzes acylglycerols, cholesteryl and retinyl esters among other substrates. A novel role of HSL, independent of its enzymatic function, has recently been described in adipocytes. Clinical studies revealed dysregulations of HSL expression and activity in disorders, such as lipodystrophy, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer-associated cachexia. Development of specific inhibitors positions HSL as a pharmacological target for the treatment of metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Recazens
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France; Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
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8
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Liu Q, Liang Y, Gao N, Gao J, Wang Y, Li X, Qin J, Xiang Q, Wu X, Chen H, Huang Y, Zhang Q. Regulation of lipid droplets via the PLCβ2-PKCα-ADRP pathway in granulosa cells exposed to cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115541. [PMID: 32892022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In steroidogenic cells, steroids are synthesized de novo from cholesterol stored in lipid droplets (LDs). The size of LDs regulated by adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) is closely related to cholesterol ester hydrolysis. Many studies reported that cadmium (Cd) had dual effects on steroidogenesis in granulosa cells (GCs). However, the role of LD and its regulation in abnormal steroidogenesis caused by Cd exposure remain unknown. In current study, female rats were exposed to CdCl2 during gestation and lactation, and influence of such exposure was investigated in ovarian GCs of female offspring. The size of LDs was found much smaller than normal in GCs; ADRP was down-regulated and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation was increased, followed by up-regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1); the expression of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 (PLCβ2) and protein kinase C alpha type (PKCα) were both decreased accompanying the ADRP down-regulation. This series of events resulted in a high level of progesterone in serum. Similar results were demonstrated in GCs treated with 20 μM CdCl2 for 24 h in vitro. The protein level of ADRP was decreased after gene silencing of PLCβ2/PKCα, and the knockdown of PLCβ2/PKCα/ADRP led to micro-sized LD formation. We found that Cd exposure down-regulated ADRP by inhibiting the PLCβ2-PKCα signaling pathway, reduced the size of LDs, and promoted HSL phosphorylation. StAR and CYP11A1 were both up-regulated following the hydrolysis of cholesterol ester, which led to a high production of progesterone. LD thereby is a target subcellular organelle for Cd to affect steroid hormone synthesis in ovarian GCs. These findings might help to uncover the mechanism of ovarian dysfunction and precocious puberty caused by Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Youjin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jianxiang Qin
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangzhou Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University Co.,Ltd, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangzhou Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University Co.,Ltd, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangzhou Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University Co.,Ltd, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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9
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Plewes MR, Krause C, Talbott HA, Przygrodzka E, Wood JR, Cupp AS, Davis JS. Trafficking of cholesterol from lipid droplets to mitochondria in bovine luteal cells: Acute control of progesterone synthesis. FASEB J 2020; 34:10731-10750. [PMID: 32614098 PMCID: PMC7868007 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000671r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a transient endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes the steroid hormone, progesterone, which is vital for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Luteinizing hormone (LH) via activation of protein kinase A (PKA) acutely stimulates luteal progesterone synthesis via a complex process, converting cholesterol via a series of enzymatic reactions, into progesterone. Lipid droplets in steroidogenic luteal cells store cholesterol in the form of cholesterol esters, which are postulated to provide substrate for steroidogenesis. Early enzymatic studies showed that hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) hydrolyzes luteal cholesterol esters. In this study, we tested whether HSL is a critical mediator of the acute actions of LH on luteal progesterone production. Using LH-responsive bovine small luteal cells our results reveal that LH, forskolin, and 8-Br cAMP-induced PKA-dependent phosphorylation of HSL at Ser563 and Ser660, events known to promote HSL activity. Small molecule inhibition of HSL activity and siRNA-mediated knock down of HSL abrogated LH-induced progesterone production. Moreover, western blotting and confocal microscopy revealed that LH stimulates phosphorylation and translocation of HSL to lipid droplets. Furthermore, LH increased trafficking of cholesterol from the lipid droplets to the mitochondria, which was dependent on both PKA and HSL activation. Taken together, these findings identify a PKA/HSL signaling pathway in luteal cells in response to LH and demonstrate the dynamic relationship between PKA, HSL, and lipid droplets in luteal progesterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R. Plewes
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Crystal Krause
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Heather A. Talbott
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Emilia Przygrodzka
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Wood
- Department of Animal Sciences, ANSC A224k, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Andrea S. Cupp
- Department of Animal Sciences, ANSC A224k, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - John S. Davis
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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10
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Hofer P, Taschler U, Schreiber R, Kotzbeck P, Schoiswohl G. The Lipolysome-A Highly Complex and Dynamic Protein Network Orchestrating Cytoplasmic Triacylglycerol Degradation. Metabolites 2020; 10:E147. [PMID: 32290093 PMCID: PMC7240967 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolism of intracellular triacylglycerols (TAGs) involves the activity of cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzymes. Cytoplasmic TAG hydrolysis, commonly termed lipolysis, is catalyzed by the sequential action of three major hydrolases, namely adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and monoacylglycerol lipase. All three enzymes interact with numerous protein binding partners that modulate their activity, cellular localization, or stability. Deficiencies of these auxiliary proteins can lead to derangements in neutral lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the composition and the dynamics of the complex lipolytic machinery we like to call "lipolysome".
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.H.); (U.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.H.); (U.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.H.); (U.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.H.); (U.T.); (R.S.)
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11
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Wilhelmsson U, Stillemark-Billton P, Borén J, Pekny M. Vimentin is required for normal accumulation of body fat. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1157-1162. [PMID: 30995202 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) have many functions, especially in response to cellular stress. Mice lacking vimentin (Vim-/-) display phenotypes reflecting reduced levels of cell activation and ability to counteract stress, for example, decreased reactivity of astrocytes after neurotrauma, decreased migration of astrocytes and fibroblasts, attenuated inflammation and fibrosis in lung injury, delayed wound healing, impaired vascular adaptation to nephrectomy, impaired transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and attenuated atherosclerosis. To address the role of vimentin in fat accumulation, we assessed the body weight and fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in Vim-/- and matched wildtype (WT) mice. While the weight of 1.5-month-old Vim-/- and WT mice was comparable, Vim-/- mice showed decreased body weight at 3.5, 5.5 and 8.5 months (males by 19-22%, females by 18-29%). At 8.5 months, Vim-/- males and females had less body fat compared to WT mice (a decrease by 24%, p < 0.05, and 33%, p < 0.0001, respectively). The body mass index in 8.5 months old Vim-/- mice was lower in males (6.8 vs. 7.8, p < 0.005) and females (6.0 vs. 7.7, p < 0.0001) despite the slightly lower body length of Vim-/- mice. Increased mortality was observed in adult Vim-/- males. We conclude that vimentin is required for the normal accumulation of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Stillemark-Billton
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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12
