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Zarnke A, Oliver C, Dorman S. McIntyre Powder and its potential contributions to cardiovascular disease risk: A literature review through the McIntyre Powder historical lens. Am J Ind Med 2022; 65:813-821. [PMID: 35863903 PMCID: PMC9541914 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
McIntyre Powder (MP) is a fine aluminum powder that was developed to prevent silicosis in gold and uranium mine workers in Ontario, Canada, and was administered to miners there from 1943 to 1979. Mine workers were exposed to high concentrations (35.6 mg/m3) of MP for approximately 10 min before every work shift. Contemporary physical and chemical characterizations of this powder have revealed that 12% of the powder is in the ultrafine particle size‐range (nanoparticles); and the remaining 88%, in the fine particulate size range (below 2.5 µm in diameter). The confluence of ultrafine particulate (UFP) composition and high airborne concentration of MP would be expected to overwhelm the defense mechanisms of the lung and increase the lung dust burden of the mine worker exposed to respirable dust in the mine. Published studies revealing associations between air pollution particulates and increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) shown a dose–response relationship with ambient PM2.5 and UFP and suggest that miners exposed to MP may also be at increased risk of CVD. The historical perspective of the use of MP in northern Ontario hard‐rock mines and its potential implications for CVD in exposed mine workers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Zarnke
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,The Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Oliver
- The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Dorman
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,The Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health (CROSH), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Long E, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35139881 PMCID: PMC8827176 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an issue of increasing interest due to its globally relevant impacts on morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure (CHE) studies are often employed to investigate the impacts of pollution on human health, with diesel exhaust (DE) commonly used as a surrogate of traffic related air pollution (TRAP). This paper will review the results derived from 104 publications of CHE to DE (CHE-DE) with respect to health outcomes. CHE-DE studies have provided mechanistic evidence supporting TRAP’s detrimental effects on related to the cardiovascular system (e.g., vasomotor dysfunction, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and impaired cardiac function) and respiratory system (e.g., airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness, and clinical symptoms of asthma). Oxidative stress is thought to be the primary mechanism of TRAP-induced effects and has been supported by several CHE-DE studies. A historical limitation of some air pollution research is consideration of TRAP (or its components) in isolation, limiting insight into the interactions between TRAP and other environmental factors often encountered in tandem. CHE-DE studies can help to shed light on complex conditions, and several have included co-exposure to common elements such as allergens, ozone, and activity level. The ability of filters to mitigate the adverse effects of DE, by limiting exposure to the particulate fraction of polluted aerosols, has also been examined. While various biomarkers of DE exposure have been evaluated in CHE-DE studies, a definitive such endpoint has yet to be identified. In spite of the above advantages, this paradigm for TRAP is constrained to acute exposures and can only be indirectly applied to chronic exposures, despite the critical real-world impact of living long-term with TRAP. Those with significant medical conditions are often excluded from CHE-DE studies and so results derived from healthy individuals may not apply to more susceptible populations whose further study is needed to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. In spite of limitations, the contributions of CHE-DE studies have greatly advanced current understanding of the health impacts associated with TRAP exposure, especially regarding mechanisms therein, with important implications for regulation and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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3
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Li N, Taneepanichskul N. Associations between welding fume exposure and blood hemostatic parameters among workers exposed to welding fumes in confined space in Chonburi, Thailand. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260065. [PMID: 34793518 PMCID: PMC8601467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational welding fumes contain varieties of toxic metal particles and may affect cardiovascular system like the Particulate Matters (PM). Few studies have focused on the effects of toxic metals on the hemodynamic balance; however, the reporting results were not consistent. This study aimed to investigate the association between toxic metals exposure (Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn) and Lead (Pb)) and blood hemostatic parameters status after a 3-week exposure cessation among workers exposed to welding fumes. Methodology Structured interviews and biological samplings were conducted for 86 male workers without a history of Anemia and Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and working in a confined space to construct crude oil tanks. Metal levels of Cr, Mn and Pb in urine were measured during the working days using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) method. The concentrations of hemostatic proteins in blood (White blood cell counts (WBC), Lymphocytes, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Hematocrit (Hct) were assessed after a 3 weeks exposure cessation. Workers were divided into groups based on occupation type (welder group and non-welder group), and based on metal levels (high and low exposure groups) for comparison. Linear regression models were used to explore the association between metal exposure and multiple blood hemostatic parameters adjusted for age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and smoking status. Results Urine Mn and Cr level of the welder group was significantly higher than the non-welder group (Mn: 0.96 VS 0.22 ug/g creatinine, p < 0.001; Cr: 0.63 VS 0.22 ug/g creatinine, p < 0.01). The mean value of Hct in the welder group was 44.58 ± 2.84 vol%, significantly higher than the non-welder group (43.07 ± 3.31 vol%, p = 0.026). The median value of WBC in the high Mn-exposed group (6.93 ± 1.59 X 106 Cell/ml) was significantly lower than the low Mn-exposed group (7.90 ± 2.13 X 106 Cell/ml, p = 0.018). The linear regression analyses showed that there was a significantly negative association between log transformed WBC value and the Mn exposure groups (high and low) after adjusting for age, BMI, and smoking status (β = - 0.049, p = 0.045), but no significant result was found between WBC and occupation types (welder and non-welder) (p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis also showed positive association between Hct and occupational types (welder and non-welders) (β = 0.014, p = 0.055). The other hemostatic parameters were not different from controls when divided by occupation type or metal level groups. Conclusions Our results showed that welders were exposed to about 3 to 4 times higher Mn and Cr concentrations than non-welders. Moreover, one third of the non-welders were exposed to high-exposure groups of Mn and Cr metals. Regression models revealed a significant association of the WBC counts with the Mn exposure group. Therefore, we infer that Mn exposure may play a significant role on the blood hemostatic parameters of workers in the confined space. Hazard identification for non-welders should also be conducted in the confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Nutta Taneepanichskul
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, HAUS IAQ Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Nitter TB, Hilt B, Svendsen KVH, Buhagen M, Jørgensen RB. Association between exposure to different stone aggregates from asphalt and blood coagulability: A human exposure chamber study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146309. [PMID: 33714824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of particulate matter (PM), especially PM10, concentrations are due to non-exhaust emissions, such as road abrasion and wear on tires and brake pads. Concentrating on road abrasion, we aimed to investigate blood coagulability in healthy adults after exposure to two types of stone materials commonly used in asphalt on Norwegian roads. This study followed a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study design. Using an exposure chamber, 24 healthy young volunteers were exposed to aggregates of two different types of rocks and placebo dust: quartz diorite, rhomb porphyry, and lactose (placebo dust). Each exposure session lasted for 4 hours (h), and blood samples were collected before exposure (baseline), 4 h post-exposure, and 24 h post-exposure to analyse potential changes in the von Willebrand factor (vWF) as well as of fibrinogen, d-dimer, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. The dust concentration in the exposure chamber was measured with real-time instruments and gravimetric samples of total dust, respirable dust, PM10, PM2.5, and ultrafine particles (UFP). The results were analysed using a linear mixed-effect model. Leukocyte blood counts increased post-exposure for all exposure materials; however, none of the increases were statistically significant. The concentration of fibrinogen increased after exposure to quartz diorite, while it decreased after exposures to rhomb porphyry and lactose. Type of material was a statistically significant explanatory variable for the concentration of fibrinogen, with the most significant increase occurring 24 h post-exposure to quartz diorite. After exposure to the three materials, vWF decreased. For the thrombocytes, an increase in blood count was observed 24 h post-exposure to quartz diorite and rhomb porphyry, with a modest (p = 0.09) positive association for quartz diorite. Although the results are limited, we conclude that the different effects observed post-exposure to quartz diorite support considering potential health effects when choosing materials in the production of asphalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Bergh Nitter
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway.
