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Machado GM, Perkins ER, Gerodo TP, Miranda JVM, Sica C, Patrick CJ, de Francisco Carvalho L. Individual Differences in Females' Adherence to Public Health Measures and Psychopathology Symptoms During a Global Health Crisis: the Role of Triarchic Psychopathic Traits. J Behav Health Serv Res 2024; 51:421-437. [PMID: 37592048 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-023-09858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The two broad aims of this study were to (a) investigate how the three traits of the triarchic model-boldness, meanness, and disinhibition-relate to compliance with public health measures, as well as to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, during a public health crisis, and (b) test for associations between psychopathology and compliance with public health measures. Participants were 947 Brazilian adult females aged 18-75 years who completed measures of the triarchic traits, internalizing and externalizing symptoms/problems, and a COVID-19 behaviors and beliefs questionnaire. Multiple regression and path analyses showed meanness to be the only triarchic trait significantly predictive of compliance with public health measures, in a negative direction, when controlling for the other traits. Results also demonstrated that compliance with public health measures was associated with levels of distress (negatively), obsessions/fear (positively), and positive mood (negatively). Overall, the results demonstrate the contributions of the triarchic traits to understanding complex phenomena, highlighting meanness as the most essential triarchic trait predictor of adherence to public health measures among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Magarotto Machado
- Departament of Psychology, Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP, 13045-510, Brazil
| | - Emily R Perkins
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Thalytha Padulla Gerodo
- Departament of Psychology, Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP, 13045-510, Brazil
| | - João Victor Martins Miranda
- Departament of Psychology, Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP, 13045-510, Brazil
| | - Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Christopher J Patrick
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Lucas de Francisco Carvalho
- Departament of Psychology, Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP, 13045-510, Brazil
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2
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Ramião E, Geraldo A, Figueiredo P, Barroso R, Barbosa F. Do Juveniles Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses Have Higher Callous-Unemotional Traits Compared to Juveniles Who Have Committed General Offenses? A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:525. [PMID: 39062348 PMCID: PMC11273882 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of assessing psychopathic traits in juveniles who have committed sexual offenses has been established in individuals who demonstrate a particularly severe and violent pattern of behavior. Additionally, the assessment of these traits in other juveniles might be relevant considering that higher levels of these traits represent an increased probability of the juvenile committing offenses. This study is a systematic review of the literature about the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in juveniles who have committed sexual and non-sexual offenses, in order to ascertain eventual differences between these groups regarding the presence of CU traits. Studies were obtained from multiple databases, with predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria, according to PRISMA-P guidelines. A total of 18 studies were reviewed and included in the final analysis. The 18 studies used measures of CU traits and reported descriptive categories of CU traits in juveniles who have committed general offenses or juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Meta-analytic procedures such as pooled means, pooled variances, and pooled standard deviations are presented in this study. The main conclusion obtained is that juveniles who have committed general offenses present higher levels of CU traits compared to juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Although the review highlights limitations in the literature, the identification of these characteristics in different types of juveniles who have committed offenses is important to shed light on the phenomenon and develop interventions better suited to their characteristics. Recommendations for future research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Ramião
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Geraldo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Barroso
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Research of Human Sexuality (Sexlab), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- U.North Psychology Consortium, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- U.North Psychology Consortium, Portugal
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3
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Speck JS, Frick PJ, Vaughan EP, Walker TM, Robertson EL, Ray JV, Myers TDW, Thornton LC, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. Health Service Utilization in Adolescents Following a First Arrest: The Role of Antisocial Behavior, Callous-Unemotional Traits, and Juvenile Justice System Processing. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2024; 51:393-405. [PMID: 38427148 PMCID: PMC11076348 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-024-01341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that youth exhibiting antisocial behavior are at risk for utilizing a disproportionate amount of health services compared to youth without these problems. The present study investigates whether being processed by the juvenile justice system and showing callous-unemotional (CU) traits independently predict health service utilization (medical and mental health service use and out-of-home placement) over and above the severity of antisocial behavior across adolescence. A total of 766 participants who had been arrested for the first time in adolescence provided data at ten appointments over a period of seven years. Results showed that self-reported antisocial behavior at the time of arrest predicted increased use of most health service use types over the next seven years (i.e. medicine prescriptions, tests for sexually transmitted infections, mental health service appointments, and out-of-home placements). All except prescription medication use remained significant when controlling for justice system processing and CU traits. Further, justice system processing added significantly to the prediction of medical service appointments. Whereas CU traits were associated with mental health service appointments and out-of-home placements, these did not remain significant when controlling for severity of antisocial behavior. These findings are consistent with prior research documenting the health care costs of antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne S Speck
