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Dai X, Ai Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Kang N, Zhang T, Tao Y. Multiple exposure pathways and health risk assessment of PAHs in Lanzhou city, a semi-arid region in northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118867. [PMID: 38593936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In the sparse studies for multiple pathway exposure, attention has predominantly been directed towards developed regions, thereby overlooking the exposure level and health outcome for the inhabitants of the semi-arid regions in northwest China. However, cities within these regions grapple with myriad challenges, encompassing insufficient sanitation infrastructure and outdated heating. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in PM2.5, water, diet, and dust during different periods in Lanzhou, and estimated corresponding carcinogenic health risk through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Our observations revealed the concentrations of PAHs in PM2.5, food, soil, and water are 200.11 ng m-3, 8.67 mg kg-1, 3.91 mg kg-1, and 14.5 ng L-1, respectively, indicating that the Lanzhou area was seriously polluted. Lifetime incremental cancer risk (ILCR) showed a heightened cancer risk to men compared to women, to the younger than the elderly, and during heating period as opposed to non-heating period. Notably, the inhalation was the primary route of PAHs exposure and the risk of exposure by inhalation cannot be ignored. The total environmental exposure assessment of PAHs can achieve accurate prevention and control of PAHs environmental exposure according to local conditions and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dai
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yunrui Ai
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yancong Wu
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zhenglei Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Ning Kang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yan Tao
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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2
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Zhou RX, Liao HJ, Hu JJ, Xiong H, Cai XY, Ye DW. Global Burden of Lung Cancer Attributable to Household Fine Particulate Matter Pollution in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990 to 2019. J Thorac Oncol 2024; 19:883-897. [PMID: 38311022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Household particulate matter (PM) air pollution is substantially associated with lung cancer. Nevertheless, the global burden of lung cancer attributable to household PM2.5 is still uncertain. METHODS In this study, data from the Global Burden and Disease Study 2019 are used to thoroughly assess the burden of lung cancer associated with household PM2.5. RESULTS The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to household PM2.5 was found to be 0.08 million and 1.94 million, respectively in 2019. Nevertheless, the burden of lung cancer attributable to household PM2.5 decreased from 1990 to 2019. At the sociodemographic index (SDI) district level, the middle SDI region had the most number of lung cancer deaths and DALYs attributable to household PM2.5. Moreover, the burden of lung cancer was mainly distributed in low-SDI regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Conversely, in high-SDI regions, the age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized DALY rate of lung cancer attributable to household PM2.5 exhibit the most rapid declines. The burden of lung cancer attributable to household PM2.5 is heavier for men than for women. The sex difference is more obvious in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of lung cancer attributable to household PM2.5 has exhibited a declining trend from 1990 to 2019 owing to a concurrent decline in household PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Xuan Zhou
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jin Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xiong
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Yu Cai
- Department of VIP Inpatient, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Chen KM, Sun YW, Hu J, Balogh K, Gowda K, Aliaga C, Sun D, Christensen N, Amin S, El-Bayoumy K. Gender Difference in DNA Damage Induced by the Environmental Carcinogen Dibenzo[ def,p]chrysene Individually and in Combination with Mouse Papillomavirus Infection in the Mouse Oral Cavity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8434-8438. [PMID: 38405470 PMCID: PMC10882652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and human papillomavirus infection are established etiological agents in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The incidence and mortality of HNSCC are higher in men than women. To provide biochemical basis for sex differences, we tested the hypothesis that carcinogen treatment using dibenzo[def,p]chrysene, which is an environmental pollutant and tobacco smoke constituent, in the absence or presence of the mouse papillomavirus infection results in significantly higher levels of DNA damage in the oral cavity in male than in female mice. However, the results of the present investigation do not support our hypothesis since we found that females were more susceptible to carcinogen-induced covalent DNA damage than males independent of the viral infection. Since DNA damage represents only a single-step in the carcinogenesis process, additional factors may contribute to sex differences in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The
Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Karla Balogh
- The
Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department
of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Cesar Aliaga
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department
of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Neil Christensen
- The
Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department
of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
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4
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Blechter B, Wong JYY, Hu W, Cawthon R, Downward GS, Portengen L, Zhang Y, Ning B, Rahman ML, Ji BT, Li J, Yang K, Dean Hosgood H, Silverman DT, Huang Y, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Lan Q. Exposure to smoky coal combustion emissions and leukocyte Alu retroelement copy number. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:404-410. [PMID: 37119119 PMCID: PMC10414142 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) from indoor combustion of solid fuel is a global health burden that has been linked to multiple diseases including lung cancer. In Xuanwei, China, lung cancer rate for non-smoking women is among the highest in the world and largely attributed to high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are produced from combustion of smoky (bituminous) coal. Alu retroelements, repetitive mobile DNA sequences that can somatically multiply and promote genomic instability have been associated with risk of lung cancer and diesel engine exhaust exposure. We conducted analyses for 160 non-smoking women in an exposure assessment study in Xuanwei, China with a repeat sample from 49 subjects. Quantitative PCR was used to measure Alu repeat copy number relative to albumin gene copy number (Alu/ALB ratio). Associations between clusters derived from predicted levels of 43 HAP constituents, 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), a PAH previously associated with lung cancer in Xuanwei and was selected a priori for analysis, and Alu repeats were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. A cluster of 31 PAHs reflecting current exposure was associated with increased Alu copy number (β:0.03 per standard deviation change; 95% confidence interval (CI):0.01,0.04; P-value = 2E-04). One compound within this cluster, 5-MC, was also associated with increased Alu copy number (P-value = 0.02). Our findings suggest that exposure to PAHs due to indoor smoky coal combustion may contribute to genomic instability. Additionally, our study provides further support for 5-MC as a prominent carcinogenic component of smoky coal emissions. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batel Blechter
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jason Y Y Wong
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Cawthon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - George S Downward
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bofu Ning
- Xuanwei Center of Diseases Control, Xuanwei, Yunnan, China
| | - Mohammad L Rahman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jihua Li
- Quijing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Quijing, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyun Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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5
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Lee J, Hong S, Kim T, Park SY, Cha J, Kim Y, Gwak J, Lee S, Moon HB, Hu W, Wang T, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Identification of AhR agonists in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas using advanced effect-directed analysis and in silico prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128908. [PMID: 35500338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists were identified in coastal sediments in the Yellow and Bohai Seas by use of a combination of effect-directed analysis (EDA) and in silico prediction. A total of 125 sediments were screened for AhR-mediated potencies using H4IIE-luc bioassay. Great potencies were observed in organic extracts, mid-polar fraction (F2), and subfractions of F2 (F2.6-F2.9) of sediments collected from Nantong, Qinhuangdao, and Yancheng. Less than 15% AhR potencies could be explained by detected dioxin-like PAHs. Full-scan screening analysis was conducted for the more potent fractions using GC-QTOFMS to investigate the presence of unmonitored AhR agonists. A five-step prioritization strategy was applied; 92 candidate compounds satisfied all criteria. Among these chemicals, thirteen were evaluated for AhR efficacy. Six compounds; benz[b]anthracene, 6-methylchrysene, 2-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 1-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene, exhibited significant AhR-mediated efficacies. 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene were identified as novel AhR agonists. Potency balance analysis showed that the six newly identified AhR agonists explained 0.4-100% of the total AhR-mediated potencies determined. Overall, combining EDA and in silico prediction applied in this study demonstrated the benefits of assessing the potential toxic effects of previously unidentified AhR agonists in sediments from the coasts of China and Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yeong Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Gwak
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Nguyen K, Pitiranggon M, Wu HC, John EM, Santella RM, Terry MB, Yan B. Improvement on recovery and reproducibility for quantifying urinary mono-hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1192:123113. [PMID: 35114472 PMCID: PMC8884719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and reproducible measurements of multiple polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in urinary samples are required to evaluate the complex health effects of PAH exposure. Here, we demonstrate a highly practical, automated off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) of deconjugated hydroxylated PAHs followed by LC-MS/MS to simultaneously measure eight mono-hydroxylated PAH compounds: 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2&3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene. Initially, we observed low recovery rates (e.g., 16% for 1-hydroxypyrene) when using previously published methods. We optimized the procedure by choosing polymeric absorbent-based cartridges, automating the sample loading step by diluting samples with 15% methanol/sodium acetate, and most importantly, replacing acetonitrile with methanol as the eluting solvent. Optimized sample preparation has improved the recovery rates to more than 69% for analytes of interest. This improvement led to higher method sensitivity and detection frequency, especially for 1-hydroxypyrene, in all of 100 urine samples collected in the New York City site of the Legacy Girls Study. The limits of detection ranged from 7.6 pg/mL to 20.3 pg/mL using 1 mL of urine, compared to the 2 mL required in CDC, method 09-OD. The average coefficients of variance of quality control samples (n = 60) ranged between 7 and 21%; variance of repeated measurements (n = 45) was less than 10%. This efficient and reliable method for measuring PAH metabolites will greatly benefit epidemiology studies and biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue Nguyen
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther M. John
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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7
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Qin N, Zhu Y, Zhong Y, Tian J, Li J, Chen L, Fan R, Wei F. External Exposure to BTEX, Internal Biomarker Response, and Health Risk Assessment of Nonoccupational Populations near a Coking Plant in Southwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020847. [PMID: 35055669 PMCID: PMC8775548 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) have raised increasing concern due to their adverse effects on human health. In this study, a coking factory and four communities nearby were selected as the research area. Atmospheric BTEX samples were collected and determined by a preconcentrator GC-MS method. Four biomarkers in the morning urine samples of 174 participants from the communities were measured by LC-MS. The health risks of BTEX exposure via inhalation were estimated. This study aimed to investigate the influence of external BTEX exposure on the internal biomarker levels and quantitatively evaluate the health risk of populations near the coking industry. The results showed that the average total BTEX concentration in residential area was 7.17 ± 7.24 μg m-3. Trans,trans-muconic acid (T,T-MA) was the urinary biomarker with the greatest average level (127 ± 285 μg g-1 crt). Similar spatial trends can be observed between atmospheric benzene concentration and internal biomarker levels. The mean values of the LCR for male and female residents were 2.15 × 10-5 and 2.05 × 10-5, respectively. The results of the risk assessment indicated that special attention was required for the non-occupational residents around the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (F.W.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (F.W.)