| | - Bjørn Hilt
- Department of Occupational Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norway
| | - Kristin V Hirsch Svendsen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
| | - Morten Buhagen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norway
| | - Rikke Bramming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
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Orach J, Rider CF, Carlsten C. Concentration-dependent health effects of air pollution in controlled human exposures. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 150:106424. [PMID: 33596522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a leading contributor to premature mortality worldwide and is often represented by particulate matter (PM), a key contributor to its harmful health effects. Concentration-response relationships are useful for quantifying the effects of air pollution in relevant populations and in considering potential effect thresholds. Controlled human exposures can provide data on acute effects and concentration-response relationships that complement epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVES We examined PM concentration-responses after controlled human air pollution exposures to examine exposure-response markers, assess effect modifiers, and identify potential effect thresholds. METHODS We reviewed primary research from published controlled human exposure studies where responses were reported at multiple target PM concentrations or summarized per unit change in PM to identify concentration-dependent effects. RESULTS Of the 191 publications identified through PubMed and supplementary searches, 31 were eligible. Eligible studies collectively represented four pollutant models: concentrated ambient particles, engineered carbon nanoparticles, diesel exhaust, and woodsmoke. We identified concentration-dependent effects on oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and cardiovascular function that overlapped across different pollutants. Metabolic syndrome and glutathione s-transferase mu 1 genotype were identified as potential effect modifiers. DISCUSSION Improved understanding of concentration-response relationships is integral to biomonitoring and mitigation of health effects through impact assessment and policy. Although we identified potential concentration-response markers, thresholds, and modifiers, our conclusions on these relationships were limited by a dearth of eligible publications, considerable variability in methodology, and inconsistent reporting standards between studies. More research is required to validate these observations. We recommend that future studies harmonize estimate reporting to facilitate the identification of robust response markers across research and applied settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma Orach
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rider
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Wyatt LH, Devlin RB, Rappold AG, Case MW, Diaz-Sanchez D. Low levels of fine particulate matter increase vascular damage and reduce pulmonary function in young healthy adults. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 33198760 PMCID: PMC7670817 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) related mild inflammation, altered autonomic control of cardiovascular function, and changes to cell function have been observed in controlled human exposure studies. Methods To measure the systemic and cardiopulmonary impacts of low-level PM exposure, we exposed 20 healthy, young volunteers to PM2.5, in the form of concentrated ambient particles (mean: 37.8 μg/m3, SD 6.5), and filtered air (mean: 2.1 μg/m3, SD 2.6). In this double-blind, crossover study the exposure order was randomized. During the 4 h exposure, volunteers (7 females and 13 males) underwent light intensity exercise to regulate ventilation rate. We measured pulmonary, cardiac, and hematologic end points before exposure, 1 h after exposure, and again 20 h after exposure. Results Low-level PM2.5 resulted in both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary changes characterized by alterations in systematic inflammation markers, cardiac repolarization, and decreased pulmonary function. A mean increase in PM2.5 concentration (37.8 μg/m3) significantly increased serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), 1 h after exposure by 8.7, 9.1, 10.7, and 6.6%, respectively, relative to the filtered air control. SAA remained significantly elevated (34.6%) 20 h after PM2.5 exposure which was accompanied by a 5.7% decrease in percent neutrophils. Decreased pulmonary function was observed 1 h after exposure through a 0.8 and 1.2% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/ forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) respectively. Additionally, sex specific changes were observed in repolarization outcomes following PM2.5 exposure. In males, P-wave and QRS complex were increased by 15.4 and 5.4% 1 h after exposure. Conclusions This study is the first controlled human exposure study to demonstrate biological effects in response to exposure to concentrated ambient air PM2.5 particles at levels near the PM2.5 US NAAQS standard. Clinical trial registration information clinicaltrials.gov; Identifier: NCT03232086. The study was registered retrospectively on July 25, 2017, prior to final data collection on October 25, 2017 and data analysis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-020-00389-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Wyatt
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Robert B Devlin
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Ana G Rappold
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Martin W Case
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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Association between fine particulate matter and atrial fibrillation in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2020; 59:595-601. [PMID: 32918184 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-020-00864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia with several risk factors. Recent studies have suggested that the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increased the incidence of AF, but there is no meta-analysis of AF occurrence due to the exposure to PM2.5 in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of publication using PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Web of Science to explore the association between PM2.5 and AF within ICD patients. The chosen studies were published until June 11, 2020. The I2 statistic and Q test were used to examine statistical heterogeneity across studies. Further sensitivity analyses were carried out to ascertain the reason for heterogeneity. Fixed or random-effect model was used to combine the effects. Final result was presented as the OR with 95% CI of increased incidence of AF for every 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 concentration increased. RESULTS After screening our analysis contained four studies and involved 1689 AF events from 572 patients. After using the random-effect model to combine the included study result, the overall OR was 1.24 (95% CI 1.00-1.53). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis indicated that PM2.5 exposure had an adverse effect on AF incidence in ICD patients.
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Madden MC. Air pollutants disrupt iron homeostasis to impact oxidant generation, biological effects, and tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:38-55. [PMID: 32092410 PMCID: PMC8274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants cause changes in iron homeostasis through: 1) a capacity of the pollutant, or a metabolite(s), to complex/chelate iron from pivotal sites in the cell or 2) an ability of the pollutant to displace iron from pivotal sites in the cell. Through either pathway of disruption in iron homeostasis, metal previously employed in essential cell processes is sequestered after air pollutant exposure. An absolute or functional cell iron deficiency results. If enough iron is lost or is otherwise not available within the cell, cell death ensues. However, prior to death, exposed cells will attempt to reverse the loss of requisite metal. This response of the cell includes increased expression of metal importers (e.g. divalent metal transporter 1). Oxidant generation after exposure to air pollutants includes superoxide production which functions in ferrireduction necessary for cell iron import. Activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators also result from a cell iron deficiency, absolute or functional, after exposure to air pollutants. Finally, air pollutant exposure culminates in the development of inflammation and fibrosis which is a tissue response to the iron deficiency challenging cell survival. Following the response of increased expression of importers and ferrireduction, activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors, release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and inflammation and fibrosis, cell iron is altered, and a new metal homeostasis is established. This new metal homeostasis includes increased total iron concentrations in cells with metal now at levels sufficient to meet requirements for continued function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gondalia R, Holliday KM, Baldassari A, Justice AE, Stewart JD, Liao D, Yanosky JD, Engel SM, Jordahl KM, Bhatti P, Horvath S, Assimes TL, Pankow JS, Demerath EW, Guan W, Fornage M, Bressler J, North KE, Conneely KN, Li Y, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Whitsel EA. Leukocyte Traits and Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in the Women's Health Initiative and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17004. [PMID: 31903802 PMCID: PMC7015624 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory effects of ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposures may underlie PM-related increases in cardiovascular disease risk and mortality, although evidence of PM-associated leukocytosis is inconsistent and largely based on small, cross-sectional, and/or unrepresentative study populations. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to estimate PM-leukocyte associations among U.S. women and men in the Women's Health Initiative and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (n = 165,675 ). METHODS We based the PM-leukocyte estimations on up to four study visits per participant, at which peripheral blood leukocytes and geocoded address-specific concentrations of PM ≤ 10 , ≤ 2.5 , and 2.5 - 10 μ m in diameter (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 2.5 - 10 , respectively) were available. We multiply imputed missing data using chained equations and estimated PM-leukocyte count associations over daily to yearly PM exposure averaging periods using center-specific, linear, mixed, longitudinal models weighted for attrition and adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, meteorological, and geographic covariates. In a subset of participants with available data (n = 8,457 ), we also estimated PM-leukocyte proportion associations in compositional data analyses. RESULTS We found a 12 cells / μ L (95% confidence interval: - 9 , 33) higher leukocyte count, a 1.2% (0.6%, 1.8%) higher granulocyte proportion, and a - 1.1 % (- 1.9 % , - 0.3 % ) lower CD 8 + T-cell proportion per 10 - μ g / m 3 increase in 1-month mean PM 2.5 . However, shorter-duration PM 10 exposures were inversely and only modestly associated with leukocyte count. DISCUSSION The PM 2.5 -leukocyte estimates, albeit imprecise, suggest that among racially, ethnically, and environmentally diverse U.S. populations, sustained, ambient exposure to fine PM may induce subclinical, but epidemiologically important, inflammatory effects. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5360.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gondalia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katelyn M. Holliday
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Antoine Baldassari
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - James D. Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Duanping Liao
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff D. Yanosky
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie M. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristina M. Jordahl
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steve Horvath
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Karen N. Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Eric A. Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Jhun I, Kim J, Cho B, Gold DR, Schwartz J, Coull BA, Zanobetti A, Rice MB, Mittleman MA, Garshick E, Vokonas P, Bind MA, Wilker EH, Dominici F, Suh H, Koutrakis P. Synthesis of Harvard Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Center studies on traffic-related particulate pollution and cardiovascular outcomes in the Greater Boston Area. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:900-917. [PMID: 30888266 PMCID: PMC6650311 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1596994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The association between particulate pollution and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well established. While the cardiovascular effects of nationally regulated criteria pollutants (e.g., fine particulate matter [PM2.5] and nitrogen dioxide) have been well documented, there are fewer studies on particulate pollutants that are more specific for traffic, such as black carbon (BC) and particle number (PN). In this paper, we synthesized studies conducted in the Greater Boston Area on cardiovascular health effects of traffic exposure, specifically defined by BC or PN exposure or proximity to major roadways. Large cohort studies demonstrate that exposure to traffic-related particles adversely affect cardiac autonomic function, increase systemic cytokine-mediated inflammation and pro-thrombotic activity, and elevate the risk of hypertension and ischemic stroke. Key patterns emerged when directly comparing studies with overlapping exposure metrics and population cohorts. Most notably, cardiovascular risk estimates of PN and BC exposures were larger in magnitude or more often statistically significant compared to those of PM2.5 exposures. Across multiple exposure metrics (e.g., short-term vs. long-term; observed vs. modeled) and different population cohorts (e.g., elderly, individuals with co-morbidities, young healthy individuals), there is compelling evidence that BC and PN represent traffic-related particles that are especially harmful to cardiovascular health. Further research is needed to validate these findings in other geographic locations, characterize exposure errors associated with using monitored and modeled traffic pollutant levels, and elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of traffic-related particulate pollutants. Implications: Traffic emissions are an important source of particles harmful to cardiovascular health. Traffic-related particles, specifically BC and PN, adversely affect cardiac autonomic function, increase systemic inflammation and thrombotic activity, elevate BP, and increase the risk of ischemic stroke. There is evidence that BC and PN are associated with greater cardiovascular risk compared to PM2.5. Further research is needed to elucidate other health effects of traffic-related particles and assess the feasibility of regulating BC and PN or their regional and local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iny Jhun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jina Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Diane R. Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mary B. Rice
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Murray A. Mittleman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Eric Garshick
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Marie-Abele Bind
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Science Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Elissa H. Wilker
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Helen Suh
- Tufts University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Medford, MA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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11
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Shakya KM, Peltier RE, Zhang Y, Pandey BD. Roadside Exposure and Inflammation Biomarkers among a Cohort of Traffic Police in Kathmandu, Nepal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030377. [PMID: 30699969 PMCID: PMC6388290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major environmental problem in the Kathmandu Valley. Specifically, roadside and traffic-related air pollution exposure levels were found at very high levels exceeding Nepal air quality standards for daily PM2.5. In an exposure study involving traffic police officers, we collected 78 blood samples in a highly polluted spring season (16 February 2014–4 April 2014) and 63 blood samples in the less polluted summer season (20 July 2014–22 August 2014). Fourteen biomarkers, i.e., C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were analyzed in collected blood samples using proinflammatory panel 1 kits and vascular injury panel 2 kits. All the inflammatory biomarker levels were higher in the summer season than in the spring season, while particulate levels were higher in the spring season than in the summer season. We did not find significant association between 24-hour average PM2.5 or black carbon (BC) exposure levels with most of analyzed biomarkers for the traffic volunteers working and residing near busy roads in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2014. Inflammation and vascular injury marker concentrations were generally higher in females, suggesting the important role of gender in inflammation biomarkers. Because of the small sample size of female subjects, further investigation with a larger sample size is required to confirm the role of gender in inflammation biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabindra M Shakya
- Villanova University, Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| | - Richard E Peltier
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Health Science, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Villanova University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| | - Basu D Pandey
- Kathmandu and Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu 9045, Nepal.
