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Alduaij OK, Hussein RK, Abu Alrub S, Zidan SAH. Antimicrobial activities of Diltiazem Hydrochloride: drug repurposing approach. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17809. [PMID: 39329140 PMCID: PMC11426324 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The growing concern of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains worldwide has prompted the need for alternative methods to combat microbial resistance. Biofilm formation poses a significant challenge to antibiotic efficiency due to the difficulty of penetrating antibiotics through the sticky microbial aggregates. Drug repurposing is an innovative technique that aims to expand the use of non-antibiotic medications to address this issue. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Diltiazem HCl, a 1,5-benzothiazepine Ca2 + channel blocker commonly used as an antihypertensive agent, against four pathogenic bacteria and three pathogenic yeasts, as well as its antiviral activity against the Coxsackie B4 virus (CoxB4). Methods To assess the antifungal and antibacterial activities of Diltiazem HCl, the well diffusion method was employed, while crystal violet staining was used to determine the anti-biofilm activity. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay was utilized to evaluate the antiviral activity of Diltiazem HCl against the CoxB4 virus. Results This study revealed that Diltiazem HCl exhibited noticeable antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating the highest inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. It effectively reduced the formation of biofilms by 95.1% and 90.7% for S. epidermidis, and S. aureus, respectively. Additionally, the antiviral activity of Diltiazem HCl was found to be potent against the CoxB4 virus, with an IC50 of 35.8 ± 0.54 μg mL-1 compared to the reference antiviral Acyclovir (IC50 42.71 ± 0.43 μg mL-1). Conclusion This study suggests that Diltiazem HCl, in addition to its antihypertensive effect, may also be a potential treatment option for infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria and the CoxB4 viruses, providing an additional off-target effect for Diltiazem HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar K. Alduaij
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rageh K. Hussein
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharif Abu Alrub
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry A. H. Zidan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Liang T, Zhang Z, Bai Z, Xu L, Xu W. STAT3 Increases CVB3 Replication and Acute Pancreatitis and Myocarditis Pathology via Impeding Nuclear Translocation of STAT1 and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9007. [PMID: 39201692 PMCID: PMC11354559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease initiated by the death of exocrine acinar cells, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a multifunctional factor that regulates immunity and the inflammatory response. The protective role of STAT3 is reported in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced cardiac fibrosis, yet the exact role of STAT3 in modulating viral-induced STAT1 activation and type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) transcription in the pancreas remains unclarified. In this study, we tested whether STAT3 regulated viral-induced STAT1 translocation. We found that CVB3, particularly capsid VP1 protein, markedly upregulated the phosphorylation and nuclear import of STAT3 (p-STAT3) while it significantly impeded the nuclear translocation of p-STAT1 in the pancreases and hearts of mice on day 3 postinfection (p.i.). Immunoblotting and an immunofluorescent assay demonstrated the increased expression and nuclear translocation of p-STAT3 but a blunted p-STAT1 nuclear translocation in CVB3-infected acinar 266-6 cells. STAT3 shRNA knockdown or STAT3 inhibitors reduced viral replication via the rescue of STAT1 nuclear translocation and increasing the ISRE activity and ISG transcription in vitro. The knockdown of STAT1 blocked the antiviral effect of the STAT3 inhibitor. STAT3 inhibits STAT1 activation by virally inducing a potent inhibitor of IFN signaling, the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 ((SOCS)-3). Sustained pSTAT1 and the elevated expression of ISGs were induced in SOCS3 knockdown cells. The in vivo administration of HJC0152, a pharmaceutical STAT3 inhibitor, mitigated the viral-induced AP and myocarditis pathology via increasing the IFNβ as well as ISG expression on day 3 p.i. and reducing the viral load in multi-organs. These findings define STAT3 as a negative regulator of the type I IFN response via impeding the nuclear STAT1 translocation that otherwise triggers ISG induction in infected pancreases and hearts. Our findings identify STAT3 as an antagonizing factor of the IFN-STAT1 signaling pathway and provide a potential therapeutic target for viral-induced AP and myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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3
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Wu Z, Peng S, Huang W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yu X, Shen L. The Role and Function of TRPM8 in the Digestive System. Biomolecules 2024; 14:877. [PMID: 39062591 PMCID: PMC11275170 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin member 8 (TRPM8) is a non-selective cation channel that can be activated by low temperatures (8-26 °C), cooling agents (including menthol analogs such as menthol, icilin, and WS-12), voltage, and extracellular osmotic pressure changes. TRPM8 expression has been identified in the digestive system by several research teams, demonstrating its significant involvement in tissue function and pathologies of the digestive system. Specifically, studies have implicated TRPM8 in various physiological and pathological processes of the esophagus, stomach, colorectal region, liver, and pancreas. This paper aims to comprehensively outline the distinct role of TRPM8 in different organs of the digestive system, offering insights for future mechanistic investigations of TRPM8. Additionally, it presents potential therapeutic targets for treating conditions such as digestive tract inflammation, tumors, sensory and functional disorders, and other related diseases. Furthermore, this paper addresses the limitations of existing studies and highlights the research prospects associated with TRPM8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Z.W.); (S.P.); (W.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shuai Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Z.W.); (S.P.); (W.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wensha Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Z.W.); (S.P.); (W.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yashi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Z.W.); (S.P.); (W.H.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan 430060, China
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4
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Jartti M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hankaniemi MM. Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:73. [PMID: 39010093 PMCID: PMC11247760 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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5
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Soppela S, Plavec Z, Gröhn S, Jartti M, Oikarinen S, Laajala M, Marjomaki V, Butcher SJ, Hankaniemi MM. Comparison of structure and immunogenicity of CVB1-VLP and inactivated CVB1 vaccine candidates. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4545395. [PMID: 38978565 PMCID: PMC11230480 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4545395/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and aseptic meningitis. However, no CVB-vaccines are available for human use. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity of virus-like particle (VLP) and inactivated whole-virus vaccines for CVB1 when administrated to mice via either subcutaneous or intranasal routes formulated with and without commercial and experimental adjuvants. Here, the potential of utilizing epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a mucosal adjuvant synergistically with its ability to inactivate the virus were investigated. EGCG had promising adjuvant properties for CVB1-VLP when administered via the parenteral route but limited efficacy via intranasal administration. However, intranasal administration of the formalin-inactivated virus induced high CVB1-specific humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses. Also, based on CVB1-specific IgG-antibody responses, we conclude that CVB1-VLP can be taken up by immune cells when administrated intranasally and further structural engineering for the VLP may increase the mucosal immunogenicity. The preparations contained mixtures of compact and expanded A particles with 85% expanded in the formalin-inactivated virus, but only 52% in the VLP observed by cryogenic electron microscopy. To correlate the structure to immunogenicity, we solved the structures of the CVB1-VLP and the formalin-inactivated CVB1 virus at resolutions ranging from 2.15 A to 4.1 A for the expanded and compact VLP and virus particles by image reconstruction. These structures can be used in designing mutations increasing the stability and immunogenicity of CVB1-VLP in the future. Overall, our results highlight the potential of using formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine in mucosal immunization programs and provide important information for future development of VLP-based vaccines against all enteroviruses.