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yan Zhong
- Anshan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Liaoning Province, Anshan 114000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Jing Tian
- Anshan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Liaoning Province, Anshan 114000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Jihua Li
- Qujing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qujing 655011, China;
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China;
- Air Pollution Control Engineering Laboratory of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Fusheng Wei
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (N.Q.); (F.W.)
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
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8
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Wong JY, Vermeulen R, Dai Y, Hu W, Martin WK, Warren SH, Liberatore HK, Ren D, Duan H, Niu Y, Xu J, Fu W, Meliefste K, Yang J, Ye M, Jia X, Meng T, Bassig BA, Hosgood HD, Choi J, Rahman ML, Walker DI, Zheng Y, Mumford J, Silverman DT, Rothman N, DeMarini DM, Lan Q. Elevated urinary mutagenicity among those exposed to bituminous coal combustion emissions or diesel engine exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:458-470. [PMID: 34331495 PMCID: PMC8511344 DOI: 10.1002/em.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urinary mutagenicity reflects systemic exposure to complex mixtures of genotoxic/carcinogenic agents and is linked to tumor development. Coal combustion emissions (CCE) and diesel engine exhaust (DEE) are associated with cancers of the lung and other sites, but their influence on urinary mutagenicity is unclear. We investigated associations between exposure to CCE or DEE and urinary mutagenicity. In two separate cross-sectional studies of nonsmokers, organic extracts of urine were evaluated for mutagenicity levels using strain YG1041 in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay. First, we compared levels among 10 female bituminous (smoky) coal users from Laibin, Xuanwei, China, and 10 female anthracite (smokeless) coal users. We estimated exposure-response relationships using indoor air concentrations of two carcinogens in CCE relevant to lung cancer, 5-methylchrysene (5MC), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Second, we compared levels among 20 highly exposed male diesel factory workers and 15 unexposed male controls; we evaluated exposure-response relationships using elemental carbon (EC) as a DEE-surrogate. Age-adjusted linear regression was used to estimate associations. Laibin smoky coal users had significantly higher average urinary mutagenicity levels compared to smokeless coal users (28.4 ± 14.0 SD vs. 0.9 ± 2.8 SD rev/ml-eq, p = 2 × 10-5 ) and a significant exposure-response relationship with 5MC (p = 7 × 10-4 ). DEE-exposed workers had significantly higher urinary mutagenicity levels compared to unexposed controls (13.0 ± 10.1 SD vs. 5.6 ± 4.4 SD rev/ml-eq, p = .02) and a significant exposure-response relationship with EC (p-trend = 2 × 10-3 ). Exposure to CCE and DEE is associated with urinary mutagenicity, suggesting systemic exposure to mutagens, potentially contributing to cancer risk and development at various sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y.Y. Wong
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of
Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - W. Kyle Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dianzhi Ren
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Chaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Hong Kong University, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Fu
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Chaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kees Meliefste
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of
Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jufang Yang
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Chaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bryan A. Bassig
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - H. Dean Hosgood
- Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer
Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mohammad L. Rahman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Judy Mumford
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
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9
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Tooker BC, Quinn K, Armstrong M, Bauer AK, Reisdorph N. Comparing the effects of an exposure to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture versus individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during monocyte to macrophage differentiation: Mixture exposure results in altered immune metrics. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1568-1583. [PMID: 33559210 PMCID: PMC8349383 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated by the incomplete combustion of carbon. Exposures correlate with systemic immune dysfunction and overall immune suppression. Real-world exposures to PAHs are almost always encountered as mixtures; however, research overwhelmingly centers on isolated exposures to a single PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Here, a human monocyte line (U937) was exposed to B[a]P, benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A), or a mixture of six PAHs (6-MIX) to assess the differential toxicity on monocytes. Further, monocytes were exposed to PAHs with and without CYP1A1 inhibitors during macrophage differentiation to delineate PAH exposure and PAH metabolism-driven alterations to the immune response. U937 monocytes exposed to B[a]P, B[a]A, or 6-MIX had higher levels of cellular health and growth not observed following equimolar exposures to other individual PAHs. PAH exposures during differentiation did not alter monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) numbers; however, B[a]A and 6-MIX exposures significantly altered M1/M2 polarization in a CYP1A1-dependent manner. U937-MDM adherence was differentially suppressed by all three PAH treatments with 6-MIX exposed U937-MDM having significantly more adhesion than U937-MDM exposed to either individual PAH. Finally, 6-MIX exposures during differentiation reduced U937-MDM endocytic function significantly less than B[a]A exposed cells. Exposure to a unique PAH mixture during U937-MDM differentiation resulted in mixture-specific alterations of pro-inflammatory markers compared to individual PAH exposures. While subtle, these differences highlight the probability that using a model PAH, B[a]P, may not accurately reflect the effects of PAH mixture exposures. Therefore, future studies should include various PAH mixtures that encompass probable real-world PAH exposures for the endpoints under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Tooker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alison K. Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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10
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Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:199-210. [PMID: 33877536 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ16PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ16PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.
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11
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Pulmonary Inflammation and KRAS Mutation in Lung Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33788188 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung infection and lung cancer are two of the most important pulmonary diseases. Respiratory infection and its associated inflammation have been increasingly investigated for their role in increasing the risk of respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) is one of the most important regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. KRAS mutations are among the most common drivers of cancer. Lung cancer harboring KRAS mutations accounted for ~25% of the incidence but the relationship between KRAS mutation and inflammation remains unclear. In this chapter, we will describe the roles of KRAS mutation in lung cancer and how elevated inflammatory responses may increase KRAS mutation rate and create a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and KRAS mutation that likely results in persistent potentiation for KRAS-associated lung tumorigenesis. We will discuss in this chapter regarding the studies of KRAS gene mutations in specimens from lung cancer patients and in animal models for investigating the role of inflammation in increasing the risk of lung tumorigenesis driven primarily by oncogenic KRAS.