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Erin P Vaughan
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Toni M Walker
- Harris County Juvenile Probation Department, Houston, USA
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4
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Chan HO, Beech A. Risky Sexual Behavior and Psychopathy: Testing the Relationship in a Non-Clinical Sample of Young Adults in Hong Kong. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:94. [PMID: 38392448 PMCID: PMC10885930 DOI: 10.3390/bs14020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between risky sexual behavior (RSB) and psychopathy in a non-clinical sample of 714 Hong Kong adults, shedding light on sex differences. Our findings reveal that males exhibit significantly higher mean levels of RSB (general, penetrative, and nonpenetrative), as well as egocentric (Factor 1) and callous (Factor 3) traits of psychopathy, along with increased sexual desire compared to females. Regression analyses indicate that elevated levels of antisociality (Factor 2) and callousness (Factor 3) traits of psychopathy, along with sexual desire, emerge as significant risk factors for engaging in general, penetrative, and nonpenetrative RSB. Intriguingly, higher age and being in a long-term relationship are associated with RSB. The implications of this study suggest potential avenues for reducing, if not entirely preventing, the inclination to engage in RSB in the presence of psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Oliver Chan
- Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anthony Beech
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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5
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Maurer JM, Anderson NE, Allen CH, Kiehl KA. Examining the Association between Psychopathic Traits and Fearlessness among Maximum-Security Incarcerated Male Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:65. [PMID: 38255377 PMCID: PMC10814550 DOI: 10.3390/children11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported positive associations between youth psychopathy scores and measures of 'fearlessness'. However, prior studies modified fearlessness items to be age appropriate, shifting from assessing hypothetical, extreme forms of physical risk-taking (e.g., flying an airplane) to normative risk-taking (e.g., riding bicycles downhill). We hypothesize that associations between youth psychopathy scores and alternative forms of sensation seeking (i.e., Disinhibition) have been conflated under a false fearlessness label. We tested this hypothesis among incarcerated male adolescents, investigating whether youth psychopathy scores were significantly associated with two different forms of sensation seeking: Disinhibition and Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS). Youth psychopathic traits were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD), Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS), Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU), and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Disinhibition and fearlessness (i.e., TAS) were assessed using an unmodified version of the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Consistent with hypotheses, youth psychopathy scores were associated with higher Disinhibition and lower TAS scores. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that psychopathic traits, including among adolescents, are not concomitant with physical risk-taking and descriptions of psychopathy including fearlessness distort a precise understanding of psychopathy's core features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Nathaniel E. Anderson
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Corey H. Allen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience and Law, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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6
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Goulter N, Oberth C, McMahon RJ, Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Crowley DM, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Predictive Validity of Adolescent Callous-Unemotional Traits and Conduct Problems with Respect to Adult Outcomes: High- and Low-Risk Samples. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1321-1335. [PMID: 35262849 PMCID: PMC9931993 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of the predictive validity of callous-unemotional (CU) traits is limited by (a) the focus on externalizing psychopathology and antisocial behaviors, (b) a lack of long-term prospective longitudinal data, (c) samples comprised of high-risk or low-risk individuals. We tested whether adolescent CU traits and conduct problems were associated with theoretically relevant adult outcomes 12-18 years later. Participants were drawn from two studies: higher-risk Fast Track (FT; n = 754) and lower-risk Child Development Project (CDP; n = 585). FT: conduct problems positively predicted externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and partner violence, and negatively predicted health, wellbeing, and education. Three conduct problems × CU traits interaction effects were also found. CDP: CU traits positively predicted depression and negatively predicted health and education; conduct problems positively predicted externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and substance use, and negatively predicted wellbeing. CU traits did not provide incremental predictive validity for multiple adult outcomes relative to conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Goulter