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Vollmuth N, Sin J, Kim BJ. Host-microbe interactions at the blood-brain barrier through the lens of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain-like endothelial cells. mBio 2024; 15:e0286223. [PMID: 38193670 PMCID: PMC10865987 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02862-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbe-induced meningoencephalitis/meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that occurs when pathogens are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and gain access to the CNS. The BBB consists of highly specialized brain endothelial cells that exhibit specific properties to allow tight regulation of CNS homeostasis and prevent pathogen crossing. However, during meningoencephalitis/meningitis, the BBB fails to protect the CNS. Modeling the BBB remains a challenge due to the specialized characteristics of these cells. In this review, we cover the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, brain-like endothelial cell model during host-pathogen interaction, highlighting the strengths and recent work on various pathogens known to interact with the BBB. As stem cell technologies are becoming more prominent, the stem cell-derived, brain-like endothelial cell model has been able to reveal new insights in vitro, which remain challenging with other in vitro cell-based models consisting of primary human brain endothelial cells and immortalized human brain endothelial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Vollmuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jon Sin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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7
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Fu Y, Zi R, Xiong S. Infection by exosome-carried Coxsackievirus B3 induces immune escape resulting in an aggravated pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105148. [PMID: 37156458 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles or exosomes released from virus-infected cells contain viral particles, genomes, or other pathogenic factors that move to neighbor cells, contributing to virus dissemination and productive infection. Our recent study demonstrated that exosomes carrying CVB3 virions exhibited greater infection efficiency than free virions because they accessed various entry routes, overcoming restrictions to viral tropism. However, the pathogenicity of exosomes carried CVB3 and their effect on immunological properties have not yet been completely explained. In the current study, we sought to explore whether exosomes exert their effect on the CVB3-induced pathogenesis or evade the immune attack. Our results showed that exosomes-carried CVB3 could effectively infect viral receptor-negative immune cells in vivo, resulting in inducing immune system loss. Importantly, the exosomes-carried CVB3 had the ability to escape the neutralizing antibodies activity resulting in inducing the severe onset of myocarditis. Using the genetically engineered mouse with deficiency of exosomes, we observed that the exosomes-carried CVB3 reinforced an aggravated pathogenesis. By understanding how exosomes promote the course of viral disease, clinical applications of exosomes can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruidong Zi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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8
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Bombaci B, Passanisi S, Sorrenti L, Salzano G, Lombardo F. Examining the associations between COVID-19 infection and pediatric type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:489-497. [PMID: 36888906 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2189587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented challenge for public health worldwide, not only for the very high number of cases and deaths but also due to a wide variety of indirect consequences. Among these, the possible relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and type 1 diabetes (T1D) in pediatric age has aroused notable interest in the scientific community. AREAS COVERED This perspective article aims to focus on the epidemiological trend of T1D during the pandemic, the diabetogenic role of SARS-CoV-2, and the influence of preexisting T1D on COVID-19 outcomes. EXPERT OPINION The incidence of T1D has considerably changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, but any direct role of SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain. It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 infection acts as an accelerator of pancreatic β-cell immunological destruction, which is activated by known viral triggers whose spread has been abnormal during these pandemic years. Another interesting aspect to consider is the role of immunization as a potential protective factor both for T1D development and the risk of severe outcomes in already diagnosed patients. Future studies are still required to address unmet needs, including the early use of antiviral drugs to reduce the risk of metabolic decompensation in children with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bombaci
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lacrima Sorrenti
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Ullah A, Waqas M, Aziz S, Rahman SU, Khan S, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Uddin J, Halim SA, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approach to develop potent multi-peptide vaccine for coxsackievirus B3 capable of eliciting cellular and humoral immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124320. [PMID: 37004935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a viral pathogen of various human disorders with no effective preventative interventions. Herein, we aimed to design a chimeric vaccine construct for CVB3 using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches by screening the whole viral polyprotein sequence. Firstly, screening and mapping of viral polyprotein to predict 21 immunodominant epitopes (B-cell, CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes), fused with an adjuvant (Resuscitation-promoting factor), appropriate linkers, HIV-TAT peptide, Pan DR epitope, and 6His-tag to assemble a multi-epitope vaccine construct. The chimeric construct is predicted as probable antigen, non-allergen, stable, possess encouraging physicochemical features, and indicates a broader population coverage (98 %). The tertiary structure of the constructed vaccine was predicted and refined, and its interaction with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was investigated through molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Computational cloning of the construct was carried out in pET28a (+) plasmid to guarantee the higher expression of the vaccine protein. Lastly, in silico immune simulation foreseen that humoral and cellular immune responses would be elicited in response to the administration of such a potent chimeric construct. Thus, the design constructed could vaccinate against CVB3 infection and various CVB serotypes. However, further in vitro/in vivo research must assess its safety and effectiveness.
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Rohrbeck M, Hoerr V, Piccini I, Greber B, Schulte JS, Hübner SS, Jeworutzki E, Theiss C, Matschke V, Stypmann J, Unger A, Ho HT, Disse P, Strutz-Seebohm N, Faber C, Müller FU, Ludwig S, Rescher U, Linke WA, Klingel K, Busch K, Peischard S, Seebohm G. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Cardiac Dysfunction in Transgenic Mice with Viral Myocarditis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040550. [PMID: 36831217 PMCID: PMC9954433 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is pathologically associated with RNA viruses such as coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), or more recently, with SARS-CoV-2, but despite intensive research, clinically proven treatment is limited. Here, by use of a transgenic mouse strain (TG) containing a CVB3ΔVP0 genome we unravel virus-mediated cardiac pathophysiological processes in vivo and in vitro. Cardiac function, pathologic ECG alterations, calcium homeostasis, intracellular organization and gene expression were significantly altered in transgenic mice. A marked alteration of mitochondrial structure and gene expression indicates mitochondrial impairment potentially contributing to cardiac contractile dysfunction. An extended picture on viral myocarditis emerges that may help to develop new treatment strategies and to counter cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rohrbeck
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ilaria Piccini
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Sebastian Schulte
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sara-Sophie Hübner
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elena Jeworutzki
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Stypmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Clinic Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Unger
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huyen Tran Ho
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Ulrich Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Münster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A. Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Busch
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan Peischard
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (G.S.); Tel.: +49-(0)-251/83-58255 (S.P.); +49-(0)-251/83-58251 (G.S.); Fax: +49-(0)-251/83-58257 (S.P. & G.S.)
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (G.S.); Tel.: +49-(0)-251/83-58255 (S.P.); +49-(0)-251/83-58251 (G.S.); Fax: +49-(0)-251/83-58257 (S.P. & G.S.)
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Mamana J, Humber GM, Espinal ER, Seo S, Vollmuth N, Sin J, Kim BJ. Coxsackievirus B3 infects and disrupts human induced-pluripotent stem cell derived brain-like endothelial cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171275. [PMID: 37139492 PMCID: PMC10149843 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a significant human pathogen that is commonly found worldwide. CVB3 among other enteroviruses, are the leading causes of aseptic meningo-encephalitis which can be fatal especially in young children. How the virus gains access to the brain is poorly-understood, and the host-virus interactions that occur at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is even less-characterized. The BBB is a highly specialized biological barrier consisting primarily of brain endothelial cells which possess unique barrier properties and facilitate the passage of nutrients into the brain while restricting access to toxins and pathogens including viruses. To determine the effects of CVB3 infection on the BBB, we utilized a model of human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived brain-like endothelial cells (iBECs) to ascertain if CVB3 infection may alter barrier cell function and overall survival. In this study, we determined that these iBECs indeed are susceptible to CVB3 infection and release high titers of extracellular virus. We also determined that infected iBECs maintain high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) during early infection despite possessing high viral load. TEER progressively declines at later stages of infection. Interestingly, despite the high viral burden and TEER disruptions at later timepoints, infected iBEC monolayers remain intact, indicating a low degree of late-stage virally-mediated cell death, which may contribute to prolonged viral shedding. We had previously reported that CVB3 infections rely on the activation of transient receptor vanilloid potential 1 (TRPV1) and found that inhibiting TRPV1 activity with SB-366791 significantly limited CVB3 infection of HeLa cervical cancer cells. Similarly in this study, we observed that treating iBECs with SB-366791 significantly reduced CVB3 infection, which suggests that not only can this drug potentially limit viral entry into the brain, but also demonstrates that this infection model could be a valuable platform for testing antiviral treatments of neurotropic viruses. In all, our findings elucidate the unique effects of CVB3 infection on the BBB and shed light on potential mechanisms by which the virus can initiate infections in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mamana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Gabrielle M. Humber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Eric R. Espinal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Soojung Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Nadine Vollmuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Jon Sin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jon Sin, ; Brandon J. Kim,
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jon Sin, ; Brandon J. Kim,
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12
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Petrov N, Stoyanova M, Stoyanova A, Nikolova I, Grozdanov P, Galabov A. Gene silencing of VP1 gene of coxsackievirus B3 neurotropic strain Nancy by dsRNAs and siRNAs. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2082320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Petrov
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya Stoyanova
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adelina Stoyanova
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Nikolova
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Grozdanov
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Angel Galabov
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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13
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A Monovalent Mt10-CVB3 Vaccine Prevents CVB4-Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010076. [PMID: 36679922 PMCID: PMC9864234 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, which include Coxsackieviruses, are a common cause of virus infections in humans, and multiple serotypes of the group B Coxsackievirus (CVB) can induce similar diseases. No vaccines are currently available to prevent CVB infections because developing serotype-specific vaccines is not practical. Thus, developing a vaccine that induces protective immune responses for multiple serotypes is desired. In that direction, we created a live-attenuated CVB3 vaccine virus, designated mutant (Mt)10, that offers protection against myocarditis and pancreatitis induced by CVB3 and CVB4 in disease-susceptible A/J mice. Here, we report that the Mt10 vaccine protected against CVB4-triggered type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice but the expected subsequent development of spontaneous T1D in these genetically predisposed NOD mice was not altered. We noted that Mt10 vaccine induced significant amounts of neutralizing antibodies, predominantly of the IgG2c isotype, and the virus was not detected in vaccine-challenged animals. Furthermore, monitoring blood glucose levels-and to a lesser extent, insulin antibodies-was found to be helpful in predicting vaccine responses. Taken together, our data suggest that the monovalent Mt10 vaccine has the potential to prevent infections caused by multiple CVB serotypes, as we have demonstrated in various pre-clinical models.