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Azhar S, Dong D, Shen WJ, Hu Z, Kraemer FB. The role of miRNAs in regulating adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 64:R21-R43. [PMID: 31671401 PMCID: PMC7202133 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are endogenous noncoding single-stranded small RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that post-transcriptionally repress the expression of their various target genes. They contribute to the regulation of a variety of physiologic processes including embryonic development, differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, hemostasis and inflammation. In addition, aberrant miRNA expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including cancer, hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. Steroid hormones regulate virtually every aspect of metabolism, and acute and chronic steroid hormone biosynthesis is primarily regulated by tissue-specific trophic hormones involving transcriptional and translational events. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that steroidogenic pathways are also subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations including processes such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, protein‒protein interactions and regulation by specific miRNAs, although the latter is in its infancy state. Here, we summarize the recent advances in miRNA-mediated regulation of steroidogenesis with emphasis on adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Pacwa A, Gorowska-Wojtowicz E, Ptak A, Pawlicki P, Milon A, Sekula M, Lesniak K, Bilinska B, Hejmej A, Kotula-Balak M. Interplay between estrogen-related receptors and steroidogenesis-controlling molecules in adrenals. In vivo and in vitro study. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:456-467. [PMID: 29778238 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β and γ appear to be novel molecules implicated in estrogen signaling. We blocked and activated ERRs in mouse (C57BL/6) adrenals and adrenocortical cells (H295R) using pharmacological agents XCT 790 (ERRα antagonist) and DY131 (ERRβ/γ agonist), respectively. Mice were injected with XCT 790 or DY131 (5 μg/kg bw) while cells were exposed to XCT 790 or DY131 (0.5 μg/L). Irrespectively of the agent used, changes in adrenocortical cell morphology along with changes in lutropin, cholesterol levels and estrogen production were found. Diverse and complex ERRs regulation of multilevel-acting steroidogenic proteins (perilipin; PLIN, cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage; P450scc, translocator protein; TSPO, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; StAR, hormone sensitive lipase; HSL and HMG-CoA reductase; HMGCR) was revealed. Blockage of ERRα decreased P450scc, StAR and TSPO expressions. Activation of ERRβ/γ increased P450scc, StAR and HMGCR while decreased HSL expressions. PLIN expression increased either after XCT 790 or DY131 treatment. Additionally, treatment with both XCT 790 or DY131 decreased activity of Ras/Raf, Erk and Akt indicating their involvement in control of morphology and steroidogenic function of cortex cells. ERRs are important in maintaining morpho-function of cortex cells through action in specific, opposite, or common manner on steroidogenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pacwa
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - E Gorowska-Wojtowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - P Pawlicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Milon
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Sekula
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - K Lesniak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - B Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Kotula-Balak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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14
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Romano S, Mitro N, Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Pesaresi M, Spezzano R, Audano M, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Diabetes induces mitochondrial dysfunction and alters cholesterol homeostasis and neurosteroidogenesis in the rat cerebral cortex. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:108-116. [PMID: 29183767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system synthesizes and metabolizes steroids (i.e., neurosteroidogenesis). Recent observations indicate that neurosteroidogenesis is affected by different nervous pathologies. Among these, long-term type 1 diabetes, together with other functional and biochemical changes, has been shown to alter neuroactive steroid levels in the nervous system. Using an experimental model of type 1 diabetes (i.e., streptozotocin injection) we here show that the levels of these molecules are already decreased in the rat cerebral cortex after one month of the initiation of the pathology. Moreover, decreased levels of free cholesterol, together with alterations in the expression of molecules involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, bioavailability, trafficking and metabolism were detected in the rat cerebral cortex after one month of diabetes. Furthermore, mitochondrial functionality was also affected in the cerebral cortex and consequently may also contribute to the decrease in neuroactive steroid levels. Altogether, these results indicate that neurosteroidogenesis is an early target for the effect of type 1 diabetes in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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15
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Torres S, Balboa E, Zanlungo S, Enrich C, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Lysosomal and Mitochondrial Liaisons in Niemann-Pick Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:982. [PMID: 29249985 PMCID: PMC5714892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are characterized by the accumulation of diverse lipid species in lysosomes. Niemann-Pick type A/B (NPA/B) and type C diseases Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) are progressive LSD caused by loss of function of distinct lysosomal-residing proteins, acid sphingomyelinase and NPC1, respectively. While the primary cause of these diseases differs, both share common biochemical features, including the accumulation of sphingolipids and cholesterol, predominantly in endolysosomes. Besides these alterations in lysosomal homeostasis and function due to accumulation of specific lipid species, the lysosomal functional defects can have far-reaching consequences, disrupting intracellular trafficking of sterols, lipids and calcium through membrane contact sites (MCS) of apposed compartments. Although MCS between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria have been well studied and characterized in different contexts, emerging evidence indicates that lysosomes also exhibit close proximity with mitochondria, which translates in their mutual functional regulation. Indeed, as best illustrated in NPC disease, alterations in the lysosomal-mitochondrial liaisons underlie the secondary accumulation of specific lipids, such as cholesterol in mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and defective antioxidant defense, which contribute to disease progression. Thus, a better understanding of the lysosomal and mitochondrial interactions and trafficking may identify novel targets for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Balboa
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidad de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica CELLEX, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Intituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit and Hospital Clinc I Provincial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Southern California Research Center for ALDP and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Wang Y, Chen F, Ye L, Zirkin B, Chen H. Steroidogenesis in Leydig cells: effects of aging and environmental factors. Reproduction 2017; 154:R111-R122. [PMID: 28747539 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serum testosterone (TS) levels decrease with aging in both humans and rodents. Using the rat as a model system, it was found that age-related reductions in serum TS were not due to loss of Leydig cells, but rather to the reduced ability of the Leydig cells to produce TS in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). Detailed analyses of the steroidogenic pathway have suggested that two defects along the pathway, LH-stimulated cAMP production and cholesterol transport to and into the mitochondria, are of particular importance in age-related reductions in TS production. Although the mechanisms involved in these defects are far from certain, increasing oxidative stress appears to play a particularly important role. Interestingly, increased oxidative stress also appears to be involved in the suppressive effects of endocrine disruptors on Leydig cell TS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fenfen Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leping Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haolin Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Romano S, Mitro N, Diviccaro S, Spezzano R, Audano M, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Short-term effects of diabetes on neurosteroidogenesis in the rat hippocampus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:135-143. [PMID: 27890531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes may induce neurophysiological and structural changes in the central nervous system (i.e., diabetic encephalopathy). We here explored whether the levels of neuroactive steroids (i.e., neuroprotective agents) in the hippocampus may be altered by short-term diabetes (i.e., one month). To this aim, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry we observed that in the experimental model of the rat raised diabetic by streptozotocin injection, one month of pathology induced changes in the levels of several neuroactive steroids, such as pregnenolone, progesterone and its metabolites (i.e., tetrahydroprogesterone and isopregnanolone) and testosterone and its metabolites (i.e., dihydrotestosterone and 3α-diol). Interestingly these brain changes were not fully reflected by the plasma level changes, suggesting that early phase of diabetes directly affects steroidogenesis and/or steroid metabolism in the hippocampus. These concepts are also supported by the findings that crucial steps of steroidogenic machinery, such as the gene expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (i.e., molecule involved in the translocation of cholesterol into mitochondria) and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (i.e., enzyme converting cholesterol into pregnenolone) and 5α-reductase (enzyme converting progesterone and testosterone into their metabolites) are also affected in the hippocampus. In addition, cholesterol homeostasis as well as the functionality of mitochondria, a key organelle in which the limiting step of neuroactive steroid synthesis takes place, are also affected. Data obtained indicate that short-term diabetes alters hippocampal steroidogenic machinery and that these changes are associated with impaired cholesterol homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus, suggesting them as relevant factors for the development of diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Flynn MP, Fiedler SE, Karlsson AB, Carr DW, Maizels ET, Hunzicker-Dunn