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12
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Che X, Dai W. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: Its Regulation and Roles in Transformation and Tumorigenesis. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:625-634. [PMID: 30411679 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181109092225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AhR is an environmental response gene that mediates cellular responses to a variety of xenobiotic compounds that frequently function as AhR ligands. Many AhR ligands are classified as carcinogens or pro-carcinogens. Thus, AhR itself acts as a major mediator of the carcinogenic effect of many xenobiotics in vivo. In this concise review, mechanisms by which AhR trans-activates downstream target gene expression, modulates immune responses, and mediates malignant transformation and tumor development are discussed. Moreover, activation of AhR by post-translational modifications and crosstalk with other transcription factors or signaling pathways are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Che
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10010, United States
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10010, United States
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13
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Zhu Y, Duan X, Qin N, Li J, Tian J, Zhong Y, Chen L, Fan R, Yu Y, Wu G, Wei F. Internal biomarkers and external estimation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationships with cancer mortality in a high cancer incidence area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:742-750. [PMID: 31255812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate internal biomarkers and external estimation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a high cancer mortality area in southeast China and identify which of these showed a stronger association of PAH with cancer mortality. A retrospective death survey was conducted to determine the mortality rate of cancer. Cumulative and aggregate external exposures to PAHs of local residents were estimated by field sampling. Three regions in southwest China with gradient PAH exposure levels from high to low (H, M, and L) were selected in this study. Research participants were selected from these three regions using a statistical sampling method. To determine the internal exposure, urinary OH-PAHs were measured using the first morning urine samples. From the retrospective death survey, the highest age-standardized lung cancer mortality rate occurred in Region H (78 per 100,000 person-years), followed by that in Regions M (33 per 100,000 person-years) and L (15 per 100,000 person-years), and the rate was nearly four times China's national mortality rate (20 per 100,000 person-years). Residents estimated daily aggregate exposure doses per unit body weight to carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentration were 159 ± 14 ng-kg-1-day-1, 7.41 ± 2.76 ng-kg-1-day-1, and 6.13 ± 2.89 ng-kg-1-day-1 in Region H, M, and L, respectively. The participants in Region M had the greatest urinary OH-PAH concentration (9.10 ± 4.92 μg-g-1 crt), followed by Region H (8.01 ± 4.22 μg-g-1 crt) and L (7.12 ± 3.10 μg-g-1 crt). The spatial difference in the total OH-PAHs was not statistically significant. Aggregate and cumulative exposure to 16 PAHs from external routes were found, and external exposure had a stringer relationship with lung cancer mortality than internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jihua Li
- Qujing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Anshan Environmental Monitoring Center, Anshan 114000, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Anshan Environmental Monitoring Center, Anshan 114000, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yang Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guoping Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
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14
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Vermeulen R, Downward GS, Zhang J, Hu W, Portengen L, Bassig BA, Hammond SK, Wong JYY, Li J, Reiss B, He J, Tian L, Yang K, Seow WJ, Xu J, Anderson K, Ji BT, Silverman D, Chanock S, Huang Y, Rothman N, Lan Q. Constituents of Household Air Pollution and Risk of Lung Cancer among Never-Smoking Women in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97001. [PMID: 31487206 PMCID: PMC6792381 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer rates among never-smoking women in Xuanwei and Fuyuan in China are among the highest in the world and have been attributed to the domestic use of smoky (bituminous) coal for heating and cooking. However, the key components of coal that drive lung cancer risk have not been identified. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the relationship between lifelong exposure to the constituents of smoky coal (and other fuel types) and lung cancer. METHODS Using a population-based case-control study of lung cancer among 1,015 never-smoking female cases and 485 controls, we examined the association between exposure to 43 household air pollutants and lung cancer. Pollutant predictions were derived from a comprehensive exposure assessment study, which included methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have never been directly evaluated in an epidemiological study of any cancer. Hierarchical clustering and penalized regression were applied in order to address high colinearity in exposure variables. RESULTS The strongest association with lung cancer was for a cluster of 25 PAHs [odds ratio (OR): 2.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.67, 2.87 per 1 standard deviation (SD) change], within which 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), a mutagenic and carcinogenic PAH, had the highest individual observed OR (5.42; 95% CI: 0.94, 27.5). A positive association with nitrogen dioxide ([Formula: see text]) was also observed (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.49). By contrast, neither benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) nor fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) were associated with lung cancer in the multipollutant models. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the association between lung cancer and household air pollution (HAP) constituents estimated over the entire life course. Given the global ubiquity of coal use domestically for indoor cooking and heating and commercially for electric power generation, our study suggests that more extensive monitoring of coal combustion products, including methylated PAHs, may be warranted to more accurately assess health risks and develop prevention strategies from this exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jason Y Y Wong
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jihua Li
- Qujing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Boris Reiss
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
| | - Jun He
- Qujing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaiyun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kim Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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15
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Fu Z, Li Y, Chu J, Sun J, Lu Z, Zhang J, Chen X, Zhang G, Xue F, Guo X, Xu A. Lung cancer mortality clusters in urban and rural areas of Shandong Province, China: A spatial scan statistical analysis. PRECISION RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pro6.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Fu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Yingmei Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Jinan Jinan China
| | - Jie Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Jiandong Sun
- School of Public Health and Social WorkQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Zilong Lu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Gaohui Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- School of Public HealthShandong University Jinan China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan China
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16
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Zhu Y, Duan X, Qin N, Lv J, Wu G, Wei F. Health risk from dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a typical high cancer incidence area in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:731-738. [PMID: 30176483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to test whether the dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a potential exposure source relating to the high cancer incidence area in southwest China. Duplicate plate method was used to collect food samples in rural and urban sites in the region. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among 300 local residents to obtain their dietary habits and 50 subjects were chosen to collect the samples. The 16 priority PAHs (PAH16) in composite food samples for each individual subject were measured, and non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were analyzed based on the results of Monte Carlo method. The average concentration of the PAH16 in food samples was 12.04 ± 8.52 ng g-1. The life time average daily benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) exposure dose was 6.07 × 10-6 mg kg-1 day-1. Although non-carcinogenic risk was found to be within a controllable range, the average incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was 3.7 × 10-5 for rural subjects and 6.1 × 10-5 for urban subjects, which is comparable with other regions in China. The serious risk level of 10-4 was exceeded by 10.7% of urban residents and 2.1% of rural residents. This study implies that dietary exposure to PAHs is a potential exposure source to the high cancer in the region, and further cancer risk control strategies need to be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Guoping Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
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17
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Li J, Ran J, Chen LC, Costa M, Huang Y, Chen X, Tian L. Bituminous coal combustion and Xuan Wei Lung cancer: a review of the epidemiology, intervention, carcinogens, and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:573-583. [PMID: 30649585 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution from bituminous coal combustion has been linked to the extremely high lung cancer rates of nonsmoking women in Xuan Wei County, Yunnan Province, China. Venting the smoke outdoors by installing chimneys was found to be effective at reducing the lung cancer risk in a cohort study of 21,232 farmers in central Xuan Wei. However, the lung cancer mortality rates in all 1.2 million residents of Xuan Wei have been increasing dramatically over the last four decades. It was higher than that in Yunnan Province and China overall, with significant heterogeneities in the geographic patterns of Xuan Wei. Intervention measures targeting certain types of coal or certain carcinogenic components in coal smoke need to be explored. To inform targeted intervention policies, it is essential to pinpoint the specific substance (particulate matter, organic extract, PAHs, free radicals, crystalline silica, and inorganic matter) that might account for the carcinogenicity of bituminous coal smoke. Exploring the underlying carcinogenesis mechanisms would also contribute to the intervention and control of the lung cancer epidemic in Xuan Wei, China. Here we review the suspected carcinogens and carcinogenesis mechanisms and discuss future research directions towards a better understanding of the etiology of lung cancer in Xuan Wei, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Jinjun Ran
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Cancer Research Institute of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Cancer Research Institute of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linwei Tian
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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18
