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Jiang Y, Pang S, Liu X, Wang L, Liu Y. The Gut Microbiome Affects Atherosclerosis by Regulating Reverse Cholesterol Transport. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:624-637. [PMID: 38231373 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human system's secret organ, the gut microbiome, has received considerable attention. Emerging research has yielded substantial scientific evidence indicating that changes in gut microbial composition and microbial metabolites may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The burden of cardiovascular disease on healthcare systems is exacerbated by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which continues to be the leading cause of mortality globally. Reverse cholesterol transport is a powerful protective mechanism that effectively prevents excessive accumulation of cholesterol for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has been revealed how the gut microbiota modulates reverse cholesterol transport in patients with atherosclerotic risk. In this review, we highlight the complex interactions between microbes, their metabolites, and their potential impacts in reverse cholesterol transport. We also explore the feasibility of modulating gut microbes and metabolites to facilitate reverse cholesterol transport as a novel therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Varadharajan V, Ramachandiran I, Massey WJ, Jain R, Banerjee R, Horak AJ, McMullen MR, Huang E, Bellar A, Lorkowski SW, Gulshan K, Helsley RN, James I, Pathak V, Dasarathy J, Welch N, Dasarathy S, Streem D, Reizes O, Allende DS, Smith JD, Simcox J, Nagy LE, Brown JM. Membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) shapes lysosomal lipid homeostasis and function to control alcohol-associated liver injury. eLife 2024; 12:RP92243. [PMID: 38648183 PMCID: PMC11034944 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a link between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the MBOAT7 gene and advanced liver diseases. Specifically, the common MBOAT7 variant (rs641738) associated with reduced MBOAT7 expression is implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and liver fibrosis. However, the precise mechanism underlying MBOAT7-driven liver disease progression remains elusive. Previously, we identified MBOAT7-driven acylation of lysophosphatidylinositol lipids as key mechanism suppressing the progression of NAFLD (Gwag et al., 2019). Here, we show that MBOAT7 loss of function promotes ALD via reorganization of lysosomal lipid homeostasis. Circulating levels of MBOAT7 metabolic products are significantly reduced in heavy drinkers compared to healthy controls. Hepatocyte- (Mboat7-HSKO), but not myeloid-specific (Mboat7-MSKO), deletion of Mboat7 exacerbates ethanol-induced liver injury. Lipidomic profiling reveals a reorganization of the hepatic lipidome in Mboat7-HSKO mice, characterized by increased endosomal/lysosomal lipids. Ethanol-exposed Mboat7-HSKO mice exhibit dysregulated autophagic flux and lysosomal biogenesis, associated with impaired transcription factor EB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis and autophagosome accumulation. This study provides mechanistic insights into how MBOAT7 influences ALD progression through dysregulation of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux, highlighting hepatocyte-specific MBOAT7 loss as a key driver of ethanol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwari Varadharajan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Iyappan Ramachandiran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - William J Massey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Anthony J Horak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Megan R McMullen
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Emily Huang
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Annette Bellar
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Shuhui W Lorkowski
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Kailash Gulshan
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonUnited States
| | - Isabella James
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Vai Pathak
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Jaividhya Dasarathy
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Family Medicine, Metro Health Medical Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Nicole Welch
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - David Streem
- Lutheran Hospital, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Daniela S Allende
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - J Mark Brown
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Northern Ohio Alcohol Center (NOAC), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
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Xu H, Xin Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Cao Y, Li W, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu P. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:653-662. [PMID: 37736845 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a non-biliary pathway that excretes excess cholesterol from the body through feces. This article focuses on the research progress of the TICE pathway in the last few years, including the discovery process of the TICE pathway, its molecular mechanism, and potential clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond the cholesterol excretion via hepatobiliary pathway, TICE contributes significantly to reverse cholesterol transport ex vivo and in vivo. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR) activated, respectively, by oxysterols and bile acids promote intestinal cholesterol secretion through ABCG5/G8. Nutrient regulators and intestinal flora also modulate cholesterol secretion through the TICE pathway. TICE allows direct elimination of plasma cholesterol, which may provide an attractive therapeutic targets. TICE pathway may provide a potential target to stimulate cholesterol elimination and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yutong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China.
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China.
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Massey WJ, Varadharajan V, Banerjee R, Brown AL, Horak AJ, Hohe RC, Jung BM, Qiu Y, Chan ER, Pan C, Zhang R, Allende DS, Willard B, Cheng F, Lusis AJ, Brown JM. MBOAT7-driven lysophosphatidylinositol acylation in adipocytes contributes to systemic glucose homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100349. [PMID: 36806709 PMCID: PMC10041558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of Mboat7, the gene encoding membrane bound O-acyltransferase 7, in the liver and adipose tissue of mice promoted high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, hyperinsulinemia, and systemic insulin resistance. Thereafter, other groups showed that hepatocyte-specific genetic deletion of Mboat7 promoted striking fatty liver and NAFLD progression in mice but does not alter insulin sensitivity, suggesting the potential for cell autonomous roles. Here, we show that MBOAT7 function in adipocytes contributes to diet-induced metabolic disturbances including hyperinsulinemia and systemic insulin resistance. We generated Mboat7 floxed mice and created hepatocyte- and adipocyte-specific Mboat7 knockout mice using Cre-recombinase mice under the control of the albumin and adiponectin promoter, respectively. Here, we show that MBOAT7 function in adipocytes contributes to diet-induced metabolic disturbances including hyperinsulinemia and systemic insulin resistance. The expression of Mboat7 in white adipose tissue closely correlates with diet-induced obesity across a panel of ∼100 inbred strains of mice fed a high fat/high sucrose diet. Moreover, we found that adipocyte-specific genetic deletion of Mboat7 is sufficient to promote hyperinsulinemia, systemic insulin resistance, and mild fatty liver. Unlike in the liver, where Mboat7 plays a relatively minor role in maintaining arachidonic acid-containing PI pools, Mboat7 is the major source of arachidonic acid-containing PI pools in adipose tissue. Our data demonstrate that MBOAT7 is a critical regulator of adipose tissue PI homeostasis, and adipocyte MBOAT7-driven PI biosynthesis is closely linked to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Venkateshwari Varadharajan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony J Horak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rachel C Hohe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bryan M Jung
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yunguang Qiu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniela S Allende
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abe RJ, Abe JI, Nguyen MTH, Olmsted-Davis EA, Mamun A, Banerjee P, Cooke JP, Fang L, Pownall H, Le NT. Free Cholesterol Bioavailability and Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:323-336. [PMID: 35332444 PMCID: PMC9050774 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As both a cholesterol acceptor and carrier in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is putatively atheroprotective. However, current pharmacological therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration have paradoxically failed to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given that free cholesterol (FC) transfer between surfaces of lipoproteins and cells is reversible, excess plasma FC can be transferred to the cells of peripheral tissue sites resulting in atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize potential mechanisms contributing to this paradox and highlight the role of excess free cholesterol (FC) bioavailability in atherosclerosis vs. atheroprotection. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have established a complex relationship between HDL-c concentration and atherosclerosis. Systemic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) knock out (KO) mice exhibit with increased diet-induced atherosclerosis despite having an elevated plasma HDL-c concentration compared to wild type (WT) mice. The greater bioavailability of HDL-FC in SR-B1 vs. WT mice is associated with a higher FC content in multiple cell types and tissue sites. These results suggest that dysfunctional HDL with high FC bioavailability is atheroprone despite high HDL-c concentration. Past oversimplification of HDL-c involvement in cholesterol transport has led to the failures in HDL targeted therapy. Evidence suggests that FC-mediated functionality of HDL is of higher importance than its quantity; as a result, deciphering the regulatory mechanisms by which HDL-FC bioavailability can induce atherosclerosis can have far-reaching clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minh T H Nguyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Abrar Mamun