M. Dephosphorylation of MAP2D enhances its binding to vimentin in preovulatory ovarian granulosa cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2983-96. [PMID: 27335427 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preovulatory granulosa cells express the low-molecular-mass MAP2D variant of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Activation of the luteinizing hormone choriogonadotropin receptor by human choriogonadotropin (hCG) promotes dephosphorylation of MAP2D on Thr256 and Thr259. We sought to evaluate the association of MAP2D with the cytoskeleton, and the effect of hCG on this association. MAP2D partially colocalized, as assessed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, with the vimentin intermediate filament and microtubule cytoskeletons in naive cells. In vitro binding studies showed that MAP2D bound directly to vimentin and β-tubulin. Phosphorylation of recombinant MAP2D on Thr256 and Thr259, which mimics the phosphorylation status of MAP2D in naive cells, reduces binding of MAP2D to vimentin and tubulin by two- and three-fold, respectively. PKA-dependent phosphorylation of vimentin (Ser32 and Ser38) promoted binding of vimentin to MAP2D and increased contraction of granulosa cells with reorganization of vimentin filaments and MAP2D from the periphery into a thickened layer surrounding the nucleus and into prominent cellular extensions. Chemical disruption of vimentin filament organization increased progesterone production. Taken together, these results suggest that hCG-stimulated dephosphorylation of MAP2D at Thr256 and Thr259, phosphorylation of vimentin at Ser38 and Ser72, and the resulting enhanced binding of MAP2D to vimentin might contribute to the progesterone synthetic response required for ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxfield P Flynn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sarah E Fiedler
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amelia B Karlsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Daniel W Carr
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evelyn T Maizels
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mary Hunzicker-Dunn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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19
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Dong C, Cao J, Cao C, Han Y, Wu S, Wang S, Wang J. Effects of fluoride and aluminum on expressions of StAR and P450scc of related steroidogenesis in guinea pigs' testis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:345-351. [PMID: 26774298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A lot of studies have shown that fluoride and aluminum have toxic effect on male reproductive system, but the mechanism of which and the interaction between fluoride and aluminum is still unknown. This study investigated the effects of fluoride (NaF) or/and aluminum (AlCl3) on serum testosterone level, gene and protein expression levels of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) and Cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) in the testes of guinea pigs. Fifty-two guinea pigs were divided randomly into four groups (Control, HiF, HiAl and HiF + HiAl). Fluoride (150 mg NaF/L) or/and aluminum (300 mg AlCl3/L) were orally administrated to male guinea pigs for 13 weeks. The results showed that F and Al reduced number and elevated abnormal ratio of sperm. Meanwhile, the concentrations of serum testosterone in all experimental groups were decreased. P450scc protein expression was significantly reduced in all treatment groups, and StAR expression was decreased remarkably in HiF group and HiF + HiAl group. The levels of StAR mRNA in three groups were reduced by 53.9%, 21.4% and 33.4%, respectively, while the expressions of P450scc mRNA were reduced by 67.8%, 17.0% and 47.8%. Therefore, we concluded that F induced the reduction in testosterone and sperm amount, and thus in lower fertility, which might occur as a consequence of depressed StAR and P450scc mRNA expression. There were no synergistic effects between F and Al, instead, Al weakened the toxicity of F to some extents. The results indicated that Al had antagonism effects on F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Dong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Han
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyan Wu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural Univerisity, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Manna PR, Stetson CL, Slominski AT, Pruitt K. Role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in health and disease. Endocrine 2016; 51:7-21. [PMID: 26271515 PMCID: PMC4707056 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are an important class of regulatory molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, ovary, testis, placenta, brain, and skin, and influence a spectrum of developmental and physiological processes. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) predominantly mediates the rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis, i.e., the transport of the substrate of all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. At the inner membrane, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme cleaves the cholesterol side chain to form the first steroid, pregnenolone, which is converted by a series of enzymes to various steroid hormones in specific tissues. Both basic and clinical evidence have demonstrated the crucial involvement of the STAR protein in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis. Multiple levels of regulation impinge on STAR action. Recent findings demonstrate that hormone-sensitive lipase, through its action on the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters, plays an important role in regulating STAR expression and steroidogenesis which involve the liver X receptor pathway. Activation of the latter influences macrophage cholesterol efflux that is a key process in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Appropriate regulation of steroid hormones is vital for proper functioning of many important biological activities, which are also paramount for geriatric populations to live longer and healthier. This review summarizes the current level of understanding on tissue-specific and hormone-induced regulation of STAR expression and steroidogenesis, and provides insights into a number of cholesterol and/or steroid coupled physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
| | - Cloyce L Stetson
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
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Czajkowski MT, Holysz M, Trzeciak WH. Induction of hormone-sensitive lipase/cholesteryl esterase gene expression by C/EBPα independently of the PKA pathway in the adrenocortical Y-1 cells. Steroids 2015; 104:118-21. [PMID: 26362599 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of C/EBPα on the expression of LIPE gene encoding hormone-sensitive lipase/cholesteryl esterase (HSL) was investigated in Y-1 CCL79 cells. It was found that transfection of these cells with the vector overexpressing C/EBPα increased both the level of LIPE transcript, measured by RT-qPCR, and the luminesce emitted by luciferase reporter gene fused to the -2150 fragment of LIPE promoter. Activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin resulted in 2.5-fold increase in the intensity of luminescence and over 3-fold increase in luminescence was observed when the cells were cotransfected with the vector overexpressing C/EBP. The incubation of C/EBP-cotransfected cells with forskolin caused over 6-fold increase in the intensity of luminescence, suggesting that the effects of C/EBPα and forskolin are additive. The analysis of sequence of the proximal LIPE promoter showed multiple binding sites for various transcription factors including C/EBPα site, which is located between nucleotides -46 bp and -59 bp. When the Y-1 cells were transfected with the recombinant vector containing -60 bp fragment of LIPE promoter fused to the luciferase reporter gene and were cotransfected with the vector overexpressing C/EBPα, the luminescence increases about 9-fold indicating that C/EBPα stimulates the expression of LIPE by reacting with its response element. The results indicate that C/EBPα stimulates the expression of LIPE independently of the PKA pathway by binding to a response element situated within the -60 bp fragment of LIPE promoter. This suggests that C/EBPα might be involved in the regulation of LIPE expression and thus cholesterol supply for steroid hormone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Czajkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Holysz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - W H Trzeciak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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22
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Shen WJ, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. Lipid droplets and steroidogenic cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:209-14. [PMID: 26639173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) in steroidogenic tissues have a cholesteryl ester (CE) core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer that is coated with associated proteins. Compared with other tissues, they tend to be smaller in size and more numerous in numbers. These LDs are enriched with PLIN1c, PLIN2 and PLIN3. Both CIDE A and B are found in mouse ovary. Free cholesterol (FC) released upon hormone stimulation from LDs is the preferred source of cholesterol substrate for steroidogenesis, and HSL is the major neutral cholesterol esterase mediating the conversion of CEs to FC. Through the interaction of HSL with vimentin and StAR, FC is translocated to mitochondria for steroid hormone production. Proteomic analyses of LDs isolated from loaded primary ovarian granulosa cells, mouse MLTC-1 Leydig tumor cells and mouse testes revealed LD associated proteins that are actively involved in modulating lipid homeostasis along with a number of steroidogenic enzymes. Microscopy analysis confirmed the localization of many of these proteins to LDs. These studies broaden the role of LDs to include being a platform for functional steroidogenic enzyme activity or as a port for transferring steroidogenic enzymes and/or steroid intermediates, in addition to being a storage depot for CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States.