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Sawaged S, Mota T, Piplani H, Thakur R, Lall D, McCabe E, Seo S, Sutterwala FS, Feuer R, Gottlieb RA, Sin J. TBK1 and GABARAP family members suppress Coxsackievirus B infection by limiting viral production and promoting autophagic degradation of viral extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010350. [PMID: 36044516 PMCID: PMC9469980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen dynamics are constantly at play during enteroviral infection. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common juvenile enterovirus that infects multiple organs and drives inflammatory diseases including acute pancreatitis and myocarditis. Much like other enteroviruses, CVB is capable of manipulating host machinery to hijack and subvert autophagy for its benefit. We have previously reported that CVB triggers the release of infectious extracellular vesicles (EVs) which originate from autophagosomes. These EVs facilitate efficient dissemination of infectious virus. Here, we report that TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1) suppresses release of CVB-induced EVs. TBK1 is a multimeric kinase that directly activates autophagy adaptors for efficient cargo recruitment and induces type-1 interferons during viral-mediated STING recruitment. Positioning itself at the nexus of pathogen elimination, we hypothesized that loss of TBK1 could exacerbate CVB infection due to its specific role in autophagosome trafficking. Here we report that infection with CVB during genetic TBK1 knockdown significantly increases viral load and potentiates the bulk release of viral EVs. Similarly, suppressing TBK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused a marked increase in intracellular virus and EV release, while treatment in vivo with the TBK1-inhibitor Amlexanox exacerbated viral pancreatitis and EV spread. We further demonstrated that viral EV release is mediated by the autophagy modifier proteins GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2 which facilitate autophagic flux. We observe that CVB infection stimulates autophagy and increases the release of GABARAPL1/2-positive EVs. We conclude that TBK1 plays additional antiviral roles by inducing autophagic flux during CVB infection independent of interferon signaling, and the loss of TBK1 better allows CVB-laden autophagosomes to circumvent lysosomal degradation, increasing the release of virus-laden EVs. This discovery sheds new light on the mechanisms involved in viral spread and EV propagation during acute enteroviral infection and highlights novel intracellular trafficking protein targets for antiviral therapy. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a significant human enterovirus that can cause myocarditis, meningitis, and pancreatitis. The subversion of host immunity and mechanisms of viral dissemination are critical factors which promote pathogenesis. We had previously reported that following infection, CVB becomes engulfed by autophagosomes which evade lysosomal degradation and instead get released as infectious extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this current study, we report that in addition to its traditional role in interferon-mediated antiviral signaling, TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) is crucial in limiting viral production and EV-based viral egress through the autophagy pathway. Indeed, in the absence of TBK1, we observe (i) a disruption in autophagic flux, (ii) significant increases in intracellular viral burden and viral EV release, and (iii) elevated viral load in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. EVs isolated from TBK1-deficient cells or mice treated with the TBK1-inhibitor Amlexanox were more infectious compared to controls. In all, the dual role TBK1 plays in suppressing viral escape in addition to mediating antiviral immunity makes it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CVB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Sawaged
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Mota
- The Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Honit Piplani
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Reetu Thakur
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Deepti Lall
- The Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth McCabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Soojung Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute at San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jon Sin
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zheng Q, Zhu R, Yin Z, Xu L, Sun H, Yu H, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Zhang D, Liu L, Yang H, He M, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Zhao H, Que Y, Kong Z, Zhou L, Li T, Zhang J, Luo W, Gu Y, Cheng T, Li S, Xia N. Structural basis for the synergistic neutralization of coxsackievirus B1 by a triple-antibody cocktail. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1279-1294.e6. [PMID: 36002016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) is an emerging pathogen associated with severe neonatal diseases including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and pancreatitis and also with the development of type 1 diabetes. We characterize the binding and therapeutic efficacies of three CVB1-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) identified for their ability to inhibit host receptor engagement. High-resolution cryo-EM structures showed that these antibodies recognize different epitopes but with an overlapping region in the capsid VP2 protein and specifically the highly variable EF loop. Moreover, they perturb capsid-receptor interactions by binding various viral particle forms. Antibody combinations achieve synergetic neutralization via a stepwise capsid transition and virion disruption, indicating dynamic changes in the virion in response to multiple nAbs targeting the receptor-binding site. Furthermore, this three-antibody cocktail protects against lethal challenge in neonatal mice and limits pancreatitis and viral replication in a non-obese diabetic mouse model. These results illustrate the utility of nAbs for rational design of therapeutics against picornaviruses such as CVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongzi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China; Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Rasquinha MT, Lasrado N, Petro-Turnquist E, Weaver E, Venkataraman T, Anderson D, Laserson U, Larman HB, Reddy J. PhIP-Seq Reveals Autoantibodies for Ubiquitously Expressed Antigens in Viral Myocarditis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071055. [PMID: 36101433 PMCID: PMC9312229 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle, and viral infections are a common cause of this disease. Myocarditis in some patients can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The mouse model of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is commonly used to understand this disease progression in DCM patients. In this paper, we have attempted to analyze antibodies for heart antigens that could be produced as a result of heart damage in animals infected with CVB3 using a technique called Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq). The analyses led us to identify antibodies for several proteins that were not previously reported that may have relevance to human disease. Abstract Enteroviruses such as group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are commonly suspected as causes of myocarditis that can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and the mouse model of CVB3 myocarditis is routinely used to understand DCM pathogenesis. Mechanistically, autoimmunity is suspected due to the presence of autoantibodies for select antigens. However, their role continues to be enigmatic, which also raises the question of whether the breadth of autoantibodies is sufficiently characterized. Here, we attempted to comprehensively analyze the autoantibody repertoire using Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), a versatile and high-throughput platform, in the mouse model of CVB3 myocarditis. First, PhIP-Seq analysis using the VirScan library revealed antibody reactivity only to CVB3 in the infected group but not in controls, thus validating the technique in this model. Second, using the mouse peptide library, we detected autoantibodies to 32 peptides from 25 proteins in infected animals that are ubiquitously expressed and have not been previously reported. Third, by using ELISA as a secondary assay, we confirmed antibody reactivity in sera from CVB3-infected animals to cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 4 homolog (COA4) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase adaptor protein 1 (PIK3AP1), indicating the specificity of antibody detection by PhIP-Seq technology. Fourth, we noted similar antibody reactivity patterns in CVB3 and CVB4 infections, suggesting that the COA4- and PIK3AP1-reactive antibodies could be common to multiple CVB infections. The specificity of the autoantibodies was affirmed with influenza-infected animals that showed no reactivity to any of the antigens tested. Taken together, our data suggest that the autoantibodies identified by PhIP-Seq may have relevance to CVB pathogenesis, with a possibility that similar reactivity could be expected in human DCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima T. Rasquinha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (M.T.R.); (N.L.)
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (M.T.R.); (N.L.)
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (E.P.-T.); (E.W.)
| | - Eric Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (E.P.-T.); (E.W.)
| | - Thiagarajan Venkataraman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Daniel Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Uri Laserson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Correspondence: (H.B.L.); (J.R.); Tel.: +1-(410)-614-6525 (H.B.L); +1-(402)-472-8541 (J.R.)
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (M.T.R.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.L.); (J.R.); Tel.: +1-(410)-614-6525 (H.B.L); +1-(402)-472-8541 (J.R.)
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17
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Nayar M, Varghese C, Kanwar A, Siriwardena AK, Haque AR, Awan A, Balakrishnan A, Rawashdeh A, Ivanov B, Parmar C, Halloran CM, Caruana C, Borg CM, Gomez D, Damaskos D, Karavias D, Finch G, Ebied H, Pine JK, Skipworth JRA, Milburn J, Latif J, Apollos J, El Kafsi J, Windsor JA, Roberts K, Wang K, Ravi K, Coats MV, Hollyman M, Phillips M, Okocha M, Wilson MS, Ameer NA, Kumar N, Shah N, Lapolla P, Magee C, Al-Sarireh B, Lunevicius R, Benhmida R, Singhal R, Balachandra S, Demirli Atıcı S, Jaunoo S, Dwerryhouse S, Boyce T, Charalampakis V, Kanakala V, Abbas Z, Tewari N, Pandanaboyana S. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased risk of idiopathic acute pancreatitis but not pancreatic exocrine insufficiency or diabetes: long-term results of the COVIDPAN study. Gut 2022; 71:1444-1447. [PMID: 34764192 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Nayar
- HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- UK
| | - Chris Varghese
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aditya Kanwar
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guy Finch
- Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelvin Wang
- Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, Wigan, UK
| | - Krish Ravi
- Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Trust, Chesterfield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadeem A Ameer
- University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Nehal Shah
- Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rishi Singhal
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Semra Demirli Atıcı
- Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zaigham Abbas
- Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, Clifton Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sanjay Pandanaboyana
- HPB and Transplant Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Thach R, Gitto L. Neonatal sepsis due to Coxsackievirus B3 complicated by liver failure and pulmonary hemorrhage. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a single-stranded RNA included in the “Human Enterovirus B” category associated with multiple, even severe, health issues in humans. Newborns are at risk of life-threatening conditions due to enteroviral infections. In newborns, the infection can be transmitted vertically, intrapartum or postpartum, and potentially through breast milk. Neonatal sepsis may result in severe complications, such as liver failure and pulmonary hemorrhage, with subsequent death.
Case presentation
A male newborn was admitted to the emergency department with fever, generalized hypotonia, hypo-reactivity to external stimuli, multiple episodes of apnea and desaturation, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory studies revealed disseminated intravascular coagulation, and evidence of progressive multiorgan failure. Polymerase chain reaction performed on specimens collected at the time of admission returned positive for Enterovirus, specifically Coxsackievirus B3 VP1 gene. The patient eventually succumbed after several days due to severe sepsis, despite aggressive treatment with immunoglobulins and Pleconaril. An autopsy revealed hemorrhage in the lung, liver, heart, and gastric mucosa.
