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Wang L, Wen W, Gu Y, Mao J, Tong X, Jia B, Yan J, Zhu K, Bai Z, Zhang W, Shi L, Chen Y, Morawska L, Chen J, Huang LH. Characterization of Biodiesel and Diesel Combustion Particles: Chemical Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Implications for Health and Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20460-20469. [PMID: 38019752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel, derived from alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, has gained prominence as a greener alternative to diesel due to its reduced particle mass. However, it remains debatable whether biodiesel exposure has more severe health issues than diesel. This study performed high-resolution mass spectrometry to examine the detailed particle chemical compositions and lipidomics analysis of human lung epithelial cells treated with emissions from biodiesel and diesel fuels. Results show the presence of the peak substances of CHO compounds in biodiesel combustion that contain a phthalate ester (PAEs) structure (e.g., n-amyl isoamyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate). PAEs have emerged as persistent organic pollutants across various environmental media and are known to possess endocrine-disrupting properties in the environment. We further observed that biodiesel prevents triglyceride storage compared to diesel and inhibits triglycerides from becoming phospholipids, particularly with increased phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), which potentially could lead to a higher probability of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Jianwen Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Xiao Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Boyue Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiaqian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhe Bai
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Longbo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth of Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
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Piao CH, Fan Y, Nguyen TV, Song CH, Kim HT, Chai OH. PM2.5 exposure regulates Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine production through NF-κB signaling in combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110254. [PMID: 37163921 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) is a major component of air pollution from emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources and is a serious problem worldwide due to its adverse effects on human health. Increased particulate air pollution increases respiratory disease-related mortality and morbidity. However, the impact of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) remains to be elucidated. Accordingly, in the present study, we investigated the effect of PM2.5 in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced CARAS mouse model with a focus on NF-κB signaling. METHODOLOGY We established an OVA-induced mouse model of CARAS to determine the effects of exposure to PM2.5. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) naive, (2) PM2.5, (3) CARAS, and (4) CARAS/PM2.5. Mice were systemically sensitized with OVA and challenged with inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized 5% OVA three times by intranasal instillation of OVA in each nostril for 7 consecutive days. Mice in the PM2.5 and CARAS/PM2.5 groups were then exposed to PM2.5 by intranasal instillation of PM2.5 for several days. We then examined the impacts of PM2.5 exposure on histopathology and NF-κB signaling in our OVA-induced CARAS mouse model. RESULTS PM2.5 increased infiltration of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples and inflammatory cells in lung tissue. It also increased production of GATA3, RORγ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17 in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and BALF samples in the CARAS mouse model, but secretion of IL-12 and IFN-γ was suppressed. Exposure to PM2.5 increased OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels in serum, inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways, and fibrosis in lung tissue. It also activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, increasing Th2/Th17 cytokine levels while decreasing Th1 cytokine expression, thereby inducing an inflammatory response and promoting inflammatory cell infiltration in nasal and lung tissue. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that PM2.5 can aggravate OVA-induced CARAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hua Piao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China; Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanjing Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Medicine, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Thi Van Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Song
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Tae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lecureur V, Monteil C, Jaguin M, Cazier F, Preterre D, Corbière C, Gosset P, Douki T, Sichel F, Fardel O. Comparative study on gene expression profile in rat lung after repeated exposure to diesel and biodiesel exhausts upstream and downstream of a particle filter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115264. [PMID: 32771839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered as a valuable and less toxic alternative to diesel. However, cellular and molecular effects of repeated exposure to biodiesel emissions from a recent engine equipped with a diesel particle filter (DPF) remain to be characterized. To gain insights about this point, the lung transcriptional signatures were analyzed for rats (n = 6 per group) exposed to filtered air, 30% rapeseed biodiesel (B30) blend or reference diesel (RF0), upstream and downstream a DPF, for 3 weeks (3 h/day, 5 days/week). Genomic analysis revealed a modest regulation of gene expression level (lower than a 2-fold) by both fuels and a higher number of genes regulated downstream the DPF than upstream, in response to either RF0 or to B30 exhaust emissions. The presence of DPF was found to notably impact the lung gene signature of rats exposed to B30. The number of genes regulated in common by both fuels was low, which is likely due to differences in concentrations of regulated pollutants in exhausts, notably for compound organic volatiles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NO or NOx. Nevertheless, we have identified some pathways that were activated for both exhaust emissions, such as integrin-, IGF-1- and Rac-signaling pathways, likely reflecting the effects of gas phase products. By contrast, some canonical pathways relative to "oxidative phosphorylation" and "mitochondrial dysfunction" appear as specific to B30 exhaust emission; the repression of transcripts of mitochondrial respiratory chain in lung of rats exposed to B30 downstream of DPF supports the perturbation of mitochondria function. This study done with a recent diesel engine (compliant with the European IV emission standard) and commercially-available fuels reveals that the diesel blend composition and the presence of an after treatment system may modify lung gene signature of rats repeatedly exposed to exhaust emissions, however in a rather modest manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lecureur
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Christelle Monteil
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000, Caen et 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie Jaguin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Common Center of Measurements (CCM), Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - David Preterre
- CERTAM, 1 rue Joseph Fourier, 76800, Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Cécile Corbière
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000, Caen et 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SyMMES/CIBEST, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - François Sichel
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000, Caen et 76000 Rouen, France; Centre François Baclesse, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
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4
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Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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5
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Chhan D, Rais K, Pan K, Wallace JS. Biodiesel fuels: A greener diesel? A review from a health perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1036-1055. [PMID: 31726536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels have been promoted as a greener alternative to diesel with decreased emissions and health effects. To investigate the scientific basis of the suggested environmental and health benefits offered by biodiesel, this review examines the current state of knowledge and key uncertainties of pollutant profiles of biodiesel engine exhaust and the associated the respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. The ease and low cost of biodiesel production has facilitated greater distribution and commercial use. The pollutant profile of biodiesel engine exhaust is distinct from diesel, characterised by increased NOx and aldehyde emissions but decreased CO and CO2. Lower engine-out particulate matter mass concentrations have also been observed over a range of feedstocks. However, these reduced emissions have been attributable to a shift towards smaller sized particulate emissions. The toxicity of biodiesel engine exhaust has been investigated in vitro using various lung cell, in vivo evaluating responses induced in animals and through several human exposure studies. Discrepancies exist across results reported by in vitro and in vivo studies, which may be attributable to differences in biodiesel feedstocks, engine characteristics, operating conditions or use of aftertreatment systems across test scenarios. The limited human testing further suggests short-term exposure to biodiesel engine exhaust is associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes that are comparable to diesel. Additional information about the health effects of biodiesel engine exhaust exposure is required for effective public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 444, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dany Chhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Khaled Rais
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kang Pan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Bhetraratana M, Orozco LD, Hong J, Diamante G, Majid S, Bennett BJ, Ahn IS, Yang X, Lusis AJ, Araujo JA. Diesel exhaust particles dysregulate multiple immunological pathways in murine macrophages: Lessons from microarray and scRNA-seq technologies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 678:108116. [PMID: 31568751 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter has been shown to promote a variety of disorders, including cardiovascular diseases predominantly of ischemic etiology. However, the mechanisms linking inhaled particulates with systemic vascular effects, resulting in worsened atherosclerosis, are not well defined. We assessed the potential role of macrophages in translating these effects by analyzing gene expression patterns in response to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) at the average cell level, using Affymetrix microarrays in peritoneal macrophages in culture (in vitro), and at the individual cell level, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in alveolar macrophages collected from exposed mice (in vivo). Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from C57BL/6J mice and treated with 25 μg/mL of a DEP methanol extract (DEPe). These cells exhibited significant (FDR < 0.05) differential expression of a large number of genes and enrichment in pathways, especially engaged in immune responses and antioxidant defense. DEPe led to marked upregulation of heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), the most significantly upregulated gene (FDR = 1.75E-06), and several other antioxidant genes. For the in vivo work, C57BL/6J mice were subjected to oropharyngeal aspiration of 200 μg of whole DEP. The gene expression profiles of the alveolar macrophages harvested from these mice were analyzed at the single-cell level using scRNA-seq, which showed significant dysregulation of a broad number of genes enriched in immune system pathways as well, but with a large heterogeneity in how individual alveolar macrophages responded to DEP exposures. Altogether, DEP pollutants dysregulated immunological pathways in macrophages that may mediate the development of pulmonary and systemic vascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Bhetraratana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luz D Orozco
