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Yun KW. Community-acquired pneumonia in children: updated perspectives on its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Exp Pediatr 2024; 67:80-89. [PMID: 37321577 PMCID: PMC10839192 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2022.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common pediatric infectious disease that is familiar to pediatricians and a major cause of hospitalization worldwide. Recent well-designed epidemiologic studies in developed countries indicated that respiratory viruses are detected in 30%-70%, atypical bacteria in 7%-17%, and pyogenic bacteria in 2%-8% of children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The etiological distribution of CAP varies widely by child age and the epidemiological season of the respiratory pathogen. Moreover, diagnostic tests, particularly for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the 2 major bacterial pathogens involved in pediatric CAP, have several limitations. Therefore, management and empirical antimicrobial therapy for children with CAP should be applied in a stepwise manner based on recent epidemiological, etiological, and microbiological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Mokhria RK, Bhardwaj JK, Sanghi AK. History, origin, transmission, genome structure, replication, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19: A review. World J Meta-Anal 2023; 11:266-276. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v11.i6.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In December, 2019, pneumonia triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surfaced in Wuhan, China. An acute respiratory illness named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 has surfaced as a major pandemic in the 21st century as yet. The entire world has been affected by this virus. World Health Organization proclaimed COVID-19 pandemic as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 shares the same genome as coronavirus seen in bats. Therefore, bats might be its natural host of this virus. It primarily disseminates by means of the respiratory passage. Evidence revealed human-to-human transmission. Fever, cough, tiredness, and gastrointestinal illness are the manifestations in COVID-19-infected persons. Senior citizens are more vulnerable to infections which can lead to dangerous consequences. Various treatment strategies including antiviral therapies are accessible for the handling of this disease. In this review, we organized the most recent findings on COVID-19 history, origin, transmission, genome structure, replication, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Mokhria
- Department of School Education, Government Model Sanskriti Senior Secondary School, Chulkana, Panipat, 132101, Haryana, India
| | - Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sanghi
- School of Allied and Health Sciences, MVN University, Palwal 121102, Haryana, India
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Chang TH, Liu YC, Lin SR, Chiu PH, Chou CC, Chang LY, Lai FP. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia and respiratory infections: Using machine learning approaches to support pathogen prediction at admission. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:772-781. [PMID: 37246060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children. We developed machine learning models to predict pediatric ARI pathogens at admission. METHODS We included hospitalized children with respiratory infections between 2010 and 2018. Clinical features were collected within 24 h of admission to construct models. The outcome of interest was the prediction of 6 common respiratory pathogens, including adenovirus, influenza virus types A and B, parainfluenza virus (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Model performance was estimated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Feature importance was measured using Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) values. RESULTS A total of 12,694 admissions were included. Models trained with 9 features (age, event pattern, fever, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, platelet count, lymphocyte ratio, peak temperature, peak heart rate) achieved the best performance (AUROC: MP 0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.90; RSV 0.84, 95% CI 0.82-0.86; adenovirus 0.81, 95% CI 0.77-0.84; influenza A 0.77, 95% CI 0.73-0.80; influenza B 0.70, 95% CI 0.65-0.75; PIV 0.73, 95% CI 0.69-0.77). Age was the most important feature to predict MP, RSV and PIV infections. Event patterns were useful for influenza virus prediction, and C-reactive protein had the highest SHAP value for adenovirus infections. CONCLUSION We demonstrate how artificial intelligence can assist clinicians identify potential pathogens associated with pediatric ARIs upon admission. Our models provide explainable results that could help optimize the use of diagnostic testing. Integrating our models into clinical workflows may lead to improved patient outcomes and reduce unnecessary medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chung Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Siang-Rong Lin
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Chiu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chou
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Luan-Yin Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Fei-Pei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, Taipei City, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Roh EJ, Shim JY, Chung EH. Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:563-573. [PMID: 36265520 PMCID: PMC9742763 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2022.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the single largest infectious cause of hospitalization and death in children worldwide. With improved immunizations, the incidence of bacterial pneumonia and the number of colonized bacteria have decreased. However, respiratory viruses are still an important cause of CAP, especially as new infectious agents such severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerge. The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in 2019 and caused the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the epidemiology and causative pathogens of CAP. Recently, the Pneumonia and Respiratory Disease Study Group, affiliated with the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease, investigated the causative pathogens of respiratory infections in children hospitalized with CAP, the serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with gene mutations. Antibiotic resistance and serotype test results can determine the use of empirical antibiotics. Moreover, it is possible to help develop future vaccines by comparing bacterial culture results with vaccine serotype and identifying the changes and prevalence of each serotype. Therefore, we will perform continuous national surveillance and monitor the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in Korea and worldwide. The surveillance of these respiratory infections can play a role in monitoring the emergence of new infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jeong Roh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Lim DK, Kim JW, Kim JK. Effects of climatic factors on the prevalence of influenza virus infection in Cheonan, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:59052-59059. [PMID: 35381925 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Big data can be used to correlate diseases and climatic factors. The prevalence of influenza (flu) virus, accounting for a large proportion of respiratory infections, suggests that the effect of climate variables according to seasonal dynamics of influenza virus infections should be investigated. Here, trends in flu virus detection were analyzed using data from 9,010 tests performed between January 2012 and December 2018 at Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea. We compared the detection of the flu virus in Cheonan area and its association with climate change. The flu virus detection rate was 9.9% (894/9,010), and the detection rate was higher for flu virus A (FLUAV; 6.9%) than for flu virus B (FLUBV; 3.0%). Both FLUAV and FLUBV infections are considered an epidemic each year. We identified 43.1% (n = 385) and 35.0% (n = 313) infections in children aged < 10 years and adults aged > 60 years, respectively. The combination of these age groups encompassed 78.1% (n = 698/894) of the total data. Flu virus infections correlated with air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, particulate matter, and wind chill temperature (P < 0.001). However, the daily temperature range did not significantly correlate with the flu detection results. This is the first study to identify the relationship between long-term flu virus infection with temperature in the temperate region of Cheonan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Lim
- Department of Medical Laser, Dankook University Graduate School of Medicine, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31116, South Korea.
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Assessment of surveillance predictors for suspected respiratory syncytial virus, influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children aged <5 years in Madagascar. IJID REGIONS 2022; 2:82-89. [PMID: 35757077 PMCID: PMC9216384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive surveillance case definition can be defined based on specific symptoms. Intercostal recession and dyspnoea may be used to identify children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Fever was not necessarily a good predictor of paediatric RSV infection. Headache may be used to identify influenza infection in children. Sweats and productive cough may define infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children.
Background The lack of rapid, sensitive and affordable diagnostic tests that can distinguish a wide variety of respiratory pathogens at the point of care is an obstacle to the rapid implementation of control measures following events and epidemics. In addition, the absence of a standardized case definition to differentiate putative aetiologies is a challenge to assessing the burden of disease. This study aimed to identify the clinical spectrum of respiratory pathogens commonly associated with respiratory tract infections in the context of disease surveillance. Methods Data obtained from prospective hospital-based severe acute respiratory infection surveillance among children aged <5 years from November 2010 to July 2013 were used in this study. Results Intercostal recession and dyspnoea were predictive of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, whereas headache and chills were more often observed during influenza A infection. Male patients were at a higher risk for RSV infection than female patients. Productive cough, chills, sweating and weight loss were significantly associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. The presence of fever did not necessarily indicate RSV infection. Conclusions Combined with other examinations, this study shows the value of including the syndromic approach in the panel of diagnostic criteria for rapid identification of the risk of infectious diseases in areas where laboratory diagnostics are challenging. Given the current situation with coronavirus disease 2019, this approach may help decision makers to implement appropriate control measures.
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Lim DK, Jeon JS, Jang TS, Kim JK. Association between climatic factors and respiratory syncytial virus detection rates in Cheonan, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13315-13322. [PMID: 34585349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of big data may facilitate the recognition and interpretation of causal relationships between disease occurrence and climatic variables. This study examined the effects of various climatic variables on the seasonal epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in the temperate climate of Korea. Trends in RSV detection were analyzed using 9010 samples tested between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018, at Dankook University Hospital in Cheonan, Korea. Seasonal patterns in RSV detection frequency were compared with local climatic variables during the same period. RSV detection rate of 12.8% (n = 1150/9010) was observed, which was higher for RSV-A (7.1%) than RSV-B (5.8%) and RSV-A and RSV-B alternated each year. Children < 1 year exhibited high infection rates with RSV-A (68.5%) and RSV-B (58.7%). RSV-A and RSV-B infection rates in children under 9 years old were 96.2% and 92.1%, respectively. RSV had a significant relationship with several climatic factors. Air temperature, wind chill temperature, and particulate matter concentration were lower on days with a higher frequency of RSV detection. In contrast, atmospheric pressure was higher on days with lower RSV detection. Although the detection rates for RSV-A and RSV-B increased on days with lower air temperatures, those for RSV-B also increased on days with lower wind chill temperatures. Our findings suggest that climatic variables affect the RSV detection rate among children under 10 years of age. The present data may help predict the time when prevention strategies may be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Lim
- Department of Medical Laser, Dankook University Graduate School of Medicine, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sik Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, South Korea.