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Wong JYY, Downward GS, Hu W, Portengen L, Seow WJ, Silverman DT, Bassig BA, Zhang J, Xu J, Ji BT, Li J, He J, Yang K, Tian L, Shen M, Huang Y, Vermeulen R, Rothman N, Lan Q. Lung cancer risk by geologic coal deposits: A case-control study of female never-smokers from Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2918-2927. [PMID: 30511435 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coal types vary around the world because of geochemical differences in their source deposits; however, the influence of coal emissions from different deposits on human health remains unexplored. To address this issue, we conducted the first study of the relationship between coal use from various deposits and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, counties in China where lung cancer rates are among the highest in the world among female never-smokers due to use of bituminous ("smoky") coal for heating and cooking. We conducted a population-based case-control study of 1031 lung cancer cases and 493 controls among never-smoking women in Xuanwei and Fuyuan. Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between coal use from various deposits across the lifecourse and lung cancer risk. There was substantial heterogeneity in risks by coal deposit (p = 7.8E-05). Compared to non-smoky coal users, risks by smoky coal deposit ranged from OR = 7.49 (95% CI: 3.43-16.38) to OR = 33.40 (95% CI: 13.07-85.34). Further, women born into homes that used smoky coal and subsequently changed to non-smoky coal had a higher risk (OR = 10.83 (95% CI: 4.61-25.46)) than women born into homes that used non-smoky coal and changed to smoky coal (OR = 4.74 (95% CI: 2.03-11.04, pdifference = 0.04)). Our study demonstrates that various sources of coal have considerably different impact on lung cancer in this population and suggests that early-life exposure to carcinogenic emissions may exert substantial influence on health risks later in life. These factors should be considered when evaluating the health risks posed by exposure to coal combustion emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Y Wong
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jihua Li
- Qujing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun He
- Qujing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyun Yang
- Kunming Tumor Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Min Shen
- Caromont Inpatient Physicians, Gastonia, NC, USA
| | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Keohavong P, Lan Q, Gao W. p53 and K-ras mutations in lung tissues and sputum samples of individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in Xuan Wei County, China. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:70-74. [PMID: 29704996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer mortality in Xuan Wei County (XWC) is among the highest in China. Lung cancer in XWC is associated with exposure, in poorly vented homes, to coal smoke containing high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We have previously investigated mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras oncogene in lung carcinomas and in sputum samples from individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in XWC. This paper summarizes the results concerning p53 and K-ras mutations from these studies, in relation to mutations found in lung cancer patients not exposed to smoky coal emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phouthone Keohavong
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
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Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China, are the highest in the world. This study attempts to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to lung adenocarcinoma in Xuanwei. The expression profiles of eight paired lung adenocarcinoma tissues and corresponding nontumor tissues were acquired by microarrays. Functional annotations of DEGs were carried out by bioinformatics analysis. The results of the microarrays were further verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RTq-PCR). A total of 5290 genes were classified as DEGs in lung adenocarcinoma in Xuanwei; 3325 genes were upregulated and 1965 genes were downregulated, whereas the expression of the other 11 970 genes did not change. These DEGs are involved in a wide range of cancer-related processes, which include cell division, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and DNA replication, and in many pathways such as the p53 signaling pathway, the MAPK pathway, the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, the hedgehog signaling pathway, and the non-small-cell lung cancer pathway. The tendency of changes in the expression of 12 selected DEGs (five downregulated genes, PIK3R1, RARB, HGF, MAPK11, and SESN1, and seven upregulated genes, PAK1, E2F1, CCNE1, EGF, CDC25A, PTTG1, and UHRF1) in RTq-PCR was consistent with the expression profiling data. Expression of PAK1 was significantly increased in the low differentiation group (P=0.031), whereas expression of HGF was significantly decreased in the low differentiation group (P=0.045). RARB and MAPK11 were significantly increased in the nonsmoker group (P=0.033 and 0.040, respectively). A large number of DEGs in lung adenocarcinoma in Xuanwei have been detected, which may enable us to understand the pathogenesis and lay an important foundation for the prevention and treatment of lung adenocarcinoma in Xuanwei.
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21
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Li SQ, Ni HG, Zeng H. PAHs in polystyrene food contact materials: An unintended consequence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1126-1131. [PMID: 28787787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eight low-ring PAHs were detected in 21 polystyrene (PS) food contact materials (FCMs) samples while high-ring PAHs (>4 rings) were not found. This is because the reaction pathway for formation of high-ring PAHs consists of more steps than it does for low-high PAHs. The concentrations of Σ8PAH were from 18.9±5.16ng/g for product colorless fruit fork to 476±52.0ng/g for foam instant noodle container. These data were far beyond levels of PAHs in other plastics. Of the eight PAHs detected, Phe had the highest average concentration, followed by Nap. These two PAHs collectively accounted for over 80% of the Σ8PAH concentrations in all PS FCMs. Levels of Σ8PAH in expanded PS FCMs were higher than those in extruded ones due to utilization of foaming agent. The concentrations of Σ8PAH were lower in colorless PS FCMs than in colored ones. Auxochromes and chromophores contributed to the change of short-chain hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbon. Simulated migration values of PAHs from PS FCMs to food varied widely. The migration value of Σ8PAH with maximum probability was below 10ng/g, which the maximum tolerated migration level for substance according to the European Union standards. However, higher migration values were possible and the potential health risk should still be concerned because the simulated migration displayed a log-normal distribution. Furthermore, water was used as food simulant would always lead to an underestimate of PAHs migration to real daily food, and then lead to an underestimate of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Fu Z, Li Y, Lu Z, Chu J, Sun J, Zhang J, Zhang G, Xue F, Guo X, Xu A. Lung cancer mortality clusters in Shandong Province, China: how do they change over 40 years? Oncotarget 2017; 8:88770-88781. [PMID: 29179474 PMCID: PMC5687644 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has long been a major health problem in China. This study aimed to examine the temporal trend and spatial pattern of lung cancer mortality in Shandong Province from 1970 to 2013. Lung cancer mortality data were obtained from Shandong Death Registration System and three nationwide retrospective cause-of-death surveys. A Purely Spatial Scan Statistics method with Discrete Poisson models was used to detect possible high-risk spatial clusters. The results show that lung cancer mortality rate in Shandong Province increased markedly from 1970-1974 (7.22 per 100,000 person-years) to 2011-2013 (56.37/100, 000). This increase was associated with both demographic and non-demographic factors. Several significant spatial clusters with high lung cancer mortality were identified. The most likely cluster was located in the northern region of Shandong Province during both 1970-1974 and 2011-2013. It appears the spatial pattern remained largely consistent over the last 40 years despite the absolute increase in the mortality rates. These findings will help develop intervention strategies to reduce lung cancer mortality in this large Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Fu
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yingmei Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zilong Lu
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Chu
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Sun
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Gaohui Zhang
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Department for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
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Lui KH, Dai WT, Chan CS, Tian L, Ning BF, Zhou Y, Song X, Wang B, Li J, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Ho KF. Cancer risk from gaseous carbonyl compounds in indoor environment generated from household coal combustion in Xuanwei, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17500-17510. [PMID: 28593548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Airborne carbonyls were characterized from emitted indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Eleven of 19 types of samples (58%) demonstrated formaldehyde concentrations higher than the World Health Organization exposure limit (a 30-min average of 100 μg m-3). Different positive significant correlations between glyoxal/methylglyoxal and formaldehyde/acetaldehyde concentrations were observed, suggesting possible different characteristics in emissions between two pairs of carbonyl compounds. A sample in the highest inhalation risk shows 29.2 times higher risk than the lowest sample, suggesting different coal sampling locations could contribute to the variation of inhalation risk. Inhabitants in Xuanwei also tend to spend more time cooking and more days per year indoors than the national average. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 2.2-63 × 10-5, which shows 13 types of samples at high-risk level. Cumulative effect in combination with different carbonyls could have contributed to the additive actual inhalation cancer risk. There is a need to explicitly address the health effects of environmentally relevant doses, considering life-long exposure in indoor dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Hei Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Ting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Chi-Sing Chan
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo-Fu Ning
- Xuanwei City Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Chronic Non-infectious Disease Control Department, Xuanwei, 655400, China
| | - Yiping Zhou
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
| | - Xiaolin Song
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jinwen Li
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
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Lui KH, Bandowe BAM, Tian L, Chan CS, Cao JJ, Ning Z, Lee SC, Ho KF. Cancer risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter generated from household coal combustion in Xuanwei, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:660-668. [PMID: 27912191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives (oxygenated PAHs: OPAHs and azaarenes: AZAs) were characterized in fine particulates (PM2.5) emitted from indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. A sample from the community with the highest mortality contained the highest total concentration of PAHs, OPAHs and AZAs and posed the highest excess cancer risk from a lifetime of inhaling fine particulates. Positive correlations between total carbonyl-OPAHs, total AZAs and total PAHs implied that the emissions were dependent on similar factors, regardless of sample location and type. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 5.23-10.7 × 10-3, which is higher than the national average. The risk in each sample was ∼1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that deemed high risk, suggesting that the safety of these households is in jeopardy. The lack of potency equivalency factors for the PAH derivatives could possibly have underestimated the overall cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Sing Chan