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Pownall
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) pathway is the second described route for plasma cholesterol fecal elimination. This article summarizes recent TICE research progresses, involving TICE inducers, molecular determinants of this pathway, and its role in lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS TICE is an active pathway in mice, rats, and humans. Kinetic measurements showed that under basal conditions, the relative contribution of TICE in fecal elimination of plasma cholesterol is quantitatively less important than the hepatobiliary pathway. However, the amplitude of TICE can be induced by numerous nutritional factors and pharmacological drugs. More importantly, by contrast with the stimulation of biliary cholesterol excretion that is associated with an increased risk of gallstone formation, TICE appears as a safer therapeutical target. Finally, several independent studies have demonstrated that TICE is actively contributing to the anti-atherogenic reverse cholesterol pathway reinforcing the interest to better understand its mode of action. The discovery of TICE and the understanding of its mode of action open new therapeutical perspectives for patients at high risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Tian Y, Zhao Y, Yu W, Melak S, Niu Y, Wei W, Zhang L, Chen J. ACAT2 Is a Novel Negative Regulator of Pig Intramuscular Preadipocytes Differentiation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020237. [PMID: 35204738 PMCID: PMC8961576 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is considered as the fat deposited between muscle fibers. The extracellular matrix microenvironment of adipose tissue is of critical importance for the differentiation, remodeling and function of adipocytes. Therefore, in this study we extracted the muscle tissue centrifugal fluid (MTF) of the longissimus dorsi of Erhualian pigs to mimic the microenvironment of intramuscular pre-adipocytes. MTF of pigs with low intramuscular fat level can inhibit pig intramuscular pre-adipocytes differentiation. Then, proteomics technology (iTRAQ) was used to analyze the MTF with different IMF content, and it was found that individuals with high IMF had low ACAT2 (Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferases 2) levels, while individuals with low IMF had high ACAT2 levels. Significant changes took place in the pathways involved in coenzyme A, which are closely related to fat and cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, we speculate that ACAT2, as an important element involved in cholesterol metabolism, may become a potential molecular marker for the mechanism of pig intramuscular preadipocytes differentiation. Overexpression of ACAT2 in pig intramuscular pre-adipocytes can inhibit their differentiation, while adding ACAT2 inhibitor avasimibe can rescue the process. Knockdown of srebp2 or ldlr, which are two key genes closely related to ACAT2 and cholesterol metabolism, can inhibit pig intramuscular pre-adipocytes differentiation. Overall, our results suggest that ACAT2 is a novel negative regulator of intramuscular adipocyte differentiation through regulation of pparγ, cebpα signaling and srebp2/ldlr signaling involved in cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuelei Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wensai Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Sherif Melak
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Yingfang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wei Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lifan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.); (S.M.); (Y.N.); (W.W.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84399269; Fax: +86-25-84399269
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HDL and Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1377:49-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Osborn LJ, Orabi D, Goudzari M, Sangwan N, Banerjee R, Brown AL, Kadam A, Gromovsky AD, Linga P, Cresci GAM, Mak TD, Willard BB, Claesen J, Brown JM. A Single Human-Relevant Fast Food Meal Rapidly Reorganizes Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Signatures in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. IMMUNOMETABOLISM 2021; 3:e210029. [PMID: 34804604 PMCID: PMC8601658 DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major contributor to cardiometabolic disease is caloric excess, often a result of consuming low cost, high calorie fast food. Studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of gut microbes contributing to cardiovascular disease in a diet-dependent manner. Given the central contributions of diet and gut microbiota to cardiometabolic disease, we hypothesized that microbial metabolites originating after fast food consumption can elicit acute metabolic responses in the liver. METHODS We gave conventionally raised mice or mice that had their microbiomes depleted with antibiotics a single oral gavage of a liquified fast food meal or liquified control rodent chow meal. After four hours, mice were sacrificed and we used untargeted metabolomics of portal and peripheral blood, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, targeted liver metabolomics, and host liver RNA sequencing to identify novel fast food-derived microbial metabolites and their acute effects on liver function. RESULTS Several candidate microbial metabolites were enriched in portal blood upon fast food feeding, and were essentially absent in antibiotic-treated mice. Strikingly, at four hours post-gavage, fast food consumption resulted in rapid reorganization of the gut microbial community and drastically altered hepatic gene expression. Importantly, diet-driven reshaping of the microbiome and liver transcriptome was dependent on an intact microbial community and not observed in antibiotic ablated animals. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest a single fast food meal is sufficient to reshape the gut microbial community in mice, yielding a unique signature of food-derived microbial metabolites. Future studies are in progress to determine the contribution of select metabolites to cardiometabolic disease progression and the translational relevance of these animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Osborn
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Maryam Goudzari
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda L. Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anagha Kadam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D. Gromovsky
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pranavi Linga
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gail A. M. Cresci
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tytus D. Mak
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Belinda B. Willard
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jan Claesen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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10
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Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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11
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Liu X, Liu Y, Cheng H, Deng Y, Xiong X, Qu X. Comparison of performance, fatty acid composition, enzymes and gene expression between overfed Xupu geese with large and small liver. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1872423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yuying Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaowei Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyong Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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12
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van Loon NM, van Wouw SA, Ottenhoff R, Nelson JK, Kingma J, Scheij S, Moeton M, Zelcer N. Regulation of intestinal LDLR by the LXR-IDOL axis. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of Val-Phe-Val-Arg-Asn in C57BL/6J mice and 3T3-L1 cell models. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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14
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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15
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Ohshiro T, Imuta S, Hijikuro I, Yagyu H, Takahashi T, Doi T, Ishibashi S, Tomoda H. The Anti-atherogenic Activity of Beauveriolide Derivative BVD327, a Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2-Selective Inhibitor, in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:951-958. [PMID: 32475917 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fungal 13-membered cyclodepsipeptides, beauveriolides I and III, were previously reported to be atheroprotective activity in mouse models via inhibiting sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) activity. A total of 149 beauveriolide derivatives (BVDs) synthesized combinatorially were evaluated in in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) analysis and inhibitory activity toward the two SOAT isozymes, SOAT1 and SOAT2. Hence, only 11 BVDs exhibited SOAT2-selective inhibition. Among these, we chose BVD327, which had the highest ADME score, for further evaluation. BVD327 administration (50 mg/kg/d, per os (p.o.)) significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and heart (25.4 ± 6.9 and 20.6 ± 2.9%, respectively) in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (0.2% cholesterol and 21% fat) for 12 weeks. These findings indicate that beauveriolide derivatives can be used as anti-atherosclerotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ohshiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | | | - Takayuki Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