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23
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Lobo MVT, Arenas MI, Huerta L, Sacristán S, Pérez-Crespo M, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Díaz-Gil JJ, Lasunción MA, Martín-Hidalgo A. Liver growth factor induces testicular regeneration in EDS-treated rats and increases protein levels of class B scavenger receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E111-21. [PMID: 25389365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00329.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine the effects of liver growth factor (LGF) on the regeneration process of rat testes after chemical castration induced by ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) by analyzing some of the most relevant proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism, such as hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), scavenger receptor SR-BI, and other components of the SR family that could contribute to the recovery of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis. Sixty male rats were randomized to nontreated (controls) and LGF-treated, EDS-treated, and EDS + LGF-treated groups. Testes were obtained on days 10 (T1), 21 (T2), and 35 (T3) after EDS treatment, embedded in paraffin, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. LGF improved the recovery of the seminiferous epithelia, the appearance of the mature pattern of Leydig cell interstitial distribution, and the expression of mature SR-BI. Moreover, LGF treatment resulted in partial recovery of HSL expression in Leydig cells and spermatogonia. No changes in serum testosterone were observed in control or LGF-treated rats, but in EDS-castrated animals LGF treatment induced a progressive increase in serum testosterone levels and 3β-HSD expression. Based on the pivotal role of SR-BI in the uptake of cholesteryl esters from HDL, it is suggested that the observed effects of LGF would facilitate the provision of cholesterol for sperm cell growth and Leydig cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V T Lobo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M I Arenas
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Huerta
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Departamento Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sacristán
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Departamento Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Crespo
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal y Conservación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, INIA, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - A Gutiérrez-Adán
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal y Conservación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, INIA, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - J J Díaz-Gil
- Servicio de Bioquímica Experimental, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Departamento Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martín-Hidalgo
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Departamento Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain;
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Tyczewska M, Rucinski M, Ziolkowska A, Trejter M, Szyszka M, Malendowicz LK. Expression of selected genes involved in steroidogenesis in the course of enucleation-induced rat adrenal regeneration. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:613-23. [PMID: 24366092 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enucleation-induced (EI) rapid proliferation of adrenocortical cells is followed by their differentiation, the degree of which may be characterized by the expression of genes directly and indirectly involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis. In this study, out of 30,000 transcripts of genes identified by means of Affymetrix Rat Gene 1.1 ST Array, we aimed to select genes (either up- or downregulated) involved in steroidogenesis in the course of enucleation-induced adrenal regeneration. On day 1, we found 32 genes with altered expression levels, 15 were upregulated and 17 were downregulated [i.e., 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd3β), nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1 (Nr0b1), cytochrome P450 aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2) and sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (Soat1)]. On day 15, the expression of only 2 genes was increased and that of 3 was decreased. The investigated genes were clustered according to an hierarchical clustering algorithm and 4 clusters were obtained. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed the much lower mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) during the regeneration process compared to the control, while the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (cholesterol desmolase; Cyp11a1) and Hsd3β genes presented similar expression profiles throughout the entire regeneration process. Cyp11b2 mRNA levels remained very low during the whole regeneration period. Fatty acid binding protein 6 (Fabp6) was markedly upregulated, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe) was downregulated. The expression of Soat1 was lowest on regeneration day 1 and, subsequently, its expression increased from there on, reaching levels higher than the control. Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1 (Dax-1) mRNA levels were lowest on day 1 of the experiment; however, throughout the entire experimental period, there were no statistically significant differences observed. After the initial decrease in steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf-1) mRNA levels observed on the 1st day of the experiment, a marked upregulation in its expression was observed from there on. Data from the current study strongly suggest the role of Fabp6, Lipe and Soat1 in supplying substrates of regenerating adrenocortical cells for steroid synthesis. Our results indicate that during the first days of adrenal regeneration, intense synthesis of cholesterol may occur, which is then followed by its conversion into cholesteryl esters. Moreover, our data demonstrated that in enucleation-induced regeneration, the restoration of genes involved in glucocorticoid synthesis is notably shorter than that of those involved in aldosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ziolkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Trejter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ludwik K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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25
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Miller WL. Steroid hormone synthesis in mitochondria. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 379:62-73. [PMID: 23628605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Mitochondria in the steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, gonad, placenta and brain contain the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, and its two electron-transfer partners, ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. This enzyme system converts cholesterol to pregnenolone and determines net steroidogenic capacity, so that it serves as the chronic regulator of steroidogenesis. Several other steroidogenic enzymes, including 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase also reside in mitochondria. Similarly, the mitochondria of renal tubular cells contain two key enzymes participating in the activation and degradation of vitamin D. The access of cholesterol to the mitochondria is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR, serving as the acute regulator of steroidogenesis. StAR action requires a complex multi-component molecular machine on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Components of this machine include the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), the voltage-dependent anion chanel (VDAC-1), TSPO-associated protein 7 (PAP7, ACBD3), and protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1α (PKAR1A). The precise fashion in which these proteins interact and move cholesterol from the OMM to P450scc, and the means by which cholesterol is loaded into the OMM, remain unclear. Human deficiency diseases have been described for StAR and for all the mitochondrial steroidogenic enzymes, but not for the electron transfer proteins or for the components of the cholesterol import machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA; Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA.
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26
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Sewer MB, Li D. Regulation of adrenocortical steroid hormone production by RhoA-diaphanous 1 signaling and the cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371. [PMID: 23186810 PMCID: PMC3926866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of glucocorticoids and aldosterone in the adrenal cortex is regulated at multiple levels. Biosynthesis of these hormones is initiated when cholesterol, the substrate, enters the inner mitochondrial membrane for conversion to pregnenolone. Unlike most metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of adrenocortical steroid hormones is unique because some of the enzymes are localized in mitochondria and others in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although much is known about the factors that control the transcription and activities of the proteins that are required for steroid hormone production, the parameters that govern the exchange of substrates between the ER and mitochondria are less well understood. This short review summarizes studies that have begun to provide insight into the role of the cytoskeleton, mitochondrial transport, and the physical interaction of the ER and mitochondria in the production of adrenocortical steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704, USA.
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27
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Manna PR, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Counis R, Garner CW, Huhtaniemi I, Kraemer FB, Stocco DM. Mechanisms of action of hormone-sensitive lipase in mouse Leydig cells: its role in the regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8505-8518. [PMID: 23362264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in steroidogenic tissues and, thus, facilitates cholesterol availability for steroidogenesis. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) controls the rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis. However, the modes of action of HSL in the regulation of StAR expression remain obscure. We demonstrate in MA-10 mouse Leydig cells that activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, by a cAMP analog Bt2cAMP, enhanced expression of HSL and its phosphorylation (P) at Ser-660 and Ser-563, but not at Ser-565, concomitant with increased HSL activity. Phosphorylation and activation of HSL coincided with increases in StAR, P-StAR (Ser-194), and progesterone levels. Inhibition of HSL activity by CAY10499 effectively suppressed Bt2cAMP-induced StAR expression and progesterone synthesis. Targeted silencing of endogenous HSL, with siRNAs, resulted in increased cholesteryl ester levels and decreased cholesterol content in MA-10 cells. Depletion of HSL affected lipoprotein-derived cellular cholesterol influx, diminished the supply of cholesterol to the mitochondria, and resulted in the repression of StAR and P-StAR levels. Cells overexpressing HSL increased the efficacy of liver X receptor (LXR) ligands on StAR expression and steroid synthesis, suggesting HSL-mediated steroidogenesis entails enhanced oxysterol production. Conversely, cells deficient in LXRs exhibited decreased HSL responsiveness. Furthermore, an increase in HSL was correlated with the LXR target genes, steroid receptor element-binding protein 1c and ATP binding cassette transporter A1, demonstrating HSL-dependent regulation of steroidogenesis predominantly involves LXR signaling. LXRs interact/cooperate with RXRs and result in the activation of StAR gene transcription. These findings provide novel insight and demonstrate the molecular events by which HSL acts to drive cAMP/PKA-mediated regulation of StAR expression and steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC CNRS 4413, Paris, France
| | - Raymond Counis
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC CNRS 4413, Paris, France
| | - Charles W Garner
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Heath Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430.