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - S C Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - K F Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
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25
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Downward GS, Hu W, Rothman N, Reiss B, Tromp P, Wu G, Wei F, Xu J, Seow WJ, Chapman RS, Lan Q, Vermeulen R. Quartz in ash, and air in a high lung cancer incidence area in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:318-325. [PMID: 27939206 PMCID: PMC5219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to crystalline silica (quartz) has been implicated as a potential cause of the high lung cancer rates in the neighbouring counties of Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China, where the domestic combustion of locally sourced "smoky" coal (a bituminous coal) is responsible for some of the highest lung cancer rates in the nation, irrespective of gender or smoking status. Previous studies have shown that smoky coal contains approximately twice as much quartz when compared to alternative fuels in the area, although it is unclear how the quartz in coal relates to household air pollution. Samples of ash and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected from 163 households and analysed for quartz content by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, air samples from 12 further households, were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate particle structure and silica content. The majority (89%) of household air samples had undetectable quartz levels (<0.2 μg/m3) with no clear differences by fuel-type. SEM analyses indicated that there were higher amounts of silica in the smoke of smoky coal than smokeless coal (0.27 μg/m3 vs. 0.03 μg/m3). We also identified fibre-like particles in a higher concentration within the smoke of smoky coal than smokeless coal (5800 fibres/m3 vs. 550 fibres/m3). Ash analysis suggested that the bulk of the quartz in smoky coal went on to form part of the ash. These findings indicate that the quartz within smoky coal does not become adequately airborne during the combustion process to cause significant lung cancer risk, instead going on to form part of the ash. The identification of fibre-like particles in air samples is an interesting finding, although the clinical relevance of this finding remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nat Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Boris Reiss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Tromp
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guoping Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert S Chapman
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Ho KF, Chang CC, Tian L, Chan CS, Musa Bandowe BA, Lui KH, Lee KY, Chuang KJ, Liu CY, Ning Z, Chuang HC. Effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter generated from household coal combustion on response to EGFR mutations in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1262-1269. [PMID: 27613327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of PM2.5-associated lung cancer in response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) remains unclear. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives (oxygenated PAHs: OPAHs and azaarenes: AZAs) were characterized in fine particulates (PM2.5) emitted from indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 (with wild-type EGFR) and HCC827 (with EGFR mutation) were exposed to the PM2.5, followed by treatment with EGFR-TKI. Two samples showed significant and dose-dependent reduction in the cell viability in A549. EGFR-TKI further demonstrated significantly decreased in cell viability in A549 after exposure to the coal emissions. Chrysene and triphenylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, azaarenes and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (carbonyl-OPAHs) were all associated with EGFR-TKI-dependent reduced cell viability after 72-h exposure to the PM2.5. The findings suggest the coal emissions could influence the response of EGFR-TKI in lung cancer cells in Xuanwei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Fai Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Sing Chan
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ka-Hei Lui
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Division of Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Singh A, Kamal R, Mudiam MKR, Gupta MK, Satyanarayana GNV, Bihari V, Shukla N, Khan AH, Kesavachandran CN. Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148641. [PMID: 26871707 PMCID: PMC4752274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor air quality and heat exposure have become an important occupational health and safety concern in several workplaces including kitchens of hotels. This study investigated the heat, particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in indoor air of commercial kitchen and its association with kidney dysfunctions among kitchen workers. A cross sectional study was conducted on 94 kitchen workers employed at commercial kitchen in Lucknow city, North India. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect the personal and occupational history of the kitchen workers. The urine analysis for specific gravity and microalbuminuria was conducted among the study subjects. Indoor air temperature, humidity, wet/ dry bulb temperature and humidex heat stress was monitored during cooking activities at the kitchen. Particulate matter (PM) for 1 and 2.5 microns were monitored in kitchen during working hours using Hazdust. PAHS in indoor air was analysed using UHPLC. Urinary hydroxy-PAHs in kitchen workers were measured using GC/MS-MS. Higher indoor air temperature, relative humidity, PM1 and PM2.5 (p<0.001) was observed in the kitchen due to cooking process. Indoor air PAHs identified are Napthalene, fluorine, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene and indeno [1,2,3-cd) pyrene. Concentrations of all PAHs identified in kitchen were above the permissible OSHA norms for indoor air. Specific gravity of urine was significantly higher among the kitchen workers (p<0.001) as compared to the control group. Also, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was higher (p<0.001) among kitchen workers. Urinary PAH metabolites detected among kitchen workers were 1-NAP, 9-HF, 3-HF, 9-PHN and 1-OHP. Continuous heat exposure in kitchens due to cooking can alter kidney functions viz., high specific gravity of urine in kitchen workers. Exposure to PM, VOCs and PAHs in indoor air and presence of urinary PAHs metabolites may lead to inflammation, which can cause microalbuminuria in kitchen workers, as observed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Singh
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226 028, U.P, India
| | - Ritul Kamal
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
| | | | - Vipin Bihari
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
| | - Nishi Shukla
- Environment Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
| | - Altaf Hussain Khan
- Environment Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PB No 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001, U.P, India
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Huang L, Xi Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zuo Z. Phenanthrene exposure induces cardiac hypertrophy via reducing miR-133a expression by DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20105. [PMID: 26830171 PMCID: PMC4735597 DOI: 10.1038/srep20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that there is an emerging link between environmental pollution and cardiac hypertrophy, while the mechanism is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine whether phenanthrene (Phe) could cause cardiac hypertrophy, and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved. We found that: 1) Phe exposure increased the heart weight and cardiomyocyte size of rats; 2) Phe exposure led to enlarged cell size, and increased protein synthesis in H9C2 cells; 3) Phe exposure induced important markers of cardiac hypertrophy, such as atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and c-Myc in H9C2 cells and rat hearts; 4) Phe exposure perturbed miR-133a, CdC42 and RhoA, which were key regulators of cardiac hypertrophy, in H9C2 cells and rat hearts; 5) Phe exposure induced DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in H9C2 cells and rat hearts; 6) Phe exposure led to methylation of CpG sites within the miR-133a locus and reduced miR-133a expression in H9C2 cells; 7) DNMT inhibition and miR-133a overexpression could both alleviate the enlargement of cell size and perturbation of CdC42 and RhoA caused by Phe exposure. These results indicated that Phe could induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the rat and H9C2 cells. The mechanism might involve reducing miR-133a expression by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhibing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Singh A, Chandrasekharan Nair K, Kamal R, Bihari V, Gupta MK, Mudiam MKR, Satyanarayana GNV, Raj A, Haq I, Shukla NK, Khan AH, Srivastava AK. Assessing hazardous risks of indoor airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the kitchen and its association with lung functions and urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 452:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Harper TA, Morré J, Lauer FT, McQuistan TJ, Hummel JM, Burchiel SW, Williams DE. Analysis of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene-deoxyadenosine adducts in wild-type and cytochrome P450 1b1 knockout mice using stable-isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 782:51-6. [PMID: 25868132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC; also known as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene), is a potent carcinogen in animal models and a class 2A human carcinogen. Recent investigations into DBC-mediated toxicity identified DBC as a potent immunosuppressive agent similar to the well-studied immunotoxicant 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). DBC, like DMBA, is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 and forms the reactive metabolite DBC-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide (DBCDE). DBCDE is largely responsible for the genotoxicity associated with DBC exposure. The immunosuppressive properties of several PAHs are also linked to genotoxic mechanisms. Therefore, this study was designed to identify DBCDE-DNA adduct formation in the spleen and thymus of wild-type and cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) knockout (KO) mice using a highly sensitive stable-isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS method. Stable-isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS identified the major DBC adducts (±)-anti-cis-DBCDE-dA and (±)-anti-trans-DBCDE-dA in the lung, liver, and spleen of both WT and Cyp1b1 KO mice. However, adduct formation in the thymus was below the level of quantitation for our method. Additionally, adduct formation in Cyp1b1 KO mice was significantly reduced compared to wild-type (WT) mice receiving DBC via oral gavage. In conclusion, the current study identifies for the first time DBCDE-dA adducts in the spleen of mice supporting the link between genotoxicity and immunosuppression, in addition to supporting previous studies identifying Cyp1b1 as the primary CYP involved in DBC bioactivation to DBCDE. The high levels of DBC-DNA adducts identified in the spleen, along with the known high levels of Cyp1b1 expression in this organ, supports further investigation into DBC-mediated immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tod A Harper
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 LPSC, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jeff Morré
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153A Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, 2502 Marble NE, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA.