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12
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Rabha R, Ghosh S, Padhy PK. Indoor air pollution in rural north-east India: Elemental compositions, changes in haematological indices, oxidative stress and health risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:393-403. [PMID: 30218962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic smoke exposure, emitted by biomass fuel burning leads to many diseases, which are originated due to oxidative stress. The present study investigated the levels of PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5 bound trace metals released during cooking with fuelwood and subsequent changes in haematological parameters along with oxidative stress in rural tribal women of northeast India exposed to wood smoke. The levels of PM2.5, PM10 and trace metals associated with PM2.5 (nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, cadmium, lead and copper) were measured. In addition, blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of different blood related parameters (haemoglobin, platelet count, red blood cells and white blood cells) and levels of antioxidants (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. Health risk assessment was done to assess the potential risk posed by inhalation of fine particles emitted from cooking with fuel wood. Levels of both PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in wood users compared to LPG users during cooking period (644.4 ± 368.3 µg/m³ vs 50 ± 23.8 µg/m³; 915 ± 441.3 µg/m³ vs 83.3 ± 33 µg/m³) and it exceeded the permissible limits of WHO. Levels of trace metals during the cooking period in fuel wood users were significantly higher than LPG users (p = 0.01). After controlling possible confounders, both platelet count and white blood cells (WBC) had a significant positive association with PM2.5and PM10. Similarly, haemoglobin had a negative association with both PM2.5 and PM10. Depleted levels of antioxidant enzymes and increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) suggest a close association with pollutants released from wood smoke, indicating oxidative stress in women who used fuelwood for cooking. The total hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.11 was within the acceptable limit (i.e., 1.0). The total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was 5.4 × 10-6 which is five times higher than the acceptable limit of 1.0 × 10-6. Individual carcinogenic risk of Ni (2.3 × 10-6) and Cd (3.1 × 10-6) were also higher compared to acceptable limit. These results indicate that tribal women cooking with wood are at greater risk of developing cancer and also give support to the positive association between wood smoke and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Rabha
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Suraj Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Padhy
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
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13
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Abstract
Air pollution has a great impact on health, representing one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Previous experimental and epidemiological studies suggested the role of pollutants as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. For this reason, international guidelines included specific statements regarding the contribution of particulate matter exposure to increase the risk of these events. In this review, we summarise the main evidence concerning the mechanisms involved in the processes linking air pollutants to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vidale
- 1 Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Italy
| | - Carlo Campana
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Sant'Anna Hospital, Italy
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14
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Wilson SJ, Miller MR, Newby DE. Effects of Diesel Exhaust on Cardiovascular Function and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:819-836. [PMID: 28540736 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Air pollution is a major global health concern with particulate matter (PM) being especially associated with increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diesel exhaust emissions are a particularly rich source of the smallest sizes of PM ("fine" and "ultrafine") in urban environments, and it is these particles that are believed to be the most detrimental to cardiovascular health. Recent Advances: Controlled exposure studies to diesel exhaust in animals and man demonstrate alterations in blood pressure, heart rate, vascular tone, endothelial function, myocardial perfusion, thrombosis, atherogenesis, and plaque stability. Oxidative stress has emerged as a highly plausible pathobiological mechanism by which inhalation of diesel exhaust PM leads to multiple facets of cardiovascular dysfunction. CRITICAL ISSUES Diesel exhaust inhalation promotes oxidative stress in several biological compartments that can be directly associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further studies with more sensitive and specific in vivo human markers of oxidative stress are required to determine if targeting oxidative stress pathways involved in the actions of diesel exhaust PM could be of therapeutic value. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 819-836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Wilson
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Miller
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Kuijpers E, Pronk A, Kleemann R, Vlaanderen J, Lan Q, Rothman N, Silverman D, Hoet P, Godderis L, Vermeulen R. Cardiovascular effects among workers exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:351-358. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe increase in production of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has led to growing concerns about health risks. In this study, we assessed the association between occupational exposure to MWCNTs and cardiovascular biomarkers.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed among 22 workers of a company commercially producing MWCNTs (subdivided into lab personnel with low or high exposure and operators), and a gender and age-matched unexposed population (n=42). Exposure to MWCNTs and 12 cardiovascular markers were measured in participants’ blood (phase I). In a subpopulation of 13 exposed workers and six unexposed workers, these measures were repeated after 5 months (phase II). We analysed associations between MWCNT exposure and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, adjusted for age, body mass index, sex and smoking.ResultsWe observed an upward trend in the concentration of endothelial damage marker intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), with increasing exposure to MWCNTs in both phases. The operator category showed significantly elevated ICAM-1 geometric mean ratios (GMRs) compared with the controls (phase I: GMR=1.40, P=1.30E-3; phase II: GMR=1.37, P=0.03). The trends were significant both across worker categories (phase I: P=1.50E-3; phase II: P=0.01) and across measured GM MWCNT concentrations (phase I: P=3.00E-3; phase II: P=0.01). No consistent significant associations were found for the other cardiovascular markers.ConclusionThe associations between MWCNT exposure and ICAM-1 indicate endothelial activation and an increased inflammatory state in workers with MWCNT exposure.
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16
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Dabass A, Talbott EO, Rager JR, Marsh GM, Venkat A, Holguin F, Sharma RK. Systemic inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular disease and acute and chronic exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM 2.5) among US NHANES adults with metabolic syndrome. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:485-491. [PMID: 29223110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been no investigation to date of adults with metabolic syndrome examining the association of short and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution with cardiovascular-disease related inflammatory marker (WBC and CRP) levels in a nationally representative sample. The goal of this study is to assess the susceptibility of adults with metabolic syndrome to PM2.5 exposure as suggested by increased cardiovascular-disease related inflammatory marker levels. METHODS A cross sectional analysis of adult National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants (2000-2008) was carried out with linkage of CDC WONDER meteorological data and downscaler modeled USEPA air pollution data for census tracts in the continental United States. Participants were non-pregnant NHANES adults (2000-2008) with complete data for evaluating presence of metabolic syndrome and laboratory data on WBC and CRP. Exposures studied included short (lags 0-3 days and their averages), long-term (30 and 60 day moving and annual averages) PM2.5 exposure levels at the census tract level in the continental United States. The main outcomes included CRP and WBC levels the day of NHANES study visit analyzed using multiple linear regression, adjusting for age, gender, race, education, smoking status, history of any cardiovascular disease, maximum apparent temperature and ozone level, for participants with and without metabolic syndrome. RESULTS A total of 7134 NHANES participants (35% with metabolic syndrome) met the inclusion criteria. After adjusting for confounders, we observed a significant effect of PM2.5 acutely at lag day 0 on CRP level; a 10µg/m3 rise in lag day 0 PM2.5 level was associated with a 10.1% increase (95% CI: 2.2-18.6%) in CRP levels for participants with metabolic syndrome. For those without metabolic syndrome, the change in CRP was -1.3% (95% CI -8.8%, 6.8%). There were no significant associations for WBC count. In this first national study of the effect of PM2.5 air pollution on levels of cardiovascular-disease related inflammatory markers in adults with metabolic syndrome, CRP levels were found to be significantly increased in those with this condition with increased fine particulate matter levels at lag day 0. With one third of US adults with metabolic syndrome, the health impact of PM2.5 in this sensitive population may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Dabass
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Evelyn O Talbott
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Judith R Rager
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary M Marsh
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arvind Venkat
- Allegheny Health Network, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fernando Holguin
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ravi K Sharma
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Li W, Dorans KS, Wilker EH, Rice MB, Ljungman PL, Schwartz JD, Coull BA, Koutrakis P, Gold DR, Keaney JF, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Mittleman MA. Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: The Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1793-1800. [PMID: 28751572 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine associations between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and circulating biomarkers of systemic inflammation in participants from the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts in the greater Boston area. APPROACH AND RESULTS We included 3996 noncurrent smoking participants (mean age, 53.6 years; 54% women) who lived within 50 km from a central air pollution monitoring site in Boston, MA, and calculated the 1- to 7-day moving averages of fine particulate matter (diameter<2.5 µm), black carbon, sulfate, nitrogen oxides, and ozone before the examination visits. We used linear mixed effects models for C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, which were measured up to twice for each participant; we used linear regression models for interleukin-6, fibrinogen, and tumor necrosis factor α, which were measured once. We adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic position, lifestyle, time, and weather. The 3- to 7-day moving averages of fine particulate matter (diameter<2.5 µm) and sulfate were positively associated with C-reactive protein concentrations. A 5 µg/m3 higher 5-day moving average fine particulate matter (diameter<2.5 µm) was associated with 4.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.8, 7.6) higher circulating C-reactive protein. Positive associations were also observed for nitrogen oxides with interleukin-6 and for black carbon, sulfate, and ozone with tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. However, black carbon, sulfate, and nitrogen oxides were negatively associated with fibrinogen, and sulfate was negatively associated with tumor necrosis factor α. CONCLUSIONS Higher short-term exposure to relatively low levels of ambient air pollution was associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 but not fibrinogen or tumor necrosis factor α in individuals residing in the greater Boston area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Li
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Kirsten S Dorans
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Elissa H Wilker
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Mary B Rice
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Petter L Ljungman
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Brent A Coull
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Diane R Gold
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - John F Keaney
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.)
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., J.D.S., M.A.M.), Environmental Health (J.D.S., P.K., D.R.G.), and Biostatistics (B.A.C.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Cardiology (W.L., K.S.D., E.H.W., P.L.L., M.A.M.) and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (M.B.R.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (P.L.L.); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.R.G.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.F.K.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.S.V., E.J.B.).