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Casado ME, Huerta L, Ortiz AI, Pérez-Crespo M, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Kraemer FB, Lasunción MÁ, Busto R, Martín-Hidalgo A. HSL-knockout mouse testis exhibits class B scavenger receptor upregulation and disrupted lipid raft microdomains. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2586-97. [PMID: 22988039 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m028076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a tight relationship between fertility and changes in cholesterol metabolism during spermatogenesis. In the testis, class B scavenger receptors (SR-B) SR-BI, SR-BII, and LIMP II mediate the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from HDL, which are hydrolyzed to unesterified cholesterol by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). HSL is critical because HSL knockout (KO) male mice are sterile. The aim of the present work was to determine the effects of the lack of HSL in testis on the expression of SR-B, lipid raft composition, and related cell signaling pathways. HSL-KO mouse testis presented altered spermatogenesis associated with decreased sperm counts, sperm motility, and infertility. In wild-type (WT) testis, HSL is expressed in elongated spermatids; SR-BI, in Leydig cells and spermatids; SR-BII, in spermatocytes and spermatids but not in Leydig cells; and LIMP II, in Sertoli and Leydig cells. HSL knockout male mice have increased expression of class B scavenger receptors, disrupted caveolin-1 localization in lipid raft plasma membrane microdomains, and activated phospho-ERK, phospho-AKT, and phospho-SRC in the testis, suggesting that class B scavenger receptors are involved in cholesterol ester uptake for steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Casado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Shen WJ, Zaidi SK, Patel S, Cortez Y, Ueno M, Azhar R, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. Ablation of vimentin results in defective steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3249-57. [PMID: 22535769 PMCID: PMC3380307 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In steroidogenic tissues, cholesterol must be transported to the inner mitochondrial membrane to be converted to pregnenolone as the first step of steroidogenesis. Whereas steroidogenic acute regulatory protein has been shown to be responsible for the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, the process of how cholesterol moves to mitochondria from the cytoplasm is not clearly defined. The involvement of the cytoskeleton has been suggested; however, no specific mechanism has been confirmed. In this paper, using genetic ablation of an intermediate filament protein in mice, we present data demonstrating a marked defect in adrenal and ovarian steroidogenesis in the absence of vimentin. Cosyntropin-stimulated corticosterone production is decreased 35 and 50% in male and female Vimentin null (Vim(-/-)) mice, respectively, whereas progesterone production is decreased 70% in female Vim(-/-) mice after pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, but no abnormalities in human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production is observed in male Vim(-/-) mice. These defects in steroid production are also seen in isolated adrenal and granulosa cells in vitro. Further studies show a defect in the movement of cholesterol from the cytosol to mitochondria in Vim(-/-) cells. Because the mobilization of cholesterol from lipid droplets and its transport to mitochondria is a preferred pathway for the initiation of steroid production in the adrenal and ovary but not the testis and vimentin is a droplet-associated protein, our results suggest that vimentin is involved in the movement of cholesterol from its storage in lipid droplets to mitochondria for steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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30
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Lucki NC, Bandyopadhyay S, Wang E, Merrill AH, Sewer MB. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) is a global regulator of steroidogenic capacity and adrenocortical gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:228-43. [PMID: 22261821 PMCID: PMC3275158 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In H295R human adrenocortical cells, ACTH rapidly activates ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine (SPH) turnover with a concomitant increase in SPH-1-phosphate secretion. These bioactive lipids modulate adrenocortical steroidogenesis, primarily by acting as second messengers in the protein kinase A/cAMP-dependent pathway. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) directly regulates the intracellular balance of Cer, SPH, and SPH-1-phosphate by catalyzing the hydrolysis of Cer into SPH. ACTH/cAMP signaling stimulates ASAH1 transcription and activity, supporting a role for this enzyme in glucocorticoid production. Here, the role of ASAH1 in regulating steroidogenic capacity was examined using a tetracycline-inducible ASAH1 short hairpin RNA H295R human adrenocortical stable cell line. We show that ASAH1 suppression increases the transcription of multiple steroidogenic genes, including Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP)17A1, CYP11B1/2, CYP21A2, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, hormone-sensitive lipase, 18-kDa translocator protein, and the melanocortin-2 receptor. Induced gene expression positively correlated with enhanced histone H3 acetylation at target promoters. Repression of ASAH1 expression also induced the expression of members of the nuclear receptor nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (NR4A) family while concomitantly suppressing the expression of dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1. ASAH1 knockdown altered the expression of genes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and changed the cellular amounts of distinct sphingolipid species. Finally, ASAH1 silencing increased basal and cAMP-dependent cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone secretion, establishing ASAH1 as a pivotal regulator of steroidogenic capacity in the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Lucki
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA
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31
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Shimizu-Albergine M, Tsai LCL, Patrucco E, Beavo JA. cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases 8A and 8B, essential regulators of Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:556-66. [PMID: 22232524 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 8A and PDE8B are high-affinity, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases that are highly expressed in Leydig cells. PDE8A is largely associated with mitochondria, whereas PDE8B is broadly distributed in the cytosol. We used a new, PDE8-selective inhibitor, PF-04957325, and genetically ablated PDE8A(-/-), PDE8B(-/-) and PDE8A(-/-)/B(-/-) mice to determine roles for these PDEs in the regulation of testosterone production. PF-04957325 treatment of WT Leydig cells or MA10 cells increased steroid production but had no effect in PDE8A (-/-)/B(-/-) double-knockout cells, confirming the selectivity of the drug. Moreover, under basal conditions, cotreatment with PF-04957325 plus rolipram, a PDE4-selective inhibitor, synergistically potentiated steroid production. These results suggest that the pool(s) of cAMP regulating androgen production are controlled by PDE8s working in conjunction with PDE4. Likewise, PDE8A (-/-)/B(-/-) cells had higher testosterone production than cells from either PDE8A(-/-) or PDE8B(-/-) mice, suggesting that both PDE8s work in concert to regulate steroid production. We further demonstrate that combined inhibition of PDE8s and PDE4 greatly increased PKA activity including phosphorylation of cholesterol-ester hydrolase (CEH)/hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). CEH/HSL phosphorylation also was increased in PDE8A(-/-)/B(-/-) cells compared with WT cells. Finally, combined inhibition of PDE8s and PDE4 increased the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. Together these findings suggest that both PDE8A and PDE8B play essential roles to maintain low cAMP levels, thereby suppressing resting steroidogenesis by keeping CEH/HSL inactive and StAR protein expression low. They also suggest that in order for PDE inhibitor therapy to be an effective stimulator of steroidogenesis, both PDE8 isozymes and PDE4 need to be simultaneously targeted.
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Lucki NC, Li D, Sewer MB. Sphingosine-1-phosphate rapidly increases cortisol biosynthesis and the expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and transport in H295R adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:165-75. [PMID: 21864647 PMCID: PMC3508734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the acute phase of adrenocortical steroidogenesis, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) activates a cAMP/PKA-signaling pathway that promotes the transport of free cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. We have previously shown that ACTH rapidly stimulates the metabolism of sphingolipids and the secretion of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in H295R cells. In this study, we examined the effect of S1P on genes involved in the acute phase of steroidogenesis. We show that S1P increases the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). S1P-induced StAR mRNA expression requires Gα(i) signaling, phospholipase C (PLC), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamKII), and ERK1/2 activation. S1P also increases intracellular Ca(2+), the phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) at Ser(563), and cortisol secretion. Collectively, these findings identify multiple roles for S1P in the regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Lucki
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230
| | - Donghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704
| | - Marion B. Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704
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Miller WL, Bose HS. Early steps in steroidogenesis: intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2111-2135. [PMID: 21976778 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol, primarily derived from lipoproteins that enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In endo-lysosomes, cholesterol is released from cholesterol esters by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL; disordered in Wolman disease) and exported via Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) proteins (disordered in NPC disease). These diseases are characterized by accumulated cholesterol and cholesterol esters in most cell types. Mechanisms for trans-cytoplasmic cholesterol transport, membrane insertion, and retrieval from membranes are less clear. Cholesterol esters and "free" cholesterol are enzymatically interconverted in lipid droplets. Cholesterol transport to the cholesterol-poor outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) appears to involve cholesterol transport proteins. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) then initiates steroidogenesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone on the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Acute steroidogenic responses are regulated by cholesterol delivery from OMM to IMM, triggered by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Chronic steroidogenic capacity is determined by CYP11A1 gene transcription. StAR mutations cause congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, with absent steroidogenesis, potentially lethal salt loss, and 46,XY sex reversal. StAR mutations initially destroy most, but not all steroidogenesis; low levels of StAR-independent steroidogenesis are lost later due to cellular damage, explaining the clinical findings. Rare P450scc mutations cause a similar syndrome. This review addresses these early steps in steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143.