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Alkhalf H, Almutairi AR, Almutairi A, Almutairi RK, AlGhnam S, Aljohani S, Alqanatish JT, Babiker A. Prevalence and Clinical Characterization of Bocavirus Infection in a Specialized Children's Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e22127. [PMID: 35308707 PMCID: PMC8918207 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical characterization of bocavirus infection in patients admitted with respiratory symptoms to a specialized children’s hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that included children aged 0-14 years and was conducted over a two-year period (2017-2019). All data were gathered from an electronic information recording system, which included patients’ demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, complication, and duration of hospitalization. Results Among all patients (11,709) admitted to King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital with predominant respiratory symptoms during the study period, 193 (1.6%) patients had bocavirus infections. Most of the patients were diagnosed in winter months. Cough was the primary presenting symptom (91.7%) followed by fever (83.4%). Gastrointestinal symptoms were also common (anorexia in 62% and vomiting in 39%). In 80% (n=154/193) of cases, bocavirus co-existed with other viruses, namely, human rhinovirus (45.8%), human adenovirus (31.2%), and respiratory syncytial virus type A (17.5%). Moreover, those who required oxygen supply stayed longer in the hospital (p<0.001) and were more likely to receive multiple medications such as bronchodilators (p<0.001), corticosteroids (p<0.001), and nebulized racemic epinephrine (p>0.05). Children infected with bocavirus and co-existing viruses were less likely to require oxygen supply (p<0.050). Conclusion Bocavirus infection is more common during winter months and predominantly affects respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in children. More studies are needed to evaluate the global impact of this recently recognized infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Alkhalf
- General Pediatric, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU.,Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, SAU.,Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Abeer Almutairi
- Pediatrics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Reem K Almutairi
- Nursing, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Suliman AlGhnam
- Population Health, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Sameera Aljohani
- Infectious Diseases, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU.,Infectious Diseases, King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, SAU.,Infectious Diseases, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Jubran T Alqanatish
- Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU.,Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, SAU.,Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Amir Babiker
- Pediatric, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU.,Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, SAU.,Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
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Malekshahi SS, Yavarian J, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T, Farahmand M. Prevalence of Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:663-673. [PMID: 32081050 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1725939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundWe sought to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-analysis by assessing the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections from a number of studies conducted in Iran. Methods: Entire studies addressing epidemiology of hMPV in Iran using data from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of science, Google Scholar, Embase, and national Persian databases up to June 2019 were included. Results: The estimated prevalence of hMPV was 8.9% (95% CI 5.4-14.2) in different regions in Iran. Compared to the global rate, in Iran hMPV infection presented an intermediate prevalence rate. The majority of hMPV positive patients were pediatric populations with pooled prevalence of 7.6% (I2 = 95%, 95% CI 3.5-15.6). Conclusion: This first comprehensive review covering researches over the last 11 years expanded our knowledge about hMPV circulating in Iran. Future large epidemiological studies are needed for the evaluation of hMPV prevalence and genotype distribution in different unanalyzed regions in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bontzos G, Gkiala A, Karakosta C, Maliotis N, Detorakis ET. COVID-19 in Ophthalmology. Current Disease Status and Challenges during Clinical Practice. MAEDICA 2021; 16:668-680. [PMID: 35261670 PMCID: PMC8897783 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.4.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised a global public health concern. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence currently available on COVID-19 for its ocular implications and manifestations from both pathogenetic and clinical standpoints. Methods: For this narrative review, more than 100 relevant scientific articles were considered from various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct) using keywords such as coronavirus outbreak, COVID-19, ophthalmology, ocular symptoms. Results:Daily healthcare both from patient and physician perspective, as well as on some guidelines regarding prevention and management have dramatically changed over the last few months. Although COVID-19 infection mainly affects the respiratory system as well as the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary systems, it may cause a wide spectrum of ocular manifestations. Various challenges have to be faced to minimize exposure for both patients and physicians. Conclusion:The risk of COVID-19 infection should be considered and medical care should be prioritized for urgent cases. Appropriate management for patients with chronic cases that may result in adverse outcomes should not be neglected, while patients that can be monitored remotely should be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Bontzos
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Korgialenio-Benakio' General Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Gkiala
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Korgialenio-Benakio' General Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Karakosta
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Korgialenio-Benakio' General Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Neofytos Maliotis
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Nikaia "Agios Panteleimon", 18454 Athens, Greece
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: New Challenges for Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy in Patients with ILI/SARI. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111334. [PMID: 34835265 PMCID: PMC8622394 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several respiratory pathogens are responsible for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe respiratory infections (SARI), among which human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) represents one of the most common aetiologies. We analysed the hRSV prevalence among subjects with ILI or SARI during the five influenza seasons before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Sicily (Italy). Respiratory specimens from ILI outpatients and SARI inpatients were collected in the framework of the Italian Network for the Influenza Surveillance and molecularly tested for hRSV-A and hRSV-B. Overall, 8.1% of patients resulted positive for hRSV. Prevalence peaked in the age-groups <5 years old (range: 17.6–19.1%) and ≥50 years old (range: 4.8–5.1%). While the two subgroups co-circulated throughout the study period, hRSV-B was slightly predominant over hRSV-A, except for the season 2019–2020 when hRSV-A strongly prevailed (82.9%). In the community setting, the distribution of hRSV subgroups was balanced (47.8% vs. 49.7% for hRSV-A and hRSV-B, respectively), while most infections identified in the hospital setting were caused by hRSV-B (69.5%); also, this latter one was more represented among hRSV cases with underlying diseases, as well as among those who developed a respiratory complication. The molecular surveillance of hRSV infections may provide a valuable insight into the epidemiological features of ILI/SARI. Our findings add new evidence to the existing knowledge on viral aetiology of ILI and SARI in support of public health strategies and may help to define high-risk categories that could benefit from currently available and future vaccines.
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A Multicenter Study of Viral Aetiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children in Chinese Mainland. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1543-1553. [PMID: 34523109 PMCID: PMC8440149 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. In this study, we aimed to describe the aetiology of viral infection of pediatric CAP in Chinese mainland. During November 2014 to June 2016, the prospective study was conducted in 13 hospitals. The hospitalized children under 18 years old who met the criteria for CAP were enrolled. The throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected which were then screened 18 respiratory viruses using multiplex PCR assay. Viral pathogens were present in 56.6% (1539/2721) of the enrolled cases, with the detection rate of single virus in 39.8% of the cases and multiple viruses in 16.8% of the cases. The most frequently detected virus was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (15.2%, 414/2721). The highest detection rate of virus was in < 6-month-age group (70.7%, 292/413). RSV, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) and influenza B virus (Flu B) showed the similar prevalence patterns both in north and south China, but HPIVs, Flu A, human bocavirus (HBoV), human adenovirus (HAdV) and human coronaviruses (HCoVs) showed the distinct circulating patterns in north and south China. Human enterovirus/human rhinovirus (HEV/HRV) (27.6%, 27/98), HBoV (18.4%, 18/98), RSV (16.3%, 16/98) and HMPV (14.3%, 14/98) were the most commonly detected viruses in severe pneumonia cases with single virus infection. In conclusion, viral pathogens are frequently detected in pediatric CAP cases and may therefore play a vital role in the aetiology of CAP. RSV was the most important virus in hospitalized children with CAP in Chinese mainland.