| | - Tammie J McQuistan
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 LPSC, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jessica M Hummel
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 LPSC, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, 2502 Marble NE, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA.
| | - David E Williams
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 LPSC, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, 1011 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Claxton LD. The history, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions: Part 4 – Alternative fuels. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 763:86-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fan R, Li J, Chen L, Xu Z, He D, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Wei F, Li J. Biomass fuels and coke plants are important sources of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and toluene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:1-8. [PMID: 25261857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene and toluene (BT) might be emitted from incomplete combustion reactions in both coal tar factories and biomass fuels in rural China. The health effects arising from exposure to PAHs and BT are a concern for residents of rural areas close to coal tar plants. To assess the environmental risk and major exposure sources, 100 coke plant workers and 25 farmers in Qujing, China were recruited. The levels of 10 mono-hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs), four BT metabolites and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine collected from the subjects were measured. The 8-OHdG levels in the urine were determined to evaluate the oxidative DNA damage induced by the PAHs and BT. The results showed that the levels of the OH-PAHs, particularly those of 1-hydroxynathalene and 1-hydroxypyrene, in the farmers were 1-7 times higher than those in the workers. The concentrations of the BT metabolites were comparable between the workers and farmers. Although the exact work location within a coke oven plant might affect the levels of the OH-PAHs, one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences for either the OH-PAHs levels or the BT concentrations among the three groups working at different work sites. The geometric mean concentration (9.17 µg/g creatinine) of 8-OHdG was significantly higher in the farmers than in the plant workers (6.27 µg/g creatinine). The levels of 8-OHdG did not correlate with the total concentrations of OH-PAHs and the total levels of BT metabolites. Incompletely combusted biomass fuels might be the major exposure source, contributing more PAHs and BT to the local residents of Qujing. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of naphthalene and fluorene for all of the workers and most of the farmers were below the reference doses (RfDs) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), except for the pyrene levels in two farmers. However, the EDIs of benzene in the workers and local farmers ranged from 590 to 7239 µg/day, and these levels were 2- to 30-fold higher than the RfDs recommended by the EPA. Biomass fuel combustion and industrial activities related to coal tar were the major sources of the PAH and BT exposure in the local residents. Using biomass fuels for household cooking and heating explains the higher exposure levels observed in the farmers relative to the workers at the nearby coal tar-related industrial facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Junnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Urban Environment and Ecology Research Center, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Zhencheng Xu
- Urban Environment and Ecology Research Center, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Dechun He
- Urban Environment and Ecology Research Center, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yuanxiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jihua Li
- Qujing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunan 655099, China
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Global lung cancer risk from PAH exposure highly depends on emission sources and individual susceptibility. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6561. [PMID: 25297709 PMCID: PMC4190535 DOI: 10.1038/srep06561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the most concerning organic pollutants, depend not only on the locations and strengths of emission sources, but also on individual susceptibility. Moreover, trans-boundary transport makes them a global concern. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the global health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air is presented. Model resolution is critical in exposure modelling. Globally, incremental lifetime lung cancer risk (ILCR) induced by ambient PAH exposure is 3.1 × 10−5. If the individual susceptibility was not taken into consideration, the overall risk would be underestimated by 55% and the proportion of highly vulnerable population would be underestimated by more than 90%. Emphasizing on individual susceptibility, our study provides an instrumental revision of current risk assessment methodology. In terms of lung cancer risk, the most important sources are combustion of biomass fuels (40%) and fossil fuels (14%) in the residential/commercial sector, coke (13%) and aluminium (12%) production, and motor vehicles (9%). PAHs can travel long distance globally especially within the Eurasian continent. Still, the risk is dominantly contributed by local.
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Seow WJ, Hu W, Vermeulen R, Hosgood Iii HD, Downward GS, Chapman RS, He X, Bassig BA, Kim C, Wen C, Rothman N, Lan Q. Household air pollution and lung cancer in China: a review of studies in Xuanwei. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:471-5. [PMID: 25223911 PMCID: PMC4198749 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over half of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels at home. Household air pollution from solid fuel use is a leading risk factor for global disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in low- and mid-income countries. This is a particularly serious problem in China, where many people in rural areas still use coal for household heating and cooking. This review focuses on several decades of research carried out in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, where household coal use is a major source of household air pollution and where studies have linked household air pollution exposure to high rates of lung cancer. We conducted a series of case-control and cohort studies in Xuanwei to characterize the lung cancer risk in this population and the factors associated with it. We found lung cancer risk to vary substantially between different coal types, with a higher risk associated with smoky (i.e., bituminous) coal use compared to smokeless (i.e., anthracite) coal use. The installation of a chimney in homes resulted in a substantial reduction in lung cancer incidence and mortality. Overall, our research underscores the need among existing coal users to improve ventilation, use the least toxic fuel, and eventually move toward the use of cleaner fuels, such as gas and electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Seow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Gordon SB, Bruce NG, Grigg J, Hibberd PL, Kurmi OP, Lam KBH, Mortimer K, Asante KP, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Bar-Zeev N, Bates MN, Breysse PN, Buist S, Chen Z, Havens D, Jack D, Jindal S, Kan H, Mehta S, Moschovis P, Naeher L, Patel A, Perez-Padilla R, Pope D, Rylance J, Semple S, Martin WJ. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:823-60. [PMID: 25193349 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5-4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Nigel G Bruce
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia L Hibberd
- Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Om P Kurmi
- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kin-bong Hubert Lam
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - John Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael N Bates
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Buist
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Havens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sumi Mehta
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Moschovis
- Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke Naeher
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Pope
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Sean Semple
- University of Aberdeen, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William J Martin
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Sharma KL, Agarwal A, Misra S, Kumar A, Kumar V, Mittal B. Association of genetic variants of xenobiotic and estrogen metabolism pathway (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) with gallbladder cancer susceptibility. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5431-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Maharaj SVM, Orem WH, Tatu CA, Lerch HE, Szilagyi DN. Organic compounds in water extracts of coal: links to Balkan endemic nephropathy. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:1-17. [PMID: 23515665 PMCID: PMC3880671 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Pliocene lignite hypothesis is an environmental hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Aqueous leaching experiments were conducted on a variety of coal samples in order to simulate groundwater leaching of organic compounds, and to further test the role of the Pliocene lignite hypothesis in the etiology of BEN. Experiments were performed on lignite coal samples from endemic BEN areas in Romania and Serbia, and lignite and bituminous coals from nonendemic regions in Romania and the USA. Room temperature, hot water bath, and Soxhlet aqueous extraction experiments were conducted between 25 and 80 °C, and from 5 to 128 days in duration. A greater number of organic compounds and in higher concentrations were present in all three types of leaching experiments involving endemic area Pliocene lignite samples compared to all other coals examined. A BEN causing molecule or molecules may be among phenols, PAHs, benzenes, and/or lignin degradation compounds. The proposed transport pathway of the Pliocene lignite hypothesis for organic compound exposure from endemic area Pliocene lignite coals to well and spring drinking water, is likely. Aromatic compounds leached by groundwater from Pliocene lignite deposits in the vicinity of endemic BEN areas may play a role in the etiology of the disease. A better understanding of organic compounds leached by groundwater from Pliocene lignite deposits may potentially lead to the identification and implementation of effective strategies for the prevention of exposure to the causative agent(s) for BEN, and in turn, prevention of the disease.