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Carla Oberth
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Max Crowley
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Gregory S Pettit
- Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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7
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Sakki H, Clair MS, Hwang S, Allen JL. The association between callous-unemotional traits and substance use in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:502-517. [PMID: 37390924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by a lack of guilt and empathy, restricted affect, and low concern about performance, and are increasingly recognized as co-occurring with substance use in youth. However, there is mixed evidence concerning whether they make a unique contribution to substance use. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to quantify the association between CU traits and substance use in childhood, accounting for potential moderators including sample characteristics (age, gender, community versus clinical/forensic samples), CU traits measure and informant, and study design (cross-sectional or longitudinal). Separate meta-analyses were conducted for alcohol, cannabis, and a substance use composite. Small, significant associations were found between CU traits and alcohol (θ = 0.17), cannabis (θ = 0.17) and the substance use composite (θ = 0.15), which were present in both community and clinical/forensic samples. Findings suggest that CU traits co-occur with a range of substance use problems, and that CU traits should be considered in assessments of youth presenting with substance use problems regardless of the nature of the setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sakki
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michelle St Clair
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Suhlim Hwang
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, Institute of Education, 25 Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Jennifer L Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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8
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Reference values regarding youth psychopathic traits inventory in young population. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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9
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Donohue MR, Hoyniak CP, Tillman R, Barch DM, Luby J. Associations of observed callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood with conduct problems and substance use over 14 years. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:421-432. [PMID: 36914291 PMCID: PMC10014890 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors (i.e., low concern and active disregard for others) uniquely predict severe conduct problems and substance use when present by late childhood. Less is known about the predictive utility of CU behaviors displayed in early childhood, when morality is developing and interventions may be more effective. Children aged 4-7 years (N = 246; 47.6% girls) completed an observational task wherein they were encouraged to tear an experimenter's valued photograph, and blind raters coded children's displayed CU behaviors. During the next 14 years, children's conduct problems (i.e., oppositional defiant and conduct symptoms) and age of onset of substance use were assessed. Compared to children displaying fewer CU behaviors, children displaying greater CU behaviors were 7.61 times more likely to meet criteria for a conduct disorder (n = 52) into early adulthood (95% CI, 2.96-19.59; p = <.0001), and their conduct problems were significantly more severe. Greater CU behaviors were associated with earlier onset of substance use (B = -.69, SE = .32, t = -2.14, p = .036). An ecologically valid observed indicator of early CU behavior was associated with substantially heightened risk for conduct problems and earlier onset substance use into adulthood. Early CU behavior is a powerful risk marker identifiable using a simple behavioral task which could be used to target children for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Caroline P Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
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Harris B, McCredie MN, Truong T, Regan T, Thompson CG, Leach W, Fields SA. Relations Between Adolescent Sensation Seeking and Risky Sexual Behaviors Across Sex, Race, and Age: A Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:191-204. [PMID: 36121585 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sensation seeking (SS)-the seeking of novel and intense sensations or experiences and the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experiences-has been shown to be related to various risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) in areas such as multiple sexual partners, condom use, and sexual initiation. The aims of the current meta-analysis were to examine (1) how SS relates to specific RSBs in adolescents and (2) how the overall relationship between SS and RSB differs across sex, race, and age. Overall, a total of 40 studies met the inclusion criteria for our meta-analysis examining the relationship between SS and RSB, contributing 102 effect sizes. RSB variables included unprotected sex; multiple sexual partners; hazardous sexual activity; sexual initiation; virginity status; and history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis. Moderating effects of sex, race, and age were also examined. The overall mean effect size of the correlational relationship between adolescent SS and RSB was statistically significant, as were the mean effect sizes of the relationships between SS and RSB subgroups, except for history of STD diagnosis. Race and age did not significantly moderate the overall relationship between SS and RSB; however, results indicated that SS and RSB relations were stronger in females compared to males. Our findings suggest that adolescents with elevations in SS tendencies tend to engage in more RSBs compared to their peers with lower levels of SS, increasing their risk of unplanned pregnancy and STD acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Harris
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College, Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA.