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Li Z, Meng S, Zheng Q, Wu T. Complicated pulmonary human coronavirus-NL63 infection after a second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute B-lymphocytic leukemia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26446. [PMID: 34160438 PMCID: PMC8238287 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Viruses are the most common pathogens that can cause infection-related non-recurrent death after transplantation, occurring mostly from the early stages of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to within 1 year after transplantation. Human coronavirus (HCoV)-NL63 is a coronavirus that could cause mortality among patients with underlying disease complications. Serological tests are of limited diagnostic value in immunocompromised hosts and cases of latent infection reactivation. In contrast, macro-genomic high-throughput (DNA and RNA) sequencing allows for rapid and accurate diagnosis of infecting pathogens for targeted treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS In this report, we describe a patient who exhibited acute B-lymphocytic leukemia and developed complicated pulmonary HCoV-NL63 infection after a second allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT). Six months after the second allo-HSCT, he developed sudden-onset hyperthermia and cough with decreased oxygen saturation. Chest computed tomography (CT) suggested bilateral multiple rounded ground-glass opacities with the pulmonary lobules as units. DIAGNOSES HCoV-NL63 was detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS), and HCoV-NL63 viral pneumonia was diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS The treatment was mainly based on the use of antiviral therapy, hormone administration, and gamma-globulin. OUTCOMES After the therapy, the body temperature returned to normal, the chest CT findings had improved on review, and the viral copy number eventually became negative. LESSONS The latest NGS is an effective method for early infection diagnosis. The HCoV-NL63 virus can cause inflammatory factor storm and alter the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). This case suggests that the patient's NLR and cytokine levels could be monitored during the clinical treatment to assess the disease and its treatment outcome in a timely manner.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/immunology
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/isolation & purification
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Male
- Metagenomics
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Young Adult
- gamma-Globulins/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation
| | - Shuo Meng
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation
| | - Qinlong Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation
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14
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Choi SH, Huh JW, Hong SB, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Kim SH, Sung H, Chae EJ, Do KH, Lee SO, Lim CM, Kim YS, Woo JH, Koh Y. Severe Human Bocavirus-Associated Pneumonia in Adults at a Referral Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:226-228. [PMID: 33350914 PMCID: PMC7774574 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.202061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case series of severe human bocavirus–associated pneumonia in adults in Seoul, South Korea. The virus accounted for 0.5% of all severe pneumonia cases. Structural lung disease and hematologic malignancy were common underlying diseases. Overall death rate was 54.5%. Higher death rates were associated with co-infection (83.3%) and immunocompromise (80.0%).
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15
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Yan Z, Deng X, Qiu J. Human Bocavirus 1 Infection of Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 58:e107. [PMID: 32639683 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a small DNA virus that belongs to the Bocaparvovirus genus of the Parvoviridae family. HBoV1 is a common respiratory pathogen that causes mild to life-threatening acute respiratory tract infections in children and immunocompromised individuals, infecting both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. HBoV1 infection causes death of airway epithelial cells, resulting in airway injury and inflammation. In vitro, HBoV1 only infects well-differentiated (polarized) human airway epithelium cultured at an air-liquid interface (HAE-ALI), but not any dividing human cells. A full-length HBoV1 genome of 5543 nucleotides has been cloned from DNA extracted from a human nasopharyngeal swab into a plasmid called HBoV1 infectious clone pIHBoV1. Transfection of pIHBoV1 replicates efficiently in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and produces virions that are highly infectious. This article describes protocols for production of HBoV1 in HEK293 cells, generation of HAE-ALI cultures, and infection with HBoV1 in HAE-ALI. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Human bocavirus 1 production in HEK293 cells Support Protocol 1: HEK293 cell culture and transfection Support Protocol 2: Quantification of human bocavirus 1 using real-time quantitative PCR Basic Protocol 2: Differentiation of human airway cells at an air-liquid interface Support Protocol 3: Expansion of human airway epithelial cell line CuFi-8 Support Protocol 4: Expansion of human airway basal cells Support Protocol 5: Coating of plastic dishes and permeable membranes of inserts Support Protocol 6: Transepithelial electrical resistance measurement Basic Protocol 3: Human bocavirus 1 infection in human airway epithelium cultured at an air-liquid interface Support Protocol 7: Isolation of infected human airway epithelium cells from inserts Basic Protocol 4: Transduction of airway basal cells with lentiviral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Xuefeng Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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16
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Wang C, Wei T, Ma F, Wang H, Guo J, Chen A, Huang Y, Xie Z, Zheng L. Epidemiology and genotypic diversity of human metapneumovirus in paediatric patients with acute respiratory infection in Beijing, China. Virol J 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 33602245 PMCID: PMC7890387 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) causes high amounts of morbidity and mortality worldwide every year. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major pathogen of ARTIs in children. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology and genotypic diversity of HMPV in children hospitalized with ARTIs in Beijing, China. METHODS Hospitalized children aged < 14 years with ARTIs were enrolled from April 2017 to March 2018; nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction tests for HMPV. HMPV-positive samples were genotyped based on a partial N gene. Whole genome sequences were determined for samples with high viral loads. RESULTS 4.08% (52/1276) enrolled paediatric patients were identified as having HMPV infection. The epidemic season is winter and early spring, children aged ≤ 4 years were more susceptible to HMPV infection (47/52, 90.38%). The co-infection rate were 36.54% (19/52), the most common co-infected virus were influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. The main diagnoses of HMPV infection were pneumonia (29/52, 55.77%) and bronchitis (23/52, 44.23%), while the main clinical manifestations were cough, fever, rhinorrhoea, and sneeze. Among 48 HMPV-positive specimens, A2b (19/48, 39.58%) and B1 (26/48, 54.17%) were the main epidemic subtypes. Patients with HMPV genotype A infection had a higher viral load compared to genotype B patients (6.07 vs. 5.37 log10 RNA copies/ml). Five complete sequences of HMPV were obtained. This is the first report of a whole genome sequence of HMPV-B1 isolated in China. CONCLUSIONS HMPV is an important respiratory pathogen in paediatric patients. Cases of HMPV infection could burden hospitals in the epidemic season. HMPV viral loads and genotypes have no correlation with co-infection or clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Tianli Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fenlian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yiman Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
| | - Lishu Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China. .,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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17
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Omolaoye TS, Adeniji AA, Cardona Maya WD, du Plessis SS. SARS-COV-2 (Covid-19) and male fertility: Where are we? Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:65-70. [PMID: 33249233 PMCID: PMC7689309 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), a single-stranded RNA virus, was found to be the causal agent of the disease called coronavirus disease. During December 2019, China informed the World Health Organization (WHO) of an outbreak of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology, which caused severe-acute respiratory distress. The disease was termed coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Due to alarming levels of spread and severity, on the 11th of March 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak as a global pandemic. As of September 14, 2020, more than 29 million cases have been reported, with over 900,000 deaths globally. Since the outbreak, although not conclusive, discoveries have been made regarding the understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, clinical treatment, and prevention of the disease. SARS-COV-2 has been detected in saliva, respiratory fluids, blood, urine, and faeces. Findings are however controversial regarding its presence in the semen or the testis. Hence, this review aimed to further analyse the literature concerning (i) the effects of previously identified human coronaviruses on male fertility (ii) the impact of Covid-19 on male fertility and (iii) the implication for general health in terms of infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S Omolaoye
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Adeloye A Adeniji
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Ceres Hospital, Cape Winelands Health District, Department of Health, Ceres, South Africa
| | - Walter D Cardona Maya
- Reproduction Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical School, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Stefan S du Plessis
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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18