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18
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Ortiz C, Linares C, Carmona R, Díaz J. Evaluation of short-term mortality attributable to particulate matter pollution in Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:541-551. [PMID: 28237303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the WHO, 3 million deaths are attributable to air pollution due to particulate matter (PM) world-wide. However, there are no specific updated studies which calculate short-term PM-related cause specific mortality in Spain. The objective is to quantify the relative risks (RRs) and attributable risks (ARs) of daily mortality associated with PM10 concentrations, registered in Spanish provinces and to calculate the number of PM-related deaths. We calculated daily mortality due to natural (ICD-10: A00 R99), circulatory (ICD-10: I00 I99) and respiratory causes (ICD-10: J00 J99) for each province across the period 2000-2009. Mean daily concentrations of PM10, NO2 and O3 was used. For the estimate of RRs and ARs, we used generalised linear models with a Poisson link. A meta-analysis was used to estimate RRs and ARs in the provinces with statically significant results. The overall RRs obtained for these provinces, corresponding to increases of 10 μ g/m3 in PM10 concentrations were 1.009 (95% CI: 1.006 1011) for natural, 1.026 (95% CI: 1.019 1033) for respiratory, and 1.009 (95% CI: 1.006 1012) for circulatory-cause mortality. This amounted to an annual overall total of 2683 deaths (95% CI: 852 4354) due to natural, 651 (95% CI: 359 1026) due to respiratory, and 556 (95% CI: 116 1012) due to circulatory causes, with 90% of this mortality lying below the WHO guideline values. This study provides an updated estimate of the effect had by this type of pollutant on causes of mortality, and constitutes an important basis for reinforcing public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ortiz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Carmona
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistic, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Claeys MJ, Rajagopalan S, Nawrot TS, Brook RD. Climate and environmental triggers of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:955-960. [PMID: 27106953 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, a growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence has led to heightened concerns about the potential short- and long-term deleterious effects of the environment on cardiovascular health, including the risk for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This review highlights the increased risk of AMI caused by exposure to air pollution and cold temperatures. These factors should be considered modifiable risk factors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The current body of knowledge about the biological mechanisms linking environmental changes to atherothrombotic events and the impact of climate change on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, recommendations for prevention and public policy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Claeys
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI, USA
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20
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Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Kashani H, Faridi S, Kunzli N, Nabizadeh R, Momeniha F, Gholampour A, Arhami M, Zare A, Pourpak Z, Hoseini M, Yunesian M. Short-term effects of particle size fractions on circulating biomarkers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects and healthy young adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:695-704. [PMID: 28190687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation biomarkers have been associated with risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed to clarify associations of acute exposure to particulate matter (PM10 (PM < 10 μm), PM2.5-10 (PM 2.5-10 μm), PM2.5 (PM < 2.5 μm), PM1-2.5 (PM 1-2.5 μm), and PM1 (PM < 1 μm)) with systemic inflammation using panels of elderly subjects and healthy young adults. We followed a panel of 44 nonsmoking elderly subjects living in a retirement home and a panel of 40 healthy young adults living in a school dormitory in Tehran city, Iran from May 2012 to May 2013. Blood biomarkers were measured one every 7-8 weeks and included white blood cells (WBC), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-soluble receptor-II (sTNF-RII), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and von Willebrand factor (vWF). We measured hourly indoor and outdoor exposure to PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2.5, PM1-2.5, and PM1 mass concentration to derive weighted averages of personal exposure based on simultaneously collected time-activity data. The random intercept linear mixed effects model was used for data analysis. We observed significant positive associations for WBC and IL-6 with exposure to PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2.5, PM1-2.5, and PM1; sTNF-RII with PM2.5, PM1-2.5, and PM1; hsCRP with PM2.5 and PM1; and vWF with PM10 and PM2.5-10, PM2.5, and PM1-2.5 mass concentration in elderly subjects from the current-day and multiday averages. For healthy young adults, we found significant positive associations for WBC and IL-6 with exposure to PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2.5, and PM1-2.5, but no with PM1. The results showed that increase of hsCRP, sTNF-RII, and vWF were not significantly associated with any of the PM sizes investigated in the healthy young subjects. Our results provided some evidence that short-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2.5, PM1-2.5, and PM1 was associated with inflammation and coagulation blood markers, but associations were depended on PM size and also differed across the various time lag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Kashani
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nino Kunzli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Gholampour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arhami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Zare
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourpak
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Signorelli SS, Ferrante M, Gaudio A, Fiore V. Deep vein thrombosis related to environment (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3445-3448. [PMID: 28350083 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-time venous thromboembolism (VTE) is less frequent than other thrombotic events, however, both the pulmonary embolism (PE) and the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) show a frequent morbidity. Many factors play as risk situations in determining VTE, and the air exposure to the fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) as PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1 is considered. Epidemiological studies have supported this association although both the effective burden of the association and the mechanisms are to date unclear. The PM concentrations and the exposure time are notable as emerging factors. Interestingly, the seasonal climate variations resulted as effective risk factor for appearance of VTE or DVT. There is a need to ameliorate the environment by reducing the air pollution at global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Gaudio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valerio Fiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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22
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Lawal AO. Air particulate matter induced oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis: The role of Nrf2 and AhR-mediated pathways. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:88-95. [PMID: 28189649 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Air particulate matter (PM) is an important component of air pollution, which has been reported to play important role in the adverse health effects of the latter. Extensive experimental data and epidemiological studies have shown that the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and atherosclerosis caused by air pollution are mainly due to the PM component. Implicated in these adverse health effects of PM, is their ability to induce oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory events in the vascular system. The association between the cardiovascular ischemic events and atherosclerosis induced by PM has been linked to the ultrafine and fine components. These particles have a high content of redox cyclic chemicals. This, together with their ability to combine with proatherogenic molecules enhanced tissue oxidative stress. Studies have shown that the oxidative stress induced by PM could up-regulates the expression of phase I and phase II metabolize enzymes. This up-regulation occurs by the activation of transcription factors (such as nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) -like 2-related factor (Nrf2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)). This review will focus on data supporting the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in PM-induced cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis and the importance of Nrf2-and AhR- dependent regulatory pathways in the PM-induced cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem O Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
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23
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Ramot Y, Kodavanti UP, Kissling GE, Ledbetter AD, Nyska A. Clinical and pathological manifestations of cardiovascular disease in rat models: the influence of acute ozone exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 27 Suppl 1:26-38. [PMID: 26667329 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.954168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic disorders are used for examining susceptibility variations to environmental exposures. However, cross-model organ pathologies and clinical manifestations are often not compared. We hypothesized that genetic CVD rat models will exhibit baseline pathologies and will thus express varied lung response to acute ozone exposure. Male 12-14-week-old healthy Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Wistar (WIS), and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and CVD-compromised spontaneously hypertensive (SH), fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH), stroke-prone SH (SHSP), obese SH heart-failure (SHHF), obese diabetic JCR (JCR) rats were exposed to 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone for 4 h and clinical biomarkers, and lung, heart and kidney pathologies were compared immediately following (0-h) or 20-h later. Strain differences were observed between air-exposed CVD-prone and WKY rats in clinical biomarkers and in kidney and heart pathology. Serum cholesterol was higher in air-exposed obese SHHF and JCR compared to other air-exposed strains. Ozone did not produce lesions in the heart or kidney. CVD-prone and SD rats demonstrated glomerulopathy and kidney inflammation (WKY = WIS = SH < SD = SHSP < SHHF < JCR = FHH) regardless of ozone. Cardiac myofiber degeneration was evident in SH, SHHF, and JCR, while only JCR tends to have inflammation in coronaries. Lung pathology in air-exposed rats was minimal in all strains except JCR. Ozone induced variable alveolar histiocytosis and bronchiolar inflammation; JCR and SHHF were less affected. This study provides a comparative account of the clinical manifestations of disease and early-life organ pathologies in several rat models of CVD and their differential susceptibility to lung injury from air pollutant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- a Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Allen D Ledbetter
- b Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- d Department of Pathology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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24
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Lane KJ, Levy JI, Scammell MK, Peters JL, Patton AP, Reisner E, Lowe L, Zamore W, Durant JL, Brugge D. Association of modeled long-term personal exposure to ultrafine particles with inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:173-82. [PMID: 27107222 PMCID: PMC4902720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammatory responses; however, evidence is limited regarding the effects of long-term exposure to ultrafine particulate matter (UFP, <100nm). We used a cross-sectional study design to examine the association of long-term exposure to near-highway UFP with measures of systemic inflammation and coagulation. METHODS We analyzed blood samples from 408 individuals aged 40-91years living in three near-highway and three urban background areas in and near Boston, Massachusetts. We conducted mobile monitoring of particle number concentration (PNC) in each area, and used the data to develop and validate highly resolved spatiotemporal (hourly, 20m) PNC regression models. These models were linked with participant time-activity data to determine individual time-activity adjusted (TAA) annual average PNC exposures. Multivariable regression modeling and stratification were used to assess the association between TAA-PNC and single peripheral blood measures of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor-necrosis factor alpha receptor II (TNFRII) and fibrinogen. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, education, body mass index, smoking and race/ethnicity, an interquartile-range (10,000particles/cm(3)) increase in TAA-PNC had a positive non-significant association with a 14.0% (95% CI: -4.6%, 36.2%) positive difference in hsCRP, an 8.9% (95% CI: -0.4%, 10.9%) positive difference in IL-6, and a 5.1% (95% CI: -0.4%, 10.9%) positive difference in TNFRII. Stratification by race/ethnicity revealed that TAA-PNC had larger effect estimates for all three inflammatory markers and was significantly associated with hsCRP and TNFRII in white non-Hispanic, but not East Asian participants. Fibrinogen had a negative non-significant association with TAA-PNC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between annual average near-highway TAA-PNC and subclinical inflammatory markers of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Yale University School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Madeleine K Scammell
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Junenette L Peters
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Allison P Patton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ellin Reisner