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sana Majid
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - In Sook Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Magnusson P, Dziendzikowska K, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Eide DM, Brunborg G, Gutzkow KB, Instanes C, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Sapierzynski R, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Duale N, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. Lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels with and without particle filter - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:8-20. [PMID: 30685595 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels raises concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed cellular and molecular lung effects in Fisher 344 rats exposed to diesel engine exhaust emissions (DEE) from a Euro 5-classified diesel engine running on B7: petrodiesel fuel containing 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), or SHB20 (synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel): petrodiesel fuel containing 7% FAME and 13% hydrogenated vegetable oil. The Fisher 344 rats were exposed for 7 consecutive days (6 h/day) or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week), both with and without diesel particle filter (DPF) treatment of the exhaust in whole body exposure chambers (n = 7/treatment). Histological analysis and analysis of cytokines and immune cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) did not reveal adverse pulmonary effects after exposure to DEE from B7 or SHB20 fuel. Significantly different gene expression levels for B7 compared to SHB20 indicate disturbed redox signaling (Cat, Hmox1), beta-adrenergic signaling (Adrb2) and xenobiotic metabolism (Cyp1a1). Exhaust filtration induced higher expression of redox genes (Cat, Gpx2) and the chemokine gene Cxcl7 compared to non-filtered exhaust. Exposure time (7 versus 28 days) also resulted in different patterns of lung gene expression. No genotoxic effects in the lungs were observed. Overall, exposure to B7 or SHB20 emissions suggests only minor effects in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Dag M Eide
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzynski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Nur Duale
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
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8
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Vogel CFA, Kado SY, Kobayashi R, Liu X, Wong P, Na K, Durbin T, Okamoto RA, Kado NY. Inflammatory marker and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent responses in human macrophages exposed to emissions from biodiesel fuels. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:993-1002. [PMID: 31543100 PMCID: PMC6858841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel or renewable diesel fuels are alternative fuels produced from vegetable oil and animal tallow that are being considered to help reduce the use of petroleum-based fuels and emissions of air pollutants including greenhouse gases. Here, we analyzed the gene expression of inflammatory marker responses and the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) enzyme after exposure to diesel and biodiesel emission samples generated from an in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicle. Particulate emission samples from petroleum-based California Air Resource Board (CARB)-certified ultralow sulfur diesel (CARB ULSD), biodiesel, and renewable hydro-treated diesel all induced inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX)-2 and interleukin (IL)-8 in human U937-derived macrophages and the expression of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme CYP1A1. Furthermore, the results indicate that the particle emissions from CARB ULSD and the alternative diesel fuel blends activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce CYP1A1 in a dose- and AhR-dependent manner which was supported by the AhR luciferase reporter assay and gel shift analysis. Based on a per mile emissions with the model year 2000 heavy duty vehicle tested, the effects of the alternative diesel fuel blends emissions on the expression on inflammatory markers like IL-8 and COX-2 tend to be lower than emission samples derived from CARB ULSD fuel. The results will help to assess the potential benefits and toxicity from biofuel use as alternative fuels in modern technology diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Franz Adam Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, USA; Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Sarah Y Kado
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, USA; Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kwangsam Na
- Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert A Okamoto
- Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Norman Y Kado
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, USA; Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA; Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
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9
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Selley L, Phillips DH, Mudway I. The potential of omics approaches to elucidate mechanisms of biodiesel-induced pulmonary toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30621739 PMCID: PMC6504167 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion of biodiesels in place of fossil diesel (FD) has been proposed as a method of reducing transport-related toxic emissions in Europe. While biodiesel exhaust (BDE) contains fewer hydrocarbons, total particulates and carbon monoxide than FD exhaust (FDE), its high nitrogen oxide and ultrafine particle content may still promote pulmonary pathophysiologies. MAIN BODY Using a complement of in vitro and in vivo studies, this review documents progress in our understanding of pulmonary responses to BDE exposure. Focusing initially on hypothesis-driven, targeted analyses, the merits and limitations of comparing BDE-induced responses to those caused by FDE exposure are discussed within the contexts of policy making and exploration of toxicity mechanisms. The introduction and progression of omics-led workflows are also discussed, summarising the novel insights into mechanisms of BDE-induced toxicity that they have uncovered. Finally, options for the expansion of BDE-related omics screens are explored, focusing on the mechanistic relevance of metabolomic profiling and offering rationale for expansion beyond classical models of pulmonary exposure. CONCLUSION Together, these discussions suggest that molecular profiling methods have identified mechanistically informative, novel and fuel-specific signatures of pulmonary responses to biodiesel exhaust exposure that would have been difficult to detect using traditional, hypothesis driven approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Selley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN UK
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
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10
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Babadjouni R, Patel A, Liu Q, Shkirkova K, Lamorie-Foote K, Connor M, Hodis DM, Cheng H, Sioutas C, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Mack WJ. Nanoparticulate matter exposure results in neuroinflammatory changes in the corpus callosum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206934. [PMID: 30395590 PMCID: PMC6218079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established an association between air pollution particulate matter exposure (PM2.5) and neurocognitive decline. Experimental data suggest that microglia play an essential role in air pollution PM-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This study examined the effect of nano-sized particulate matter (nPM) on complement C5 deposition and microglial activation in the corpus callosum of mice (C57BL/6J males). nPM was collected in an urban Los Angeles region impacted by traffic emissions. Mice were exposed to 10 weeks of re-aerosolized nPM or filtered air for a cumulative 150 hours. nPM-exposed mice exhibited reactive microglia and 2-fold increased local deposition of complement C5/ C5α proteins and complement component C5a receptor 1 (CD88) in the corpus callosum. However, serum C5 levels did not differ between nPM and filtered air cohorts. These findings demonstrate white matter C5 deposition and microglial activation secondary to nPM exposure. The C5 upregulation appears to be localized to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Babadjouni
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arati Patel
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kristina Shkirkova
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Connor
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Hodis
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hank Cheng
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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11
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Luz GVS, Sousa BASM, Guedes AV, Barreto CC, Brasil LM. Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102698. [PMID: 30347718 PMCID: PMC6222844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the advantages of using biodiesel and its blends with diesel oil is the lower levels of emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, among others, making it less harmful to the environment and to humans. However, this biofuel is susceptible to microbial contamination and biodeterioration. In this sense, studies on the use of effective low toxicity biocides are being carried out, and this work aims to present the latest information (2008⁻2018) available in the scientific databases, on the use of biocides in biodiesel, mainly concerning their toxicity to the environment and public health. The results showed that in relation to the control of microbial contamination, the current scenario is limited, with seven publications, in which the most studied additives were isothiazolinones, oxazolidines, thiocyanates, morpholines, oxaborinanes, thiocarbamates and phenolic antioxidants. Studies regarding direct experiments with humans have not been found, showing the need for more studies in this area, since the potential growth of biodiesel production and consumption in the world is evident. Thus, there are need for more studies on antimicrobial products for use in biodiesel, with good broad-spectrum activity (bactericidal and fungicidal), and further toxicological tests to ensure no or little impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glécia V S Luz
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Campus Gama (FGA), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 72.444-240, Brazil.