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Cimolai N. Complicating Infections Associated with Common Endemic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses. Health Secur 2020; 19:195-208. [PMID: 33186086 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 are endemic human respiratory coronaviruses that typically cause mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, similar to the common cold. They also may cause simple and complicated lower respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma exacerbations, gastroenteritis, and a few systemic complications. These viruses are usually seasonal (with winter dominance) and affect nearly all age groups. The seasonal and annual variation in virus prevalence has implications for understanding the concept of acquired immunity and its persistence or diminution. Coronaviruses generally have outbreak potential in susceptible populations of any age, particularly in patients with comorbidities, who tend to have increased clinical disease. These 4 coronaviruses are often found in the context of what appears to be coinfection with other pathogens, but especially other viruses. If coronaviruses are not specifically tested for, the sole detection of a viral copathogen would suggest the pathogen is the causative agent, when a coronavirus may be culpable, or both. The detection of these viruses in circumstances where respiratory viruses are generally sought in clinical samples is, therefore, justified. These pathogens can be chronically shed from the respiratory tract, which is more likely to occur among immunocompromised and complicated patients. These viruses share the potential for genetic drift. The genome is among the largest of RNA viruses, and the capability of these viruses to further change is likely underestimated. Given the potential disease among humans, it is justified to search for effective antiviral chemotherapy for these viruses and to consider uses in niche situations should effective therapy be defined. Whereas SARS-CoV-2 may follow the epidemiological pattern of SARS-CoV and extinguish slowly over time, there is yet concern that SARS-CoV-2 may establish itself as an endemic human respiratory coronavirus similar to OC43, 2299E, NL63, and HKU1. Until sufficient data are acquired to better understand the potential of SARS-CoV-2, continued work on antiviral therapy and vaccination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Nevio Cimolai, MD, FRCPC, is a Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia; he is also Medical Staff, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia; both in Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Abozahra R, Abdelhamid SM, Khairy K, Baraka K. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Human bocavirus in children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infection. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1197-1202. [PMID: 32812862 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a recently discovered parvovirus; it has been shown to be a common cause of respiratory infections and gastroenteritis in children. Since its identification, HBoV has been detected worldwide in nasopharyngeal swabs, serum and stool samples particularly those obtained from young children suffering from respiratory or gastrointestinal tract infections.Aim. The aim of this work was to determine HBoV prevalence among children with acute respiratory tract infection in Egypt, to detect the most prevalent HBoV genotype and to compare PCR and ELISA as diagnostic techniques for HBoV infection.Methods. Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were obtained within the first day of admission from 75 children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infection in El-Shatby University Hospital for Children in Alexandria, Egypt from October 2018 to March 2019. Conventional PCR was used to detect HBoV DNA, ELISA was used to detect HBoV IgM antibodies and sequencing of the VP1/2 genes was used for genotyping.Results. Seven (9.3%) of the 75 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from patients with acute respiratory tract infection were positive for HBoV by PCR, while 5 (6.7 %) of the 75 serum samples were positive for HBoV IgM antibodies using ELISA. The correlation between PCR and ELISA results showed a highly significant association between PCR and ELISA techniques (X 2=52.041, P<0.01) and a highly significant agreement between the two methods (Kappa=81.9 %, P<0.01). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all positive samples were related to the HBoV-1 genotype.Conclusion. Human bocavirus was detected at 9.3 % prevalence in nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from children with acute respiratory tract infection. The HBoV-1 genotype was the only genotype detected, suggesting that a single genetic lineage of HBoV is circulating in Egypt. PCR and ELISA are two reliable methods for detection and diagnosis of HBoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abozahra
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Abdelhamid
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Karim Khairy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kholoud Baraka
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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20
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Kim GY, Rheem I, Joung YH, Kim JK. Investigation of occurrence patterns of respiratory syncytial virus A and B in infected-patients from Cheonan, Korea. Respir Res 2020; 21:191. [PMID: 32682419 PMCID: PMC7368615 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections caused by viruses affect the lower respiratory tract; these infections are severe in patients with underlying diseases and can even lead to death. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the causative agents of respiratory viral infections, is the most common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children and adults. METHODS Respiratory specimens (nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasal swab, throat swab, etc.), which were sent to the Department of laboratory medicine from January 2012 to December 2018 for detection of respiratory viruses via real time reverse transcription PCR (Real time RT-PCR) were used in this study. RSV detected by real-time RT-PCR were analyzed on the basis of co-infection, sex and age of the patients, and year and month of sample collection. RESULTS During the study period, we observed that the RSV detection rate was 12.8% (n = 1150/9010); the detection rate of RSV-A (7.1%) was higher than that of RSV-B (5.8%). The detection rate of RSV was the highest at 36.5% in December, and RSV-A and RSV-B were in vogue every year. Co-infection rate of RSVs was the highest in the patients over 80 years of age; RSVs showed the highest Co-infection with Rhinoviruses. CONCLUSIONS During the study period, prevalence was different among the two subtypes of RSV, and the average age of RSV-B-positive patients was higher than that of RSV-A. Co-infection rate tended to increase every year. RSVs cause mild as well as severe infections. There are reports of serious clinical progress as RSVs cause overlapping infections with other viruses and increase the risk of secondary bacterial infections. Thus, further research on RSV should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Kim
- Department of of Public Health, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Insoo Rheem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - You Hyun Joung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health Sciences, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health Sciences, Cheonan, South Korea.
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21
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Najioullah F, Bancons P, Césaire R, Fléchelles O. Seasonality and coinfection of bronchiolitis: epidemiological specificity and consequences in terms of prophylaxis in tropical climate. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1291-1297. [PMID: 32628347 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the viruses involved, seasonality and coinfection in hospitalised children with suspected bronchiolitis. METHODS Over the period 1/07/2007 to 31/12/2008, all children hospitalised for bronchiolitis in the paediatric ward were prospectively included, and had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) screenings. We retrospectively tested all samples for RSVA, RSVB, rhinovirus (RV), human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4, influenza A and influenza B. RESULTS 198 children were tested, and 23% were negative for all viruses. RSVA was predominant in 2008 (64% of all viruses) and RSVB in 2007 (66% of all viruses). RV was frequent during both seasons (24% of all viruses). Flu was not found during the study period. Virus distribution was similar regardless of season or age, and identical to typical patterns in temperate countries. Coinfections were less frequent than in temperate regions because respiratory virus seasons seem to be better separated. The bronchiolitis season started in August and finished in December with a peak in October. CONCLUSION The specific seasonality of bronchiolitis infection requires palivizumab prophylaxis starting in early July for high-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Najioullah
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, France
| | - Pierre Bancons
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, France
| | - Raymond Césaire
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, France
| | - Olivier Fléchelles
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, France.,Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Department, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, France
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22
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Michaud V, Deodhar M, Arwood M, Al Rihani SB, Dow P, Turgeon J. ACE2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19; its Role in Infectious Processes and Regulation by Modulators of the RAAS System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2096. [PMID: 32635289 PMCID: PMC7408699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the recognized host cell receptor responsiblefor mediating infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACE2bound to tissue facilitates infectivity of SARS-CoV-2; thus, one could argue that decreasing ACE2tissue expression would be beneficial. However, ACE2 catalytic activity towards angiotensin I (AngI) and II (Ang II) mitigates deleterious effects associated with activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosteronesystem (RAAS) on several organs, including a pro-inflammatory status. At the tissuelevel, SARS-CoV-2 (a) binds to ACE2, leading to its internalization, and (b) favors ACE2 cleavage toform soluble ACE2: these actions result in decreased ACE2 tissue levels. Preserving tissue ACE2activity while preventing ACE2 shredding is expected to circumvent unrestrained inflammatoryresponse. Concerns have been raised around RAAS modulators and their effects on ACE2expression or catalytic activity. Various cellular and animal models report conflicting results invarious tissues. However, recent data from observational and meta-analysis studies in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have concluded that RAAS modulators do not increase plasma ACE2 levels orsusceptibility to infection and are not associated with more severe diseases. This review presentsour current but evolving knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2levels, modulators of RAAS activity and the effects of RAAS modulators on ACE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Meghan Arwood
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Oberemok VV, Laikova KV, Yurchenko KA, Fomochkina II, Kubyshkin AV. SARS-CoV-2 will continue to circulate in the human population: an opinion from the point of view of the virus-host relationship. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:635-640. [PMID: 32350571 PMCID: PMC7190393 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At the population level, the virus-host relationship is not set up to end with the complete elimination of either or both. Pathogen-resistant individuals will always remain in the host population. In turn, the virus can never completely eliminate the host population, because evolutionarily such an event is a dead end for the virus as an obligate intracellular parasite. A certain existential balance exists in the virus-host relationship. Against this backdrop, viral epidemics and pandemics only become manifest and egregious to human beings when tens and hundreds of thousands of people die and the question emerges what caused the high mortality peaks on the death chart. The answer seems clear; the emerging strain of the virus is new to the host population, and new mutations of the virus and natural selection will lead to a survival of only genetically resistant individuals in a host population. The dangers inherent to a novel virus are due to new features generally inthe molecular structure of proteins, which enable the virus to infect the cells of the host organism more intensively, dramatically challenging host immunity, and thus be transmitted more readily in the host population. In this article, we will concentrate on the facts currently available about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic and try to predict its development and consequences based on the virus-host relationship. In fact, only two scenarios will occur simultaneously in the very near future: people who are genetically resistant to the virus will get sick, recover, and develop immunity, while people who are sensitive to the virus will need drugs and vaccines, which will have to be researched and developed if they are to recover. If the pandemic does not stop, in a few decades it is anticipated that SARS-CoV-2 will become as safe as the four non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E) currently circulating but causing low mortality in the human population.