- Somerville Transportation Equity Partnership, Somerville, MA, United States
| | - Lydia Lowe
- Chinese Progressive Association, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wig Zamore
- Somerville Transportation Equity Partnership, Somerville, MA, United States
| | - John L Durant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Doug Brugge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service
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25
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Costello S, Neophytou AM, Brown DM, Noth EM, Hammond SK, Cullen MR, Eisen EA. Incident Ischemic Heart Disease After Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Accounting for 2 Forms of Survivor Bias. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:861-8. [PMID: 27033425 PMCID: PMC4851988 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the heart disease risks associated with occupational, rather than traffic-related, exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5). We examined long-term exposure to PM2.5 in cohorts of aluminum smelters and fabrication workers in the United States who were followed for incident ischemic heart disease from 1998 to 2012, and we addressed 2 forms of survivor bias. Left truncation bias was addressed by restricting analyses to the subcohort hired after the start of follow up. Healthy worker survivor bias, which is characterized by time-varying confounding that is affected by prior exposure, was documented only in the smelters and required the use of marginal structural Cox models. When comparing always-exposed participants above the 10th percentile of annual exposure with those below, the hazard ratios were 1.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.52) and 3.95 (95% CI: 0.87, 18.00) in the full and restricted subcohorts of smelter workers, respectively. In the fabrication stratum, hazard ratios based on conditional Cox models were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.02) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.37) per 1 mg/m(3)-year in the full and restricted subcohorts, respectively. Long-term exposure to occupational PM2.5 was associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease among aluminum manufacturing workers, particularly in smelters, after adjustment for survivor bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Costello
- Correspondence to Dr. Sadie Costello, Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720 (e-mail: )
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Guo M, Xiong M, Zhou Q, Li D, Shu J, Lu W, Sun D. Air quality improvement during 2010 Asian games on blood coagulability in COPD patients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6631-6638. [PMID: 26645227 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollutants can lead to adverse cardiovascular effects. Perturbation of the coagulation balance is one of the potential mechanisms. However, evidence regarding the impact of improvement in air pollution on blood coagulability in COPD patients has never been reported. Coagulation processes are known to be of relevance for cardiovascular pathology; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of short-term air pollution exposure with blood marker (D-dimer) of coagulation. A 3-year (through the Asian game) cohort study based on the GIRD COPD Biobank Project was conducted in 36 COPD patients to estimate whether changes in measurements of D-dimer were associated with changes in pollutant concentration, comparing for 51 intervention days (November 1-December 21) in 2010 with the same calendar date of baseline years (2009 and 2011). Daily mean concentrations of air pollutants and meteorological variables were measured during the time. Daily PM10 decreased from 65.86 μg/m(3) during the baseline period to 62.63 μg/m(3) during the Asian Games period; daily NO2 decreased from 51.33 to 42.63 μg/m(3). SO2 and other weather variables did not differ substantially. We did not observe statistically significant improvements in D-dimer levels by 9.86% from a pre-Asian game mean of 917 ng/ml to a during-Asian game mean of 1007 ng/ml, platelet number by 11.66%, PH by -0.15%, PCO2 by -6.54%, and PO2 by -1.16%. In the post-Asian game period, when pollutant concentrations increased, most outcomes approximated pre-Asian game levels, and similar effects were also demonstrated in D-dimer, platelet number, and arterial blood gas. For D-dimer and platelet number, we observed statistically significant increases associated with increases in NO2 at lag 1-3 and SO2 at lag 2-4. For PH, PCO2, and PO2, any significant effect was not demonstrated. This study gives no support to the hypothesis that reduction in air pollution levels during the 2010 Asian game is associated with activation of blood coagulation with COPD patients. However, one step forward has been made on the gap between improved air pollution and blood coagulability. Meanwhile, our study also provides evidence for the presence of a hypercoagulative state in systemic circulation in COPD patients. Additional studies employing other susceptible populations and endpoints are pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Qipeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Defu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaze Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dejun Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
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Rodosthenous RS, Coull BA, Lu Q, Vokonas PS, Schwartz JD, Baccarelli AA. Ambient particulate matter and microRNAs in extracellular vesicles: a pilot study of older individuals. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:13. [PMID: 26956024 PMCID: PMC4782360 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Air pollution from particulate matter (PM) has been linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however the underlying biological mechanisms remain to be uncovered. Gene regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) that are transferred between cells by extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an important role in PM-induced cardiovascular risk. This study sought to determine if ambient PM2.5 levels are associated with expression of EV-encapsulated miRNAs (evmiRNAs), and to investigate the participation of such evmiRNAs in pathways related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods We estimated the short- (1-day), intermediate- (1-week and 1-month) and long-term (3-month, 6-month, and 1-year) moving averages of ambient PM2.5 levels at participants’ addresses using a validated hybrid spatio-temporal land-use regression model. We collected 42 serum samples from 22 randomly selected participants in the Normative Aging Study cohort and screened for 800 miRNAs using the NanoString nCounter® platform. Mixed effects regression models, adjusted for potential confounders were used to assess the association between ambient PM2.5 levels and evmiRNAs. All p-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons. In-silico Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was performed to identify biological pathways that are regulated by PM-associated evmiRNAs. Results We found a significant association between long-term ambient PM2.5 exposures and levels of multiple evmiRNAs circulating in serum. In the 6-month window, ambient PM2.5 exposures were associated with increased levels of miR-126-3p (0.74 ± 0.21; p = 0.02), miR-19b-3p (0.52 ± 0.15; p = 0.02), miR-93-5p (0.78 ± 0.22; p = 0.02), miR-223-3p (0.74 ± 0.22; p = 0.02), and miR-142-3p (0.81 ± 0.21; p = 0.03). Similarly, in the 1-year window, ambient PM2.5 levels were associated with increased levels of miR-23a-3p (0.83 ± 0.23; p = 0.02), miR-150-5p (0.90 ± 0.24; p = 0.02), miR-15a-5p (0.70 ± 0.21; p = 0.02), miR-191-5p (1.20 ± 0.35; p = 0.02), and let-7a-5p (1.42 ± 0.39; p = 0.02). In silico pathway analysis on PM2.5-associated evmiRNAs identified several key CVD-related pathways including oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Conclusions We found an association between long-term ambient PM2.5 levels and increased levels of evmiRNAs circulating in serum. Further observational studies are warranted to confirm and extend these important findings in larger and more diverse populations, and experimental studies are needed to elucidate the exact roles of evmiRNAs in PM-induced CVD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0121-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Quan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Westberg H, Elihn K, Andersson E, Persson B, Andersson L, Bryngelsson IL, Karlsson C, Sjögren B. Inflammatory markers and exposure to airborne particles among workers in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:813-22. [PMID: 26875192 PMCID: PMC4871919 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between exposure to airborne particles in a pulp and paper mill and markers of inflammation and coagulation in blood. METHODS Personal sampling of inhalable dust was performed for 72 subjects working in a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Stationary measurements were used to study concentrations of total dust, respirable dust, PM10 and PM2.5, the particle surface area and the particle number concentrations. Markers of inflammation, interleukins (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen and markers of coagulation factor VIII, von Willebrand, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and D-dimer were measured in plasma or serum. Sampling was performed on the last day of the work free period of 5 days, before and after the shift the first day of work and after the shifts the second and third day. In a mixed model analysis, the relationship between particulate exposures and inflammatory markers was determined. Sex, age, smoking, and BMI were included as covariates. RESULTS The average 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) air concentration levels of inhalable dust were 0.30 mg/m(3), range 0.005-3.3 mg/m(3). The proxies for average 8-h TWAs of respirable dust were 0.045 mg/m(3). Significant and consistent positive relations were found between several exposure metrics (PM 10, total and inhalable dust) and CRP, SAA and fibrinogen taken post-shift, suggesting a dose-effect relationship. CONCLUSION This study supports a relationship between occupational particle exposure and established inflammatory markers, which may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Westberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science Unit, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bodil Persson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ing-Liss Bryngelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, 701 85, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Sjögren
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Long-term exposure to air pollution and markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial activation: a repeat-measures analysis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Epidemiology 2016; 26:310-20. [PMID: 25710246 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is associated with cardiovascular disease, and systemic inflammation may mediate this effect. We assessed associations between long- and short-term concentrations of air pollution and markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial activation. METHODS We studied participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis from 2000 to 2012 with repeat measures of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, D-dimer, soluble E-selectin, and soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1. Annual average concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), individual-level ambient PM2.5 (integrating indoor concentrations and time-location data), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon were evaluated. Short-term concentrations of PM2.5 reflected the day of blood draw, day prior, and averages of prior 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-day periods. Random-effects models were used for long-term exposures and fixed effects for short-term exposures. The sample size was between 9,000 and 10,000 observations for CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, and D-dimer; approximately 2,100 for E-selectin; and 3,300 for soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1. RESULTS After controlling for confounders, 5 µg/m increase in long-term ambient PM2.5 was associated with 6% higher IL-6 (95% confidence interval = 2%, 9%), and 40 parts per billion increase in long-term NOx was associated with 7% (95% confidence interval = 2%, 13%) higher level of D-dimer. PM2.5 measured at day of blood draw was associated with CRP, fibrinogen, and E-selectin. There were no other positive associations between blood markers and short- or long-term air pollution. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with the hypothesis that long-term exposure to air pollution is related to some markers of inflammation and fibrinolysis.
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Barbosa SMDM, Farhat SCL, Martins LC, Pereira LAA, Saldiva PHN, Zanobetti A, Braga ALF. Air pollution and children's health: sickle cell disease. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2015; 31:265-75. [PMID: 25760161 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00013214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of sickle cell disease are anemia and vasculopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the association between air pollution and children's emergency room visits of sickle cell patients. We adopted a case-crossover design. Daily counts of children's and adolescents' sickle cell disease emergency room visits from the pediatric emergency unit in São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated from September 1999 to December 2004, matching by temperature, humidity and controlling for day of the week. Interquartile range increases of the four-day moving averages of PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3 were associated with increases of 18.9% (95%CI: 11.2-26.5), 19% (95%CI: 8.3-29.6), 14.4% (95%CI: 6.5-22.4), 16,5% (95%CI: 8.9-24.0), and 9.8% (95%CI: 1.1-18.6) in total sickle cell emergency room visits, respectively. When the analyses were stratified by pain, PM10 was found to be 40.3% higher than in sickle cell patients without pain symptoms. Exposure to air pollution can affect the cardiovascular health of children and may promote a significant health burden in a sensitive group.