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Xue X, You Y, Wu J, Han B, Bai Z, Tang N, Zhang L. Exposure measurement, risk assessment and source identification for exposure of traffic assistants to particle-bound PAHs in Tianjin, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:448-457. [PMID: 25076537 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the levels of exposure to particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and to estimate the risk these levels pose to traffic assistants (TAs) in Tianjin (a megacity in North China), a measurement campaign (33 all-day exposure samples, 25 occupational-exposure samples and 10 indoor samples) was conducted to characterize the TAs' exposure to PAHs, assess the cancer risk and identify the potential sources of exposure. The average total exposure concentration of 14 PAHs was approximately 2871 +/- 928 ng/m3 (on-duty), and 1622 +/- 457 ng/m3 (all-day). The indoor PAHs level was 1257 +/- 107 ng/m3. After 8000 Monte Carlo simulations, the cancer risk resulting from exposure to PAHs was found to be approximately 1.05 x 10(-4). A multivariate analysis was applied to identify the potential sources, and the results showed that, in addition to vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and cooking fumes were also another two important contributors to personal PAH exposure. The diagnostic ratios of PAH compounds agree with the source apportionment results derived from principal component analysis.
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Yuan JM, Butler LM, Gao YT, Murphy SE, Carmella SG, Wang R, Nelson HH, Hecht SS. Urinary metabolites of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and volatile organic compounds in relation to lung cancer development in lifelong never smokers in the Shanghai Cohort Study. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:339-45. [PMID: 24148823 PMCID: PMC3908750 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various environmental and occupational sources are considered a primary risk factor for lung cancer among lifelong never smokers, based largely on results from epidemiologic studies utilizing self-reported exposure information. Prospective, biomarker-based human studies on the role of PAH and other airborne carcinogens in the development of lung cancer among lifelong non-smokers have been lacking. We prospectively investigated levels of urinary metabolites of a PAH and volatile organic compounds in relation to lung cancer risk in a nested case-control study of 82 cases and 83 controls among lifelong never smokers of the Shanghai Cohort Study, a prospective cohort of 18 244 Chinese men aged 45-64 years at enrollment. We quantified three PAH metabolites: r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OH-Phe) and total hydroxyphenanthrenes (total OH-Phe, the sum of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-OH-Phe), as well as metabolites of the volatile organic compounds acrolein (3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid), benzene (S-phenyl mercapturic acid), crotonaldehyde (3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid) and ethylene oxide (2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid). Urinary cotinine was also quantified to confirm non-smoking status. Compared with the lowest quartile, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for lung cancer risk for the highest quartile levels of PheT, 3-OH-Phe and total OH-Phe were 2.98 (1.13-7.87), 3.10 (1.12-7.75) and 2.59 (1.01-6.65) (all P trend < 0.05), respectively. None of the metabolites of the volatile organic compounds were associated with overall lung cancer risk. This study demonstrates a potentially important role of exposure to PAH in the development of lung cancer among lifelong never smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA,
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Lesley M. Butler
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA,
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China and
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Steven G. Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Renwei Wang
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA,
| | - Heather H. Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Kim C, Chapman RS, Hu W, He X, Hosgood HD, Liu LZ, Lai H, Chen W, Silverman DT, Vermeulen R, Tian L, Bassig B, Shen M, Zhang Y, Ma S, Rothman N, Lan Q. Smoky coal, tobacco smoking, and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China. Lung Cancer 2014; 84:31-5. [PMID: 24506909 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer rates in Xuanwei are the highest in China. In-home use of smoky coal has been associated with lung cancer risk, and the association of smoking and lung cancer risk strengthened after stove improvement. Here, we explored the differential association of tobacco use and lung cancer risk by the intensity, duration, and type of coal used. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study of 260 male lung cancer cases and 260 age-matched male controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for tobacco use was calculated by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Use of smoky coal was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, and tobacco use was weakly and non-significantly associated with lung cancer risk. When the association was assessed by coal use, the cigarette-lung cancer risk association was null in hazardous coal users and elevated in less hazardous smoky coal users and non-smoky coal users. The risk of lung cancer per cigarette per day decreased as annual use of coal increased (>0-3 tons: OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.17; >3 tons: OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95-1.03). Among more hazardous coal users, attenuation occurred at even low levels of usage (>0-3 tons: OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.91-1.14; >3 tons: OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.97-1.03). CONCLUSION We found evidence that smoky coal attenuated the tobacco and lung cancer risk association in males that lived in Xuanwei, particularly among users of hazardous coal where even low levels of smoky coal attenuated the association. Our results suggest that the adverse effects of tobacco may become more apparent as China's population continues to switch to cleaner fuels for the home, underscoring the urgent need for smoking cessation in China and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Robert S Chapman
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Xingzhou He
- Institute of Environmental Health and Engineering, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Larry Z Liu
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Hong Lai
- Department of Radiology and Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Forest Laboratories, Inc., Jersey City, NJ 07311, United States
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bryan Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Min Shen
- Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11213, United States
| | - Yawei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Shuangge Ma
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Hosgood HD, Pao W, Rothman N, Hu W, Pan YH, Kuchinsky K, Jones KD, Xu J, Vermeulen R, Simko J, Lan Q. Driver mutations among never smoking female lung cancer tissues in China identify unique EGFR and KRAS mutation pattern associated with household coal burning. Respir Med 2013; 107:1755-62. [PMID: 24055406 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer in never smokers, which has been partially attributed to household solid fuel use (i.e., coal), is etiologically and clinically different from lung cancer attributed to tobacco smoking. To explore the spectrum of driver mutations among lung cancer tissues from never smokers, specifically in a population where high lung cancer rates have been attributed to indoor air pollution from domestic coal use, multiplexed assays were used to detect >40 point mutations, insertions, and deletions (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, HER2, NRAS, PIK3CA, MEK1, AKT1, and PTEN) among the lung tumors of confirmed never smoking females from Xuanwei, China [32 adenocarcinomas (ADCs), 7 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 1 adenosquamous carcinoma (ADSC)]. EGFR mutations were detected in 35% of tumors. 46% of these involved EGFR exon 18 G719X, while 14% were exon 21 L858R mutations. KRAS mutations, all of which were G12C_34G>T, were observed in 15% of tumors. EGFR and KRAS mutations were mutually exclusive, and no mutations were observed in the other tested genes. Most point mutations were transversions and were also found in tumors from patients who used coal in their homes. Our high mutation frequencies in EGFR exon 18 and KRAS and low mutation frequency in EGFR exon 21 are strikingly divergent from those in other smoking and never smoking populations from Asia. Given that our subjects live in a region where coal is typically burned indoors, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of lung cancer among never smoking females exposed to indoor air pollution from coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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43
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Guo Y, Senthilkumar K, Alomirah H, Moon HB, Minh TB, Mohd MA, Nakata H, Kannan K. Concentrations and profiles of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (OH-PAHs) in several Asian countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2932-8. [PMID: 23409981 DOI: 10.1021/es3052262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 12 hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were determined in 306 urine samples collected from seven Asian countries (China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam) by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The total concentrations of OH-PAHs found in the seven Asian countries were in the following increasing order: Malaysia (median: 2260 pg/mL) < Japan (4030 pg/mL) < China (5770 pg/mL) < India (6750 pg/mL) < Vietnam (8560 pg/mL) < Korea (9340 pg/mL) < Kuwait (10170 pg/mL). The measured urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) in samples from Malaysia, Korea, and Japan (∼ 100 pg/mL) were similar to those reported for North America and Western Europe. The concentrations of 1-PYR in urine samples from China, India, and Vietnam were 4-10 times higher than those reported for other countries, thus far. Among the 12 OH-PAH compounds analyzed, hydroxynaphthalene (NAP: sum of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene) was the dominant compound (accounting for 60-90% of total OH-PAHs), followed by hydroxyphenanthrene (PHEN: sum of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene [3-16%]), 2-hydroxyfluorene (3-20%), and 1-PYR (2-8%). The total daily intakes (DIs) of PAHs were estimated based on the urinary concentrations of their metabolites. The DIs of naphthalene were found to be higher for populations in Korea, Kuwait, and Vietnam (> 10 μg/day) than those of the other countries studied (∼ 5 μg/day). The DIs of phenanthrene and pyrene (> 10 μg/day) in the populations of China, India, and Vietnam were higher than those estimated for the populations in the other countries studied (∼ 5 μg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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44