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Ciotti M, Angeletti S, Minieri M, Giovannetti M, Benvenuto D, Pascarella S, Sagnelli C, Bianchi M, Bernardini S, Ciccozzi M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview. Chemotherapy 2020; 64:215-223. [PMID: 32259829 PMCID: PMC7179549 DOI: 10.1159/000507423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In late December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Summary A few days later, the genome of a novel coronavirus was released (http://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319; Wuhan-Hu-1, GenBank accession No. MN908947) and made publicly available to the scientific community. This novel coronavirus was provisionally named 2019-nCoV, now SARS-CoV-2 according to the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family, Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus. Since its discovery, the virus has spread globally, causing thousands of deaths and having an enormous impact on our health systems and economies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the epidemiology, phylogenesis, homology modeling, and molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. Key Messages Phylogenetic analysis is essential to understand viral evolution, whereas homology modeling is important for vaccine strategies and therapies. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are key to case identification, contact tracing, identification of the animal source, and implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy,
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Minieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Giovannetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Domenico Benvenuto
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pascarella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Wu W, Choi EJ, Lee I, Lee YS, Bao X. Non-Coding RNAs and Their Role in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030345. [PMID: 32245206 PMCID: PMC7150941 DOI: 10.3390/v12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput sequencing revealed that only 2% of the transcribed human genome codes for proteins, while the majority of transcriptional products are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding ncRNAs, both host- and virus-derived, and their role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. RSV is known as the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, while hMPV is also a significant contributor to LRTI in the pediatrics population. Although RSV and hMPV are close members, belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, they induce distinct changes in the ncRNA profile. Several types of host ncRNAs, including long ncRNA (lncRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), are involved as playing roles in RSV and/or hMPV infection. Given the importance of ncRNAs in regulating the expression and functions of genes and proteins, comprehensively understanding the roles of ncRNAs in RSV/hMPV infection could shed light upon the disease mechanisms of RSV and hMPV, potentially providing insights into the development of prevention strategies and antiviral therapy. The presence of viral-derived RNAs and the potential of using ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
| | | | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer System Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea;
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Institute of Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +409-772-1777
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26
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Naga IS, Elsawaf GE, Elzalabany M, Eltalkhawy MY, Kader O. Human coronavirus OC43 and other respiratory viruses from acute respiratory infections of Egyptian children. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2020; 67:112-119. [PMID: 32160782 DOI: 10.1556/030.2020.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections have a significant impact on health worldwide. Viruses are major causes of acute respiratory infections among children. Limited information regarding its prevalence in Egypt is available. This study investigated prevalence of 10 respiratory viruses; Adenovirus, influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Parainfluenza virus (PIV)type 1-4, enterovirus, and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) among children in Alexandria, Egypt presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infections.The study was conducted on children <14 years of age selected from ElShatby Pediatric Hospital, Alexandria University, Egypt. One hundred children presenting during winter season with influenza-like illness were eligible for the study. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected and subjected to viral RNA and DNA extraction followed by polymerase chain reaction.Viral infections were detected in 44% of cases. Adenovirus was the most common, it was found in 19% of the patients. Prevalence of PIV (3 and 4) and enterovirus was 7% each. Prevalence of RSV and HCoV-OC43 was 5% and 3% respectively. Two percentage were Influenza A positive and 1% positive for influenza B. Mixed viral infection was observed in 7%.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of HCoV-OC43 from respiratory infections in Alexandria, Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman S. Naga
- 1Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gamal Eldin Elsawaf
- 1Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elzalabany
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Ola Kader
- 1Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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27
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Yun KW, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus for 28 consecutive seasons (1990-2018) and genetic variability of the duplication region in the G gene of genotypes ON1 and BA in South Korea. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1069-1077. [PMID: 32144544 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolated from children during 28 consecutive seasons (1990-2018) and the genetic variability of the duplication region of RSV genotypes ON1 and BA in South Korea. RSV was identified using culture-based methods in Hep-2 cells and was grouped as RSV-A or RSV-B by an immunofluorescence assay. The second hypervariable region of the G gene was sequenced for genotyping. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the duplication region of RSV ON1 and BA were analyzed. A total of 670 RSV-A and 233 RSV-B isolates were obtained. For RSV-A, the NA1 genotype predominated during the 2004/2005-2011/2012 seasons. The ON1 genotype was first detected in 2011 and has since replaced all other genotypes. For RSV-B, the GB3 genotype predominated during the 1999/2000-2005/2006 seasons, but the BA genotype also replaced all other genotypes of RSV-B after the first season in which it was isolated (2005/2006). In ON1 and BA genotype RSV strains, novel sequence types of the duplication region of the G gene were identified in 50-95% and 33-80% of the isolates, respectively, in each season. The ON1 and BA9 genotypes are responsible for the current epidemics of RSV infection in South Korea. The sequences in the duplication region of the G gene have evolved continuously and might be sufficient for the identification of specific strains of the RSV-A ON1 and RSV-B BA genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hoan Jong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Ang LW, Mak TM, Cui L, Leo YS, Lee VJM, Lin RTP. Characterisation of respiratory syncytial virus activity in children and adults presenting with acute respiratory illness at primary care clinics in Singapore, 2014-2018. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:412-419. [PMID: 32090482 PMCID: PMC7298310 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important respiratory pathogen that affects people of all ages. OBJECTIVES We examined the patterns of RSV circulation in 2014-2018, and investigated their age-specific differences in tropical Singapore. METHODS Nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs were taken from outpatient attendees for the national influenza virological surveillance among those who presented with acute respiratory illness in the community. Specimens tested negative for influenza were then tested for RSV and other respiratory pathogens. RESULTS Among 8436 influenza-negative specimens tested during the five-year period, 5.8% (95% confidence interval 5.3%-6.3%) were positive for RSV. The peak of RSV activity occurred around middle of the year. The age-specific proportion of RSV detections showed a reverse J-shaped pattern; RSV positivity was the highest in young children ≤2 years of age (10.9%), followed by those aged 3-5 years (6.4%) and persons aged ≥65 years (5.3%), while the nadir was observed in the age group of 15-24 years (1.2%). RSV type A was predominantly circulating in children ≤5 years of age from 2014 to 2015 and 2017, whereas in 2016, they were more affected by type B. CONCLUSION Respiratory syncytial virus was more frequently detected among the two age groups that have been recommended for influenza vaccination; persons ≥65 years of age and children 6 months to <5 years of age. Characterisation of RSV activity in the community helps to better inform public health policies for effective prevention and control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei Ang
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore City, Singapore.,Public Health Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Tze Minn Mak
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Lin Cui
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore City, Singapore
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29
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Yew SM, Tan KL, Yeo SK, Ng KP, Kuan CS. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses among Malaysian Young children with a confirmed respiratory infection during 2014-2015. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:4626-4633. [PMID: 31903251 PMCID: PMC6940242 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.10.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many developing countries, acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. This study aims to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses among Malaysian children with confirmed respiratory infections between July 2014 and July 2015. METHODS A total of 394 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected prospectively from children age 0-5 years old with ARTIs from hospitals in Kuala Lumpur. Respiratory viral panel (RVP) assay was used to identify the viral aetiology of respiratory infections. RESULTS From a total of 394 samples, the positive detection rate was 79.9% (n=315). A total of 15 types of RNA viruses and a single type of DNA virus were detected. Enterovirus/rhinovirus (n=112, 28.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n=85, 21.6%), adenovirus (n=64, 16.2%), human bocavirus (n=34, 8.6%), and human metapneumovirus (n=29, 7.4%) were the five predominant viruses. Enterovirus/rhinovirus and RSV constituted most of the viral respiratory infections among young children, especially among children less than 1 year old. No coronavirus was detected among children between 3 and 5 years old. Co-infection caused by 2 or 3 respiratory viruses were detected in 52 patients (13.2%). Enterovirus/rhinovirus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus demonstrated pronounced seasonality. The infection rate peaked during mid-year, while the lowest activity occurred during early of the year. CONCLUSIONS The use of molecular assay as a routine diagnostic in the hospitals can improve the diagnosis and management of respiratory tract infections among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mei Yew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 59400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Neogenix Laboratoire Sdn Bhd (1191967-W), 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka-Liong Tan
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Holistic Intelligence, Institut Sains Islam, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Siok Koon Yeo
- School of Bioscience, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 59400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Sian Kuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 59400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Neogenix Laboratoire Sdn Bhd (1191967-W), 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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30
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Zhao Y, Lu R, Shen J, Xie Z, Liu G, Tan W. Comparison of viral and epidemiological profiles of hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infection in Beijing and Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:729. [PMID: 31429710 PMCID: PMC6701130 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No comparison data have been reported on viral and epidemiological profiles of hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Beijing or Shanghai, China. Methods We collected 700 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from hospitalized children with SARI in Beijing (northern China) and Shanghai (southern China). Multiple respiratory viruses (including 15 common viruses) were screened by validated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays and confirmed by sequencing. Demographic data and the distribution of viral infections were also examined. Results Of 700 samples, 547 (78.1%) tested positive for viral infections. The picornaviruses (PIC), which included rhinovirus (RV) and enterovirus (EV), were the most common (34.0%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (28.3%), human bocavirus (HBoV) (19.1%), adenovirus (ADV) (13.7%), human coronaviruses (HCoV) (10.7%), influenza A and B (8.9%), parainfluenza virus (PIV 1–3) (7.9%), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (5.0%). PIC (RV/EV) and RSV were the most prevalent etiological agents of SARI in both cities. The total and age-matched prevalence of RSV, HCoV, and hMPV among SARI children under 5 years old were significantly higher in Beijing than in Shanghai. Different age and seasonal distribution patterns of the viral infections were found between Beijing and Shanghai. Conclusions Viral infection was tested and shown to be the most prevalent etiological agent among children with SARI in either the Beijing or the Shanghai area, while showing different patterns of viral and epidemiological profiles. Our findings provide a better understanding of the roles of geographic location and climate in respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children with SARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Gaoshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China. .,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China.