Conclusions
Enteroviral neonatal infections should be included in the differential diagnosis of a newborn presenting with fever, failure to thrive, and hyporeactivity, especially if symptoms arise during the classic CVB3 season. Maternal medical history should be reviewed for any possible febrile symptoms associated with a recent enterovirus infection. Aggressive treatment with immunoglobulins and, if available, Pleconaril could effectively treat the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmey Thach
- Department of Medicine , William Beaumont Army Medical Center , El paso , TX , USA
| | - Lorenzo Gitto
- Department of Pathology , State University of New York Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , USA
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19
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Kim SR, Song JH, Ahn JH, Jeong MS, Yang YM, Cho J, Jeong JH, Cha Y, Kim KN, Kim HP, Chang SY, Ko HJ. Obesity Exacerbates Coxsackievirus Infection via Lipid-Induced Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e19. [PMID: 35573153 PMCID: PMC9066006 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection causes acute pancreatitis and myocarditis. However, its pathophysiological mechanism is unclear. Here, we investigated how lipid metabolism is associated with exacerbation of CVB3 pathology using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1×106 pfu/mouse of CVB3 after being fed a control or HFD to induce obesity. Mice were treated with mitoquinone (MitoQ) to reduce the level of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS). In obese mice, lipotoxicity of white adipose tissue-induced inflammation caused increased replication of CVB3 and mortality. The coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor increased under obese conditions, facilitating CVB3 replication in vitro. However, lipid-treated cells with receptor-specific inhibitors did not reduce CVB3 replication. In addition, lipid treatment increased mitochondria-derived vesicle formation and the number of multivesicular bodies. Alternatively, we found that inhibition of lipid-induced mtROS decreased viral replication. Notably, HFD-fed mice were more susceptible to CVB3-induced mortality in association with increased levels of CVB3 replication in adipose tissue, which was ameliorated by administration of the mtROS inhibitor, MitoQ. These results suggest that mtROS inhibitors can be used as potential treatments for CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ryeol Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jaewon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Younggil Cha
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kil-Nam Kim
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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20
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Mt10-CVB3 Vaccine Virus Protects against CVB4 Infection by Inducing Cross-Reactive, Antigen-Specific Immune Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112323. [PMID: 34835449 PMCID: PMC8622534 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) containing six serotypes, B1–B6, affect various organs, and multiple serotypes can induce similar diseases such as myocarditis and pancreatitis. Yet, no vaccines are currently available to prevent these infections. Translationally, the derivation of vaccines that offer protection against multiple serotypes is highly desired. In that direction, we recently reported the generation of an attenuated strain of CVB3, termed Mt10, which completely protects against both myocarditis and pancreatitis induced by the homologous wild-type CVB3 strain. Here, we report that the Mt10 vaccine can induce cross-protection against multiple CVB serotypes as demonstrated with CVB4. We note that the Mt10 vaccine could induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (nABs) against both CVB1 and CVB4. In challenge studies with CVB4, the efficacy of the Mt10 vaccine was found to be 92%, as determined by histological evaluation of the heart and pancreas. Antibody responses induced in Mt10/CVB4 challenged animals indicated the persistence of cross-reactive nABs against CVB1, CVB3, and CVB4. Evaluation of antigen-specific immune responses revealed viral protein 1 (VP1)-reactive antibodies, predominantly IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgG1. Similarly, by using major histocompatibility complex class II tetramers, we noted induction of VP1-specific CD4 T cells capable of producing multiple T cell cytokines, with interferon-γ being predominant. Finally, none of the vaccine recipients challenged with CVB4 revealed the presence of viral nucleic acid in the heart or pancreas. Taken together, our data suggest that the Mt10 vaccine can prevent infections caused by multiple CVB serotypes, paving the way for the development of monovalent CVB vaccines to prevent heart and pancreatic diseases of enteroviral origin.
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21
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Marjomäki V, Kalander K, Hellman M, Permi P. Enteroviruses and coronaviruses: similarities and therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:479-489. [PMID: 34253126 PMCID: PMC8330013 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1952985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Enteroviruses are common viruses causing a huge number of acute and chronic infections and producing towering economic costs. Similarly, coronaviruses cause seasonal mild infections, epidemics, and even pandemics and can lead to severe respiratory symptoms. It is important to develop broadly acting antiviral molecules to efficiently tackle the infections caused by thes.Areas covered: This review illuminates the differences and similarities between enteroviruses and coronaviruses and examines the most appealing therapeutic targets to combat both virus groups. Publications of both virus groups and deposited structures discovered through PubMed to March 2021 for viral proteases have been evaluated.Expert opinion: The main protease of coronaviruses and enteroviruses share similarities in their structure and function. These proteases process their viral polyproteins and thus drugs that bind to the active site have potential to target both virus groups. It is important to develop drugs that target more evolutionarily conserved processes and proteins. Moreover, it is a wise strategy to concentrate on processes that are similar between several virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kerttu Kalander
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maarit Hellman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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22
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Fan W, Mar KB, Sari L, Gaszek IK, Cheng Q, Evers BM, Shelton JM, Wight-Carter M, Siegwart DJ, Lin MM, Schoggins JW. TRIM7 inhibits enterovirus replication and promotes emergence of a viral variant with increased pathogenicity. Cell 2021; 184:3410-3425.e17. [PMID: 34062120 PMCID: PMC8276836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To control viral infection, vertebrates rely on both inducible interferon responses and less well-characterized cell-intrinsic responses composed of "at the ready" antiviral effector proteins. Here, we show that E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM7 is a cell-intrinsic antiviral effector that restricts multiple human enteroviruses by targeting viral 2BC, a membrane remodeling protein, for ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Selective pressure exerted by TRIM7 results in emergence of a TRIM7-resistant coxsackievirus with a single point mutation in the viral 2C ATPase/helicase. In cultured cells, the mutation helps the virus evade TRIM7 but impairs optimal viral replication, and this correlates with a hyperactive and structurally plastic 2C ATPase. Unexpectedly, the TRIM7-resistant virus has a replication advantage in mice and causes lethal pancreatitis. These findings reveal a unique mechanism for targeting enterovirus replication and provide molecular insight into the benefits and trade-offs of viral evolution imposed by a host restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchun Fan
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilona K Gaszek
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Histo Pathology Core Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mary Wight-Carter
- Animal Resource Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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23
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Attenuated strain of CVB3 with a mutation in the CAR-interacting region protects against both myocarditis and pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12432. [PMID: 34127684 PMCID: PMC8203608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), is commonly implicated in myocarditis, which can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, in addition to causing acute pancreatitis and meningitis. Yet, no vaccines are currently available to prevent this infection. Here, we describe the derivation of a live attenuated vaccine virus, termed mutant (Mt) 10, encoding a single amino acid substitution H790A within the viral protein 1, that prevents CVB3 infection in mice and protects from both myocarditis and pancreatitis in challenge studies. We noted that animals vaccinated with Mt 10 developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, predominantly containing IgG2a and IgG2b, and to a lesser extent IgG3 and IgG1. Furthermore, by using major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers and tetramers, we demonstrated that Mt 10 induces antigen-specific T cell responses that preferentially produce interferon-γ. Finally, neither vaccine recipients nor those challenged with the wild-type virus revealed evidence of autoimmunity or cardiac injury as determined by T cell response to cardiac myosin and measurement of circulating cardiac troponin I levels, respectively. Together, our data suggest that Mt 10 is a vaccine candidate that prevents CVB3 infection through the induction of neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses, the two critical components needed for complete protection against virus infections in vaccine studies.
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24
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Development of Group B Coxsackievirus as an Oncolytic Virus: Opportunities and Challenges. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061082. [PMID: 34198859 PMCID: PMC8227215 DOI: 10.3390/v13061082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy due to their dual ability to selectively infect and lyse tumor cells and to induce systemic anti-tumor immunity. Among various candidate viruses, coxsackievirus group B (CVBs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years. CVBs are a group of small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, belonging to species human Enterovirus B in the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. Preclinical studies have demonstrated potent anti-tumor activities for CVBs, particularly type 3, against multiple cancer types, including lung, breast, and colorectal cancer. Various approaches have been proposed or applied to enhance the safety and specificity of CVBs towards tumor cells and to further increase their anti-tumor efficacy. This review summarizes current knowledge and strategies for developing CVBs as oncolytic viruses for cancer virotherapy. The challenges arising from these studies and future prospects are also discussed in this review.