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Brasília at Gama (NANOTEC-FGA/UnB), Brasília 72.444-240, Brazil.
| | - Breno A S M Sousa
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Brasília at Gama (NANOTEC-FGA/UnB), Brasília 72.444-240, Brazil.
| | - Adevilton V Guedes
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Brasília at Gama (NANOTEC-FGA/UnB), Brasília 72.444-240, Brazil.
| | - Cristine C Barreto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 70790-160, Brazil.
| | - Lourdes M Brasil
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Campus Gama (FGA), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 72.444-240, Brazil.
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Brasília at Gama (NANOTEC-FGA/UnB), Brasília 72.444-240, Brazil.
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12
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Padovan MG, Whitehouse A, Gouveia N, Habermann M, Grigg J. Carbonaceous particulate matter on the lung surface from adults living in São Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188237. [PMID: 29149218 PMCID: PMC5693408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) in the lung is associated with chronic disease. The amount of carbonaceous PM in airway macrophages is reported to be associated with exposure to both fossil fuel PM and cigarette smoke. However, the contribution of these exposures to carbonaceous PM at the lung surface is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Galhardoni Padovan
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Abigail Whitehouse
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Habermann
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Magnusson P, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Biedrzycki J, Dziendzikowska K, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Brunborg G, Instanes C, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. No adverse lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without particulate filter – the FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:206-218. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1339149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Malorni L, Guida V, Sirignano M, Genovese G, Petrarca C, Pedata P. Exposure to sub-10 nm particles emitted from a biodiesel-fueled diesel engine: In vitro toxicity and inflammatory potential. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Manzetti S, Andersen O. Biochemical and physiological effects from exhaust emissions. A review of the relevant literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:285-293. [PMID: 27793419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions are to date ranked among the most frequent causes of premature deaths worldwide. The combustion of fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and bio-blends provokes a series of pathophysiological responses in exposed subjects, which are associated with biochemical and immunological triggering. It is critical to understand these mechanisms, which are directly related to the levels of aerosol, liquid and gaseous components in fuel exhaust (e.g. nanoparticles, particulate matter, volatile compounds), so to cast attention on their toxicity and gradually minimize their use. This review reports findings in the recent literature concerning the biochemical and cellular pathways triggered during intoxication by exhaust emissions, and links these findings to pathophysiological responses such as inflammation and vasoconstriction. This study provides critical in vitro and in vivo data for the reduction of emissions in urban centers, with an emphasis on the prevention of exposure of groups such as children, the elderly, and other affected groups, and shows how the exposure to exhaust emissions induces mechanisms of pathogenesis related to cardiopulmonary pathologies and long-term diseases such as asthma, allergies, and cancer. This review summarizes the cellular and physiological responses of humans to exhaust emissions in a comprehensive fashion, and is important for legislative developments in fuel politics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Andersen
- Vestlandsforskning, Fosshaugane Campus, 6851 Sogndal, Norway.
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16
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Rohr A, McDonald J. Health effects of carbon-containing particulate matter: focus on sources and recent research program results. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:97-137. [PMID: 26635181 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gas-, vapor-, and particulate-phase materials comprised of inorganic and organic species. Many of these components have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies, including a broad spectrum of carbonaceous atmospheric components. This paper reviews recent literature on the health impacts of organic aerosols, with a focus on specific sources of organic material; it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all the available literature. Specific emission sources reviewed include engine emissions, wood/biomass combustion emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), resuspended road dust, tire and brake wear, and cooking emissions. In addition, recent findings from large toxicological and epidemiological research programs are reviewed in the context of organic PM, including SPHERES, NPACT, NERC, ACES, and TERESA. A review of the extant literature suggests that there are clear health impacts from emissions containing carbon-containing PM, but difficulty remains in apportioning responses to certain groupings of carbonaceous materials, such as organic and elemental carbon, condensed and gas phases, and primary and secondary material. More focused epidemiological and toxicological studies, including increased characterization of organic materials, would increase understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rohr
- a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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17
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Larcombe AN, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Knothe G. Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research. Respirology 2015; 20:1034-45. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; Perth Australia
- School of Pediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Mullins
- Curtin Institute for Computation; Fluid Dynamics Research Group; Curtin University; Perth Australia
- Health, Safety and Environment; School of Public Health; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Gerhard Knothe
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research; Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Peoria Illinois USA
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18
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Mutlu E, Nash DG, King C, Krantz TQ, Preston WT, Kooter IM, Higuchi M, DeMarini D, Linak WP, Gilmour MI. Generation and characterization of diesel engine combustion emissions from petroleum diesel and soybean biodiesel fuels and application for inhalation exposure studies. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:515-32. [PMID: 26514780 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1076910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel made from the transesterification of plant- and animal-derived oils is an important alternative fuel source for diesel engines. Although numerous studies have reported health effects associated with petroleum diesel emissions, information on biodiesel emissions are more limited. To this end, a program at the U.S. EPA assessed health effects of biodiesel emissions in rodent inhalation models. Commercially obtained soybean biodiesel (B100) and a 20% blend with petroleum diesel (B20) were compared to pure petroleum diesel (B0). Rats and mice were exposed independently for 4 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 weeks. Exposures were controlled by dilution air to obtain low (50 µg/m(3)), medium (150 µg/m(3)) and high (500 µg/m(3)) diesel particulate mass (PM) concentrations, and compared to filtered air. This article provides details on facilities, fuels, operating conditions, emission factors and physico-chemical characteristics of the emissions used for inhalation exposures and in vitro studies. Initial engine exhaust PM concentrations for the B100 fuel (19.7 ± 0.7 mg/m(3)) were 30% lower than those of the B0 fuel (28.0 ± 1.5 mg/m(3)). When emissions were diluted with air to control equivalent PM mass concentrations, B0 exposures had higher CO and slightly lower NO concentrations than B100. Organic/elemental carbon ratios and oxygenated methyl esters and organic acids were higher for the B100 than B0. Both the B0 and B100 fuels produced unimodal-accumulation mode particle-size distributions, with B0 producing lower concentrations of slightly larger particles. Subsequent papers in this series will describe the effects of these atmospheres on cardiopulmonary responses and in vitro genotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - David G Nash
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- d Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Todd Q Krantz
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- f Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Mark Higuchi
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - William P Linak
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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19
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Gavett SH, Wood CE, Williams MA, Cyphert JM, Boykin EH, Daniels MJ, Copeland LB, King C, Krantz TQ, Richards JH, Andrews DL, Jaskot RH, Gilmour MI. Soy biodiesel emissions have reduced inflammatory effects compared to diesel emissions in healthy and allergic mice. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:533-44. [PMID: 26514781 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1054966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of exhaust from combustion of petroleum diesel (B0), soy-based biodiesel (B100), or a 20% biodiesel/80% petrodiesel mix (B20) was compared in healthy and house dust mite (HDM)-allergic mice. Fuel emissions were diluted to target fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) concentrations of 50, 150, or 500 μg/m(3). Studies in healthy mice showed greater levels of neutrophils and MIP-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid 2 h after a single 4-h exposure to B0 compared with mice exposed to B20 or B100. No consistent differences in BAL cells and biochemistry, or hematological parameters, were observed after 5 d or 4 weeks of exposure to any of the emissions. Air-exposed HDM-allergic mice had significantly increased responsiveness to methacholine aerosol challenge compared with non-allergic mice. Exposure to any of the emissions for 4 weeks did not further increase responsiveness in either non-allergic or HDM-allergic mice, and few parameters of allergic inflammation in BAL fluid were altered. Lung and nasal pathology were not significantly different among B0-, B20-, or B100-exposed groups. In HDM-allergic mice, exposure to B0, but not B20 or B100, significantly increased resting peribronchiolar lymph node cell proliferation and production of T(H)2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and IL-17 in comparison with air-exposed allergic mice. These results suggest that diesel exhaust at a relatively high concentration (500 μg/m(3)) can induce inflammation acutely in healthy mice and exacerbate some components of allergic responses, while comparable concentrations of B20 or B100 soy biodiesel fuels did not elicit responses different from those caused by air exposure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Gavett
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Charles E Wood