| | - Morgan N McCredie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College, Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA
| | - Tiffany Truong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College, Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA
| | - Timothy Regan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College, Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA
| | | | - Walker Leach
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College, Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College, Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA
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Davis AC, Brittain H, Arnocky S, Vaillancourt T. Longitudinal Associations Between Primary and Secondary Psychopathic Traits, Delinquency, and Current Dating Status in Adolescence. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 20:14747049211068670. [PMID: 35072531 PMCID: PMC10496107 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211068670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many have examined the desirability and mate competition tactics of adults higher on psychopathy using cross-sectional data, but few have studied the longitudinal associations between the lower-order factors of psychopathy (e.g., primary and secondary psychopathy) with indices of mating behavior in adolescents. More work is also needed to unravel how psychopathic youth outcompete rivals for mates. Delinquency has long been associated with dating and sexual behavior in adolescents, which may help to explain the competitive success of youth higher in psychopathic traits in vying for mates. We used cross-lagged panel modeling with three waves of data from a randomly drawn sample of 514 Canadian adolescents who provided annual self-reports of primary and secondary psychopathy, delinquency, and dating involvement from Grades 10 to 12 (15-18 years of age). Constructs were temporally stable. Secondary psychopathy and delinquency had positive within-time correlations with current dating status in Grade 10. A cross-lagged pathway from delinquency to dating involvement was supported from Grade 10 to 11, which replicated from Grade 11 to 12. However, this effect was specific to boys and not girls. An indirect effect also emerged whereby secondary psychopathy in Grade 10 increased the likelihood of being in a dating relationship in Grade 12 via heightened delinquency in Grade 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Davis
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1N6N5
| | - Heather Brittain
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1N6N5
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, Ontario Canada P1B8L7
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1N6N5
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12
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Picoito J, Santos C, Nunes C. Emotional and behavioural pathways to adolescent substance use and antisocial behaviour: results from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1813-1823. [PMID: 33140219 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the emotional and behavioural pathways to adolescent substance use and antisocial behaviour. Using a sample of 17,223 participants from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, we applied parallel-process growth mixture modelling on emotional and behavioural symptoms in those aged 3-14 and employed latent class analysis to identify patterns of substance use and antisocial behaviours at age 14. We then performed a multinomial regression analysis to explore the association between emotional and behavioural trajectories and patterns of adolescent substance use and antisocial behaviours, including sociodemographic, family, and maternal factors. We found five trajectories of emotional and behavioural symptoms and four classes of adolescence substance use and antisocial behaviour. Children and adolescents in the 'high externalising and internalising' and 'moderate externalising' trajectories were more likely to belong to any problematic behaviour class, especially the 'poly-substance use and antisocial behaviours' class. Inclusion in the 'moderate externalising and internalising (childhood limited)' class was associated with higher odds of belonging to the 'alcohol and tobacco' class. These associations remained significant after adjusting for important sociodemographic and contextual factors, such as maternal substance use, poverty, and parental status. Interventions on adolescent health promotion and risk behaviour prevention need to address the clustering of substance use and antisocial behaviour as well as the significant influence of early and chronic internalising and externalising symptoms on the aetiology of these behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Picoito
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Public Health Research Centre, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Constança Santos