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16
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Roscam Abbing RL, Slijepcevic D, Donkers JM, Havinga R, Duijst S, Paulusma CC, Kuiper J, Kuipers F, Groen AK, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Blocking Sodium-Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide Stimulates Biliary Cholesterol and Phospholipid Secretion in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 71:247-258. [PMID: 31136002 PMCID: PMC7003915 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Active secretion of bile salts into the canalicular lumen drives bile formation and promotes biliary cholesterol and phospholipid output. Disrupting hepatic bile salt uptake, by inhibition of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypetide (NTCP; Slc10a1) with Myrcludex B, is expected to limit bile salt flux through the liver and thereby to decrease biliary lipid excretion. Here, we show that Myrcludex B-mediated NTCP inhibition actually causes an increase in biliary cholesterol and phospholipid excretion whereas biliary bile salt output and bile salt composition remains unchanged. Increased lysosomal discharge into bile was excluded as a potential contributor to increased biliary lipid secretion. Induction of cholesterol secretion was not a consequence of increased ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 activity given that NTCP inhibition still promoted cholesterol excretion in Abcg8-/- mice. Stimulatory effects of NTCP inhibition were maintained in Sr-b1-/- mice, eliminating the possibility that the increase in biliary lipids was derived from enhanced uptake of high-density lipoprotein-derived lipids. NTCP inhibition shifts bile salt uptake, which is generally more periportally restricted, toward pericentral hepatocytes, as was visualized using a fluorescently labeled conjugated bile salt. As a consequence, exposure of the canalicular membrane to bile salts was increased, allowing for more cholesterol and phospholipid molecules to be excreted per bile salt. Conclusion: NTCP inhibition increases biliary lipid secretion, which is independent of alterations in bile salt output, biliary bile salt hydrophobicity, or increased activity of dedicated cholesterol and phospholipid transporters. Instead, NTCP inhibition shifts hepatic bile salt uptake from mainly periportal hepatocytes toward pericentral hepatocytes, thereby increasing exposure of the canalicular membrane to bile salts linking to increased biliary cholesterol secretion. This process provides an additional level of control to biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout L.P. Roscam Abbing
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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17
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Xu Y, Du X, Turner N, Brown AJ, Yang H. Enhanced acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity increases cholesterol levels on the lipid droplet surface and impairs adipocyte function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19306-19321. [PMID: 31727739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays essential structural and signaling roles in mammalian cells, but too much cholesterol can cause cytotoxicity. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases 1 and 2 (ACAT1/2) convert cholesterol into its storage form, cholesteryl esters, regulating a key step in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Adipose tissue can store >50% of whole-body cholesterol. Interestingly, however, almost no ACAT activity is present in adipose tissue, and most adipose cholesterol is stored in its free form. We therefore hypothesized that increased cholesterol esterification may have detrimental effects on adipose tissue function. Here, using several approaches, including protein overexpression, quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and various biochemical assays, we found that ACAT1 expression is significantly increased in the adipose tissue of the ob/ob mice. We further demonstrated that ACAT1/2 overexpression partially inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In mature adipocytes, increased ACAT activity reduced the size of lipid droplets (LDs) and inhibited lipolysis and insulin signaling. Paradoxically, the amount of free cholesterol increased on the surface of LDs in ACAT1/2-overexpressing adipocytes, accompanied by increased LD localization of caveolin-1. Moreover, cholesterol depletion in adipocytes by treating the cells with cholesterol-deficient media or β-cyclodextrins induced changes in cholesterol distribution that were similar to those caused by ACAT1/2 overexpression. Our results suggest that ACAT1/2 overexpression increases the level of free cholesterol on the LD surface, thereby impeding adipocyte function. These findings provide detailed insights into the role of free cholesterol in LD and adipocyte function and suggest that ACAT inhibitors have potential utility for managing disorders associated with extreme obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- School of Medical Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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18
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Helsley RN, Varadharajan V, Brown AL, Gromovsky AD, Schugar RC, Ramachandiran I, Fung K, Kabbany MN, Banerjee R, Neumann CK, Finney C, Pathak P, Orabi D, Osborn LJ, Massey W, Zhang R, Kadam A, Sansbury BE, Pan C, Sacks J, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Lemieux ME, Gogonea V, Kirwan JP, Allende DS, Civelek M, Fox PL, Rudel LL, Lusis AJ, Spite M, Brown JM. Obesity-linked suppression of membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) drives non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. eLife 2019; 8:e49882. [PMID: 31621579 PMCID: PMC6850774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a genetic variant rs641738 near two genes encoding membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) and transmembrane channel-like 4 (TMC4) that associate with increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol-related cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis in those infected with viral hepatitis (Buch et al., 2015; Mancina et al., 2016; Luukkonen et al., 2016; Thabet et al., 2016; Viitasalo et al., 2016; Krawczyk et al., 2017; Thabet et al., 2017). Based on hepatic expression quantitative trait loci analysis, it has been suggested that MBOAT7 loss of function promotes liver disease progression (Buch et al., 2015; Mancina et al., 2016; Luukkonen et al., 2016; Thabet et al., 2016; Viitasalo et al., 2016; Krawczyk et al., 2017; Thabet et al., 2017), but this has never been formally tested. Here we show that Mboat7 loss, but not Tmc4, in mice is sufficient to promote the progression of NAFLD in the setting of high fat diet. Mboat7 loss of function is associated with accumulation of its substrate lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) lipids, and direct administration of LPI promotes hepatic inflammatory and fibrotic transcriptional changes in an Mboat7-dependent manner. These studies reveal a novel role for MBOAT7-driven acylation of LPI lipids in suppressing the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Iyappan Ramachandiran
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | | | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Chase K Neumann
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Chelsea Finney
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Preeti Pathak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Lucas J Osborn
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - William Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Anagha Kadam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics & Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of PathobiologyCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug DiscoveryIonis Pharmaceuticals, IncCarlsbadUnited States
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug DiscoveryIonis Pharmaceuticals, IncCarlsbadUnited States
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug DiscoveryIonis Pharmaceuticals, IncCarlsbadUnited States
| | | | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of ChemistryCleveland State UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of PathobiologyCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Daniela S Allende
- Department of Anatomical PathologyCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid SciencesWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics & Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandUnited States
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19
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Adipose HuR protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2375. [PMID: 31147543 PMCID: PMC6542850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antigen R (HuR) is a member of the Hu family of RNA-binding proteins and is involved in many physiological processes. Obesity, as a worldwide healthcare problem, has attracted more and more attention. To investigate the role of adipose HuR, we generate adipose-specific HuR knockout (HuRAKO) mice. As compared with control mice, HuRAKO mice show obesity when induced with a high-fat diet, along with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia and increased inflammation in adipose tissue. The obesity of HuRAKO mice is attributed to adipocyte hypertrophy in white adipose tissue due to decreased expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). HuR positively regulates ATGL expression by promoting the mRNA stability and translation of ATGL. Consistently, the expression of HuR in adipose tissue is reduced in obese humans. This study suggests that adipose HuR may be a critical regulator of ATGL expression and lipolysis and thereby controls obesity and metabolic syndrome. Human antigen R (HuR) is a RNA-binding protein. Here the authors investigate its role in adipose tissue and find that it protects mice from diet-induced obesity, prevents adipocyte hypertrophy, and promotes lipolysis, which may at least in part be due to HuR-dependent ATGL mRNA stability regulation demonstrated in-vitro.