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Marc A Williams
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Jaime M Cyphert
- b Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC School of Medicine , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Elizabeth H Boykin
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Mary J Daniels
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Lisa B Copeland
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Todd Q Krantz
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Judy H Richards
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Debora L Andrews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Richard H Jaskot
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
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20
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Effect of Diesel Engine Operating Conditions on the Particulate Size, Nanostructure and Oxidation Properties when Using Wasting Cooking Oil Biodiesel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Bass VL, Schladweiler MC, Nyska A, Thomas RF, Miller DB, Krantz T, King C, Ian Gilmour M, Ledbetter AD, Richards JE, Kodavanti UP. Comparative cardiopulmonary toxicity of exhausts from soy-based biofuels and diesel in healthy and hypertensive rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:545-56. [PMID: 26514782 PMCID: PMC4768834 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative cardiopulmonary health effects of exhausts from (1) 100% soy biofuel (B100), (2) 20% soy biofuel + 80% low sulfur petroleum diesel (B20), and (3) 100% petroleum diesel (B0) in rats. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to these three exhausts at 0, 50, 150 and 500 μg/m(3), 4 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks (5 days/week). In addition, WKY rats were exposed for 1 day and responses were analyzed 0 h, 1 day or 4 days later for time-course assessment. Hematological parameters, in vitro platelet aggregation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation, ex vivo aortic ring constriction, heart and aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction, thrombosis and atherogenesis were analyzed. The presence of pigmented macrophages in the lung alveoli was clearly evident with all three exhausts without apparent pathology. Overall, exposure to all three exhausts produced only modest effects in most endpoints analyzed in both strains. BALF γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was the most consistent marker and was increased in both strains, primarily with B0 (B0 > B100 > B20). This increase was associated with only modest increases in BALF neutrophils. Small and very acute increases occurred in aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction and thrombosis with B100 but not B0 in WKY rats. Our comparative evaluations show modest cardiovascular and pulmonary effects at low concentrations of all exhausts: B0 causing more pulmonary injury and B100 more acute vascular effects. BALF GGT activity could serve as a sensitive biomarker of inhaled pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Bass
- a Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- c Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Timrat , Israel , and
| | - Ronald F Thomas
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Desinia B Miller
- d Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Todd Krantz
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Charly King
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judy E Richards
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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22
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Bai Y, Brugha RE, Jacobs L, Grigg J, Nawrot TS, Nemery B. Carbon loading in airway macrophages as a biomarker for individual exposure to particulate matter air pollution - A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:32-41. [PMID: 25318022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects, including chronic lung diseases, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Personal exposure varies depending on the generation of particles locally, background levels, activity patterns and meteorology. Carbon loading in airway macrophages (AM) is a novel marker to assess personal exposure to combustion-derived particles. This review summarizes the published evidence and describes the validity and reliability of this marker with a focus on the technical aspects. Carbon loading in AM is reported in nine published studies assessing personal exposure to particulate air pollution. The carbon content is quantified by image analysis and is suggested to be suited to assess cumulative exposures. While there is some variation in study technique, these studies each indicate that internal AM carbon reflects either external exposure or important health effects. However, some uncertainty remains regarding potentially confounding materials within particles, the time frame of exposures that this technique reflects, and the optimal strategy to accurately quantify AM carbon. These aspects need to be clarified or optimized before applying this technique in larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 1, Box 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Bhavaraju L, Shannahan J, William A, McCormick R, McGee J, Kodavanti U, Madden M. Diesel and biodiesel exhaust particle effects on rat alveolar macrophages with in vitro exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 104:126-33. [PMID: 24268344 PMCID: PMC3962714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Combustion emissions from diesel engines emit particulate matter which deposits within the lungs. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) encounter the particles and attempt to engulf the particles. Emissions particles from diesel combustion engines have been found to contain diverse biologically active components including metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons which cause adverse health effects. However little is known about AM response to particles from the incorporation of biodiesel. The objective of this study was to examine the toxicity in Wistar Kyoto rat AM of biodiesel blend (B20) and low sulfur petroleum diesel (PDEP) exhaust particles. Particles were independently suspended in media at a range of 1-500μgmL(-1). Results indicated B20 and PDEP initiated a dose dependent increase of inflammatory signals from AM after exposure. After 24h exposure to B20 and PDEP gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) increased. B20 exposure resulted in elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release at lower particle concentrations compared to PDEP. B20 and PDEP demonstrated similar affinity for sequestration of PGE2 at high concentrations, suggesting detection is not impaired. Our data suggests PGE2 release from AM is dependent on the chemical composition of the particles. Particle analysis including measurements of metals and ions indicate B20 contains more of select metals than PDEP. Other particle components generally reduced by 20% with 20% incorporation of biodiesel into original diesel. This study shows AM exposure to B20 results in increased production of PGE2in vitro relative to diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laya Bhavaraju
- Currciculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Aaron William
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | | | - John McGee
- EPHD, NHEERL, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Michael Madden
- EPHD, NHEERL, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Brugha RE, Mushtaq N, Round T, Gadhvi DH, Dundas I, Gaillard E, Koh L, Fleming LJ, Lewis DJ, Sanak M, Wood HE, Barratt B, Mudway IS, Kelly FJ, Griffiths CJ, Grigg J. Carbon in airway macrophages from children with asthma. Thorax 2014; 69:654-9. [PMID: 24567296 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway macrophage (AM) phagocytosis is impaired in severe asthma. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 and D2 are increased in severe asthma and suppress AM phagocytic function in vitro. In this study, we sought evidence for PG-mediated impairment of phagocytosis of inhalable carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) by AM in children with severe asthma compared with mild asthmatics and healthy controls. METHODS AM were obtained from children with asthma and healthy controls using induced sputum. AM carbon area (μm(2)) was assessed by image analysis. In a subgroup of asthmatics, urinary PGE2 and PGD2 metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and PM exposure at the home address was modelled. Phagocytosis of PM by human monocyte-derived macrophages and rat AM was assessed in vitro by image analysis. RESULTS AM carbon was 51% lower in children with moderate-to-severe asthma (n=36) compared with mild asthmatics (n=12, p<0.01) and healthy controls (n=47, p<0.01). There was no association between modelled PM exposure and AM carbon in 33 asthmatics who had a urine sample, but there was an inverse association between AM carbon and urinary metabolites of PGE2 and D2 (n=33, rs=-0.40, p<0.05, and rs=-0.44, p<0.01). PGE2 10(-6) M, but not PGD2 10(-6) M, suppressed phagocytosis of PM10 by human macrophages in vitro (p<0.05 vs control). PGE2 10(-6) M also suppressed phagocytosis of PM10 by rat AM in vitro (p<0.01 vs control). CONCLUSIONS Phagocytosis of inhaled carbonaceous PM by AMs is impaired in severe asthma. PGE2 may contribute to impaired AM phagocytic function in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossa E Brugha
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Naseem Mushtaq
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Round
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dev H Gadhvi
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Isobel Dundas
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Erol Gaillard
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lee Koh
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise J Fleming
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Lewis
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical School, Krakow, Poland
| | - Helen E Wood
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Grigg
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Biodiesel versus diesel exposure: enhanced pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and differential morphological changes in the mouse lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:373-83. [PMID: 23886933 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of biodiesel (BD) or its blends with petroleum diesel (D) is considered to be a viable approach to reduce occupational and environmental exposures to particulate matter (PM). Due to its lower particulate mass emissions compared to D, use of BD is thought to alleviate adverse health effects. Considering BD fuel is mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, we hypothesize that BD exhaust particles could induce pronounced adverse outcomes, due to their ability to readily oxidize. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of particles generated by engine fueled with neat BD and neat petroleum-based D. Biomarkers of tissue damage and inflammation were significantly elevated in lungs of mice exposed to BD particulates. Additionally, BD particulates caused a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins and an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal. The up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors was higher in lungs upon BD particulate exposure. Histological evaluation of lung sections indicated presence of lymphocytic infiltrate and impaired clearance with prolonged retention of BD particulate in pigment laden macrophages. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that BD exhaust particles could exert more toxic effects compared to D.