| | - Himangshu S Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404; and; Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404
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Abrogation of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolytic activity causes adrenal enlargement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:254-60. [PMID: 21111707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (Nceh1) regulates foam cell formation and atherogenesis through the catalytic activity of cholesterol ester hydrolysis, and that Nceh1 and hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe) are responsible for the majority of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in macrophages. There are several cholesterol ester-metabolizing tissues and cells other than macrophages, among which adrenocortical cells are also known to utilize the intracellular cholesterol for steroidogenesis. It has been believed that the mobilization of intracellular cholesterol ester in adrenal glands was facilitated solely by Lipe. We herein demonstrate that Nceh1 is also involved in cholesterol ester hydrolysis in adrenal glands. While Lipe deficiency remarkably reduced the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in adrenal glands as previously reported, additional inactivation of Nceh1 gene completely abrogated the activity. Adrenal glands were enlarged in proportion to the degree of reduced neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase activity, and the enlargement of adrenal glands and the accumulation of cholesterol esters were most pronounced in the Nceh1/Lipe double-deficient mice. Thus Nceh1 is involved in the adrenal cholesterol metabolism, and the cholesterol ester hydrolytic activity in adrenal glands is associated with the organ enlargement.
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Karlsson AB, Maizels ET, Flynn MP, Jones JC, Shelden EA, Bamburg JR, Hunzicker-Dunn M. Luteinizing hormone receptor-stimulated progesterone production by preovulatory granulosa cells requires protein kinase A-dependent activation/dephosphorylation of the actin dynamizing protein cofilin. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1765-81. [PMID: 20610540 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the LH receptor (LHR) on preovulatory granulosa cells stimulates the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway to regulate expression of genes required for ovulation and luteinization. LHR signaling also initiates rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Because disruption of the actin cytoskeleton has been causally linked to steroidogenesis in various cell models, we sought to identify the cellular mechanisms that may modulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and to determine whether cytoskeletal reorganization is required for steroidogenesis. Herein we report that LHR signaling in preovulatory granulosa cells promotes rapid dephosphorylation of the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin at Ser3 that is dependent on PKA. The LHR-stimulated dephosphorylation of cofilin(Ser3) switches on cofilin activity to bind actin filaments and enhance their dynamics. Basal phosphorylation of cofilin(Ser3) is mediated by active/GTP-bound Rho and downstream protein kinases; LHR signaling promotes a decrease in active/GTP-bound Rho by a PKA-dependent mechanism. LHR-dependent Rho inactivation and subsequent activation of cofilin does not involve ERK, epidermal growth factor receptor, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways downstream of PKA. To understand the biological significance of cofilin activation, preovulatory granulosa cells were transduced with a mutant cofilin adenoviral vector in which Ser3 was mutated to Glu (S-E cofilin). Inactive S-E cofilin abolished LHR-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and caused a 70% decrease in LHR-stimulated progesterone that is obligatory for ovulation. Taken together, these results show that LHR signaling via PKA activates a cofilin-regulated rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and that active cofilin is required to initiate progesterone secretion by preovulatory granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia B Karlsson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 83843, USA
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Ghosh S, Kaw M, Patel PR, Ledford KJ, Bowman TA, McInerney MF, Erickson SK, Bourey RE, Najjar SM. Mice with null mutation of Ceacam I develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepat Med 2010; 2010:69-78. [PMID: 21949477 PMCID: PMC3177946 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic liver-specific inactivation of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM1) impairs hepatic insulin clearance and causes hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, elevation in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels, and visceral obesity. It also predisposes to nonalchoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in response to a high-fat diet. To discern whether this phenotype reflects a physiological function of CEACAM1 rather than the effect of the dominant-negative transgene, we investigated whether Ceacam1 (gene encoding CEACAM1 protein) null mice with impaired insulin clearance also develop a NASH-like phenotype on a prolonged high-fat diet. Three-month-old male null and wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet for 3 months and their NASH phenotype was examined. While high-fat feeding elevated hepatic triglyceride content in both strains of mice, it exacerbated macrosteatosis and caused NASH-characteristic fibrogenic changes and inflammatory responses more intensely in the null mouse. This demonstrates that CEACAM1-dependent insulin clearance pathways are linked with NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Ghosh
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Toledo, OH, USA
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Locke JA, Guns EST, Lehman ML, Ettinger S, Zoubeidi A, Lubik A, Margiotti K, Fazli L, Adomat H, Wasan KM, Gleave ME, Nelson CC. Arachidonic acid activation of intratumoral steroid synthesis during prostate cancer progression to castration resistance. Prostate 2010; 70:239-51. [PMID: 19790237 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo androgen synthesis and subsequent androgen receptor (AR) activation has recently been shown to contribute to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Herein we provide evidence that fatty acids (FA) can trigger androgen synthesis within steroid starved prostate cancer (CaP) tumor cells. METHODS Tumoral FA and steroid levels were assessed by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. Profiles of genes and proteins involved in FA activation of steroidogenesis were assessed by fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, microarray expression profiling and Western blot analysis. RESULTS In human CaP tissues the levels of proteins responsible for FA activation of steroid synthesis were observed to be altered during progression to CRPC. Further investigating this mechanism in LNCaP cells, we demonstrate that specific FA, arachidonic acid, is synthesized in an androgen-dependent and AR-mediated manner. Arachidonic acid is known to induce steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in steroidogenic cells. When bound to hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), StAR shuttles free cholesterol into the mitochondria for downstream conversion into androgens. We show that arachidonic acid induces androgen production in steroid starved LNCaP cells coincidently in the same conditions that HSL and StAR are predominantly localized in the mitochondria. Furthermore, their activities are verified by a functional increase in mitochondrial uptake of cholesterol in this steroid starved environment. CONCLUSIONS We propose that this characterized arachidonic acid induced steroidogenesis mechanism significantly contributes to the activation of AR in CRPC progression and therefore recommend that fatty acid pathways be targeted therapeutically in progressing CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Locke
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Manna PR, Dyson MT, Stocco DM. Regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene expression: present and future perspectives. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:321-33. [PMID: 19321517 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal gland, gonads, placenta and brain and are critical for normal reproductive function and bodily homeostasis. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein regulates the rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis, i.e. the delivery of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The expression of the StAR protein is predominantly regulated by cAMP-dependent mechanisms in the adrenal and gonads. Whereas StAR plays an indispensable role in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis, a complete understanding of the regulation of its expression and function in steroidogenesis is not available. It has become clear that the regulation of StAR gene expression is a complex process that involves the interaction of a diversity of hormones and multiple signaling pathways that coordinate the cooperation and interaction of transcriptional machinery, as well as a number of post-transcriptional mechanisms that govern mRNA and protein expression. However, information is lacking on how the StAR gene is regulated in vivo such that it is expressed at appropriate times during development and is confined to the steroidogenic cells. Thus, it is not surprising that the precise mechanism involved in the regulation of StAR gene has not yet been established, which is the key to understanding the regulation of steroidogenesis in the context of both male and female development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Rone MB, Fan J, Papadopoulos V. Cholesterol transport in steroid biosynthesis: role of protein-protein interactions and implications in disease states. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:646-58. [PMID: 19286473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane is the rate-limiting step in hormone-induced steroid formation. To ensure that this step is achieved efficiently, free cholesterol must accumulate in excess at the outer mitochondrial membrane and then be transferred to the inner membrane. This is accomplished through a series of steps that involve various intracellular organelles, including lysosomes and lipid droplets, and proteins such as the translocator protein (18 kDa, TSPO) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) proteins. TSPO, previously known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a high-affinity drug- and cholesterol-binding mitochondrial protein. StAR is a hormone-induced mitochondria-targeted protein that has been shown to initiate cholesterol transfer into mitochondria. Through the assistance of proteins such as the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit Ialpha (PKA-RIalpha) and the PKA-RIalpha- and TSPO-associated acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) protein, PAP7, cholesterol is transferred to and docked at the outer mitochondrial membrane. The TSPO-dependent import of StAR into mitochondria, and the association of TSPO with the outer/inner mitochondrial membrane contact sites, drives the intramitochondrial cholesterol transfer and subsequent steroid formation. The focus of this review is on (i) the intracellular pathways and protein-protein interactions involved in cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis and (ii) the roles and interactions of these proteins in endocrine pathologies and neurological diseases where steroid synthesis plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena B Rone