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20
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Wang Y, Tang W, Yang P, Shin H, Li Q. Hepatic NPC1L1 promotes hyperlipidemia in LDL receptor deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:626-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Long-term Western diet fed apolipoprotein E-deficient rats exhibit only modest early atherosclerotic characteristics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5416. [PMID: 29615808 PMCID: PMC5882891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the apolipoprotein E–deficient mouse, the gut microbiota has an impact on the development of atherosclerosis, but whether such correlations are also present in rats requires investigation. Therefore, we studied female SD-Apoetm1sage (Apoe−/−) rats fed either a Western diet or a low-fat control diet with or without gluten, which is known to promote gut microbiota changes, until 20 weeks of age. We hypothesized that the manifestation of atherosclerosis would be more severe in Apoe−/− rats fed the Western high-fat diet, as compared with rats fed the low-fat diet, and that atherosclerosis would be accelerated by gluten. Both Western diet-feeding and gluten resulted in significant changes in gut microbiota, but the microbiota impact of gluten was transient. Compared with Apoe−/− rats fed a low-fat diet, Western diet-fed Apoe−/− rats were heavier and became glucose intolerant with increased levels of oxidative stress. They developed early fatty streak lesions in their aortic sinus, while there was no evidence of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta. No conclusions could be made on the impact of gluten on atherosclerosis. Although Western diet-fed Apoe−/− rats exhibited a more human-like LDL dominated blood lipid profile, signs of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were modest.
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22
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Liu M, Chuang Key CC, Weckerle A, Boudyguina E, Sawyer JK, Gebre AK, Spoo W, Makwana O, Parks JS. Feeding of tobacco blend or nicotine induced weight loss associated with decreased adipocyte size and increased physical activity in male mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:287-295. [PMID: 29421645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although epidemiological data and results from rodent studies support an inverse relationship between nicotine consumption and body weight, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. CD-1 mice were fed a basal diet or a basal diet containing low or high dose smokeless tobacco blend or high dose nicotine tartrate for 14 weeks. High dose tobacco blend and nicotine tartrate diets vs. basal diet reduced mouse body weight (16.3% and 19.7%, respectively), epididymal (67.6% and 72.5%, respectively) and brown adipose weight (42% and 38%, respectively), epididymal adipocyte size (46.4% and 41.4%, respectively), and brown adipose tissue lipid droplet abundance, with no elevation of adipose tissue inflammation. High dose tobacco blend and nicotine diets also increased mouse physical activity and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, suggesting that high dose nicotine intake induces adipose tissue triglyceride lipolysis to provide fatty acids as an energy source. Both low and high dose tobacco blend and nicotine diet feeding vs. basal diet increased plasma insulin levels (2.9, 3.6 and 4.3-fold, respectively) and improved blood glucose disposal without affecting insulin sensitivity. Feeding of the high dose tobacco blend or nicotine feeding in mice induces body weight loss likely by increasing physical activity and stimulating adipose tissue triglyceride lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang Key
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allison Weckerle
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elena Boudyguina
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Abraham K Gebre
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Wayne Spoo
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Om Makwana
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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24
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Korber M, Klein I, Daum G. Steryl ester synthesis, storage and hydrolysis: A contribution to sterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1534-1545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Ferguson D, Zhang J, Davis MA, Helsley RN, Vedin LL, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Allende DS, Parini P, Brown JM. The lipid droplet-associated protein perilipin 3 facilitates hepatitis C virus-driven hepatic steatosis. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:420-432. [PMID: 27941027 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m073734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped RNA virus responsible for 170 million cases of viral hepatitis worldwide. Over 50% of chronically infected HCV patients develop hepatic steatosis, and steatosis can be induced by expression of HCV core protein (core) alone. Additionally, core must associate with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) for steatosis development and viral particle assembly. Due to the importance of the LD as a key component of hepatic lipid storage and as a platform for HCV particle assembly, it seems this dynamic subcellular organelle is a gatekeeper in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Here, we hypothesized that core requires the host LD scaffold protein, perilipin (PLIN)3, to induce hepatic steatosis. To test our hypothesis in vivo, we have studied core-induced hepatic steatosis in the absence or presence of antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of PLIN3. PLIN3 knockdown blunted HCV core-induced steatosis in transgenic mice fed either chow or a moderate fat diet. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that the LD scaffold protein, PLIN3, is essential for HCV core-induced hepatic steatosis and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard G Lee
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark J Graham
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
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26
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Stöger JL, Boshuizen MCS, Brufau G, Gijbels MJJ, Wolfs IMJ, van der Velden S, Pöttgens CCH, Vergouwe MN, Wijnands E, Beckers L, Goossens P, Kerksiek A, Havinga R, Müller W, Lütjohann D, Groen AK, de Winther MPJ. Deleting myeloid IL-10 receptor signalling attenuates atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice by altering intestinal cholesterol fluxes. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:565-77. [PMID: 27358035 DOI: 10.1160/th16-01-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses and cholesterol homeostasis are interconnected in atherogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, known to suppress atherosclerosis development. However, the specific cell types responsible for the atheroprotective effects of IL-10 remain to be defined and knowledge on the actions of IL-10 in cholesterol homeostasis is scarce. Here we investigated the functional involvement of myeloid IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. To do so, bone marrow from IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) wild-type and myeloid IL-10R1-deficient mice was transplanted to lethally irradiated female LDLR-/- mice. Hereafter, mice were given a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks after which atherosclerosis development and cholesterol metabolism were investigated. In vitro, myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency resulted in a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. However, in vivo significantly reduced lesion size and severity was observed. This phenotype was associated with lower myeloid cell accumulation and more apoptosis in the lesions. Additionally, a profound reduction in plasma and liver cholesterol was observed upon myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency, which was reflected in plaque lipid content. This decreased hypercholesterolaemia was associated with lowered very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, likely as a response to decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. In addition, IL-10R1 deficient mice demonstrated substantially higher faecal sterol loss caused by increased non-biliary cholesterol efflux. The induction of this process was linked to impaired ACAT2-mediated esterification of liver and plasma cholesterol. Overall, myeloid cells do not contribute to IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. In addition, this study demonstrates a novel connection between IL-10-mediated inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in atherosclerosis. These findings make us reconsider IL-10 as a beneficial influence on atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biological Transport, Active
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/prevention & control
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Menno P J de Winther