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Shvedova AA, Yanamala N, Murray AR, Kisin ER, Khaliullin T, Hatfield MK, Tkach AV, Krantz QT, Nash D, King C, Gilmour MI, Gavett SH. Oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and toxicity in mouse lung and liver after inhalation exposure to 100% biodiesel or petroleum diesel emissions. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:907-21. [PMID: 24156694 PMCID: PMC4671493 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.825217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, soy biodiesel (BD) has become a first alternative energy source that is economically viable and meets requirements of the Clean Air Act. Due to lower mass emissions and reduced hazardous compounds compared to diesel combustion emissions (CE), BD exposure is proposed to produce fewer adverse health effects. However, considering the broad use of BD and its blends in different industries, this assertion needs to be supported and validated by mechanistic and toxicological data. Here, adverse effects were compared in lungs and liver of BALB/cJ mice after inhalation exposure (0, 50, 150, or 500 μg/m3; 4 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 4 wk) to CE from 100% biodiesel (B100) and diesel (D100). Compared to D100, B100 CE produced a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins (carbonyls), an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a reduction of protein thiols, a depletion of antioxidant gluthatione (GSH), a dose-related rise in the levels of biomarkers of tissue damage (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) in lungs, and inflammation (myeloperoxidase, MPO) in both lungs and liver. Significant differences in the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interferon (IFN) γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in lungs and liver upon B100 and D100 CE exposures. Overall, the tissue damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytokine response were more pronounced in mice exposed to BD CE. Further studies are required to understand what combustion products in BD CE accelerate oxidative and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley R. Murray
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Timur Khaliullin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Meghan K. Hatfield
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Alexey V. Tkach
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute of Occupational and Safety Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Q. T. Krantz
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Nash
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charly King
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen H. Gavett
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Bünger J, Krahl J, Schröder O, Schmidt L, Westphal GA. Potential hazards associated with combustion of bio-derived versus petroleum-derived diesel fuel. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:732-50. [PMID: 22871157 PMCID: PMC3483060 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.710194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fuels from renewable resources have gained worldwide interest due to limited fossil oil sources and the possible reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas. One of these fuels is so called biodiesel produced from vegetable oil by transesterification into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). To get a first insight into changes of health hazards from diesel engine emissions (DEE) by use of biodiesel scientific studies were reviewed which compared the combustion of FAME with common diesel fuel (DF) for legally regulated and non-regulated emissions as well as for toxic effects. A total number of 62 publications on chemical analyses of DEE and 18 toxicological in vitro studies were identified meeting the criteria. In addition, a very small number of human studies and animal experiments were available. In most studies, combustion of biodiesel reduces legally regulated emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Nitrogen oxides are regularly increased. Among the non-regulated emissions aldehydes are increased, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are lowered. Most biological in vitro assays show a stronger cytotoxicity of biodiesel exhaust and the animal experiments reveal stronger irritant effects. Both findings are possibly caused by the higher content of nitrogen oxides and aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust. The lower content of PAH is reflected by a weaker mutagenicity compared to DF exhaust. However, recent studies show a very low mutagenicity of DF exhaust as well, probably caused by elimination of sulfur in present DF qualities and the use of new technology diesel engines. Combustion of vegetable oil (VO) in common diesel engines causes a strongly enhanced mutagenicity of the exhaust despite nearly unchanged regulated emissions. The newly developed fuel "hydrotreated vegetable oil" (HVO) seems to be promising. HVO has physical and chemical advantages compared to FAME. Preliminary results show lower regulated and non-regulated emissions and a decreased mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
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Topinka J, Milcova A, Schmuczerova J, Mazac M, Pechout M, Vojtisek-Lom M. Genotoxic potential of organic extracts from particle emissions of diesel and rapeseed oil powered engines. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Traviss N, Thelen BA, Ingalls JK, Treadwell MD. Evaluation of biodiesel's impact on real-world occupational and environmental particulate matter exposures at a municipal facility in Keene, NH. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2012; 5:101-114. [PMID: 29910840 PMCID: PMC5998672 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-011-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many organizations are interested in biodiesel as a renewable, domestic energy source for use in transportation and heavy-duty equipment. Although numerous biodiesel emission studies exist, biodiesel exposure studies are nearly absent from the literature. This study compared the impact of petroleum diesel fuel and a B20 blend (20% soy-based biodiesel/80% petroleum diesel) on occupational and environmental exposures at a rural municipal facility in Keene, NH. For each fuel type, we measured concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) at multiple locations (in-cabin, work area, and near-field) at a materials recovery facility utilizing non-road equipment. B20 fuel use resulted in significant reductions in PM2.5 mass (56-76%), reductions in EC (5-29%), and increases in OC (294-467%). Concentrations of PM2.5 measured during petroleum diesel use were up to four times higher than PM2.5 concentrations during B20 use. Further analysis of the EC and OC fractions of total carbon also indicated substantial differences between fuels. Our results demonstrate that biodiesel blends significantly reduced PM2.5 exposure compared to petroleum diesel fuel in a workplace utilizing non-road construction-type equipment. While this suggests that biodiesel may reduce health risks associated with exposure to fine particulate matter mass, more exposure research is needed to better understand biodiesel-related changes in particulate matter composition and other exposure metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Traviss
- Keene State College, MS 2001, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-1901, USA
| | - Brett Amy Thelen
- Keene State College, MS 2001, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-1901, USA
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Features of microglia and neuroinflammation relevant to environmental exposure and neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2980-3018. [PMID: 21845170 PMCID: PMC3155341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8072980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident cells of the brain involved in regulatory processes critical for development, maintenance of the neural environment, injury and repair. They belong to the monocytic-macrophage lineage and serve as brain immune cells to orchestrate innate immune responses; however, they are distinct from other tissue macrophages due to their relatively quiescent phenotype and tight regulation by the CNS microenvironment. Microglia actively survey the surrounding parenchyma and respond rapidly to changes such that any disruption to neural architecture or function can contribute to the loss in regulation of the microglia phenotype. In many models of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity, early events of synaptic degeneration and neuronal loss are accompanied by an inflammatory response including activation of microglia, perivascular monocytes, and recruitment of leukocytes. In culture, microglia have been shown to be capable of releasing several potentially cytotoxic substances, such as reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide, proteases, arachidonic acid derivatives, excitatory amino acids, and cytokines; however, they also produce various neurotrophic factors and quench damage from free radicals and excitotoxins. As the primary source for pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia are implicated as pivotal mediators of neuroinflammation and can induce or modulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Neuroinflammation should be considered as a balanced network of processes whereby subtle modifications can shift the cells toward disparate outcomes. For any evaluation of neuroinflammation and microglial responses, within the framework of neurotoxicity or degeneration, one key question in determining the consequence of neuroinflammation is whether the response is an initiating event or the consequence of tissue damage. As examples of environmental exposure-related neuroinflammation in the literature, we provide an evaluation of data on manganese and diesel exhaust particles.