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
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Barbar E, Lehoux JG, Lavigne P. Toward the NMR structure of StAR. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:89-93. [PMID: 19138724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein plays a crucial role in steroidogenesis, as it accelerates the transport of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the cytochrome P450scc enzyme is located. Mutations in the StAR gene can lead to lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LCAH), a disease that is fatal if not treated with hormone replacement therapy. Solving the structure of StAR is an important aspect of understanding LCAH. Point mutations or truncations in the StAR gene produce a partial to non-functional protein that hinders the StAR-induced delivery of cholesterol to the mitochondria during an acute hormonal stimulation of steroidogenic cells. So far, homology modeling, structure-based thermodynamics and biophysical studies have allowed us to propose the existence of an open state of StAR where the C-terminal alpha-helix 4 undergoes partial unfolding. This may act as a gating mechanism to the cholesterol binding site. Once bound, cholesterol leads to the stabilization and the refolding of alpha-helix 4, and eventually to the interaction with an import complex at the surface of the mitochondria. Though the current homology models have proven useful in understanding StAR function, only the full determination of the 3D structure of the apo- and holo-states will further validate this two-state model. In this context, we have used solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and obtained high-resolution (1)H-(15)N-HSQC spectra of StAR in its apo- and holo-states at physiological pH. Both spectra displayed well-dispersed resonances. However, key differences are observed on the spectra which indicate that both states have stable but slightly different tertiary structures. In conjunction with the binding/activity assays and biophysical methods, this original NMR data constitutes another structural step into the validation of the two-state model and the three-dimensional structure of StAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Barbar
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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Dyson MT, Kowalewski MP, Manna PR, Stocco DM. The differential regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-mediated steroidogenesis by type I and type II PKA in MA-10 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:94-103. [PMID: 19111595 PMCID: PMC2692359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Following tropic hormone challenge, steroidogenic tissues utilize PKA to phosphorylate unique subsets of proteins necessary to facilitate steroidogenesis. This includes the PKA-dependent expression and activation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), which mediates the rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis by inducing the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Since both type I and type II PKA are present in steroidogenic tissues, we have utilized cAMP analog pairs that preferentially activate each PKA subtype in order to examine their impact on STAR synthesis and activity. In MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells Star gene expression is more dependent upon type I PKA, while the post-transcriptional regulation of STAR appears subject to type II PKA. These experiments delineate the discrete effects that type I and type II PKA exert on STAR-mediated steroidogenesis, and suggest complimentary roles for each subtype in coordinating steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douglas M. Stocco
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Douglas Stocco, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, Phone: (806)-743-2505, Fax: (806) 743-2990, E-mail:
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Midzak AS, Chen H, Papadopoulos V, Zirkin BR. Leydig cell aging and the mechanisms of reduced testosterone synthesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:23-31. [PMID: 18761053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In males, serum testosterone levels decline with advancing age. Though part of a complex process, this age-related decline in testosterone appears to occur, in part, due to a significant decline in the ability of aged Leydig cells to produce testosterone maximally in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). The structure of the molecular machinery responsible for the synthesis of testosterone is described, and placed in the context of Leydig cell biology. Multiple parameters related to the synthesis of testosterone by the Leydig cell have been observed to change with age. Relationships among these changes are reviewed. A discussion of potential causes of the age-related decline in Leydig cell steroidogenic capacity presents a model in which the inability of aged cells to adequately respond to hormonal stimulation results in cellular regression with concomitant decline in maximal testosterone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Midzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Reproductive Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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Lee SJ, Heinrich G, Fedorova L, Al-Share QY, Ledford KJ, Fernstrom MA, McInerney MF, Erickson SK, Gatto-Weis C, Najjar SM. Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in insulin-resistant liver-specific S503A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 mutant mice. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:2084-95. [PMID: 18848945 PMCID: PMC2784638 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver-specific inactivation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 causes hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which result from impaired insulin clearance, in liver-specific S503A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 mutant mice (L-SACC1). These mice also develop steatosis. Because hepatic fat accumulation precedes hepatitis, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we investigated whether a high-fat diet, by causing inflammation, is sufficient to induce hepatitis and other features of NASH in L-SACC1 mice. METHODS L-SACC1 and wild-type mice were placed on a high-fat diet for 3 months, then several biochemical and histologic analyses were performed to investigate the NASH phenotype. RESULTS A high-fat diet caused hepatic macrosteatosis and hepatitis, characterized by increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha levels and activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in L-SACC1 but not in wild-type mice. The high-fat diet also induced necrosis and apoptosis in the livers of the L-SACC1 mice. Insulin resistance in L-SACC1 fed a high-fat diet increased the hepatic procollagen protein level, suggesting a role in the development of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS A high-fat diet induces key features of human NASH in insulin-resistant L-SACC1 mice, validating this model as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Lee
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Garrett Heinrich
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Larisa Fedorova
- the Department of Medicine at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Qusai Y. Al-Share
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Kelly J. Ledford
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Mats A. Fernstrom
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Marcia F. McInerney
- the Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry at the College of Pharmacy at the University of Toledo, Main Campus, Toledo, OH 43606 and
| | - Sandra K. Erickson
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Cara Gatto-Weis
- the Department of Pathology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Sonia M. Najjar
- The Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the College of Medicine at the University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614,Address correspondence to: Sonia M. Najjar, Ph.D., College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Mail stop 1008, Toledo, Ohio, 43614, Tel: (419) 383-4059, FAX: (419) 383-2871, e-mail:
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Lobo MVT, Huerta L, Arenas MI, Busto R, Lasunción MA, Martín-Hidalgo A. Hormone-sensitive lipase expression and IHC localization in the rat ovary, oviduct, and uterus. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 57:51-60. [PMID: 18824635 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.951996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a key regulator of cholesterol esters metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine HSL localization in rat female reproductive organs during the ovarian cycle by IHC methods. HSL was located in the ovarian epithelium. The granulosa cells and oocytes of primordial follicles were immunonegative. In mature follicles, HSL was found in oocytes and theca and granulosa cells. However, HSL expression in theca cells and oocytes decreased during follicular atresia. Luteal cells showed HSL staining in cytoplasm during proestrus and estrus, in the nucleus during metestrus, and in cytoplasm and the nucleus during diestrus. In the tubaric ampulla, HSL was located in the epithelial cells nuclei and in the cilia during proestrus and estrus but mainly in the nucleus during metestrus and diestrus. In the isthmus, cells showed HSL immunolabeling in the nucleus and cilia during proestrus, but only in the cilia during estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. In the uterus, HSL was found in the epithelial cells nuclei. HSL-immunoreactive bands at 84, 67, 54, and 43 kDa were found in rat female reproductive organs. HSL labeling in the nucleus of epithelial and germ cells suggests an as yet unknown function for this protein, probably related to oogenesis and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V T Lobo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Alcalá de Henares University, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The identification of endogenous sterol derivatives that modulate the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has begun to suggest testable hypotheses for the cellular biological functions of Patched, and for the lipoprotein association of Hh. Progress in the field of intracellular sterol trafficking has emphasized how tightly the distribution of intracellular sterol is controlled, and suggests that the synthesis of sterol derivatives can be influenced by specific sterol-delivery pathways. The combination of this field with Hh studies will rapidly give us a more sophisticated understanding of both the Hh signal-transduction pathway and the cell biology of sterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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46