- Prof. M. P. J. de Winther, PhD, Experimental Vascular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5666762, E-mail:
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27
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Lavoie JM. Dynamics of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol and bile acid pathways: The impact of the animal model of estrogen deficiency and exercise training. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:961-975. [PMID: 27621762 PMCID: PMC4990760 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i23.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol level is determined by a complex dynamics that involves transport lipoproteins which levels are tightly dependent on how the liver and the intestine regulate cholesterol and biliary acid metabolism. Regulation of cholesterol and biliary acids by the liver and the intestine is in turn coupled to a large array of enzymes and transporters that largely influence the inflow and the outflow of cholesterol and biliary acids through these organs. The activity of the key regulators of cholesterol and biliary acids may be influenced by several external factors such as pharmacological drugs and the nutritional status. In recent years, more information has been gathered about the impact of estrogens on regulation of cholesterol in the body. Exposure to high levels of estrogens has been reported to promote cholesterol gallstone formation and women are twice as likely as men to develop cholesterol gallstones. The impact of estrogen withdrawal, such as experienced by menopausal women, is therefore of importance and more information on how the absence of estrogens influence cholesterol regulation is started to come out, especially through the use of animal models. An interesting alternative to metabolic deterioration due to estrogen deficiency is exercise training. The present review is intended to summarize the present information that links key regulators of cholesterol and biliary acid pathways in liver and intestine to the absence of estrogens in an animal model and to discuss the potential role of exercise training as an alternative.
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28
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Warrier M, Zhang J, Bura K, Kelley K, Wilson MD, Rudel LL, Brown JM. Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2-Driven Cholesterol Esterification Opposes Liver X Receptor-Stimulated Fecal Neutral Sterol Loss. Lipids 2016; 51:151-7. [PMID: 26729489 PMCID: PMC5221701 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Statin drugs have proven a successful and relatively safe therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, even with the substantial low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering achieved with statin treatment, CVD remains the top cause of death in developed countries. Selective inhibitors of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol-O acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) hold great promise as effective CVD therapeutics. In mouse models, previous work has demonstrated that either antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) or small molecule inhibitors of SOAT2 can effectively reduce CVD progression, and even promote regression of established CVD. Although it is well known that SOAT2-driven cholesterol esterification can alter both the packaging and retention of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins, here we set out to determine whether SOAT2-driven cholesterol esterification can also impact basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated fecal neutral sterol loss. These studies demonstrate that SOAT2 is a negative regulator of LXR-stimulated fecal neutral sterol loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kanwardeep Bura
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kathryn Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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29
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Modulating the Gut Microbiota Improves Glucose Tolerance, Lipoprotein Profile and Atherosclerotic Plaque Development in ApoE-Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146439. [PMID: 26799618 PMCID: PMC4723129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota (GM) in disease development has recently received increased attention, and numerous approaches have been made to better understand this important interplay. For example, metabolites derived from the GM have been shown to promote atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to increase CVD risk factors. Popular interest in the role of the intestine in a variety of disease states has now resulted in a significant proportion of individuals without coeliac disease switching to gluten-free diets. The effect of gluten-free diets on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors is largely unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of a gluten-free high-fat cholesterol-rich diet, as compared to the same diet in which the gluten peptide gliadin had been added back, on atherosclerosis and several cardiovascular risk factors in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. The gluten-free diet transiently altered GM composition in these mice, as compared to the gliadin-supplemented diet, but did not alter body weights, glucose tolerance, insulin levels, plasma lipids, or atherosclerosis. In parallel, other Apoe-/- mice fed the same diets were treated with ampicillin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic known to affect GM composition. Ampicillin-treatment had a marked and sustained effect on GM composition, as expected. Furthermore, although ampicillin-treated mice were slightly heavier than controls, ampicillin-treatment transiently improved glucose tolerance both in the absence or presence of gliadin, reduced plasma LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels, and reduced aortic atherosclerotic lesion area. These results demonstrate that a gluten-free diet does not seem to have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis or several CVD risk factors in this mouse model, but that sustained alteration of GM composition with a broad-spectrum antibiotic has beneficial effects on CVD risk factors and atherosclerosis. These findings support the concept that altering the microbiota might provide novel treatment strategies for CVD.
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30
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Hwang D, Jo SP, Lee J, Kim JK, Kim KH, Lim YH. Antihyperlipidaemic effects of oxyresveratrol-containing Ramulus mori ethanol extract in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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31
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Melchior JT, Olson JD, Kelley KL, Wilson MD, Sawyer JK, Link KM, Rudel LL. Targeted Knockdown of Hepatic SOAT2 With Antisense Oligonucleotides Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaque in ApoB100-only LDLr-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1920-7. [PMID: 26229140 PMCID: PMC4552612 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the attenuation of cholesterol oleate packaging into apoB-containing lipoproteins will arrest progression of pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in apoB-100 only, LDLr(-/-) mice by feeding a diet enriched in cis-monounsaturated fatty acids for 24 weeks. A subset of mice was then euthanized to quantify the extent of atherosclerosis. The remaining mice were continued on the same diet (controls) or assigned to the following treatments for 16 weeks: (1) a diet enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, (2) the cis-monounsaturated fatty acid diet plus biweekly injections of an antisense oligonucleotide specific to hepatic sterol-O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2); or (3) the cis-monounsaturated fatty acid diet and biweekly injections of a nontargeting hepatic antisense oligonucleotide. Extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta was monitored morphometrically in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo histologically and immunochemically. Hepatic knockdown of SOAT2 via antisense oligonucleotide treatment arrested lesion growth and stabilized lesions. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic knockdown of SOAT2 in apoB100-only, LDLr(-/-) mice resulted in remodeling of aortic atherosclerotic lesions into a stable phenotype, suggesting SOAT2 is a viable target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Melchior
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John D Olson
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kathryn L Kelley
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Martha D Wilson
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kerry M Link
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- From the Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences (J.T.M., K.L.K., M.D.W., J.K.S., L.L.R.), and Department of Radiology, Center for Biomolecular Imaging (J.D.O., K.M.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC.