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Poon R, Rigden M, Edmonds N, Charman N, Lamy S. Effects of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and other candidate biodiesel biocides on rat alveolar macrophages and NR8383 cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1419-27. [PMID: 21445588 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are added to biodiesels to inhibit and remove microbial growth. The effects of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), a candidate biodiesel biocide, were studied using freshly isolated rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and NR8383 cell line. CMIT markedly inhibited phagocytic oxidative burst as measured by zymosan-induced chemiluminescence, and cellular cytokine secretion as measured by zymosan-induced TNF-α secretion. The 50% inhibition concentration (LC(50)) for CMIT was 0.002-0.004 mM for both cellular functions. AM exposed to CMIT for as little as 2 min showed markedly inhibited functions that persisted for at least 5 h. Sodium metabisulfite was able to partially neutralize the inhibitory activity of CMIT. Cysteine and glutathione, when present at a molar ratio of 2-1 or higher against CMIT, were effective neutralizers, while serine, histidine, alanine, and albumin were without effect. When the AM testing system was used to compare the toxicity of CMIT against three other candidate biodiesel biocides, methylene dithiocyanate (MDC) was found to be of comparable toxicity to CMIT, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) was much less toxic, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) was non-toxic. Because AM is among the first cell-type exposed to inhaled biodiesel aerosols, the result suggested that CMIT present in biodiesel may produce respiratory effects, and further investigations including animal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poon
- Environmental Heath Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, Canada.
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Lull ME, Block ML. Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:354-65. [PMID: 20880500 PMCID: PMC2951017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence points to activated microglia as a chronic source of multiple neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving progressive neuron damage. Microglia can become chronically activated by either a single stimulus (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or neuron damage) or multiple stimuli exposures to result in cumulative neuronal loss with time. Although the mechanisms driving these phenomena are just beginning to be understood, reactive microgliosis (the microglial response to neuron damage) and ROS have been implicated as key mechanisms of chronic and neurotoxic microglial activation, particularly in the case of Parkinson's disease. We review the mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chronic microglial activation and discuss the role of neuronal death and microglial ROS driving the chronic and toxic microglial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E. Lull
- grid.224260.00000000404588737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Sanger Hall, Room 9-048, 1101 E. Marshall St., Box 980709, 23298-0709 Richmond, VA
| | - Michelle L. Block
- grid.224260.00000000404588737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Sanger Hall, Room 9-048, 1101 E. Marshall St., Box 980709, 23298-0709 Richmond, VA
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Brito JM, Belotti L, Toledo AC, Antonangelo L, Silva FS, Alvim DS, Andre PA, Saldiva PHN, Rivero DHRF. Acute Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Toxicity Induced by Inhalation of Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust Particles. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:67-78. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Fullerton DG, Jere K, Jambo K, Kulkarni NS, Zijlstra EE, Grigg J, French N, Molyneux ME, Gordon SB. Domestic smoke exposure is associated with alveolar macrophage particulate load. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:349-54. [PMID: 19278528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indoor air pollution is associated with impaired respiratory health. The pre-dominant indoor air pollutant to which two billion of the world's population is exposed is biomass fuel smoke. We tested the hypothesis that reported smoke exposure in men and women is associated with increased alveolar macrophage uptake of biomass smoke particulates. METHODS Healthy volunteers attending for research bronchoscopy in Malawi completed a questionnaire assessment of smoke exposure. Particulate matter visible in alveolar macrophages (AM) was quantified using digital image analysis. The geometric mean of the percentage area of the cytoplasm occupied by particulates in 50 cover-slip adherent AM was calculated and termed particulate load. RESULTS In 57 subjects (40 men and 17 women) there was a significant difference between the particulate load in groups divided according to pre-dominant lighting form used at home (ANOVA P = 0.0009) and type of cooking fuel (P = 0.0078). CONCLUSIONS Particulate load observed in macrophages is associated with the reported type of biomass fuel exposure. Macrophage function in relation to respiratory health should now be investigated in biomass smoke exposed subjects.