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Paediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Nunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Antisocial Traits and Risky Sexual Behavior in Inpatient Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baiden P, Jahan N, Mets VE, Adeku Y. An examination of the association between risky sexual behaviors and suicidal behaviors among adolescents: Findings from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Roettger M, Houle B. Assessing the relationship between parental imprisonment in childhood and risk of sexually transmitted infections: a cohort study of US adults in early adulthood. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e038445. [PMID: 33795290 PMCID: PMC8021740 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One in six young adults in the USA experiences parental imprisonment in childhood. Prior studies have associated parental imprisonment with risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI); however, potential data and methodological issues may have limited the reliability and accuracy of prior findings. Examining cumulative and longitudinal risk, we address several methodological limitations of prior studies and also examine comparative risk by respondent sex and ethnicity. We assess these associations using a range of control variables. DESIGN A national cohort study from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health using (1) a cross-sectional sample of adults at ages 24-32 years and (2) a longitudinal sample between ages 18 and 32 years. Both analyses estimate ORs for STI associated with parental imprisonment and examine variation by parent/child gender and respondent ethnicity. SETTING In-home interviews in the USA at wave 1 (1994-1995), wave 3 (2001-2003) and wave 4 (2007-2009). PARTICIPANTS 15 684 respondents completing interviews at wave 1 (ages 12-18 years) and wave 4 (ages 26-32 years), including 8556 women, 3437 black and 2397 respondents reporting parental imprisonment. RESULTS Father-only imprisonment is associated with 1.22 higher odds (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.37) of lifetime STI and 1.19 higher odds (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.41) of STI in the past 12 months between ages 18 and 32 years, adjusting for familial, neighbourhood, individual and sexual risk factors. Maternal imprisonment is not associated with higher risk of lifetime STI after adjusting for confounders (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.61). Examining predicted probabilities of STI, our findings show additive risks for women, black people and parental imprisonment. CONCLUSION Adjusting for confounders, only paternal imprisonment is associated with slightly elevated risk of annual and lifetime risk of STI. Additive effects show that parental imprisonment modestly increases ethnic and female risk for STI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roettger
- School of Demography, Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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16
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Martin-Storey A, Temcheff C, Déry M, Lapalme M, Tomasiello M, Mariamo A, Lemelin JP. Conduct Problems and Adherence to COVID-19 Guidelines: A Developmental Psychopathology-Informed Approach. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1055-1067. [PMID: 33742359 PMCID: PMC7978163 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 underscores the importance of understanding variation in adherence to rules concerning health behaviors. Children with conduct problems have difficulty with rule adherence, and linking early conduct problems with later adherence to COVID-19 guidelines can provide new insight into public health. The current study employed a sample (N = 744) designed to examine the longitudinal consequences of childhood conduct problems (Mean age at study entry = 8.39). The first objective was to link early conduct problems with later adherence to both general and specific COVID-19 guidelines during emerging adulthood (M age = 19.07). The second objective was to prospectively examine how interactional (i.e., callous unemotional traits, impulsivity) and cumulative (i.e., educational attainment, work status, substance use) continuity factors mediated this association. The third objective was to examine differences in sex assigned at birth in these models. Direct associations were observed between childhood conduct problems and lower general, but not specific COVID-19 guideline adherence. Conduct problems were indirectly associated with both general and specific adherence via higher levels of callous unemotional traits, and with specific adherence via higher problematic substance use. No differences in the models were observed across sex assigned at birth. Findings provide insight into both how developmental psychopathology constructs are useful for understanding COVID-19 guideline adherence, and the ways in which conduct problems may shape health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Martin-Storey
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Educational and School Psychology, McGill University, Education Building, 3700 McTavish Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michèle Déry
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lapalme
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Melina Tomasiello
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Educational and School Psychology, McGill University, Education Building, 3700 McTavish Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Mariamo
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Educational and School Psychology, McGill University, Education Building, 3700 McTavish Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pascal Lemelin
- Groupe de recherche et d'intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l'enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Pavillon A7, Boul. de l'Université, 2500, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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17