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32
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Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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33
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Dávalos A, Chroni A. Antisense oligonucleotides, microRNAs, and antibodies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:649-89. [PMID: 25523006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of Watson-Crick base pairing and the development of several chemical modifications to oligonucleotides have enabled the development of novel drug classes for the treatment of different human diseases. This review focuses on promising results of recent preclinical or clinical studies on targeting HDL metabolism and function by antisense oligonucleotides and miRNA-based therapies. Although many hurdles regarding basic mechanism of action, delivery, specificity, and toxicity need to be overcome, promising results from recent clinical trials and recent approval of these types of therapy to treat dyslipidemia suggest that the treatment of HDL dysfunction will benefit from these unique clinical opportunities. Moreover, an overview of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease and currently being tested in clinical studies is provided. Initial studies have shown that these compounds are generally safe and well tolerated, but ongoing large clinical studies will assess their long-term safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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34
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Miao J, Ling AV, Manthena PV, Gearing ME, Graham MJ, Crooke RM, Croce KJ, Esquejo RM, Clish CB, Vicent D, Biddinger SB. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 as a potential player in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6498. [PMID: 25849138 PMCID: PMC4391288 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-documented association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, the key targets of insulin relevant to the development of cardiovascular disease are not known. Here, using non-biased profiling methods, we identify the enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) to be a target of insulin. FMO3 produces trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has recently been suggested to promote atherosclerosis in mice and humans. We show that FMO3 is suppressed by insulin in vitro, increased in obese/insulin resistant male mice and increased in obese/insulin-resistant humans. Knockdown of FMO3 in insulin-resistant mice suppresses FoxO1, a central node for metabolic control, and entirely prevents the development of hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Taken together, these data indicate that FMO3 is required for FoxO1 expression and the development of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alisha V. Ling
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Praveen V. Manthena
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary E. Gearing
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin J. Croce
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan M. Esquejo
- Metabolic Disease Program and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | - David Vicent
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Sudha B. Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Liu M, Allegood J, Zhu X, Seo J, Gebre AK, Boudyguina E, Cheng D, Chuang CC, Shelness GS, Spiegel S, Parks JS. Uncleaved ApoM signal peptide is required for formation of large ApoM/sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-enriched HDL particles. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7861-70. [PMID: 25627684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.631101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM), a plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) carrier, associates with plasma HDL via its uncleaved signal peptide. Hepatocyte-specific apoM overexpression in mice stimulates formation of both larger nascent HDL in hepatocytes and larger mature apoM/S1P-enriched HDL particles in plasma by enhancing hepatic S1P synthesis and secretion. Mutagenesis of apoM glutamine 22 to alanine (apoM(Q22A)) introduces a functional signal peptidase cleavage site. Expression of apoM(Q22A) in ABCA1-expressing HEK293 cells resulted in the formation of smaller nascent HDL particles compared with wild type apoM (apoM(WT)). When apoM(Q22A) was expressed in vivo, using recombinant adenoviruses, smaller plasma HDL particles and decreased plasma S1P and apoM were observed relative to expression of apoM(WT). Hepatocytes isolated from both apoM(WT)- and apoM(Q22A)-expressing mice displayed an equivalent increase in cellular levels of S1P, relative to LacZ controls; however, relative to apoM(WT), apoM(Q22A) hepatocytes displayed more rapid apoM and S1P secretion but minimal apoM(Q22A) bound to nascent lipoproteins. Pharmacologic inhibition of ceramide synthesis increased cellular sphingosine and S1P but not medium S1P in both apoM(WT) and apoM(Q22A) hepatocytes. We conclude that apoM secretion is rate-limiting for hepatocyte S1P secretion and that its uncleaved signal peptide delays apoM trafficking out of the cell, promoting formation of larger nascent apoM- and S1P-enriched HDL particles that are probably precursors of larger apoM/S1P-enriched plasma HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Jeongmin Seo
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Abraham K Gebre
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Elena Boudyguina
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Gregory S Shelness
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 and
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - John S Parks
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 and
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Warrier M, Shih DM, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Gromovsky AD, Brown AL, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Schugar RC, Wang Z, Sacks J, Rong X, Vallim TDA, Chou J, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Brown HA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Liu X, Parini P, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL, Temel RE, Brown JM. The TMAO-Generating Enzyme Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Is a Central Regulator of Cholesterol Balance. Cell Rep 2015; 10:326-338. [PMID: 25600868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling in mouse models of altered reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serendipitously identified the TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) as a powerful modifier of cholesterol metabolism and RCT. Knockdown of FMO3 in cholesterol-fed mice alters biliary lipid secretion, blunts intestinal cholesterol absorption, and limits the production of hepatic oxysterols and cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, FMO3 knockdown stimulates basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated macrophage RCT, thereby improving cholesterol balance. Conversely, FMO3 knockdown exacerbates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation in part by decreasing hepatic oxysterol levels and subsequent LXR activation. FMO3 is thus identified as a central integrator of hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jeff Chou
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldon J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Zhang J, Sawyer JK, Marshall SM, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Brown JM, Rudel LL. Cholesterol esters (CE) derived from hepatic sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) are associated with more atherosclerosis than CE from intestinal SOAT2. Circ Res 2014; 115:826-33. [PMID: 25239141 PMCID: PMC4209196 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cholesterol esters (CE), especially cholesterol oleate, generated by hepatic and intestinal sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) play a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether the contribution of intestine-derived CE from SOAT2 would have similar effects in promoting atherosclerosis progression as for liver-derived CE. OBJECTIVE To test whether, in low-density lipoprotein receptor null (LDLr(-/-)) mice, the conditional knockout of intestinal SOAT2 (SOAT2(SI-/SI-)) or hepatic SOAT2 (SOAT2(L-/L-)) would equally limit atherosclerosis development compared with the global deletion of SOAT2 (SOAT2(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS SOAT2 conditional knockout mice were bred with LDLr(-/-) mice creating LDLr(-/-) mice with each of the specific SOAT2 gene deletions. All mice then were fed an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks. SOAT2(SI-/SI-)LDLr(-/-) and SOAT2(-/-)LDLr(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of intestinal cholesterol absorption, more fecal sterol excretion, and lower biliary cholesterol levels. Analysis of plasma LDL showed that all mice with SOAT2 gene deletions had LDL CE with reduced percentages of cholesterol palmitate and cholesterol oleate. Each of the LDLr(-/-) mice with SOAT2 gene deletions had lower accumulations of total cholesterol and CE in the liver compared with control mice. Finally, aortic atherosclerosis development was significantly lower in all mice with global or tissue-restricted SOAT2 gene deletions. Nevertheless, SOAT2(-/-)LDLr(-/-) and SOAT2(L-/L-)LDLr(-/-) mice had less aortic CE accumulation and smaller aortic lesions than SOAT2(SI-/SI-)LDLr(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS SOAT2-derived CE from both the intestine and liver significantly contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, although the CE from the hepatic enzyme appeared to promote more atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Stephanie M Marshall
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Kathryn L Kelley
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Matthew A Davis
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Martha D Wilson
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - J Mark Brown
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.)