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Non-cancer health effects of diesel exhaust: A critical assessment of recent human and animal toxicological literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:195-227. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440802220603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Seagrave J, McDonald JD, Reed MD, Seilkop SK, Mauderly JL. Responses to Subchronic Inhalation of Low Concentrations of Diesel Exhaust and Hardwood Smoke Measured in Rat Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 17:657-70. [PMID: 16087572 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500189529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is associated with adverse health effects, but the causal components and mechanisms are unclear. We compared effects of daily exposure for 6 mo to diesel exhaust (DE) or hardwood smoke (HWS) at 4 concentrations between 30 and 1000 microg/(3) of total particulate matter, or filtered air, in male and female rats. Lung lavage fluid was assayed for toxicity indicators, cytokines, and glutathione. Statistical analyses included pairwise comparisons with control and exposure-related trends, modeled using techniques that facilitated evaluation of nonlinear exposure effects. Lactate dehydrogenase increased with exposure concentration in DE-exposed females, but in other groups, low exposure concentrations caused increases while higher concentrations had less effect. Total protein in the HWS-exposed males and females followed similar patterns. Alkaline phosphatase increased in DE-exposed females, but decreased in HWS-exposed males and females. Beta-Glucuronidase decreased in HWS- and DE-exposed males, but HWS-exposed females showed decreases at low exposure concentrations and weak increases at higher exposure concentrations. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 decreased in HWS-exposed males and females and DE-exposed females. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels decreased in DE-exposed females and males, but HWS-exposed males showed small increases. DE did not affect total glutathione in either gender, but HWS decreased glutathione in females, while in males, increases at low exposure concentrations but not at higher exposure levels were observed. Thus, these two combustion emissions differentially affect lung responses, with gender affecting response patterns. Furthermore, effects may be nonmonotonic functions of exposure levels, with maximal responses in environmentally or occupationally relevant exposure ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeanClare Seagrave
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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Poon R, Chu I, Valli VE, Graham L, Yagminas A, Hollebone B, Rideout G, Fingas M. Effects of three biodiesels and a low sulfur diesel in male rats--a pilot 4-week oral study. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1830-7. [PMID: 17532109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of the accessible and renewable nature of feedstock and the potential for the reduction of harmful combustion emissions and greenhouse gases, biodiesels have received increasing interest as an alternate fuel. Oral exposure to biodiesels is a concern because of contact during refuelling, accidental ingestion and exposure through ground water contamination. Although biodiesels from various feedstock are in use commercially and experimentally, very little is known about their potential adverse effects and no data is available on their potential for ground water contamination. A study was performed on male rats following oral treatment with experimental biodiesels (dissolved in corn oil) derived from canola oil (Bio-C), soy oil (Bio-S) and fish oil (Bio-F), at 500 mg/kg body weight/day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Separate groups of animals were treated with low sulfur diesel (LSD) for comparison purpose, and with corn oil alone to serve as control. The potential for ground water contamination by biodiesels was investigated by the preparation of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) followed by gas chromatographic analysis. WAF from Bio-F and Bio-S was found to have the highest level of dichloromethane extractable materials. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that the extractable materials from biodiesels contained much higher proportion of C15-C30 materials than LSD. Increased liver weight was observed in animal treated with Bio-C, Bio-S and LSD and decreased thymus weight was found in those treated with Bio-S. Histopathological changes typical of male-rat specific hyaline-droplet nephropathy were detected in kidney tubules of animals treated with LSD, Bio-S and Bio-C. Mild adaptive changes were observed in thyroids of animals treated with LSD, Bio-S and Bio-F. Clinical chemical and biochemical changes were confined to Bio-S and LSD treated rats and included elevation in some hepatic phase-I and phase-II drug metabolizing enzymes and hepatic palmitoyl Co-A oxidase, and elevated urinary concentrations of ascorbic acid and albumin. At the given dose level of 500 mg/kg bw/day, the overall treatment-related effects of biodiesels and LSD are mild, and the severity of the treatment effects may be ranked as: LSD>Bio-S>Bio-C>Bio-F. Considered together with the presence of a higher level of water extractable materials, Bio-S may be more of a concern for potential human health than Bio-C and Bio-F in an oral exposure scenario. Further studies are needed to identify and characterize the constituents contributing to the treatment-related effects specific to these experimental biodiesels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poon
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Annesi-Maesano I. Il y a une relation de type dose-réponse inversée entre le carbone présent dans les macrophages des voies aériennes et la fonction pulmonaire chez l’enfant. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)91637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Swanson KJ, Madden MC, Ghio AJ. Biodiesel exhaust: the need for health effects research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:496-9. [PMID: 17450214 PMCID: PMC1852688 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel is a diesel fuel alternative that has shown potential of becoming a commercially accepted part of the United States' energy infrastructure. In November 2004, the signing of the Jobs Creation Bill HR 4520 marked an important turning point for the future production of biodiesel in the United States because it offers a federal excise tax credit. By the end of 2005, industry production was 75 million gallons, a 300% increase in 1 year. Current industry capacity, however, stands at just over 300 million gallons/year, and current expansion and new plant construction could double the industry's capacity within a few years. Biodiesel exhaust emission has been extensively characterized under field and laboratory conditions, but there have been limited cytotoxicity and mutagenicity studies on the effects of biodiesel exhaust in biologic systems. OBJECTIVES We reviewed pertinent medical literature and addressed recommendations on testing specific research needs in the field of biodiesel toxicity. DISCUSSION Employment of biodiesel fuel is favorably viewed, and there are suggestions that its exhaust emissions are less likely to present any risk to human health relative to petroleum diesel emissions. CONCLUSION The speculative nature of a reduction in health effects based on chemical composition of biodiesel exhaust needs to be followed up with investigations in biologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J. Swanson
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C. Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to A.J. Ghio, Human Studies Division, NHEERL, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-0670. Fax: (919) 966-6271. E-mail:
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Reed MD, Blair LF, Burling K, Daly I, Gigliotti AP, Gudi R, Mercieca MD, McDonald JD, O'Callaghan JP, Seilkop SK, Ronskoh NL, Wagner VO, Kraska RC. Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water-methanol emulsion emission. Toxicol Ind Health 2007; 22:65-85. [PMID: 16716037 DOI: 10.1191/0748233706th244oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter (PM) require urban non-attainment areas to implement pollution-reduction strategies for anthropogenic source emissions. The type of fuel shown to decrease combustion emissions components versus traditional diesel fuel, is the diesel emulsion. The Lubrizol Corporation, in conjunction with Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and several subcontracting laboratories, recently conducted a health assessment of the combustion emissions of PuriNOx diesel fuel emulsion (diesel-water-methanol) in rodents. Combustion emissions from either of two, 2002 model Cummins 5.9L ISB engines, were diluted with charcoal-filtered air to exposure concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 microg total PM/m3. The engines were operated on a continuous, repeating, heavy-duty certification cycle (U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter I) using Rotella-T 15W-40 engine oil. Nitrogen oxide (NO) and PM were reduced when engines were operated on PuriNOx versus California Air Resources Board diesel fuel under these conditions. Male and female F344 rats were housed in Hazleton H2000 exposure chambers and exposed to exhaust atmospheres 6 h/day, five days/week for the first 11 weeks and seven days/week thereafter. Exposures ranged from 61 to 73 days depending on the treatment group. Indicators of general toxicity (body weight, organ weight, clinical pathology and histopathology), neurotoxicity (glial fibrillary acidic protein assay), genotoxicity (Ames assay, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange), and reproduction and development were measured. Overall, effects observed were mild. Emulsion combustion emissions were not associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, or in vivo genotoxicity. Small decreases in serum cholesterol in the 500-microg/m3 exposure group were observed. PM accumulation within alveolar macrophages was evident in all exposure groups. The latter findings are consistent with normal physiological responses to particle inhalation. Other statistically significant effects were present in some measured parameters of other exposed groups, but were not clearly attributed to emissions exposure. Positive mutagenic responses in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium were observed subsequent to treatment with emulsion emissions subfractions. Based on the cholesterol results, it can be concluded that the 250-microg/m3 exposure level was the no observed effect level. In general, biological findings in exposed rats and bacteria were consistent with exposure to petroleum diesel exhaust in the F344 rat and Ames assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reed