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25
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Zhang H, Zeng L, Liu Q, Jin G, Zhang J, Li Z, Xu Y, Tian H, Deng S, Shi Q, Huang X. CVB3 VP1 interacts with MAT1 to inhibit cell proliferation by interfering with Cdk-activating kinase complex activity in CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008992. [PMID: 33556114 PMCID: PMC7895353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) belongs to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae and can cause acute acinar pancreatitis in adults. However, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis have remained unclear. In this study, we discovered that CVB3 capsid protein VP1 inhibited pancreatic cell proliferation and exerted strong cytopathic effects on HPAC cells. Through yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and confocal microscopy, we show that Menage a trois 1 (MAT1), a subunit of the Cdk-Activating Kinase (CAK) complex involved in cell proliferation and transcription, is a novel interaction protein with CVB3 VP1. Moreover, CVB3 VP1 inhibited MAT1 accumulation and localization, thus interfering with its interaction with CDK7. Furthermore, CVB3 VP1 could suppress CAK complex enzymic phosphorylation activity towards RNA Pol II and CDK4/6, direct substrates of CAK. VP1 also suppresses phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb), an indirect CAK substrate, especially at phospho-pRb Ser780 and phospho-pRb Ser807/811 residues, which are associated with cell proliferation. Finally, we present evidence using deletion mutants that the C-terminal domain (VP1-D8, 768-859aa) is the minimal VP1 region required for its interaction with MAT1, and furthermore, VP1-D8 alone was sufficient to arrest cells in G1/S phase as observed during CVB3 infection. Taken together, we demonstrate that CVB3 VP1 can inhibit CAK complex assembly and activity through direct interaction with MAT1, to block MAT1-mediated CAK-CDK4/6-Rb signaling, and ultimately suppress cell proliferation in pancreatic cells. These findings substantially extend our basic understanding of CVB3-mediated pancreatitis, providing strong candidates for strategic therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of JiangXi university of TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Fuzhou Medical School of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zengbin Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yilian Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huizhen Tian
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiaofa Shi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Xu L, Zheng Q, Zhu R, Yin Z, Yu H, Lin Y, Wu Y, He M, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Sun H, Zha Z, Yang H, Huang Q, Zhang D, Chen Z, Ye X, Han J, Yang L, Liu C, Que Y, Fang M, Gu Y, Zhang J, Luo W, Zhou ZH, Li S, Cheng T, Xia N. Cryo-EM structures reveal the molecular basis of receptor-initiated coxsackievirus uncoating. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:448-462.e5. [PMID: 33539764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus uncoating receptors bind at the surface depression ("canyon") that encircles each capsid vertex causing the release of a host-derived lipid called "pocket factor" that is buried in a hydrophobic pocket formed by the major viral capsid protein, VP1. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a universal uncoating receptor of group B coxsackieviruses (CVB). Here, we present five high-resolution cryoEM structures of CVB representing different stages of virus infection. Structural comparisons show that the CAR penetrates deeper into the canyon than other uncoating receptors, leading to a cascade of events: collapse of the VP1 hydrophobic pocket, high-efficiency release of the pocket factor and viral uncoating and genome release under neutral pH, as compared with low pH. Furthermore, we identified a potent therapeutic antibody that can neutralize viral infection by interfering with virion-CAR interactions, destabilizing the capsid and inducing virion disruption. Together, these results define the structural basis of CVB cell entry and antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenghui Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qiongzi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ye
- Beijing Wantai Enterprise Community Partners, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinle Han
- Beijing Wantai Enterprise Community Partners, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lisheng Yang
- Beijing Wantai Enterprise Community Partners, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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27
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Alirezaei M, Flynn CT, Garcia SD, Kimura T, Whitton JL. A food-responsive switch modulates TFEB and autophagy, and determines susceptibility to coxsackievirus infection and pancreatitis. Autophagy 2021; 17:402-419. [PMID: 32019403 PMCID: PMC8007148 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1720425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost a billion people worldwide are chronically undernourished. Herein, using a mouse model of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, we report that a single day of food restriction (FR) markedly increases susceptibility to attenuated enterovirus infection, replication, and disease. These "pro-viral" effects, which are rapidly-reversed by the restoration of food, are mediated by several genes whose expression is altered by FR, and which support CVB3 replication. Central to this is TFEB, a protein whose expression and activation status are rapidly increased by FR. TFEB, which regulates the transcription of >100 genes involved in macroautophagy/autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, responds similarly to both FR and CVB3 infection and plays a pivotal role in determining host susceptibility to CVB3. We propose that, by upregulating TFEB, FR generates an intracellular environment that is more hospitable to the incoming virus, facilitating its replication. This interplay between nutritional status and enterovirus replication has implications for human health and, perhaps, for the evolution of these viruses.Abbreviations: Atg/ATG: autophagy-related; CAR: Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor; Cas9: CRISPR associated protein 9; Cre: recombinase that causes recombination; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Ctsb/CTSB: cathepsin B; CVB3: coxsackievirus B3; DsRedCVB3: a recombinant CVB3 that encodes the Discosoma red fluorescent protein; EL: elastase; FR: food restriction; GFP: green fluorescent protein; gRNA: guide RNA; HBSS: Hanks Buffered Salt Solution; LYNUS: lysosomal nutrient sensing machinery; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; Nluc: nanoluciferase; NlucCVB3: a recombinant CVB3 encoding nanoluciferase; pfu: plaque-forming unit(s); p.i.: post infection; rCVB: recombinant coxsackievirus B3; RPS6KB/p70S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase; RT: room temperature; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TFEB: transcription factor EB; tg: transgenic; TUBB: β-tubulin; UNINF: uninfected; wrt: with respect to; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia T. Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Selma D. Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Taishi Kimura
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sharma V, Perry DJ, Eghtesady P. Role of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in cardiac development and pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:535-545. [PMID: 33369284 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell surface transmembrane protein originally recognized for its role as a binding site for coxsackie- and adeno-viruses. As such, it is believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of myocarditis. Other studies have suggested that CAR also plays an important role in embryonic development, which is not surprising given the strong expression of the receptor in heart, brain, liver, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, and various epithelia during development. A number of studies have looked at downregulation and upregulation of CAR and have confirmed the central role of CAR during critical periods of development. These studies all demonstrated embryonic lethality with variable phenotypes: electrophysiological abnormalities, cardiac structural deformations, and extracardiac abnormalities, such as lymphatic malformations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature about CAR and formulate some questions for future studies, with an emphasis on the role of CAR during embryonic heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pirooz Eghtesady
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Sciandra I, Falasca F, Maida P, Tranquilli G, Di Carlo D, Mazzuti L, Melengu T, Giannelli G, Antonelli G, Turriziani O. Seroprevalence of group B Coxsackieviruses: Retrospective study in an Italian population. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3138-3143. [PMID: 32531866 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Group B Coxsackieviruses (CVB) include six serotypes (B1-6) responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases. Since no recent seroepidemiologic data are available in Italy, the study aim was to investigate CVB seroprevalence in a wide Italian population. The study retrospectively included 2459 subjects referring to a large academic hospital in Rome (Italy) in the period 2004-2016. Seroprevalence rates and neutralizing antibodies (nAb) titers were evaluated in relation to years of observation and subjects' characteristics. Positivity for at least one serotype was detected in 69.1% of individuals. Overall, the prevalent serotype was B4, followed by B3 (33.3%), B5 (26.2%), B1 (12.7%), B2 (11.0%), and B6 (1.7%). For B2, a significant decrease in seroprevalence over years was observed. Positivity to at least one virus was 25.2% in children aged 0 to 2 years, but significantly increased in preschool (3-5 years) (50.3%) and school (6-10 years) children (70.4%). Higher nAb responses for B3 and B4 were observed in children aged 3 to 5 years. A high overall CVB prevalence was found. Type-specific variations in prevalence over time probably reflect the fluctuations in circulation typical of Enteroviruses. Children are at greater risk for CVB infection given the high number of seronegative subjects aged 0 to 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Sciandra
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Francesca Falasca
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Maida
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Tranquilli
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Carlo
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzuti
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Taulant Melengu
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ombretta Turriziani
- Virology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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30
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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31
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Saarinen NVV, Lehtonen J, Veijola R, Lempainen J, Knip M, Hyöty H, Laitinen OH, Hytönen VP. Multiplexed High-Throughput Serological Assay for Human Enteroviruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060963. [PMID: 32604930 PMCID: PMC7355947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological assays detecting antibodies against enteroviruses typically use a single enterovirus serotype as antigen. This limits the ability of such assays to detect antibodies against different enterovirus types and to detect possible type-specific variation in antibody responses. We set out to develop a multiplexed assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies against multiple enterovirus and rhinovirus types encompassing all human infecting species. Seven recombinant VP1 proteins from enteroviruses EV-A to EV-D and rhinoviruses RV-A to RV-C species were produced. Using Meso Scale Diagnostics U-PLEX platform we were able to study antibody reactions against these proteins as well as non-structural enterovirus proteins in a single well with 140 human serum samples. Adults had on average 33-fold stronger antibody responses to these antigens (p < 10−11) compared to children, but children had less cross-reactivity between different enterovirus types. The results suggest that this new high-throughput assay offers clear benefits in the evaluation of humoral enterovirus immunity in children, giving more exact information than assays that are based on a single enterovirus type as antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-401901517