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- From the Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.Z., J.K.S., S.M.M., K.L.K., M.A.D., M.D.W., L.L.R.); and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (S.M.M., J.M.B.).
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Degirolamo C, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Intestinal nuclear receptors in HDL cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1262-70. [PMID: 25070952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a pivotal role in cholesterol homeostasis by functioning as an absorptive and secretory organ in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Enterocytes control cholesterol absorption, apoAI synthesis, HDL biogenesis, and nonbiliary cholesterol fecal disposal. Thus, intestine-based therapeutic interventions may hold promise in the management of diseases driven by cholesterol overload. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and regulate transcriptionally the handling of cholesterol by the enterocytes. Here, we discuss the NR regulation of cholesterol fluxes across the enterocytes with special emphasis on NR exploitation as a bona fide novel HDL-raising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Marshall SM, Gromovsky AD, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Acute sterol o-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) knockdown rapidly mobilizes hepatic cholesterol for fecal excretion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98953. [PMID: 24901470 PMCID: PMC4047063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is LDL cholesterol, which can be reduced by increasing cholesterol excretion from the body. Fecal cholesterol excretion can be driven by a hepatobiliary as well as a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We previously showed that chronic knockdown of the hepatic cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) increased fecal cholesterol loss via TICE. To elucidate the initial events that stimulate TICE, C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce hepatic cholesterol accumulation and were then treated for 1 or 2 weeks with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting SOAT2. Within 2 weeks of hepatic SOAT2 knockdown (SOAT2HKD), the concentration of cholesteryl ester in the liver was reduced by 70% without a reciprocal increase in hepatic free cholesterol. The rapid mobilization of hepatic cholesterol stores resulted in a ∼ 2-fold increase in fecal neutral sterol loss but no change in biliary cholesterol concentration. Acute SOAT2HKD increased plasma cholesterol carried primarily in lipoproteins enriched in apoB and apoE. Collectively, our data suggest that acutely reducing SOAT2 causes hepatic cholesterol to be swiftly mobilized and packaged onto nascent lipoproteins that feed cholesterol into the TICE pathway for fecal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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40
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Hong C, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors in lipid metabolism: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:433-44. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pedrelli M, Davoodpour P, Degirolamo C, Gomaraschi M, Graham M, Ossoli A, Larsson L, Calabresi L, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Eriksson M, Parini P. Hepatic ACAT2 knock down increases ABCA1 and modifies HDL metabolism in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93552. [PMID: 24695360 PMCID: PMC3973598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ACAT2 is the exclusive cholesterol-esterifying enzyme in hepatocytes and enterocytes. Hepatic ABCA1 transfers unesterified cholesterol (UC) to apoAI, thus generating HDL. By changing the hepatic UC pool available for ABCA1, ACAT2 may affect HDL metabolism. The aim of this study was to reveal whether hepatic ACAT2 influences HDL metabolism. DESIGN WT and LXRα/β double knockout (DOKO) mice were fed a western-type diet for 8 weeks. Animals were i.p. injected with an antisense oligonucleotide targeted to hepatic ACAT2 (ASO6), or with an ASO control. Injections started 4 weeks after, or concomitantly with, the beginning of the diet. RESULTS ASO6 reduced liver cholesteryl esters, while not inducing UC accumulation. ASO6 increased hepatic ABCA1 protein independently of the diet conditions. ASO6 affected HDL lipids (increased UC) only in DOKO, while it increased apoE-containing HDL in both genotypes. In WT mice ASO6 led to the appearance of large HDL enriched in apoAI and apoE. CONCLUSIONS The use of ASO6 revealed a new pathway by which the liver may contribute to HDL metabolism in mice. ACAT2 seems to be a hepatic player affecting the cholesterol fluxes fated to VLDL or to HDL, the latter via up-regulation of ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pedrelli
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Padideh Davoodpour
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Degirolamo
- Division of Lipid Science, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monica Gomaraschi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilian Larsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pramfalk C, Melhuish TA, Wotton D, Jiang ZY, Eriksson M, Parini P. TG-interacting factor 1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of sterol O-acyltransferase 2. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:709-17. [PMID: 24478032 PMCID: PMC3966704 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m045922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acat2 [gene name: sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2)] esterifies cholesterol in enterocytes and hepatocytes. This study aims to identify repressor elements in the human SOAT2 promoter and evaluate their in vivo relevance. We identified TG-interacting factor 1 (Tgif1) to function as an important repressor of SOAT2. Tgif1 could also block the induction of the SOAT2 promoter activity by hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α and 4α. Women have ∼ 30% higher hepatic TGIF1 mRNA compared with men. Depletion of Tgif1 in mice increased the hepatic Soat2 expression and resulted in higher hepatic lipid accumulation and plasma cholesterol levels. Tgif1 is a new player in human cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pramfalk
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiffany A. Melhuish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Zhao-Yan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition and Toxicology, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chuang JC, Valasek MA, Lopez AM, Posey KS, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Sustained and selective suppression of intestinal cholesterol synthesis by Ro 48-8071, an inhibitor of 2,3-oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase, in the BALB/c mouse. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:351-63. [PMID: 24486573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine plays a fundamentally important role in regulating whole body cholesterol balance and plasma lipoprotein composition. This is articulated through the interplay of a constellation of genes that ultimately determines the net amount of chylomicron cholesterol delivered to the liver. Major advances in our insights into regulation of the cholesterol absorption pathway have been made using genetically manipulated mouse models and agents such as ezetimibe. One unresolved question is how a sustained pharmacological inhibition of intestinal cholesterol synthesis in vivo may affect cholesterol handling by the absorptive cells. Here we show that the lanosterol cyclase inhibitor, Ro 48-8071, when fed to BALB/c mice in a chow diet (20 mg/day/kg body weight), leads to a rapid and sustained inhibition (>50%) of cholesterol synthesis in the whole small intestine. Sterol synthesis was also reduced in the large intestine and stomach. In contrast, hepatic cholesterol synthesis, while markedly suppressed initially, rebounded to higher than baseline rates within 7 days. Whole body cholesterol synthesis, fractional cholesterol absorption, and fecal neutral and acidic sterol excretion were not consistently changed with Ro 48-8071 treatment. There were no discernible effects of this agent on intestinal histology as determined by H&E staining and the level of Ki67, an index of proliferation. The mRNA expression for multiple genes involved in intestinal cholesterol regulation including NPC1L1 was mostly unchanged although there was a marked rise in the mRNA level for the PXR target genes CYP3A11 and CES2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Mark A Valasek
- Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Adam M Lopez
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Kenneth S Posey