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Divarathne MVM, Ahamed RR, Noordeen F. The Impact of RSV-Associated Respiratory Disease on Children in Asia. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2019; 14:79-88. [PMID: 32300274 PMCID: PMC7117084 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1637752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are leading contributors to the global infectious disease burden, which is estimated to be 112,900,000 disability adjusted life years. Viruses contribute to the etiology of ARTIs in a big way compared with other microorganisms. Since the discovery of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 61 years ago, the virus has been recognized as a major cause of ARTI and hospitalization in children. The morbidity and mortality attributable to RSV infection appear to be higher in infants < 3 months and in those with known risk factors such as prematurity, chronic lung, and congenital heart diseases. Crowded living conditions, exposure to tobacco smoke, and industrial or other types of air pollution also increase the risk of RSV-associated ARTI. Many epidemiological studies have been conducted in developed countries to understand the seasonal patterns and risk factors associated with RSV infections. Dearth of information on RSV-associated morbidity and mortality in Asian and developing countries indicates the need for regional reviews to evaluate RSV-associated disease burden in these countries. Epidemiological studies including surveillance is the key to track the disease burden including risk factors, seasonality, morbidity, and mortality associated with RSV infection in these countries. These data will contribute to improve the clinical diagnosis and plan preventive strategies in resource-limited developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rukshan Rafeek Ahamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Faseeha Noordeen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Appak Ö, Duman M, Belet N, Sayiner AA. Viral respiratory infections diagnosed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in pediatric patients. J Med Virol 2019; 91:731-737. [PMID: 30570759 PMCID: PMC7167103 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic diagnosis by multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests is the most practical approach to respiratory tract infections since the symptoms are rarely agent‐specific. The aim of this study was to investigate the respiratory viruses in children admitted to a university hospital with acute respiratory tract infection during the last 8 years by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A total of 3162 respiratory samples collected from children between April 2011 and April 2018 tested by a multiplex real‐time PCR assay. Two different commercial assays were used during the study period, "AusDiagnostics/Respiratory Pathogens 12 (AusDiagnostics)" used between April 2011 and December 2015, which changed to "Fast Track Diagnostics/Respiratory Pathogens 21 (Fast Track Diagnostics)" after January 2016 to cover more viruses. Nucleic acid extraction was done by EZ1 Advanced XL platform (QIAGEN). Respiratory pathogens detected in 1857 of the 3162 (58.7%) samples. The most prevalent viruses during the 8‐year period were rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV; 36.2%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 19%), and influenza virus A/B (14.7%). Rhinovirus was the main contributor to the RV/EV group as shown by the assay used during the 2016‐2018 period. RV/EV and adenoviruses detected throughout the year. Influenza virus was most frequently detected during January to March when both RSV and metapneumovirus were also in circulation. The coinfection percentage was 10.2%. Rhinovirus was the most common virus in coinfections while RSV plus rhinovirus/enterovirus were the most frequent combination. RSV and metapneumovirus showed a similar seasonal distribution to the influenza virus, which made it necessary to use a virological diagnostic assay during the influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Appak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Duman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Care, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Belet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayça Arzu Sayiner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Park JS, Chu SY, Shin YY, Ryu IK, Tang CL, Choi J, Kim HB, Kim CK. Comparison of clinical severity between single- and coinfections of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus with common respiratory viruses. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2019. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2019.7.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shou-Yu Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yi-Yeon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Kyung Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chih-Lung Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungi Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- First365 Pediatric Clinic, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Chang SH, Jang GC, Yoon SW. Clinical Features of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Neonates: A Single Center Study. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2018.25.4.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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35
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Razanajatovo NH, Guillebaud J, Harimanana A, Rajatonirina S, Ratsima EH, Andrianirina ZZ, Rakotoariniaina H, Andriatahina T, Orelle A, Ratovoson R, Irinantenaina J, Rakotonanahary DA, Ramparany L, Randrianirina F, Richard V, Heraud JM. Epidemiology of severe acute respiratory infections from hospital-based surveillance in Madagascar, November 2010 to July 2013. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205124. [PMID: 30462659 PMCID: PMC6248916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few comprehensive data exist regarding the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in low income countries. This study aimed at identifying etiologies and describing clinical features of SARI-associated hospitalization in Madagascar. METHODS It is a prospective surveillance of SARI in 2 hospitals for 3 years. Nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, and blood were collected from SARI patients enrolled and tested for viruses and bacteria. Epidemiological and clinical information were obtained from case report forms. RESULTS Overall, 876 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 83.1% (728/876) were tested positive for at least one pathogen. Viral and bacterial infections occurred in 76.1% (667/876) and 35.8% (314/876) of tested samples, respectively. Among all detected viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common (37.7%; 348/924) followed by influenza virus A (FLUA, 18.4%; 170/924), rhinovirus (RV, 13.5%; 125/924), and adenovirus (ADV, 8.3%; 77/924). Among bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae, 50.3%, 189/370) was the most detected followed by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib, 21.4%; 79/370), and Klebsiella (4.6%; 17/370). Other Streptococcus species were found in 8.1% (30/370) of samples. Compared to patients aged less than 5 years, older age groups were significantly less infected with RSV. On the other hand, patients aged more than 64 years (OR = 3.66) were at higher risk to be infected with FLUA, while those aged 15-29 years (OR = 3.22) and 30-64 years (OR = 2.39) were more likely to be infected with FLUB (influenza virus B). CONCLUSION The frequency of influenza viruses detected among SARI patients aged 65 years and more highlights the need for health authorities to develop strategies to reduce morbidity amongst at-risk population through vaccine recommendation. Amongst young children, the demonstrated burden of RSV should guide clinicians for a better case management of children. These findings reveal the need to develop point-of-care tests to avoid overuse of antibiotics and to promote vaccine that could reduce drastically the RSV hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Guillebaud
- National Influenza Centre, Virology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Aina Harimanana
- Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Orelle
- National Influenza Centre, Virology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Rila Ratovoson
- Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Lovasoa Ramparany
- Center for Biological Analysis, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Vincent Richard
- Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- National Influenza Centre, Virology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Diagnostic Performance of Multiplex Nucleic Acid Testing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Bronchial Wash Specimens for Respiratory Viral Pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00973-18. [PMID: 30093393 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00973-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on the yield of performing multiplex nucleic acid testing (NAT) on multiple lower respiratory tract specimens from a single patient with a single instance of infection. We evaluated the performance characteristics of multiplex NAT assays performed concurrently on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial wash (BW) specimens to detect respiratory pathogens. A retrospective study of admitted patients from March 2013 through December 2016 was performed. Individual performance characteristics of BAL and BW specimens were compared to positive results from either set of specimens. Only contemporaneous BAL and BW specimens (received by the laboratory within 4 h of each other) were included. The final cohort included 170 patients, with 184 contemporaneous BAL and BW specimens submitted for multiplex NAT (median age, 58 years; 62% male). Of the patients with positive NAT results, 38 of 40 BW specimens tested positive (overall percent agreement with combined testing, 98.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 95.5 to 98.9%), and 34 of 40 BAL specimens tested positive (overall percent agreement with combined testing, 96.7%; 95% CI, 93.0 to 96.7%). Assays performed on BW specimens identified 4 additional specimens and had a higher positive percent agreement (95.0%) with combined testing results compared to those performed on BAL specimens (85.0%). There was exact concordance in 174 specimens (94.6%; negative and positive for respiratory pathogens, 144 and 34 specimens, respectively). We observed high concordance (95%) between multiplex NAT results from contemporaneous BAL and BW specimens. Performance characteristics of BW specimen testing were equivalent to those of BAL specimen testing. The benefit of performing additional testing should be carefully considered against the potential complications and health care costs.