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Cuevas AK, Niu J, Zhong M, Liberda EN, Ghio A, Qu Q, Chen LC. Metal rich particulate matter impairs acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation of microvessels in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 26041432 PMCID: PMC4456050 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm) has been associated with changes in endothelial function. PM2.5 was collected from two Chinese cities, Jinchang (JC) and Zhangye (ZH), both with similar PM2.5 concentrations. However, JC had levels of nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) that were 76, 25, 17, and 7 fold higher than that measured in ZH, respectively. We used this unique PM sample to delineate the chemical components that drive pulmonary and systemic effects and explore the mechanism(s) by which vascular dysfunction is caused. Methods Male FVB/N mice received oropharyngeal aspiration of water or PM2.5 from JC, ZH or ZH spiked with one of the following elements at the same concentrations found in the JC PM (Ni = 4.76; As = 2.36; Se = 0.24; Cu = 2.43 μg/mg) followed by evaluation of markers of pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Mesenteric arteries were isolated for gene expression or functional response to various agonists (Phenylephrine, Acetylcholine, and Sodium Nitroprusside) and inhibitors (L-NAME, Apocynin, and VAS2870) ex vivo. Results Protein and total cell counts from lung lavage revealed significant pulmonary inflammation from ZH (p < 0.01) and JC and ZH + NiSO4 (p < 0.001) as compared to control and a significant decrease in mesenteric artery relaxation (p < 0.001) and this decrease is blunted in the presence of NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Significant increases in gene expression (TNF-α, IL-6, Nos3; p < 0.01; NOX4; p < 0.05) were observed in JC and ZH + NiSO4, as well as significantly higher concentrations of VEGF and IL-10 (p < 0.01, p < 0.001; respectively). Conclusions Our results indicate that the specific toxicity observed in PM from JC is likely due to the nickel component in the PM. Further, since VAS2870 was the most successful inhibitor to return vessels to baseline relaxation values, NADPH Oxidase is implicated as the primary source of PM-induced O2•-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita K Cuevas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Jingping Niu
- Lanzhou University School of Public Health, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Mianhua Zhong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Eric N Liberda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew Ghio
- Human Studies Division, NHEERL, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Qingshan Qu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
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Indoor and outdoor exposure to ultrafine, fine and microbiologically derived particulate matter related to cardiovascular and respiratory effects in a panel of elderly urban citizens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1667-86. [PMID: 25648225 PMCID: PMC4344687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore associations of exposure to ambient and indoor air particulate and bio-aerosol pollutants with cardiovascular and respiratory disease markers, we utilized seven repeated measurements from 48 elderly subjects participating in a 4-week home air filtration study. Microvascular function (MVF), lung function, blood leukocyte counts, monocyte adhesion molecule expression, C-reactive protein, Clara cell protein (CC16) and surfactant protein-D (SPD) were examined in relation to exposure preceding each measurement. Exposure assessment included 48-h urban background monitoring of PM10, PM2.5 and particle number concentration (PNC), weekly measurements of PM2.5 in living- and bedroom, 24-h measurements of indoor PNC three times, and bio-aerosol components in settled dust on a 2-week basis. Statistically significant inverse associations included: MVF with outdoor PNC; granulocyte counts with PM2.5; CD31 expression with dust fungi; SPD with dust endotoxin. Significant positive associations included: MVF with dust bacteria; monocyte expression of CD11 with PM2.5 in the bedroom and dust bacteria and endotoxin, CD31 expression with dust serine protease; serum CC16 with dust NAGase. Multiple comparisons demand cautious interpretation of results, which suggest that outdoor PNC have adverse effects on MVF, and outdoor and indoor PM2.5 and bio-aerosols are associated with markers of inflammation and lung cell integrity.
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Madden MC. Comparative toxicity and mutagenicity of soy-biodiesel and petroleum-diesel emissions: overview of studies from the U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:511-4. [PMID: 26514779 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1107153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel use as a fuel is increasing globally as an alternate to petroleum sources. To comprehensively assess the effects of the use of biodiesel as an energy source, end stage uses of biodiesel such as the effects of inhalation of combusted products on human health must be incorporated. To date, few reports concerning the toxicological effects of the emissions of combusted biodiesel or blends of biodiesel on surrogates of health effects have been published. The relative toxicity of the combusted biodiesel emissions compared to petroleum diesel emissions with short term exposures is also not well known. To address the paucity of findings on the toxicity of combusted biodiesel emissions, studies were undertaken at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The studies used a variety of approaches with nonhuman animal models to examine biological responses of the lung and cardiovascular systems induced by acute and repeated exposures to pure biodiesel and biodiesel blended with petroleum diesel. Effects of the emissions on induction of mutations in bacterial test strains and mammalian DNA adducts were also characterized and normalized to engine work load. The emissions were characterized as to the physicochemical composition in order to determine the magnitude of the differences among the emissions utilized in the studies. This article summarizes the major finding of these studies which are contained within this special issue of Inhalation Toxicology. The findings provided in these articles provide information about the toxicity of biodiesel emissions relative to petroleum diesel emissions and which can be utilized in a life cycle analyses of the effects of increased biodiesel usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Madden
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Roy A, Gong J, Thomas DC, Zhang J, Kipen HM, Rich DQ, Zhu T, Huang W, Hu M, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhu P, Lu SE, Ohman-Strickland P, Diehl SR, Eckel SP. The cardiopulmonary effects of ambient air pollution and mechanistic pathways: a comparative hierarchical pathway analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114913. [PMID: 25502951 PMCID: PMC4264846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and biomarkers of physiological pathways, yet little has been done on the comparison across biomarkers of different pathways to establish the temporal pattern of biological response. In the current study, we aim to compare the relative temporal patterns in responses of candidate pathways to different pollutants. Four biomarkers of pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, five biomarkers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, ten parameters of autonomic function, and three biomarkers of hemostasis were repeatedly measured in 125 young adults, along with daily concentrations of ambient CO, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, EC, OC, and sulfate, before, during, and after the Beijing Olympics. We used a two-stage modeling approach, including Stage I models to estimate the association between each biomarker and pollutant over each of 7 lags, and Stage II mixed-effect models to describe temporal patterns in the associations when grouping the biomarkers into the four physiological pathways. Our results show that candidate pathway groupings of biomarkers explained a significant amount of variation in the associations for each pollutant, and the temporal patterns of the biomarker-pollutant-lag associations varied across candidate pathways (p<0.0001) and were not linear (from lag 0 to lag 3: p = 0.0629, from lag 3 to lag 6: p = 0.0005). These findings suggest that, among this healthy young adult population, the pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress pathway is the first to respond to ambient air pollution exposure (within 24 hours) and the hemostasis pathway responds gradually over a 2-3 day period. The initial pulmonary response may contribute to the more gradual systemic changes that likely ultimately involve the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Duncan C. Thomas
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Howard M. Kipen
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Q. Rich
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Public Health Sciences. Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tong Zhu
- Peking University, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and the Center for Environment and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Peking University, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Hu
- Peking University, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and the Center for Environment and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfa Wang
- Peking University First Hospital, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Peking University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Peking University First Hospital, Department of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-En Lu
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Diehl
- Rutgers School of Dentistry, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Complex Disease, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sandrah P. Eckel
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Karottki DG, Bekö G, Clausen G, Madsen AM, Andersen ZJ, Massling A, Ketzel M, Ellermann T, Lund R, Sigsgaard T, Møller P, Loft S. Cardiovascular and lung function in relation to outdoor and indoor exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter in middle-aged subjects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:372-81. [PMID: 25233101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between exposure to airborne indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular and respiratory health in a population-based sample of 58 residences in Copenhagen, Denmark. Over a 2-day period indoor particle number concentrations (PNC, 10-300 nm) and PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm) were monitored for each of the residences in the living room, and outdoor PNC (10-280 nm), PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter<10 μm) were monitored at an urban background station in Copenhagen. In the morning, after the 2-day monitoring period, we measured microvascular function (MVF) and lung function and collected blood samples for biomarkers related to inflammation, in 78 middle-aged residents. Bacteria, endotoxin and fungi were analyzed in material from electrostatic dust fall collectors placed in the residences for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using linear regression with the generalized estimating equation approach. Statistically significant associations were found between indoor PNC, dominated by indoor use of candles, and lower lung function, the prediabetic marker HbA1c and systemic inflammatory markers observed as changes in leukocyte differential count and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes, whereas C-reactive protein was significantly associated with indoor PM2.5. The presence of indoor endotoxin was associated with lower lung function and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes. An inverse association between outdoor PNC and MVF was also statistically significant. The study suggests that PNC in the outdoor environment may be associated with decreased MVF, while PNC, mainly driven by candle burning, and bioaerosols in the indoor environment may have a negative effect on lung function and markers of systemic inflammation and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Gabriela Karottki
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lund
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health - Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Costello S, Picciotto S, Rehkopf DH, Eisen EA. Social disparities in heart disease risk and survivor bias among autoworkers: an examination based on survival models and g-estimation. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:138-44. [PMID: 25415971 PMCID: PMC4316942 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine gender and racial disparities in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality related to metalworking fluid exposures and in the healthy worker survivor effect. METHODS A cohort of white and black men and women autoworkers in the USA was followed from 1941 to 1995 with quantitative exposure to respirable particulate matter from water-based metalworking fluids. Separate analyses used proportional hazards models and g-estimation. RESULTS The HR for IHD among black men was 3.29 (95% CI 1.49 to 7.31) in the highest category of cumulative synthetic fluid exposure. The HR for IHD among white women exposed to soluble fluid reached 2.44 (95% CI 0.96 to 6.22). However, no increased risk was observed among white men until we corrected for the healthy worker survivor effect. Results from g-estimation indicate that if white male cases exposed to soluble or synthetic fluid had been unexposed to that fluid type, then 1.59 and 1.20 years of life would have been saved on average, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We leveraged the strengths of two different analytic approaches to examine the IHD risks of metalworking fluids. All workers may have the same aetiological risk; however, black and female workers may experience more IHD from water-based metalworking fluid exposure because of a steeper exposure-response or weaker healthy worker survivor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Costello
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sally Picciotto
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David H Rehkopf
- Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:133-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Steenhof M, Janssen NAH, Strak M, Hoek G, Gosens I, Mudway IS, Kelly FJ, Harrison RM, Pieters RHH, Cassee FR, Brunekreef B. Air pollution exposure affects circulating white blood cell counts in healthy subjects: the role of particle composition, oxidative potential and gaseous pollutants - the RAPTES project. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:141-65. [PMID: 24517839 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.861884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have linked air pollution exposure to cardiovascular health effects, but it is not clear which components drive these effects. We examined the associations between air pollution exposure and circulating white blood cell (WBC) counts in humans. To investigate independent contributions of particulate matter (PM) characteristics, we exposed 31 healthy volunteers at five locations with high contrast and reduced correlations amongst pollutant components: two traffic sites, an underground train station, a farm and an urban background site. Each volunteer visited at least three sites and was exposed for 5 h with intermittent exercise. Exposure measurements on-site included PM mass and number concentration, oxidative potential (OP), elemental- and organic carbon, metals, O3 and NO2. Total and differential WBC counts were performed on blood collected before and 2 and 18 h post-exposure (PE). Changes in total WBC counts (2 and 18 h PE), number of neutrophils (2 h PE) and monocytes (18 h PE) were positively associated with PM characteristics that were high at the underground site. These time-dependent changes reflect an inflammatory response, but the characteristic driving this effect could not be isolated. Negative associations were observed for NO2 with lymphocytes and eosinophils. These associations were robust and did not change after adjustment for a large suite of PM characteristics, suggesting an independent effect of NO2. We conclude that short-term air pollution exposure at real-world locations can induce changes in WBC counts in healthy subjects. Future studies should indicate if air pollution exposure-induced changes in blood cell counts results in adverse cardiovascular effects in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Steenhof