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32
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Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Laitinen OH, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Lin A, Diaz Lozano IM, Mazur MA, Marjomäki V, Loré K, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. A hexavalent Coxsackievirus B vaccine is highly immunogenic and has a strong protective capacity in mice and nonhuman primates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2433. [PMID: 32494709 PMCID: PMC7202868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common human pathogens known to cause severe diseases including myocarditis, chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, and aseptic meningitis. CVBs are also hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. Vaccines against CVBs are not currently available, and here we describe the generation and preclinical testing of a novel hexavalent vaccine targeting the six known CVB serotypes. We show that the vaccine has an excellent safety profile in murine models and nonhuman primates and that it induces strong neutralizing antibody responses to the six serotypes in both species without an adjuvant. We also demonstrate that the vaccine provides immunity against acute CVB infections in mice, including CVB infections known to cause virus-induced myocarditis. In addition, it blocks CVB-induced diabetes in a genetically permissive mouse model. Our preclinical proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the successful generation of a promising hexavalent CVB vaccine with high immunogenicity capable of preventing CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Stone
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - O. H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - A. Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. M. Diaz Lozano
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. A. Mazur
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V. Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K. Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - V. P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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33
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Taylor DJ, Hamid SM, Andres AM, Saadaeijahromi H, Piplani H, Germano JF, Song Y, Sawaged S, Feuer R, Pandol SJ, Sin J. Antiviral Effects of Menthol on Coxsackievirus B. Viruses 2020; 12:E373. [PMID: 32231022 PMCID: PMC7232514 DOI: 10.3390/v12040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common human enterovirus that causes systemic infection but specifically replicates to high titers in the pancreas. It was reported that certain viruses induce mitochondrial fission to support infection. We documented that CVB triggers mitochondrial fission and blocking mitochondrial fission limits infection. The transient receptor potential channels have been implicated in regulating mitochondrial dynamics; namely, the heat and capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) contributes to mitochondrial depolarization and fission. When we transiently warmed HeLa cells to 39 °C prior to CVB exposure, infection was heightened, whereas cooling cells to 25 °C reduced infection. Inducing "cold" by stimulating transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) with menthol led to reduced infection and also resulted in lower levels of mitochondrial fission during infection. Additionally, menthol stabilized levels of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) which is known to be tied to mitochondrial dynamics. Taken together, this highlights a novel pathway wherein CVB relies on TRPV1 to initiate proviral mitochondrial fission, which may contribute to the disruption of antiviral immunity. TRPM8 has been shown to antagonize TRPV1, and thus we hypothesize that stimulating TRPM8 blocks TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation following CVB exposure and attenuates infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J.R. Taylor
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Syed M. Hamid
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Allen M. Andres
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hannaneh Saadaeijahromi
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Honit Piplani
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Juliana F. Germano
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Yang Song
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Savannah Sawaged
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jon Sin
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
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34
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Wei Y, Wang H, Xi C, Li N, Li D, Yao C, Sun G, Ge H, Hu K, Zhang Q. Antiviral Effects of Novel 2-Benzoxyl-Phenylpyridine Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E1409. [PMID: 32204528 PMCID: PMC7144376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the most common cause of acute and chronic viral myocarditis, primarily in children, while human adenovirus infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in people of all ages. A series of novel 2-benzoxyl-phenylpyridine derivatives were evaluated for their potential antiviral activities against CVB3 and adenovirus type 7 (ADV7). Preliminary assays indicated that some of these compounds exhibited excellent antiviral effects on both CVB3 and ADV7 viruses; they could effectively inhibit virus-induced cytopathic effects, reduce viral progeny yields, and had similar or superior antiviral activities compared with the control drug, ribavirin. Further, these compounds targeted the early stages of CVB3 replication in cells, including viral RNA replication and protein synthesis, rather than inactivating the virus directly, inhibiting virus adsorption/entry, or affecting viral release from cells. Our data demonstrate that the tested 2-benzoxyl-phenylpyridine derivatives are effective inhibitors of CVB3 and ADV7, raising the possibility that these compounds might be feasible candidates for anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Haijie Wang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Caili Xi
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Ni Li
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Dong Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Ge Sun
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Hongmei Ge
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
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Yan K, Yang J, Qian Q, Xu D, Liu H, Wei L, Li M, Xu W. Pathogenic Role of an IL-23/γδT17/Neutrophil Axis in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Pancreatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3301-3312. [PMID: 31748346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B is a common cause of viral myocarditis and pancreatitis. IL-17A is intensively involved in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. Whether IL-17A plays a role in Coxsackievirus B-induced pancreatitis, characterized by acinar cell destruction and immune infiltration, remains largely unknown. We found a significant, but transient, increase of IL-17A expression and γδT influx in the pancreas of C57BL/6J mice within 3 d following CVB3 infection. The pancreatic IL-17A was mainly produced by Vγ4 γδ T cells, to a lesser extent by CD4+ Th17 cells. IL-17A-/- and TCRδ-/- mice both reduced their susceptibility to CVB3 infection and pancreatitis severity when compared with the wild-type mice, without altering viral load. mAb depletion of Vγ4γδ T cells significantly improved mice survival and pancreatic pathology via decreasing Th17 expansion and neutrophil influx into the pancreas compared with isotype-treated mice. Transfer of Vγ4γδ T cells from wild-type, but not IL-17-/-, mice reconstituted TCRδ-/- mice to produce IL-17 and develop pancreatitis to the level of wild-type mice during CVB3 infection, indicating γδ T IL-17A is required for the onset of viral pancreatitis. IL-23 was robustly induced in the pancreas within the first day of infection. Administration of exogenous rIL-23 to mice increased CVB3 pancreatitis through in vivo expansion of IL-17+γδT17 cells at 12 h postinfection. Our findings reveal a key pathogenic role for early-activated γδT17 cells in viral pancreatitis via promoting neutrophil infiltration and Th17 induction. This IL-23/γδT17/neutrophil axis is critically involved in the onset of CVB3 pancreatitis and represents a potential treating target for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Yan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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36
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Françozo MCS, Costa FRC, Guerra-Gomes IC, Silva JS, Sesti-Costa R. Dendritic cells and regulatory T cells expressing CCR4 provide resistance to coxsackievirus B5-induced pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14766. [PMID: 31611578 PMCID: PMC6791842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are enteroviruses responsible for a common infectious myocarditis and pancreatitis. DCs and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key players in controlling virus replication and regulating the immune response and tissue damage, respectively. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular migration to target tissues remain unclear. In the present study, we found that CVB5 infection induced CCL17 production and controlled the migration of CCR4+ DCs and CCR4+ Tregs to the pancreatic lymph nodes (pLN). CVB5 infection of CCR4-/- mice reduced the migration of the CD8α+ DC subset and reduced DC activation and production of IFN-β and IL-12. Consequently, CCR4-/- mice presented decreased IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, an increased viral load and more severe pancreatitis. In addition, CCR4-/- mice had impaired Treg accumulation in pLN as well as increased T lymphocyte activation. Adoptive transfer of CCR4+ Tregs but not CCR4- Tregs was able to regulate T lymphocyte activation upon CVB5 infection. The present data reveal a previously unknown role for CCR4 in coordinating immune cell migration to CVB-infected tissues and in controlling subsequent pancreatitis. These new insights may contribute to the design of future therapies for acute and chronic infection of non-polio enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederico R C Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Guerra-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Fiocruz- Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Project, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata Sesti-Costa
- Hematology Center, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of coxsackievirus B1 VLP vaccine. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104595. [PMID: 31491431 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) are a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and aseptic meningitis. However, no CVB-vaccines are available for human use. We have previously produced virus-like particles (VLPs) for CVB3 with a baculovirus-insect cell production system. Here we have explored the potential of a VLP-based vaccine targeting CVB1 and describe the production of CVB1-VLPs with a scalable VLP purification method. The developed purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography is compatible with industrial scale production. CVB1-VLP vaccine was treated with UV-C or formalin to study whether stability and immunogenicity was affected. Untreated, UV treated and formalin treated VLPs remained morphologically intact for 12 months at 4 °C. Formalin treatment increased, whereas UV treatment decreased the thermostability of the VLP-vaccine. High neutralising and total IgG antibody levels, the latter predominantly of a Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in female BALB/c mice immunised with non-adjuvanted, untreated CVB1-VLP vaccine. The immunogenicity of the differently treated CVB1-VLPs (non-adjuvanted) were compared in C57BL/6 J mice and animals vaccinated with formalin treated CVB1-VLPs mounted the strongest neutralising and, CVB1-specific IgG and IgG1 antibody responses. This study demonstrates that formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of CVB1-VLP vaccine and may offer a universal tool for the stabilisation of VLPs in the production of more efficient vaccines.