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Jung H, Kittelson DB, Zachariah MR. Characteristics of SME biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:4949-55. [PMID: 16955891 DOI: 10.1021/es0515452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative diesel fuels. As diesel emission regulations have become more stringent, the diesel particulate filter (DPF) has become an essential part of the aftertreatment system. Knowledge of kinetics of exhaust particle oxidation for alternative diesel fuels is useful in estimating the change in regeneration behavior of a DPF with such fuels. This study examines the characteristics of diesel particulate emissions as well as kinetics of particle oxidation using a 1996 John Deere T04045TF250 off-highway engine and 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel (B100) as fuel. Compared to standard D2 fuel, this B100 reduced particle size, number, and volume in the accumulation mode where most of the particle mass is found. At 75% load, number decreased by 38%, DGN decreased from 80 to 62 nm, and volume decreased by 82%. Part of this decrease is likely associated with the fact that the particles were more easily oxidized. Arrhenius parameters for the biodiesel fuel showed a 2-3times greater frequency factor and approximately 6 times higher oxidation rate compared to regular diesel fuel in the range of 700-825 degrees C. The faster oxidation kinetics should facilitate regeneration when used with a DPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering and Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA
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43
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies indirectly suggest that the inhalation of carbonaceous particulate matter impairs lung function in children. Using the carbon content of airway macrophages as a marker of individual exposure to particulate matter derived from fossil fuel, we sought direct evidence of this association. METHODS Airway macrophages were obtained from healthy children through sputum induction, and the area of airway macrophages occupied by carbon was measured. Lung function was measured with the use of spirometry. We modeled the exposure to primary particulate matter (PM) that is less than 10 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) at or near each child's home address. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations between carbon content of alveolar macrophages and variables that may affect individual exposure. To determine whether lung function that is reduced for other reasons is associated with an increase in the carbon content of airway macrophages, we also studied children with severe asthma. RESULTS We were able to assess the carbon content of airway macrophages in 64 of 114 healthy children (56 percent). Each increase in primary PM10 of 1.0 microg per cubic meter was associated with an increase of 0.10 microm2 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.18) in the carbon content of airway macrophages, and each increase of 1.0 microm2 in carbon content was associated with a reduction of 17 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 5.6 to 28.4 percent) in forced expiratory volume in one second, of 12.9 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 0.9 to 24.8 percent) in forced vital capacity, and of 34.7 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 11.3 to 58.1 percent) in the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75 percent of the forced vital capacity. The carbon content of airway macrophages was lower in children with asthma than in healthy children. CONCLUSIONS There is a dose-dependent inverse association between the carbon content of airway macrophages and lung function in children. We found no evidence that reduced lung function itself causes an increase in carbon content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Kulkarni
- Division of Child Health, Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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44
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Reed MD, Blair LF, Burling K, Daly I, Gigliotti AP, Gudi R, Mercieca MD, McDonald JD, Naas DJ, O'callaghan JP, Seilkop SK, Ronsko NL, Wagner VO, Kraska RC. Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water emulsion emission. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 17:851-70. [PMID: 16282163 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500242898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter are requiring urban nonattainment areas to implement pollution-reduction strategies for anthropogenic source emissions. A type of fuel shown to decrease combustion emissions components versus traditional diesel fuels is the diesel-water emulsion. The Lubrizol Corporation in conjunction with Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and several subcontracting laboratories recently conducted a rodent health assessment of inhaled combustion emissions of PuriNO(x) diesel fuel emulsion. Combustion emissions from either of two 2001 model Cummins 5.9-L ISB engines were diluted with charcoal-filtered air to exposure concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 microg total particulate matter/m(3). The engines were operated on a continuously repeating, heavy-duty certification cycle (U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter I) using Rotella-T 15W-40 engine oil. Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter were reduced when engines were operated on PuriNO(x) versus California Air Resources Board diesel fuel under these conditions. Male and female F344 rats were housed in Hazleton H2000 exposure chambers and exposed to exhaust atmospheres 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for the first 11 wk and 7 days/wk threafter. Exposures ranged from 58 to 70 days, depending on the treatment group. Indicators of general toxicity (body weight, organ weight, clinical pathology, and histopathology), neurotoxicity (glial fibrillary acidic protein assay), genotoxicity (Ames assay, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange), and reproduction and development were measured. Overall, effects observed were mild. Emulsion combustion emissions were not associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, or in vivo genotoxicity. Small decreases in serum cholesterol and small increases in platelet values in some groups of exposed animals were observed. Particulate matter accumulation within alveolar macrophages was evident in all exposure groups. These findings are consistent with normal physiological responses to particle inhalation. Other statistically significant effects were present in some measured parameters of other exposed groups but were not clearly attributed to emissions exposure. Positive mutagenic responses in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium were observed subsequent to treatment with emulsion emissions subfractions. Based on the cholesterol and platelet results, it can be concluded that the 100 microg/m(3) exposure level was the no-observed-effect level. In general, biological findings in diesel emulsion emission-exposed animals and bacteria were consistent with exposure to petroleum diesel exhaust in the F344 rat and Ames assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reed
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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45
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Block ML, Hong JS. Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 76:77-98. [PMID: 16081203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1141] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, a common denominator among the diverse list of neurodegenerative diseases, has recently been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progressive nature of neurodegeneration. Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system and produce a barrage of factors (IL-1, TNFalpha, NO, PGE2, superoxide) that are toxic to neurons. Evidence supports that the unregulated activation of microglia in response to environmental toxins, endogenous proteins, and neuronal death results in the production of toxic factors that propagate neuronal injury. In the following review, we discuss the common thread of microglial activation across numerous neurodegenerative diseases, define current perceptions of how microglia are damaging neurons, and explain how the microglial response to neuronal damage results in a self-propelling cycle of neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Block
- Neuropharmacology Section, MD F1-01, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Campbell A, Oldham M, Becaria A, Bondy SC, Meacher D, Sioutas C, Misra C, Mendez LB, Kleinman M. Particulate matter in polluted air may increase biomarkers of inflammation in mouse brain. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:133-40. [PMID: 15527881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of neurodegenerative disorders is at present unknown. However, many of these disorders are associated with an increase in oxidative and inflammatory events. Although a small percentage of these disorders are familial cases linked to specific genetic defects, most are idiopathic. Thus, environmental factors are thought to play an important role in the onset and progression of such disorders. We have demonstrated that exposure (4 h, 5 days per week for 2 weeks) to concentrated airborne particulate matter increases inflammatory indices in brain of ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice. Animals were divided into three exposure groups: filtered air (control), ultrafine particles, or fine and ultrafine particles. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were increased in brain tissue of mice exposed to particulate matter compared to that of control animals. Levels of the immune-related transcription factor NF-kappaB were also found to be substantially elevated in the brain of exposed groups compared with the control group. These data indicate that components of inhaled particulate matter may trigger a proinflammatory response in nervous tissue that could contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Campbell
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1825, USA.
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47
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Block ML, Wu X, Pei Z, Li G, Wang T, Qin L, Wilson B, Yang J, Hong JS, Veronesi B. Nanometer size diesel exhaust particles are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons: the role of microglia, phagocytosis, and NADPH oxidase. FASEB J 2004; 18:1618-20. [PMID: 15319363 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1945fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The contributing role of environmental factors to the development of Parkinson's disease has become increasingly evident. We report that mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures treated with diesel exhaust particles (DEP; 0.22 microM) (5-50 microg/ml) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, as determined by DA-uptake assay and tyrosine-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry (ICC). The selective toxicity of DEP for DA neurons was demonstrated by the lack of DEP effect on both GABA uptake and Neu-N immunoreactive cell number. The critical role of microglia was demonstrated by the failure of neuron-enriched cultures to exhibit DEP-induced DA neurotoxicity, where DEP-induced DA neuron death was reinstated with the addition of microglia to neuron-enriched cultures. OX-42 ICC staining of DEP treated neuron-glia cultures revealed changes in microglia morphology indicative of activation. Intracellular reactive oxygen species and superoxide were produced from enriched-microglia cultures in response to DEP. Neuron-glia cultures from NADPH oxidase deficient (PHOX-/-) mice were insensitive to DEP neurotoxicity when compared with control mice (PHOX+/+). Cytochalasin D inhibited DEP-induced superoxide production in enriched-microglia cultures, implying that DEP must be phagocytized by microglia to produce superoxide. Together, these in vitro data indicate that DEP selectively damages DA neurons through the phagocytic activation of microglial NADPH oxidase and consequent oxidative insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Block
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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