- Division of Toxicology and Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Sarnat JA, Golan R, Greenwald R, Raysoni AU, Kewada P, Winquist A, Sarnat SE, Dana Flanders W, Mirabelli MC, Zora JE, Bergin MH, Yip F. Exposure to traffic pollution, acute inflammation and autonomic response in a panel of car commuters. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:66-76. [PMID: 24906070 PMCID: PMC4807398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic pollution has been linked to numerous adverse health endpoints. Despite this, limited data examining traffic exposures during realistic commutes and acute response exists. OBJECTIVES We conducted the Atlanta Commuters Exposures (ACE-1) Study, an extensive panel-based exposure and health study, to measure chemically-resolved in-vehicle exposures and corresponding changes in acute oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, pulmonary and systemic inflammation and autonomic response. METHODS We recruited 42 adults (21 with and 21 without asthma) to conduct two 2-h scripted highway commutes during morning rush hour in the metropolitan Atlanta area. A suite of in-vehicle particulate components were measured in the subjects' private vehicles. Biomarker measurements were conducted before, during, and immediately after the commutes and in 3 hourly intervals after commutes. RESULTS At measurement time points within 3h after the commute, we observed mild to pronounced elevations relative to baseline in exhaled nitric oxide, C-reactive-protein, and exhaled malondialdehyde, indicative of pulmonary and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress initiation, as well as decreases relative to baseline levels in the time-domain heart-rate variability parameters, SDNN and rMSSD, indicative of autonomic dysfunction. We did not observe any detectable changes in lung function measurements (FEV1, FVC), the frequency-domain heart-rate variability parameter or other systemic biomarkers of vascular injury. Water soluble organic carbon was associated with changes in eNO at all post-commute time-points (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our results point to measureable changes in pulmonary and autonomic biomarkers following a scripted 2-h highway commute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Rachel Golan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit U Raysoni
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya Kewada
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefanie E Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Dana Flanders
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria C Mirabelli
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fuyuen Yip
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cantone L, Angelici L, Bollati V, Bonzini M, Apostoli P, Tripodi A, Bertazzi PA, Baccarelli AA. Extracellular histones mediate the effects of metal-rich air particles on blood coagulation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:76-82. [PMID: 24742731 PMCID: PMC4387237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown associations of particulate matter (PM) exposure with hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Extracellular circulating histones have recently been identified as novel mediators of inflammatory and procoagulant responses. The potential roles of extracellular histones in PM-related hypercoagulability have yet not been investigated. OBJECTIVES In 63 steel workers, we evaluated the effects of exposure to PM and PM metal components on two extracellular histone modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K9ac); and the association of H3K4me3 and H3K9ac with coagulation markers. METHODS Extracellular H3K4me3 and H3K9ac were determined in plasma through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Coagulation markers included endogenous thrombin potentials (ETPs), tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA) and D-dimer. Exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters <1 μm (PM1) or <10 μm (PM10) and PM10 metal components were estimated for each participant. RESULTS The coagulation marker ETP, measured in the presence of soluble thrombomodulin (ETP TM+), showed significant positive associations with PM1 (β=107.84, p=0.03), PM10 (β=83.06, p=0.02), and zinc (β=75.14, p=0.03); and a marginal association with iron (β=122.58, p=0.07). Additional PM effects were observed on t-PA, D-dimer, and ETP TM+. PM1 exposure was associated with increased plasma H3K4me3 and H3K9ac (β=0.20, p=0.02; β=0.16, p=0.05, respectively). H3K4me3, but not H3K9ac, was associated with zinc (β=0.13, p=0.03) and iron (β=0.32, p=0.01) contained in PM. ETP TM+ was increased in association with higher plasma H3K4me3 (β=0.50, p=0.05) and H3K9ac (β=0.54, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS This observational study suggests potential roles of extracellular histones in PM-induced hypercoagulability. Experimental studies are warranted to further characterize these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cantone
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, Università di Milano and Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - L Angelici
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, Università di Milano and Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - V Bollati
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, Università di Milano and Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bonzini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - P Apostoli
- Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Tripodi
- Angelo Bianchi-Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - P A Bertazzi
- Center of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community, Università di Milano and Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A A Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Devlin RB, Smith CB, Schmitt MT, Rappold AG, Hinderliter A, Graff D, Carraway MS. Controlled exposure of humans with metabolic syndrome to concentrated ultrafine ambient particulate matter causes cardiovascular effects. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:61-72. [PMID: 24718702 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported associations between air pollution particles with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (fine particulate matter (PM)) and adverse cardiovascular effects. However, there is an increased concern that so-called ultrafine PM which comprises the smallest fraction of fine PM (aerodynamic diameter <0.1 μm) may be disproportionately toxic relative to the 0.1-2.5 μm fraction. Ultrafine PM is not routinely measured in state monitoring networks and is not homogenously dispersed throughout an airshed but rather located in hot spots such as near combustion sources (e.g., roads), making it difficult for epidemiology studies to associate exposure to ultrafine PM with adverse health effects. Thirty four middle-aged individuals with metabolic syndrome were exposed for 2 h while at rest in a randomized crossover design to clean air and concentrated ambient ultrafine particles (UCAPS) for 2 h. To further define potential risk, study individuals carrying the null allele for GSTM1 (a prominent antioxidant gene) were identified by genotyping. Blood was obtained immediately prior to exposure, and at 1 and 20 h afterward. Continuous Holter monitoring began immediately prior to exposure and continued for 24 h. Based on changes we observed in previous CAPS studies, we hypothesized that ultrafine CAPS would cause changes in markers of blood inflammation and fibrinolysis as well as changes in heart rate variability and cardiac repolarization. GSTM1 null individuals had altered cardiac repolarization as seen by a change in QRS complexity following exposure to UCAPS and both the entire study population as well as GSTM1 null individuals had increased QT duration. Blood plasminogen and thrombomodulin were decreased in the whole population following UCAPS exposure, whereas C-reactive protein (CRP) and SAA were increased. This controlled human exposure study is the first to show that ambient ultrafine particles can cause cardiovascular changes in people with metabolic syndrome, which affects nearly a quarter of the U.S. adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Devlin
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Candice B Smith
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Michael T Schmitt
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Ana G Rappold
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Alan Hinderliter
- University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599, North Carolina
| | - Don Graff
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Martha Sue Carraway
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Lippmann M. Toxicological and epidemiological studies of cardiovascular effects of ambient air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components: coherence and public health implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:299-347. [PMID: 24494826 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.861796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations on PM2.5 constituents' effects in community residents have substantially enhanced our knowledge on the impacts of specific components, especially the HEI-sponsored National Particle Toxicity Component (NPACT) studies at NYU and UW-LRRI that addressed the impact of long-term PM2.5 exposure on cardiovascular disease (CVD) effects. NYU's mouse inhalation studies at five sites showed substantial variations in aortic plaque progression by geographic region that was coherent with the regional variation in annual IHD mortality in the ACS-II cohort, with both the human and mouse responses being primarily attributable to the coal combustion source category. The UW regressions of associations of CVD events and mortality in the WHI cohort, and of CIMT and CAC progression in the MESA cohort, indicated that [Formula: see text] had stronger associations with CVD-related human responses than OC, EC, or Si. The LRRI's mice had CVD-related biomarker responses to [Formula: see text]. NYU also identified components most closely associated with daily hospital admissions (OC, EC, Cu from traffic and Ni and V from residual oil). For daily mortality, they were from coal combustion ([Formula: see text], Se, and As). While the recent NPACT research on PM2.5 components that affect CVD has clearly filled some major knowledge gaps, and helped to define remaining uncertainties, much more knowledge is needed on the effects in other organ systems if we are to identify and characterize the most effective and efficient means for reducing the still considerable adverse health impacts of ambient air PM. More comprehensive speciation data are needed for better definition of human responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton Lippmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo, NY , USA
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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profiling in Africa: Environmental Pollutants are not on the Agenda. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 14:193-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Costello S, Brown DM, Noth EM, Cantley L, Slade MD, Tessier-Sherman B, Hammond SK, Eisen EA, Cullen MR. Incident ischemic heart disease and recent occupational exposure to particulate matter in an aluminum cohort. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:82-8. [PMID: 23982120 PMCID: PMC4045503 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in air pollution, primarily from combustion sources, is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular events but studies of workplace PM(2.5) exposure are rare. We conducted a prospective study of exposure to PM(2.5) and incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a cohort of 11,966 US aluminum workers. Incident IHD was identified from medical claims data from 1998 to 2008. Quantitative metrics were developed for recent exposure (within the last year) and cumulative exposure; however, we emphasize recent exposure in the absence of interpretable work histories before follow-up. IHD was modestly associated with recent PM(2.5) overall. In analysis restricted to recent exposures estimated with the highest confidence, the hazard ratio (HR) increased to 1.78 (95% CI: 1.02, 3.11) in the second quartile and remained elevated. When the analysis was stratified by work process, the HR rose monotonically to 1.5 in both smelter and fabrication facilities, though exposure was almost an order of magnitude higher in smelters. The differential exposure-response may be due to differences in exposure composition or healthy worker survivor effect. These results are consistent with the air pollution and cigarette smoke literature; recent exposure to PM(2.5) in the workplace appears to increase the risk of IHD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Costello
- University of California, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Science, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel M. Brown
- University of California, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Science, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Elizabeth M. Noth
- University of California, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Science, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Linda Cantley
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Martin D Slade
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Baylah Tessier-Sherman
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- University of California, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Science, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ellen A. Eisen
- University of California, School of Public Health, Environmental Health Science, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Mark R. Cullen
- Stanford University, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Peripheral blood neutrophilia as a biomarker of ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81816. [PMID: 24391708 PMCID: PMC3876972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone concentrations are predicted to increase over the next 50 years due to global warming and the increased release of precursor chemicals. It is therefore urgent that good, reliable biomarkers are available to quantify the toxicity of this pollutant gas at the population level. Such a biomarker would need to be easily performed, reproducible, economically viable, and reflective of ongoing pathological processes occurring within the lung. METHODOLOGY We examined whether blood neutrophilia occurred following a controlled ozone challenge and addressed whether this could serve as a biomarker for ozone-induced airway inflammation. Three separate groups of healthy subjects were exposed to ozone (0.2 ppm, 2h) and filtered air (FA) on two separate occasions. Peripheral blood samples were collected and bronchoscopy with biopsy sampling and lavages was performed at 1.5h post exposures in group 1 (n=13), at 6h in group 2 (n=15) and at 18h in group 3 (n=15). Total and differential cell counts were assessed in blood, bronchial tissue and airway lavages. RESULTS In peripheral blood, we observed fewer neutrophils 1.5h after ozone compared with the parallel air exposure (-1.1±1.0x10(9) cells/L, p<0.01), at 6h neutrophil numbers were increased compared to FA (+1.2±1.3x10(9) cells/L, p<0.01), and at 18h this response had fully attenuated. Ozone induced a peak in neutrophil numbers at 6h post exposure in all compartments examined, with a positive correlation between the response in blood and bronchial biopsies. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a systemic neutrophilia in healthy subjects following an acute ozone exposure, which mirrors the inflammatory response in the lung mucosa and lumen. This relationship suggests that blood neutrophilia could be used as a relatively simple functional biomarker for the effect of ozone on the lung.