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Miller WL. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a novel mitochondrial cholesterol transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:663-76. [PMID: 17433772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital component of cellular membranes, and is the substrate for biosynthesis of steroids, oxysterols and bile acids. The mechanisms directing the intracellular trafficking of this nearly insoluble molecule have received increased attention through the discovery of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and similar proteins containing StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domains. StAR can transfer cholesterol between synthetic liposomes in vitro, an activity which appears to correspond to the trans-cytoplasmic transport of cholesterol to mitochondria. However, trans-cytoplasmic cholesterol transport in vivo appears to involve the recently-described protein StarD4, which is expressed in most cells. Steroidogenic cells must also move large amounts of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the first steroidogenic enzyme, which lies on the matrix side of the inner membrane; this action requires StAR. Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, a rare and severe disorder of human steroidogenesis, results from mutations in StAR, providing a StAR knockout of nature that has provided key insights into its activity. Cell biology experiments show that StAR moves large amounts of cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane, but acts exclusively on the outer membrane. Biophysical data show that only the carboxyl-terminal alpha-helix of StAR interacts with the outer membrane. Spectroscopic data and molecular dynamics simulations show that StAR's interactions with protonated phospholipid head groups on the outer mitochondrial membrane induce a conformational change (molten globule transition) needed for StAR's activity. StAR appears to act in concert with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, but the precise itinerary of a cholesterol molecule entering the mitochondrion remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Box 0978, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94122-0978, USA.
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47
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Owen D, Matthews SG. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in juvenile guinea pigs. J Neuroendocrinol 2007; 19:172-80. [PMID: 17280590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure are not well-understood, particularly in species that give birth to neuroanatomically mature offspring. In the present study, we hypothesised that repeated prenatal glucocorticoid administration would alter hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in juvenile guinea pig offspring. Pregnant guinea pigs were injected with betamethasone (1 mg/kg) or vehicle on gestational days 40, 41, 50, 51, 60 and 61 (six doses). Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure abolished the pituitary-adrenal response to maternal separation in juvenile males, but had no effect in female offspring. Indeed, female offspring (vehicle and betamethasone) did not mount a significant HPA response to separation at 10 days of age. Although there were no effects of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on hippocampal or hypothalamic corticosteroid receptor expression or corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, there were significant effects in the pituitary and adrenal; again males were more affected than females. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure increased pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin and CRF receptor mRNA, and markedly decreased adrenocortical CYP17 mRNA. In conclusion, repeated prenatal glucocorticoid exposure has profound influences on HPA function and regulation in the juvenile guinea pig, and this involves altered regulation at the level of the pituitary and adrenal cortex. Furthermore, juvenile males appear to be more vulnerable to the effects of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Owen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is one of the few endocrine glands that forms from the remains of another organ and whose function and survival are limited in scope and time. The CL is the site of rapid remodeling, growth, differentiation, and death of cells originating from granulosa, theca, capillaries, and fibroblasts. The apparent raison d'etre of the CL is the production of progesterone, and all the structural and functional features of this gland are geared toward this end. Because of its unique importance for successful pregnancies, the mammals have evolved a complex series of checks and balances that maintains progesterone at appropriate levels throughout gestation. The formation, maintenance, regression, and steroidogenesis of the CL are among the most significant and closely regulated events in mammalian reproduction. During pregnancy, the fate of the CL depends on the interplay of ovarian, pituitary, and placental regulators. At the end of its life span, the CL undergoes a process of regression leading to its disappearance from the ovary and allowing the initiation of a new cycle. The generation of transgenic, knockout and knockin mice and the development of innovative technologies have revealed a novel role of several molecules in the reprogramming of granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the hormonal and molecular control of the function and demise of the CL. The current review highlights our knowledge on these key molecular events in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Stocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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49
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Abstract
There are multiple systems for cellular cholesterol delivery for steroidogenesis, including uptake of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol via LDL receptor mediated endocytic pathways and SR-BI mediated "selective" pathways, as well as from endogenous cholesterol synthesis and the mobilization of stored cholesteryl esters. The vast majority of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol utilized for murine adrenal steroidogenesis is obtained via SR-BI mediated "selective" uptake of cholesteryl esters. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is responsible for neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in the adrenal and is critical for hydrolyzing stored cholesteryl esters, as well as cholesteryl esters that are selectively delivered from lipoproteins via SR-BI. Marked defects in steroid production are observed in adrenal cells from HSL knockout mice, due to an inability to process and utilize cholesteryl esters selectively derived from lipoproteins. Although the LDL receptor is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytic delivery of cholesteryl esters, adrenal steroid hormone production is normal in mice lacking LDL receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric B Kraemer
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States.
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50
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Ijiri S, Takei N, Kazeto Y, Todo T, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. Changes in localization of cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc) in Japanese eel testis and ovary during gonadal development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 145:75-83. [PMID: 16168415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we generated and characterized a polyclonal antiserum against eel P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc) using a recombinant protein as the antigen. We examined the localization and abundance of P450scc by immunohistochemistry in Japanese eel testes and ovaries during artificially induced gonadal development. P450scc mRNA localization was also examined by in situ hybridization. In male eels, testicular development was induced by a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). In females, ovarian development was induced by weekly injections of salmon pituitary homogenate (SPH). Before HCG injection, the testis contained germ cells that were primarily type A spermatogonia. Additionally, several clusters of immunoreactive cells for P450scc were localized in the interstitial Leydig cells, but no P450scc mRNA signals were detected. This suggests that P450scc is either a relatively stable protein or it is produced by a mRNA that is present at too low a level to detect. Shortly after a single injection of HCG, expression of P450scc mRNA was stimulated and the number of immunoreactive clusters and their staining intensity were both increased. P450scc mRNA fell to an undetectable level 3 days after hormonal stimulation. Although the P450scc protein also decreased at the same time as the mRNA, it remained at a detectable level throughout this period. P450scc mRNA, but not the P450scc protein, was also detected in the spermatids and spermatozoa. The biological significance of P450scc mRNA expression at this stage is unknown. Prior to experimentation, the ovary contained oocytes that were developed to the oil-droplet stage, with several clusters of immunoreactive cells localized in the thecal layer and ovigerous lamella epithelium. Expression of P450scc mRNA was also stimulated by SPH injections in the ovary. In contrast to the testis, P450scc mRNA was continuously detected in the thecal cell layer throughout artificially induced maturation, possibly due to a repeated stimulus by the SPH injection every week. Clusters of immunoreactive cells in the thecal cell layer increased in number as ovarian development progressed. This increase in P450scc mRNA and protein may explain, at least in part, the increase in serum steroid hormones in female eels. The P450scc antiserum clearly immunostained interrenal steroidogenic cells in the head kidney of not only eel but also goldfish, indicating that this antibody could also be used in other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeho Ijiri
- Division of Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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