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Shin EJ, Kim Y, Jeong JY, Jung YM, Lee MH, Chung EH. The changes of prevalence and etiology of pediatric pneumonia from National Emergency Department Information System in Korea, between 2007 and 2014. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 61:291-300. [PMID: 30274507 PMCID: PMC6172518 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.06100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Understanding changes in pathogen and pneumonia prevalence among pediatric pneumonia patients is important for the prevention of infectious diseases. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data of children younger than 18 years diagnosed with pneumonia at 117 Emergency Departments in Korea between 2007 and 2014. Results Over the study period, 329,380 pediatric cases of pneumonia were identified. The most frequent age group was 1–3 years old (48.6%) and the next was less than 12 months of age (17.4%). Based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision diagnostic codes, confirmed cases of viral pneumonia comprised 8.4% of all cases, pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae comprised 3.8% and confirmed cases of bacterial pneumonia 1.3%. The prevalence of confirmed bacterial pneumonia decreased from 3.07% in 2007 and 4.01% in 2008 to 0.65% in 2014. The yearly rate of pneumococcal pneumonia also decreased from 0.47% in 2007 to 0.08% in 2014. A periodic prevalence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MP) was identified. Conclusion The increased number of patients with pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, pleural effusion, and empyema in 2011 and 2013–2014 resulted from an MP epidemic. We provide evidence that the frequency of confirmed cases of bacterial pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia has declined from 2007 to 2014, which can simultaneously reflect the effectiveness of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunsun Kim
- SCH Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeong
- Hallym Research Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Jung
- Medical Record Team, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Incheon Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Rikhotso MC, Kabue JP, Ledwaba SE, Traoré AN, Potgieter N. Prevalence of Human Bocavirus in Africa and Other Developing Countries between 2005 and 2016: A Potential Emerging Viral Pathogen for Diarrhea. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:7875482. [PMID: 30275840 PMCID: PMC6157109 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7875482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2005 from individuals suffering gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections. Numerous studies related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HBoV have been conducted worldwide. This review reports on HBoV studies in individuals with acute gastroenteritis, with and without respiratory tract infections in Africa between 2005 and 2016. MATERIAL AND METHOD The search engines of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase database for published articles of HBoV were used to obtain data between 2005 and 2016. The search words included were as follows: studies performed in Africa or/other developing countries or/worldwide; studies for the detection of HBoV in patients with/without diarrhea and respiratory tract infection; studies using standardized laboratory techniques for detection. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 756 publications with 70 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies included children and individuals of all age groups. HBoV prevalence in Africa was 13% in individuals suffering gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION Reports suggest that HBoV infections are increasingly being recognized worldwide. Therefore, surveillance of individuals suffering from infections in Africa is required to monitor the prevalence of HBoV and help understand the role of HBoV in individuals suffering from gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpumelelo Casper Rikhotso
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Solanka Ellen Ledwaba
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Afsatou Ndama Traoré
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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Sun H, Sun J, Ji W, Hao C, Yan Y, Chen Z, Wang Y. Impact of RSV Coinfection on Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infections. J Trop Pediatr 2018; 65:342-351. [PMID: 30202992 PMCID: PMC7107312 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess epidemiological and clinical features of human bocavirus (HBoV) coinfection with other viruses. METHOD Children coinfected with HBoV between January 2012 and December 2014 were enrolled and retrospectively reviewed. RESULT A total of 984 patients were stratified into five groups: HBoV infection alone (n = 249), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection alone (n = 649), HBoV coinfection with RSV (n = 28), with human rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 39) and with other virus (n = 19). Length of hospitalization was longer in HBoV coinfection with RSV group than HBoV (9.0 days vs. 7.0 days, p = 0.001), RSV (9.0 days vs. 8.0 days, p = 0.016) infection alone group. Pneumonia was more common in the HBoV coinfection with RSV group compared with the HBoV, RSV infection alone group, respectively (75.0% vs. 44.2%, 31.3%, p < 0.001). HBoV DNA copy numbers (383 000 copies/ml) were positively correlated with the length of hospitalization (r = 0.334, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION HBoV coinfection with RSV increases HBoV infection severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Sun
- Attending, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiyang Sun
- Attending, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Chief Physician, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Director, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Vice Director, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Vice Director, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Vice Director, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,Correspondence: Yuqing Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, No. 303 Jing De Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. Tel: +86 051267788313; Fax: +8651267786316. E-mail <>
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Salvo M, Lizasoain A, Castells M, Bortagaray V, Castro S, Colina R, Tort FL, Victoria M. Human Bocavirus: Detection, Quantification and Molecular Characterization in Sewage and Surface Waters in Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:193-200. [PMID: 29299861 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) infections are related to respiratory and gastroenteric diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of HBoV in both sewage and surface waters in Uruguay. Sixty-eight sewage samples from the cities of Salto, Paysandú, Bella Unión, Fray Bentos, Treinta y Tres and Melo and 36 surface water samples from the cities of Salto, Florida and Santa Lucía were studied. HBoV was screened by multiplex qPCR for the detection of the four subtypes, followed by monoplex qPCRs for the independent quantification of each subtype. A qualitative PCR followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was carried out for molecular characterization of HBoV strains. HBoV was present in a high frequency (69%) in sewage and only one positive sample (3%) was found in surface water. Concerning sewage samples, HBoV1 was detected in 11 (23%) out of the 47 positives samples, with a mean concentration of 8.2 × 104 genomic copies/Liter (gc/L), HBoV3 was detected in 35 (74%) of the positive samples with a mean concentration of 4.1 × 106 gc/L and subtypes 2 and/or 4 were detected in 39 (83%) of the positive samples with a mean concentration of 7.8 × 106 gc/L. After the phylogenetic analysis performed by a Bayesian approach, the four HBoV subtypes were confirmed. This is the first study determining a high frequency of HBoV and the presence of the four HBoV subtypes in aquatic matrices in Latin America, mainly in sewage. Although HBoV was scarcely detected in surface water, a waterborne transmission is likely to occur if people enter in contact with polluted surface waters for recreational activities such as fishing or swimming since an elevated frequency of HBoV was detected in raw sewage which is usually directly discharged into surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Salvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Castells
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Viviana Bortagaray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Castro
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics of Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Lopez Tort
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Victoria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, Uruguay.
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Abstract
Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) have been detected in human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In 2005, HBoV was also discovered in infants and children with infections of the lower respiratory tract. Recently, several genotypes of this parvovirus, including HBoV genotype 2 (HBoV2), genotype 3 (HBoV3) and genotype 4 (HBoV4), were discovered and found to be closely related to HBoV. HBoV2 was first detected in stool samples from children in Pakistan, followed by detection in other countries. HBoV3 was detected in Australia and HBoV4 was identified in stool samples from Nigeria, Tunisia and the USA. Recently, HBoV infection has been on the rise throughout the world, particularly in countries neighbouring South Korea; however, there have been very few studies on Korean strains. In this study, we characterised the whole genome and determined the phylogenetic position of CUK-BC20, a new clinical HBoV strain isolated in South Korea. The CUK-BC20 genome of 5184 nucleotides (nt) contains three open-reading frames (ORFs). The genotype of CUK-BC20 is HBoV2, and 98.77% of its nt sequence is identical with those of other HBoVs, namely Rus-Nsc10-N386. Especially, the ORF3 amino acid sequences from positions 212-213 and 454 corresponding to a variable region (VR)1 and VR5, respectively, showed genotype-specific substitutions that distinguished the four HBoV genotypes. As the first whole-genome sequence analysis of HBoV in South Korea, this information will provide a valuable reference for the detection of recombination, tracking of epidemics and development of diagnosis methods for HBoV.