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A comparative study of the effect of UV and formalin inactivation on the stability and immunogenicity of a Coxsackievirus B1 vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:5962-5971. [PMID: 31471148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) belong to the enterovirus genus, and they cause both acute and chronic diseases in humans. CVB infections usually lead to flu-like symptoms but can also result in more serious diseases such as myocarditis, aseptic meningitis and life-threatening multi-organ infections in young infants. Thus, CVBs have long been considered as important targets of future vaccines. We have previously observed CVB1 capsid disintegration and virus concentration decrease with 12-day long formalin inactivation protocol. Here a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method was developed, and purified CVB1 was inactivated with UV-C or formalin. Virus morphology and concentration remained unchanged, when the UV (2 min) or formalin (5 days) inactivation were performed in the presence of tween80 detergent. The concentration of the native and UV inactivated CVB1 remained constant at 4 °C during a six months stability study, whereas the concentration of the formalin inactivated vaccine decreased 29% during this time. UV treatment decreased, whereas formalin treatment increased the thermal stability of the capsid. The formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine was more immunogenic than the UV inactivated vaccine; the protective neutralizing antibody levels were higher in mice immunized with formalin inactivated vaccine. High levels of CVB1 neutralizing antibodies as well as IgG1 antibodies were detected in mice that were protected against viremia induced by experimental CVB1 infection. In conclusion, this study describes a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method and optimized 5-day long formalin inactivation method that preserves CVB1 capsid structure and immunogenicity. Formalin treatment stabilizes the virus particle at elevated temperatures, and the formalin inactivated vaccine induces high levels of serum IgG1 antibodies (Th2 type response) and protective levels of neutralizing antibodies. Formalin inactivated CVB vaccines are promising candidates for human clinical trials.
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Deng H, Liu H, de Silva T, Xue Y, Mohamud Y, Ng CS, Qu J, Zhang J, Jia WW, Lockwood WW, Luo H. Coxsackievirus Type B3 Is a Potent Oncolytic Virus against KRAS-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:266-278. [PMID: 31463367 PMCID: PMC6709373 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutant (KRASmut) lung adenocarcinoma is a refractory cancer without available targeted therapy. The current study explored the possibility to develop coxsackievirus type B3 (CVB3) as an oncolytic agent for the treatment of KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma. In cultured cells, we discovered that CVB3 selectively infects and lyses KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549, H2030, and H23), while sparing normal lung epithelial cells (primary, BEAS2B, HPL1D, and 1HAEo) and EGFRmut lung adenocarcinoma cells (HCC4006, PC9, H3255, and H1975). Using stable cells expressing a single driver mutation of either KRASG12V or EGFRL858R in normal lung epithelial cells (HPL1D), we further showed that CVB3 specifically kills HPL1D-KRASG12V cells with minimal harm to HPL1D-EGFRL858R and control cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that aberrant activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and compromised type I interferon immune response in KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma cells serve as key factors contributing to the sensitivity to CVB3-induced cytotoxicity. Lastly, we conducted in vivo xenograft studies using two immunocompromised mouse models. Our results revealed that intratumoral injection of CVB3 results in a marked tumor regression of KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma in both non-obese diabetic (NOD) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) gamma (NSG) and NOD-SCID xenograft models. Together, our findings suggest that CVB3 is an excellent candidate to be further developed as a targeted therapy for KRASmut lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Deng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Vascular Surgery, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanya de Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - YuanChao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Junyan Qu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W.G. Jia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: William W. Lockwood, Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: Honglin Luo, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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Mucin-1 is required for Coxsackie Virus B3-induced inflammation in pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10656. [PMID: 31337812 PMCID: PMC6650496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Muc-1 oncoprotein is a tumor-associated mucin often overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. We report that knockout of Muc-1 reduced the degree of pancreatic inflammation that resulted from infection with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in a mouse model. CVB3-infected Muc-1-deficient (Muc-1KO) mice had significantly reduced infiltration of macrophages into the murine pancreas. We found that Muc-1 signaling through NF-κB increased expression of ICAM-1, a pro-inflammatory mediator that recruits macrophages. Further investigation revealed that bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from the Muc-1KO mice exhibited defective migration properties, in part due to low expression of the C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR2) and the integrin Very Late Antigen 4 (VLA-4). The results presented here provide novel insight into the role of Muc-1 in regulating the inflammatory response and the cellular microenvironment in pancreatitis.
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Wells AI, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: A Gut-Wrenching Game of Entry, Detection, and Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:E460. [PMID: 31117206 PMCID: PMC6563291 DOI: 10.3390/v11050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a major source of human disease, particularly in neonates and young children where infections can range from acute, self-limited febrile illness to meningitis, endocarditis, hepatitis, and acute flaccid myelitis. The enterovirus genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, enterovirus 71, and enterovirus D68. Enteroviruses primarily infect by the fecal-oral route and target the gastrointestinal epithelium early during their life cycles. In addition, spread via the respiratory tract is possible and some enteroviruses such as enterovirus D68 are preferentially spread via this route. Once internalized, enteroviruses are detected by intracellular proteins that recognize common viral features and trigger antiviral innate immune signaling. However, co-evolution of enteroviruses with humans has allowed them to develop strategies to evade detection or disrupt signaling. In this review, we will discuss how enteroviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract, the mechanisms by which cells detect enterovirus infections, and the strategies enteroviruses use to escape this detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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Maisch B. Cardio-Immunology of Myocarditis: Focus on Immune Mechanisms and Treatment Options. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:48. [PMID: 31032264 PMCID: PMC6473396 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy are syndromes, not aetiological disease entities. From animal models of cardiac inflammation we have detailed insight of the strain specific immune reactions based on the genetic background of the animal and the infectiosity of the virus. Innate and adaptive immunity also react in man. An aetiological diagnosis of a viral vs. a non-viral cause is possible by endomyocardial biopsy with histology, immunohistology and PCR for microbial agents. This review deals with the different etiologies of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy on the basis of the genetic background and the predisposition for inflammation. It analyses the epidemiologic shift in cardiotropic viral agents in the last 30 years. Based on the understanding of the interaction between infection and the players of the innate and adaptive immune system it summarizes pathogenetic phases and clinical faces of myocarditis. It gives an up-to-date information on specific treatment options beyond symptomatic heart failure and antiarrhythmic therapy. Although inflammation can resolve spontaneously, specific treatment directed to the causative etiology is often required. For fulminant, acute, and chronic autoreactive myocarditis without viral persistence immunosuppressive treatment can be life-saving, for viral inflammatory cardiomyopathy ivIg treatment can resolve inflammation and often eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Maisch
- Faculty of Medicine, and Heart and Vessel Center, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Tian L, Yang Y, Li C, Chen J, Li Z, Li X, Li S, Wu F, Hu Z, Yang Z. The cytotoxicity of coxsackievirus B3 is associated with a blockage of autophagic flux mediated by reduced syntaxin 17 expression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:242. [PMID: 29445155 PMCID: PMC5833838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an important human pathogen linked to cardiac arrhythmias and acute heart failure. CVB3 infection has been reported to induce the formation of autophagosomes that support the viral replication in host cells. Interestingly, our study shows that the accumulation of autophagosomes during CVB3 infection is caused by a blockage of autophagosome–lysosome fusion rather than the induction of autophagosome biogenesis. Moreover, CVB3 decreases the transcription and translation of syntaxin 17 (STX17), a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor) protein involved in autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Overexpression of STX17 restored the autophagic flux, alleviated the virus-induced lysosomal dysfunction, and decreased the apoptosis induced by CVB3 infection in HeLa cells. Taken together, our results suggest that CVB3 infection impairs the autophagic flux by blocking autophagosome–lysosome fusion. These findings thus point to potential new therapeutic strategies targeting STX17 or autophagosome–lysosome fusion for treating CVB3-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Yeyi Yang
- Department of Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuoying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Shentang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital and Field Surgery Institute, Third Military Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangxue Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital and Field Surgery Institute, Third Military Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China.
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Coxsackievirus B Escapes the Infected Cell in Ejected Mitophagosomes. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01347-17. [PMID: 28978702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01347-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common enterovirus that can cause various systemic inflammatory diseases. Because CVB lacks an envelope, it has been thought to be inherently cytolytic, wherein CVB can escape from the infected host cell only by causing it to rupture. In recent years, however, we and others have observed that various naked viruses, such as CVB, can trigger the release of infectious extracellular microvesicles (EMVs) that contain viral material. This mode of cellular escape has been suggested to allow the virus to be masked from the adaptive immune system. Additionally, we have previously reported that these viral EMVs have LC3, suggesting that they originated from autophagosomes. We now report that CVB-infected cells trigger DRP1-mediated fragmentation of mitochondria, which is a precursor to autophagic mitochondrial elimination (mitophagy). However, rather than being degraded by lysosomes, mitochondrion-containing autophagosomes are released from the cell. We believe that CVB localizes to mitochondria, induces mitophagy, and subsequently disseminates from the cell in an autophagosome-bound mitochondrion-virus complex. Suppressing the mitophagy pathway in HL-1 cardiomyocytes with either small interfering RNA (siRNA) or Mdivi-1 caused marked reduction in virus production. The findings in this study suggest that CVB subverts mitophagy machinery to support viral dissemination in released EMVs.IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus B (CVB) can cause a number of life-threatening inflammatory diseases. Though CVB is well known to disseminate via cytolysis, recent reports have revealed a second pathway in which CVB can become encapsulated in host membrane components to escape the cell in an exosome-like particle. Here we report that these membrane-bound structures derive from mitophagosomes. Blocking various steps in the mitophagy pathway reduced levels of intracellular and extracellular virus. Not only does this study reveal a novel mechanism of picornaviral dissemination, but also it sheds light on new therapeutic targets to treat CVB and potentially other picornaviral infections.