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Winters DE, Brandon-Friedman R, Yepes G, Hinckley JD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of socio-cognitive and socio-affective processes association with adolescent substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108479. [PMID: 33444900 PMCID: PMC7943258 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social impairments are important features of a substance use disorder diagnosis; and recent models suggest early impairments in socio-cognitive and -affective processes may predict future use. However, no systematic reviews are available on this topic. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses exploring the association between social-cognitive and -affective processes (empathy, callous-unemotional (CU) traits, theory of mind, and social cognition) and substance use frequency (alcohol, cannabis, general drug use). We examined moderating effects of study design, gender, age, and weather conduct problems were controlled for. We also review brain studies related to social cognition and substance use disorder (SUD) risk. RESULTS Systematic review suggested a negative association for positively valenced constructs with substance use but mixed results on the negatively valenced construct CU traits. Meta-analyses revealed moderate positive association between CU traits with alcohol and general drug use but no significance with cannabis use. Moderate effect sizes were found for CU traits in youth predicting severity of substance use by late adolescence and significantly accounted for variance independently of conduct problems. Significant moderators included gender proportions, sample type, and age. Neuroimaging meta-analysis indicated 10 coordinates that were different in youth at a high risk/with SUD compared to controls. Three of these coordinates associate with theory of mind and social cognition. CONCLUSION Socio-cognitive and -affective constructs demonstrate an association with current and future substance use, and neural differences are present when performing social cognitive tasks in regions with strongest associations with theory of mind and social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Winters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States.
| | | | - Gabriel Yepes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| | - Jesse D Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
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18
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Reynolds BL, Maurer JM, Cook AM, Harenski C, Kiehl KA. The relationship between psychopathic traits and risky sexual behavior in incarcerated adult male offenders. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020; 156:109798. [PMID: 37946750 PMCID: PMC10634662 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals scoring high on psychopathic traits engage in various forms of risky behavior. However, the relationship between psychopathic traits and risky sexual behavior (RSB) is less understood, especially with participants recruited from incarcerated settings. Here, we investigated the relationship between RSB and psychopathic traits with n = 179 incarcerated adult male offenders who completed a self-report RSB questionnaire asking participants about their lifetime number of sexual partners and frequency of using a condom during sex. Psychopathic traits were assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R). In independent-samples t-tests, participants scoring high on psychopathic traits (i.e., PCL-R total score ≥ 30) reported greater total number of sexual partners throughout their lifetime and were less likely to use a condom during sex compared to low-scorers (i.e., PCL-R total score ≤ 15). In multiple regression analyses, PCL-R total scores emerged as a significant predictor of reduced condom usage during sex, but covariate measures assessing general externalizing psychopathology, did not. Our results suggest that several public health concerns, including sexually transmitted infection transmittal and unwanted pregnancies, may arise due to individuals scoring higher on psychopathy engaging in risky sexual behavior to a greater extent compared to those scoring lower on psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Reynolds
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
| | - J. Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Psychology; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Amanda M. Cook
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
| | - Carla Harenski
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Psychology; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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19
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Templeton M, Kelly C, Lohan M. Developing a Sexual Health Promotion Intervention With Young Men in Prisons: A Rights-Based Participatory Approach. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e11829. [PMID: 31033447 PMCID: PMC6658311 DOI: 10.2196/11829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sexual health of young men in prisons is often among the poorest in any given country. They may have developed sexual behaviors that, from a public health perspective, are considered problematic and burdensome. These include poorer use of condoms and engaging in more frequent casual sex, resulting in higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and viral hepatitis. Thus, young incarcerated men are a highly marginalized and socially excluded high-risk group, in greater need of sexual health education and services. Objective The aim of this study was to create an innovative sexual health promotion intervention, made for and with young men in prisons, to encourage them to avail of regular sexual health checkups. This included developing a Web-based animated-style sexual health promotion intervention (1.42 min) coupled with upskilling the prison nurses to offer a partnership