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Behbod B, Urch B, Speck M, Scott JA, Liu L, Poon R, Coull B, Schwartz J, Koutrakis P, Silverman F, Gold DR. Endotoxin in concentrated coarse and fine ambient particles induces acute systemic inflammation in controlled human exposures. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:761-7. [PMID: 24143017 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the inhalable particulate matter components responsible for health effects is important for developing targeted regulation. OBJECTIVES In a double-blind randomised cross-over trial of controlled human exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) and their endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-glucan components, we evaluated acute inflammatory responses. METHODS 35 healthy adults were exposed to five 130-min exposures at rest: (1) fine CAPs (~250 µg/m(3)); (2) coarse CAPs (200 µg/m(3)); (3) second coarse CAPs (~200 µg/m(3)); (4) filtered air; and (5) medical air. Induced sputum cell counts were measured at screening and 24 h postexposure. Venous blood total leucocytes, neutrophils, interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (CRP) were measured pre-exposure, 3 and 24 h postexposure. RESULTS Relative to filtered air, an increase in blood leucocytes 24 h (but not 3 h) postexposure was significantly associated with coarse (estimate=0.44×10(9) cells/L (95% CI 0.01 to 0.88); n=132) and fine CAPs (0.68×10(9) cells /L (95% CI 0.19 to 1.17); n=132), but not medical air. Similar associations were found with neutrophil responses. An interquartile increase in endotoxin (5.4 ng/m(3)) was significantly associated with increased blood leucocytes 3 h postexposure (0.27×10(9) cells/L (95% CI 0.03 to 0.51); n=98) and 24 h postexposure (0.37×10(9) cells/L (95% CI 0.12 to 0.63); n=98). This endotoxin effect did not differ by particle size. There were no associations with glucan concentrations or interleukin-6, CRP or sputum responses. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, controlled coarse and fine ambient particle exposures independently induced acute systemic inflammatory responses. Endotoxin contributes to the inflammatory role of particle air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Behbod
- Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Stockfelt L, Sallsten G, Almerud P, Basu S, Barregard L. Short-term chamber exposure to low doses of two kinds of wood smoke does not induce systemic inflammation, coagulation or oxidative stress in healthy humans. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:417-25. [PMID: 23808634 PMCID: PMC3793281 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.798387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. A proposed mechanism is that local airway inflammation leads to systemic inflammation, affecting coagulation and the long-term risk of atherosclerosis. One major source of air pollution is wood burning. Here we investigate whether exposure to two kinds of wood smoke, previously shown to cause airway effects, affects biomarkers of systemic inflammation, coagulation and lipid peroxidation. Methods: Thirteen healthy adults were exposed to filtered air followed by two sessions of wood smoke for three hours, one week apart. One session used smoke from the start-up phase of the wood-burning cycle, and the other smoke from the burn-out phase. Mean particle mass concentrations were 295 µg/m3 and 146 µg/m3, and number concentrations were 140 000/cm3 and 100 000/cm3, respectively. Biomarkers were analyzed in samples of blood and urine taken before and several times after exposure. Results after wood smoke exposure were adjusted for exposure to filtered air. Results: Markers of systemic inflammation and soluble adhesion molecules did not increase after wood smoke exposure. Effects on markers of coagulation were ambiguous, with minor decreases in fibrinogen and platelet counts and mixed results concerning the coagulation factors VII and VIII. Urinary F2-isoprostane, a consistent marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation, unexpectedly decreased after wood smoke exposure. Conclusions: The effects on biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and lipid peroxidation do not indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in healthy adults by short-term exposure to wood smoke at these moderate doses, previously shown to cause airway effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Stockfelt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Ilinskaya AN, Dobrovolskaia MA. Nanoparticles and the blood coagulation system. Part II: safety concerns. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:969-81. [PMID: 23730696 PMCID: PMC3939602 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle interactions with the blood coagulation system can be beneficial or adverse depending on the intended use of a nanomaterial. Nanoparticles can be engineered to be procoagulant or to carry coagulation-initiating factors to treat certain disorders. Likewise, they can be designed to be anticoagulant or to carry anticoagulant drugs to intervene in other pathological conditions in which coagulation is a concern. An overview of the coagulation system was given and a discussion of a desirable interface between this system and engineered nanomaterials was assessed in part I, which was published in the May 2013 issue of Nanomedicine. Unwanted pro- and anti-coagulant properties of nanoparticles represent significant concerns in the field of nanomedicine, and often hamper the development and transition into the clinic of many promising engineered nanocarriers. This part will focus on the undesirable effects of engineered nanomaterials on the blood coagulation system. We will discuss the relationship between the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (e.g., size, charge and hydrophobicity) that determine their negative effects on the blood coagulation system in order to understand how manipulation of these properties can help to overcome unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Ilinskaya
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Strak M, Hoek G, Godri KJ, Gosens I, Mudway IS, van Oerle R, Spronk HMH, Cassee FR, Lebret E, Kelly FJ, Harrison RM, Brunekreef B, Steenhof M, Janssen NAH. Composition of PM affects acute vascular inflammatory and coagulative markers - the RAPTES project. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58944. [PMID: 23516583 PMCID: PMC3596332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects in epidemiological studies. Current knowledge of independent effects of individual PM characteristics remains limited. METHODS Using a semi-experimental design we investigated which PM characteristics were consistently associated with blood biomarkers believed to be predictive of the risk of cardiovascular events. We exposed healthy adult volunteers at 5 different locations chosen to provide PM exposure contrasts with reduced correlations among PM characteristics. Each of the 31 volunteers was exposed for 5 h, exercising intermittently, 3-7 times at different sites from March to October 2009. Extensive on-site exposure characterization included measurements of PM mass and number concentration, elemental- (EC) and organic carbon (OC), trace metals, sulfate, nitrate, and PM oxidative potential (OP). Before and 2 h and 18 h after exposure we measured acute vascular blood biomarkers - C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, platelet counts, von Willebrand Factor, and tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complex. We used two-pollutant models to assess which PM characteristics were most consistently associated with the measured biomarkers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We found OC, nitrate and sulfate to be most consistently associated with different biomarkers of acute cardiovascular risk. Associations with PM mass concentrations and OP were less consistent, whereas other measured components of the air pollution mixture, including PNC, EC, trace metals and NO2, were not associated with the biomarkers after adjusting for other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Strak
- Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Krystal J. Godri
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Gosens
- Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ian S. Mudway
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - René van Oerle
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri M. H. Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lebret
- Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences / Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Steenhof
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology and Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole A. H. Janssen
- Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Costello S, Garcia E, Hammond SK, Eisen EA. Ischemic heart disease mortality and PM(3.5) in a cohort of autoworkers. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:317-25. [PMID: 23280679 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been associated with particulate matter (PM) from air pollution. Yet evidence of increased risk associated with higher workplace exposures is scant. METHODS We examined the exposure-response relationship between IHD mortality and PM(3.5) (<3.5 µm diameter) from current and cumulative exposure to straight metalworking fluid in a cohort of 39,412 autoworkers followed from 1941 to 1995. Age, calendar year of follow up, sex, race, and plant were included in each model. RESULTS To address the decrease in polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in the straight metalworking fluid over time, analyses were stratified by calendar time. Increased risk of IHD mortality was associated with current exposure to PM(3.5) before 1971 and with cumulative exposure to PM(3.5) after 1971. CONCLUSIONS Results provide modest evidence that occupational exposure to fine PM from straight fluids, especially fluid with higher PAH, may increase the risk of IHD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie Costello
- Environmental Health Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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