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Silva PE, Figueiredo CA, Luchs A, de Paiva TM, Pinho MAB, Paulino RS, da Silva DBB, de Oliveira Santos KC, Afonso AMS, de Oliveira MI. Human bocavirus in hospitalized children under 5 years with acute respiratory infection, São Paulo, Brazil, 2010. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1325-1330. [PMID: 29392492 PMCID: PMC7087275 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the human bocavirus (HBoV) frequency and genotypes in hospitalized children <5 years presenting acute respiratory infections (ARI) within the São Paulo metropolitan area. Nasopharyngeal samples from 300 patients, previously screened for common respiratory viruses, were tested by qPCR for the NSP1 and NP-1 genes. The VP1/2 gene in positive samples was then amplified by PCR and sequenced. A total of 49 positive HBoV cases (16.3%; mean Ct value of 34.41) were detected with the mean age being 18.1 months (range 1 month to 5 years) and the median age being 1 year of age. Children aged between 0 and 12 months had higher detection rates of HBoV (69.4%; 34/49; mean Ct = 34.45) than children from other age groups (30.6%; 15/49; mean Ct = 34.34). No significant differences were observed between HBoV Ct levels and clinical illness. The occurrence was more frequently associated with fall (38.8%; 19/49) and spring (36.7%; 18/49). All 12 sequenced isolates were identified as HBoV-1, displaying minor genetic variation compared to the Swedish reference strains ST1 and ST2 (99.1–99.7% nt). The sole identification of HBoV-1 supports the hypothesis that this particular genotype is strongly related to ARI, and contributes to the role of this virus in the aetiology of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Evelin Silva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Cristina Adelaide Figueiredo
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Entéricas, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria de Paiva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Margarete Aparecida Benega Pinho
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Renato Sousa Paulino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Corrêa de Oliveira Santos
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sardinha Afonso
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel de Oliveira
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, CEP 01246-902, Brazil.
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Yoon Y, Jung G, Ri S, Choung JT, Yoo Y. Clinical characteristics of lower respiratory tract infection in low birth weight children. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.4.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geehae Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohyun Ri
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Tae Choung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Infections of the Upper and Middle Airways. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152082 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
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45
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Lee SJ, Park SK, Kim JH, Cho SM. Bronchiolitis severity according to the infected viruses. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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46
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Han MY, Chung HL, Ahn YM, Shim JY. Literature review and future strategies of childhood respiratory diseases in Korea. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.s1.s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hai Lee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Min Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tang YW, Stratton CW. The Role of the Human Bocavirus (HBoV) in Respiratory Infections. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7120174 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95111-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human bocavirus is one of the most common respiratory viruses and occurs in all age groups. Because Koch’s postulates have been fulfilled unintendedly, it is currently accepted that the virus is a real pathogen associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections causing clinical symptoms ranging from a mild common cold to life-threatening respiratory diseases. In order to exclude a viremia, serological analysis should be included during laboratory diagnostics, as acute and chronic infections cannot be differentiated by detection of viral nucleic acids in respiratory specimen alone due to prolonged viral shedding. Besides its ability to persist, the virus appears to trigger chronic lung disease and increases clinical symptoms by causing fibrotic lung diseases. Due to the lack of an animal model, clinical trials remain the major method for studying the long-term effects of HBoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Charles W. Stratton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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Hamza H, Leifels M, Wilhelm M, Hamza IA. Relative Abundance of Human Bocaviruses in Urban Sewage in Greater Cairo, Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:304-313. [PMID: 28233174 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is predominantly found in the respiratory tract infections and in the stool of patients with gastroenteritis symptoms. However, data on the prevalence of HBoV genotypes in environmental samples are limited. Here we addressed the prevalence of HBoV in sewage collected from three different wastewater treatment plants in Egypt. HBoV-1, HBoV-2, and HBoV-3 were detected, whereas none of the samples were positive for HBoV-4. The median concentration of HBoV in influent samples was 8.5 × 103 GC/l for HBoV-1, 3.0 × 104 GC/l for HBoV-2, and 2.5 × 104 GC/l for HBoV-3. The concentration was reduced but not completely removed in the effluent samples. The median concentration in the outlet samples was 2.9 × 103 GC/l for HBoV-1, 4.1 × 103 GC/l for HBoV-2, and 2.1 × 103 GC/l for HBoV-3. Moreover, no seasonality pattern of HBoVs was found. The high incidence of HBoV in sewage samples provided an evidence of its circulation in the local population. Although the role of HBoV in respiratory or gastro-intestinal infections still remains to be fully elucidated, the risk of infection via contaminated water should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mats Leifels
- Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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Hwang H, Kim Y, Park JW, Jeong SH, Kyung SY. A Retrospective Study Investigating Risks of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Mortality Following Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Hospitalized Adults. Korean J Crit Care Med 2017; 32:182-189. [PMID: 31723632 PMCID: PMC6786705 DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a relatively recently identified respiratory virus that induces respiratory symptoms similar to those of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. The characteristics of hMPV-infected adults are unclear because few cases have been reported. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of hospitalized adult patients with a positive multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay result from 2012 to 2016 at a single tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. We analyzed clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients and divided patients into an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) group and a non-ARDS group. Results In total, 110 adults were reviewed in this study. Their mean age was 61.4 years, and the majority (n = 105, 95.5%) had comorbidities or were immunocompromised. Most of the patients had pneumonia on chest X-ray (n = 88, 93.6%), 22 (20.0%) had ARDS, and 12 (10.9%) expired during hospitalization. The mortality rate for patients with ARDS was higher than that of the other patients (36.4% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.001). The risk factor for hMPV-associated ARDS was heart failure (odds ratio, 5.24; P = 0.044) and laboratory values were increased blood urea nitrogen and increased C-reactive protein. The acquisition site of infection was divided into community vs. nosocomial; 43 patients (39.1%) had a nosocomial infection. The risk factors for nosocomial infection were an immunocompromised state, malignancy and immunosuppressive treatment. Conclusions These data suggest that hMPV is one of the important respiratory pathogens important respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia/ARDS in elderly, immunocompromised individuals and that it may be transmitted via the nosocomial route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Hwang
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Jeong
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kyung
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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Structural Insights into Human Bocaparvoviruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00261-17. [PMID: 28331084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00261-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bocaparvoviruses are emerging pathogens of the Parvoviridae family. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) causes severe respiratory infections and HBoV2 to HBoV4 cause gastrointestinal infections in young children. Recent reports of life-threatening cases, lack of direct treatment or vaccination, and a limited understanding of their disease mechanisms highlight the need to study these pathogens on a molecular and structural level for the development of therapeutics. Toward this end, the capsid structures of HBoV1, HBoV3, and HBoV4 were determined to a resolution of 2.8 to 3.0 Å by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. The bocaparvovirus capsids, which display different tissue tropisms, have features in common with other parvoviruses, such as depressions at the icosahedral 2-fold symmetry axis and surrounding the 5-fold symmetry axis, protrusions surrounding the 3-fold symmetry axis, and a channel at the 5-fold symmetry axis. However, unlike other parvoviruses, densities extending the 5-fold channel into the capsid interior are conserved among the bocaparvoviruses and are suggestive of a genus-specific function. Additionally, their major viral protein 3 contains loops with variable regions at their apexes conferring capsid surface topologies different from those of other parvoviruses. Structural comparisons at the strain (HBoV) and genus (bovine parvovirus and HBoV) levels identified differences in surface loops that are functionally important in host/tissue tropism, pathogenicity, and antigenicity in other parvoviruses and likely play similar roles in these viruses. This study thus provides a structural framework to characterize determinants of host/tissue tropism, pathogenicity, and antigenicity for the development of antiviral strategies to control human bocavirus infections.IMPORTANCE Human bocaviruses are one of only a few members of the Parvoviridae family pathogenic to humans, especially young children and immunocompromised adults. There are currently no treatments or vaccines for these viruses or the related enteric bocaviruses. This study obtained the first high-resolution structures of three human bocaparvoviruses determined by cryo-reconstruction. HBoV1 infects the respiratory tract, and HBoV3 and HBoV4 infect the gastrointestinal tract, tissues that are likely targeted by the capsid. Comparison of these viruses provides information on conserved bocaparvovirus-specific features and variable regions resulting in unique surface topologies that can serve as guides to characterize HBoV determinants of tissue tropism and antigenicity in future experiments. Based on the comparison to other existing parvovirus capsid structures, this study suggests capsid regions that likely control successful infection, including determinants of receptor attachment, host cell trafficking, and antigenic reactivity. Overall, these observations could impact efforts to design antiviral strategies and vaccines for HBoVs.
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