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Sesti-Costa R, Françozo MCS, Silva GK, Proenca-Modena JL, Silva JS. TLR3 is required for survival following Coxsackievirus B3 infection by driving T lymphocyte activation and polarization: The role of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185819. [PMID: 28973047 PMCID: PMC5626506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis, often leading to heart failure and pancreatic deficiency. The polarization of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their cytokine milieu are key factors in the outcome of CVB-induced diseases. Thus, sensing the virus and driving the adaptive immune response are essential for the establishment of a protective immune response. TLR3 is a crucial virus recognition receptor that confers the host with resistance to CVB infection. In the current study, we found that TLR3 expression in dendritic cells plays a role in their activation upon CVB3 infection in vitro, as TLR3-deficient dendritic cells up-regulate CD80 and CD86 to a less degree than WT cells. Instead, they up-regulated the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and secreted considerably lower levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and a higher level of IL-23. T lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture with CVB3-infected dendritic cells was increased by TLR3-expressing DCs and other cells. Furthermore, in the absence of TLR3, the T lymphocyte response was shifted toward a Th17 profile, which was previously reported to be deleterious for the host. TLR3-deficient mice were very susceptible to CVB3 infection, with increased pancreatic injury and extensive inflammatory infiltrate in the heart that was associated with uncontrolled viral replication. Adoptive transfer of TLR3+ dendritic cells slightly improved the survival of TLR-deficient mice following CVB3 infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of TLR3 signaling in DCs and in other cells to induce activation and polarization of the CD4+ T lymphocyte response toward a Th1 profile and consequently for a better outcome of CVB3 infection. These data provide new insight into the immune-mediated mechanisms by which CVBs are recognized and cleared in order to prevent the development of myocarditis and pancreatitis and may contribute to the design of therapies for enteroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Santiago Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grace Kelly Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kaese S, Larbig R, Rohrbeck M, Frommeyer G, Dechering D, Olligs J, Schönhofer-Merl S, Wessely R, Klingel K, Seebohm G, Eckardt L. Electrophysiological alterations in a murine model of chronic coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28644868 PMCID: PMC5482483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to induce acute and chronic myocarditis. Most infections are clinically unapparent but some patients suffer from ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Studies showed that acute CVB3 infection may cause impaired function of cardiac ion channels, creating a proarrhythmic substrate. However, it is unknown whether low level CVB3+ expression in myocytes may cause altered cardiac electrophysiology leading to VA. METHODS Cellular electrophysiology was used to analyze cellular action potentials (APs) and occurrence of afterdepolarizations from isolated cardiomyocytes of wildtype (WT) and transgenic CVB3ΔVP0 (CVB3+) mice. Further, we studied surface ECGs, monophasic APs, ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) and inducibility of VAs in Langendorff-perfused whole hearts. All used cardiomyocytes and whole hearts originated from male mice. RESULTS Cellular action potential duration (APD) in WT and CVB3+ myocytes was unchanged. No difference in mean occurrence or amplitude of afterdepolarizations in WT and CVB3+ myocytes was found. Interestingly, resting membrane potential in CVB3+ myocytes was significantly hyperpolarized (WT: -90.0±2.2 mV, n = 7; CVB3+: -114.1±3.0 mV, n = 14; p<0.005). Consistently, in Langendorff-perfused hearts, APDs were also not different between WT and CVB3+ whole hearts. Within both groups, we found a heart rate dependent shortening of ADP90 with increasing heart rate in Langendorff-perfused hearts. VERP was significantly prolonged in CVB3+ hearts compared to WT (WT: 36.0±2.7 ms, n = 5; CVB3+: 47.0±2.0 ms, n = 7; p = 0.018). Resting heart rate (HR) in Langendorff-perfused hearts was not significantly different between both genotypes. Electrical pacing protocols induced no VA in WT and CVB3+ hearts. CONCLUSION In CVB3+ mice, prolonged ventricular refractoriness and hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials in presence of unchanged APD were observed, suggesting that low level CVB3 expression does not promote VA by altered cardiac electrophysiology in this type of chronic myocarditis. These findings may suggest that other mechanisms such as chronic myocardial inflammation or fibrosis may account for arrhythmias observed in patients with chronic enteroviral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kaese
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Larbig
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Rohrbeck
- The IfGH-Myocellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerrit Frommeyer
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Dechering
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Olligs
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Schönhofer-Merl
- Deutsches Herzzentrum and Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Wessely
- Deutsches Herzzentrum and Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
- Zentrum für Herz- und Gefäßmedizin, Im Mediapark 2, Köln, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- The IfGH-Myocellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Gorelick FS, Lerch MM. Do Animal Models of Acute Pancreatitis Reproduce Human Disease? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:251-262. [PMID: 28752114 PMCID: PMC5518169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is currently the most common cause of hospital admission among all nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases. To understand the pathophysiology of the disease and as a potential step toward developing targeted therapies, attempts to induce the disease experimentally began more than 100 years ago. Recent decades have seen progress in developing new experimental pancreatitis models as well as elucidating many underlying cell biological and pathophysiological disease mechanisms. Some models have been developed to reflect specific causes of acute pancreatitis in human beings. However, the paucity of data relating to the molecular mechanisms of human disease, the likelihood that multiple genetic and environmental factors affect the risk of disease development and its severity, and the limited information regarding the natural history of disease in human beings make it difficult to evaluate the value of disease models. Here, we provide an overview of key models and discuss our views on their strengths for characterizing cell biological disease mechanisms or for identifying potential therapeutic targets. We also acknowledge their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred S. Gorelick
- Yale University Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Fred S. Gorelick, MD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System/Yale University Medical School, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, Connecticut 06516. fax: (203) 937-3852.VA Connecticut Healthcare System/Yale University Medical School950 Campbell AvenueWest HavenConnecticut 06516
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Husain SZ, Srinath AI. What's unique about acute pancreatitis in children: risk factors, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:366-372. [PMID: 28293024 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis in children is an appreciable problem that has become increasingly prevalent. This Review covers the principles related to the definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis in children and identifies features that are unique among children. Additionally, knowledge gaps related to management principles are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Z Husain
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Arvind I Srinath
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
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49
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Hankaniemi MM, Laitinen OH, Stone VM, Sioofy-Khojine A, Määttä JAE, Larsson PG, Marjomäki V, Hyöty H, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hytönen VP. Optimized production and purification of Coxsackievirus B1 vaccine and its preclinical evaluation in a mouse model. Vaccine 2017; 35:3718-3725. [PMID: 28579231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie B viruses are among the most common enteroviruses, causing a wide range of diseases. Recent studies have also suggested that they may contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Vaccination would provide an effective way to prevent CVB infections, and the objective of this study was to develop an efficient vaccine production protocol for the generation of novel CVB vaccines. Various steps in the production of a formalin-inactivated Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) vaccine were optimized including the Multiplicity Of Infection (MOI) used for virus amplification, virus cultivation time, type of cell growth medium, virus purification method and formulation of the purified virus. Safety and immunogenicity of the formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine was characterized in a mouse model. Two of the developed methods were found to be optimal for virus purification: the first employed PEG-precipitation followed by gelatin-chromatography and sucrose cushion pelleting (three-step protocol), yielding 19-fold increase in virus concentration (0.06µg/cm2) as compared to gold standard method. The second method utilized tandem sucrose pelleting without a PEG precipitation step, yielding 83-fold increase in virus concentration (0.24µg/cm2), but it was more labor-intensive and cannot be efficiently scaled up. Both protocols provide radically higher virus yields compared with traditional virus purification protocols involving PEG-precipitation and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Formalin inactivation of CVB1 produced a vaccine that induced a strong, virus-neutralizing antibody response in vaccinated mice, which protected against challenge with CVB1 virus. Altogether, these results provide valuable information for the development of new enterovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Virginia M Stone
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amirbabak Sioofy-Khojine
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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50
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Echovirus 6 Infects Human Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Cells and Induces Pro-Inflammatory Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2017; 9:v9020025. [PMID: 28146100 PMCID: PMC5332944 DOI: 10.3390/v9020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEV), especially coxsackievirus serotype B (CVB) and echovirus (E), have been associated with diseases of both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas, but so far evidence on HEV infection in human pancreas has been reported only in islets and ductal cells. This study aimed to investigate the capability of echovirus strains to infect human exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cells. Infection of explanted human islets and exocrine cells with seven field strains of E6 caused cytopathic effect, virus titer increase and production of HEV protein VP1 in both cell types. Virus particles were found in islets and acinar cells infected with E6. No cytopathic effect or infectious progeny production was observed in exocrine cells exposed to the beta cell-tropic strains of E16 and E30. Endocrine cells responded to E6, E16 and E30 by upregulating the transcription of interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IF1H1), 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), interferon-β (IFN-β), chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5). Echovirus 6, but not E16 or E30, led to increased transcription of these genes in exocrine cells. These data demonstrate for the first time that human exocrine cells represent a target for E6 infection and suggest that certain HEV serotypes can replicate in human pancreatic exocrine cells, while the pancreatic endocrine cells are permissive to a wider range of HEV.
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