approach to prison health care. This paper focuses on the development of the intervention and the importance of the underpinning rights-based (RB) participatory intervention design. Methods We employed an RB participatory approach and recruited 14 participants who attended 3 coproduction workshops held within a prison site in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. A bespoke 3-day training for nurses beforehand, ensured they gained a deeper understanding of the determinants of poor sexual health. The coproduction team comprised young men, prison nurses, nurse sexual health consultant, media company representatives, and facilitator. Workshops focused on content, design, tone and medium of communication for a Web-based intervention that would be appealing and engaging for young incarcerated men. Results A 1.42-min animation Dick loves Doot was created to promote a positive attitude toward sexual health checkups. The RB approach enabled the young men to participate, have their voices heard and see their stories reflected through the animation. The nurses’ capacities to protect, fulfill, and respect the young men’s rights to appropriate sexual health services and education was also enhanced. Evaluations confirmed that we successfully provided accurate sexual health information in a way that was engaging and accessible and that encouraged the young men to avail of the new prison sexual health services that were set up in the prison and now provided by nurses. Conclusions The RB participatory approach to health advanced in this study provided a means to (1) gain invaluable insider knowledge to understand the impact of structural determinants on health and health inequalities and strategies by which to target young incarcerated men (2) create inclusive opportunities for developing bespoke targeted interventions, and (3) galvanize collaborative partnerships to disrupt the structures and processes that lead to and encourage health inequities. To reduce future risk, effective treatment, coupled with coproduced interventions that transmit relevant health messages in a relevant and meaningful way, is key to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Templeton
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lohan
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Belfast, United Kingdom
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20
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Tolou-Shams M, Harrison A, Hirschtritt ME, Dauria E, Barr-Walker J. Substance Use and HIV Among Justice-Involved Youth: Intersecting Risks. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:37-47. [PMID: 30734906 PMCID: PMC6597179 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent advances in research on the intersection of HIV prevention and substance use among youth involved with the justice system. We discuss current themes of recent findings and provide guidance for researchers, policymakers, and clinicians on the next steps in advancing work in this nascent area. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 46 studies that measured HIV risk and substance use among justice-involved youth, 56% were cross-sectional designs, 22% were intervention trials, and 22% were longitudinal designs. Cross-sectional studies suggested that substance use is highly associated with HIV risk behaviors. Longitudinal analyses underscored the importance of understanding contextual risk factors, such as trauma and violence. Intervention trials demonstrated improved scientific rigor of behavioral approaches. Despite recent advances, research in this field remains limited. Future directions include longer follow-up periods, consideration of biomedical HIV-prevention interventions, and a focus on dissemination and implementation science of efficacious interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anna Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Hirschtritt
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, 401 Parnassus Ave, 94143, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Dauria
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jill Barr-Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- ZSFG Library, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Centifanti LCM, Negen J. Strong evidence that callous-unemotional traits are not related to risk-taking task performance. F1000Res 2018; 7:502. [PMID: 29862023 PMCID: PMC5954327 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14623.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothesized association between callous-unemotional (CU) traits and risk-taking may account for the link between CU traits and real-world risky behaviors, such as illegal behavior. Prior findings show that reward and punishment responsivity differs in relation to CU traits, but is not associated with general risk-taking. However this has only been examined previously with one task, only with a frequentist framework, and with limited interpretation. Here, we expand to another task and to Bayesian analyses. A total of 657 participants (52% female) completed the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (essentially a gambling task), and the Stoplight driving task, which repeatedly presents participants with riskier or less risky choices to make while driving. We found strong evidence for the null model, in which there is no relation between the two risk-taking tasks and CU traits (R 2 = 0.001; BF 10 = 1/60.22). These results suggest that general risk-taking does not underlie the real-world risky behavior of people with CU traits. Alternative explanations include a different method of valuing certain outcomes.
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