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States; Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu M, Seo J, Allegood J, Bi X, Zhu X, Boudyguina E, Gebre AK, Avni D, Shah D, Sorci-Thomas MG, Thomas MJ, Shelness GS, Spiegel S, Parks JS. Hepatic apolipoprotein M (apoM) overexpression stimulates formation of larger apoM/sphingosine 1-phosphate-enriched plasma high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2801-14. [PMID: 24318881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM), a lipocalin family member, preferentially associates with plasma HDL and binds plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a signaling molecule active in immune homeostasis and endothelial barrier function. ApoM overexpression in ABCA1-expressing HEK293 cells stimulated larger nascent HDL formation, compared with cells that did not express apoM; however, the in vivo role of apoM in HDL metabolism remains poorly understood. To test whether hepatic apoM overexpression increases plasma HDL size, we generated hepatocyte-specific apoM transgenic (APOM Tg) mice, which had an ∼3-5-fold increase in plasma apoM levels compared with wild-type mice. Although HDL cholesterol concentrations were similar to wild-type mice, APOM Tg mice had larger plasma HDLs enriched in apoM, cholesteryl ester, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and S1P. Despite the presence of larger plasma HDLs in APOM Tg mice, in vivo macrophage reverse cholesterol transport capacity was similar to that in wild-type mice. APOM Tg mice had an ∼5-fold increase in plasma S1P, which was predominantly associated with larger plasma HDLs. Primary hepatocytes from APOM Tg mice generated larger nascent HDLs and displayed increased sphingolipid synthesis and S1P secretion. Inhibition of ceramide synthases in hepatocytes increased cellular S1P levels but not S1P secretion, suggesting that apoM is rate-limiting in the export of hepatocyte S1P. Our data indicate that hepatocyte-specific apoM overexpression generates larger nascent HDLs and larger plasma HDLs, which preferentially bind apoM and S1P, and stimulates S1P biosynthesis for secretion. The unique apoM/S1P-enriched plasma HDL may serve to deliver S1P to extrahepatic tissues for atheroprotection and may have other as yet unidentified functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- From the Departments of Pathology-Lipid Sciences and
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46
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Mörk LM, Rehnmark S, Davoodpour P, Norata GD, Larsson L, Witt MR, Malm J, Parini P. The thyroid receptor modulator KB3495 reduces atherosclerosis independently of total cholesterol in the circulation in ApoE deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78534. [PMID: 24324578 PMCID: PMC3850901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate cholesterol metabolism but their use as lipid-lowering drugs is restricted due to negative cardiac effects. TH mimetic compounds modulating TH receptor β (THRβ) have been designed as potential drugs, reducing serum cholesterol levels while avoiding apparent deleterious cardiac effects. OBJECTIVE Using ApoE deficient mice, we examined whether KB3495, a TH mimetic compound, reduces atherosclerosis and if there is a synergistic effect with atorvastatin. The effect of KB3495 was investigated after 10 and 25 weeks. RESULTS KB3495 treatment reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in aorta and decreased the cholesteryl ester (CE) content by 57%. Treatment with KB3495 was also associated with a reduction of macrophage content in the atherosclerotic plaques and reduced serum levels of IL-1β, TNFalpha, IL-6, Interferon γ, MCP-1 and M-CSF. Serum lipoprotein analysis showed no change in total cholesterol levels in ApoB-containing lipoproteins. KB3495 alone increased fecal BA excretion by 90%. The excretion of neutral sterols increased in all groups, with the largest increase in the combination group (350%). After 25 weeks, the animals treated with KB3495 showed 50% lower CE levels in the skin and even further reductions were observed in the combination group where the CE levels were reduced by almost 95% as compared to controls. CONCLUSION KB3495 treatment reduced atherosclerosis independently of total cholesterol levels in ApoB-containing lipoproteins likely by stimulation of sterol excretion from the body and by inhibition of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Padideh Davoodpour
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lilian Larsson
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Thomas G, Betters JL, Lord CC, Brown AL, Marshall S, Ferguson D, Sawyer J, Davis MA, Melchior JT, Blume LC, Howlett AC, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Mrak I, Leber V, Heier C, Taschler U, Blankman JL, Cravatt BF, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Zimmermann R, Brown HA, Brown JM. The serine hydrolase ABHD6 Is a critical regulator of the metabolic syndrome. Cell Rep 2013; 5:508-20. [PMID: 24095738 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine hydrolase α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) has recently been implicated as a key lipase for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) in the brain. However, the biochemical and physiological function for ABHD6 outside of the central nervous system has not been established. To address this, we utilized targeted antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to selectively knock down ABHD6 in peripheral tissues in order to identify in vivo substrates and understand ABHD6's role in energy metabolism. Here, we show that selective knockdown of ABHD6 in metabolic tissues protects mice from high-fat-diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and systemic insulin resistance. Using combined in vivo lipidomic identification and in vitro enzymology approaches, we show that ABHD6 can hydrolyze several lipid substrates, positioning ABHD6 at the interface of glycerophospholipid metabolism and lipid signal transduction. Collectively, these data suggest that ABHD6 inhibitors may serve as therapeutics for obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jenna L Betters
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Janet Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - John T Melchior
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Lawrence C Blume
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephen B Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Irina Mrak
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vera Leber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jacqueline L Blankman
- Deparment of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Deparment of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010 USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010 USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010 USA
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
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Tietge UJF, Groen AK. Role the TICE?: advancing the concept of transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1452-3. [PMID: 23766383 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bujold K, Mellal K, Zoccal KF, Rhainds D, Brissette L, Febbraio M, Marleau S, Ong H. EP 80317, a CD36 selective ligand, promotes reverse cholesterol transport in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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50
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Ruggles KV, Turkish A, Sturley SL. Making, baking, and breaking: the synthesis, storage, and hydrolysis of neutral lipids. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:413-51. [PMID: 23701589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The esterification of amphiphilic alcohols with fatty acids is a ubiquitous strategy implemented by eukaryotes and some prokaryotes to conserve energy and membrane progenitors and simultaneously detoxify fatty acids and other lipids. This key reaction is performed by at least four evolutionarily unrelated multigene families. The synthesis of this "neutral lipid" leads to the formation of a lipid droplet, which despite the clear selective advantage it confers is also a harbinger of cellular and organismal malaise. Neutral lipid deposition as a cytoplasmic lipid droplet may be thermodynamically favored but nevertheless is elaborately regulated. Optimal utilization of these resources by lipolysis is similarly multigenic in determination and regulation. We present here a perspective on these processes that originates from studies in model organisms, and we include our thoughts on interventions that target reductions in neutral lipids as therapeutics for human diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly V Ruggles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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