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Sisti J, Boffetta P. What proportion of lung cancer in never-smokers can be attributed to known risk factors? Int J Cancer 2012; 131:265-75. [PMID: 22322343 PMCID: PMC3359408 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Though tobacco smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, a significant fraction of lung cancer deaths occur in lifetime nonsmokers. In this article, we calculate the burden of lung cancer in never-smokers attributable to previously identified risk factors in North America, Europe and China, using population-based estimates of exposure prevalence and estimates of relative risk derived from recently published meta-analyses. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for individual risk factors ranged from 0.40 to 19.93%. Because of differences in the prevalence of exposures, the PAFs associated with several of the risk factors varied greatly by geographical region. Exposure to the selected risk factors appeared to explain a much larger proportion of lung cancer cases in never-smokers in China than in Europe and North America. Our results demonstrate the geographic variability of the epidemiology of lung cancer in never-smokers and highlight the need for further research in this area, particularly in Europe and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sisti
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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45
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Guo Y, Huo X, Wu K, Liu J, Zhang Y, Xu X. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in umbilical cord blood of human neonates from Guiyu, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 427-428:35-40. [PMID: 22542294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unregulated electronic-waste recycling results in serious environmental pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Guiyu, China. We evaluated the body burden of seven carcinogenic PAHs and potential health risks for neonates. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples were collected from Guiyu (n=103), and the control area of Chaonan (n=80), China. PAHs in UCB were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The median ∑7c-PAH concentration was 108.05 ppb in UCB samples from Guiyu, vs. 79.36 ppb in samples from Chaonan. Residence in Guiyu and longer cooking time of food during the gestation period were significant factors contributing to the ∑7c-PAH level. Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were found to correlate with reduced neonatal height and gestational age. Infants experiencing adverse birth outcomes, on the whole, displayed higher BaA, Chr, and BaP levels compared to those with normal outcomes. We conclude that maternal PAH exposure results in fetal accumulation of toxic PAHs, and that such prenatal exposure correlates with adverse effects on neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Guo
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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46
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Indoor air pollution from biomass fuels: a major health hazard in developing countries. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-012-0511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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47
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McQuistan TJ, Simonich MT, Pratt MM, Pereira CB, Hendricks JD, Dashwood RH, Williams DE, Bailey GS. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary chlorophylls: a 12,000-animal dose-dose matrix biomarker and tumor study. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:341-52. [PMID: 22079312 PMCID: PMC3486520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent pilot studies found natural chlorophyll (Chl) to inhibit carcinogen uptake and tumorigenesis in rodent and fish models, and to alter uptake and biodistribution of trace (14)C-aflatoxin B1 in human volunteers. The present study extends these promising findings, using a dose-dose matrix design to examine Chl-mediated effects on dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC)-induced DNA adduct formation, tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, and changes in gene regulation in the trout. The dose-dose matrix design employed an initial 12,360 rainbow trout, which were treated with 0-4000ppm dietary Chl along with 0-225ppm DBC for up to 4weeks. Dietary DBC was found to induce dose-responsive changes in gene expression that were abolished by Chl co-treatment, whereas Chl alone had no effect on the same genes. Chl co-treatment provided a dose-responsive reduction in total DBC-DNA adducts without altering relative adduct intensities along the chromatographic profile. In animals receiving DBC alone, liver tumor incidence (as logit) and tumor multiplicity were linear in DBC dose (as log) up to their maximum-effect dose, and declined thereafter. Chl co-treatment substantially inhibited incidence and multiplicity at DBC doses up to their maximum-effect dose. These results show that Chl concentrations encountered in Chl-rich green vegetables can provide substantial cancer chemoprotection, and suggest that they do so by reducing carcinogen bioavailability. However, at DBC doses above the optima, Chl co-treatments failed to inhibit tumor incidence and significantly enhanced multiplicity. This finding questions the human relevance of chemoprevention studies carried out at high carcinogen doses that are not proven to lie within a linear, or at least monotonic, endpoint dose-response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie J McQuistan
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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48
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Chen KM, Zhang SM, Aliaga C, Sun YW, Cooper T, Gowdahalli K, Zhu J, Amin S, El-Bayoumy K. Induction of ovarian cancer and DNA adducts by Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in the mouse. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:374-80. [PMID: 22107356 DOI: 10.1021/tx2004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an etiological factor of ovarian cacner; however, the mechanisms remain largely undefined. Therefore, as an initial investigation, we examined the carcinogenicity and DNA adducts formation in the ovary of mice treated with DB[a,l]P, a tobacco smoke constituent and environmental pollutant. Ovarian tumors in B6C3F1 mice were induced by direct application of DB[a,l]P (24, 12, 6, and 3 nmol/mouse, three times a week for 38 weeks) into the oral cavity of mice. At 6 nmol, DB[a,l]P induced the highest total ovarian tumor incidence (79%), but the incidence of malignancy was only 15%. However, at the dose of 12 nmol, the total ovarian tumor incidence was 75%, and the incidence of malignancy was 65%. In addition to ovarian tumors, at the dose of 24 nmol, DB[a,l]P induced lesions in sites distal from the ovaries including the skin, mammary, lung, and oral tissues, which were rare at doses lower than 24 nmol. Another bioassay was conducted to detect and quantify DNA adducts induced by DB[a,l]P (24 nmol, three times a week for 5 weeks) in the ovary at 48 h and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the last administration of DB[a,l]P. DNA was isolated, and the dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-11,12-dihydrodiol-13,14-epoxide (DB[a,l]PDE)-DNA adducts were analyzed by a LC-MS/MS method. DB[a,l]P resulted in the formation of (-)-anti-cis-DB[a,l]PDE-dA and (-)-anti-trans-DB[a,l]PDE-dA adducts, which were 0.8 and 1.6 fmol/10(6) dA, respectively, in ovaries of mice within 48 h, and the level of adducts decreased over a week. Our results indicated that DB[a,l]P can be metabolized to form (-)-anti-DB[a,l]PDE; the latter may, in part, account for DB[a,l]P-induced ovarian cancer. This animal model should assist to better understand the mechanisms, account for the induction of ovarian cancer by tobacco carcinogens, and facilitate the development of chemopreventive agents against ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
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Hosgood HD, Vermeulen R, Wei H, Reiss B, Coble J, Wei F, Jun X, Wu G, Rothman N, Lan Q. Combustion-derived nanoparticle exposure and household solid fuel use in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 22:571-81. [PMID: 22639822 PMCID: PMC4231791 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.684147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) have not been readably measurable until recently. We conducted a pilot study to determine CDNP levels during solid fuel burning. The aggregate surface area of CDNP (μm(2)/cm(3)) was monitored continuously in 15 Chinese homes using varying fuel types (i.e. bituminous coal, anthracite coal, wood) and stove types (i.e. portable stoves, stoves with chimneys, firepits). Information on fuel burning activities was collected and PM(2.5) levels were measured. Substantial exposure differences were observed during solid fuel burning (mean: 228.1 μm(2)/cm(3)) compared to times without combustion (mean: 14.0 μm(2)/cm(3)). The observed levels during burning were reduced by about four-fold in homes with a chimney (mean: 92.1 μm(2)/cm(3); n = 9), and effects were present for all fuel types. Each home's CDNP measurement was only moderately correlated with the respective PM(2.5) measurements (r (2) = 0.43; p = 0.11). Our results indicate that household coal and wood burning contributes to indoor nanoparticle levels, which are not fully reflected in PM(2.5) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hemat H, Wittsiepe J, Wilhelm M, Müller J, Göen T. High levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and hydroxyphenanthrenes in urine of children and adults from Afghanistan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:46-51. [PMID: 21971380 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among a health cooperation project, we had the opportunity to study the internal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure of residents from urban and rural areas in Afghanistan. Urine samples from 13 children (age 2.0-9 years) and 42 adults (age 20-65 years) were collected. A total of 25 participants were from Kabul, and 30 participants lived in a rural area. The determination of 1-hydroxypyrene and hydroxyphenanthrenes was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Median (range) were as follows (n=55): 1-hydroxypyrene 1646 ng/l (71-16,288 ng/l) and sum of 1-, 2- and 9-, 3-, 4-OH-phenanthrenes 3602 ng/l (116-19,670 ng/l). These results indicate a high PAH exposure, compared with the general population in more developed countries. The levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine of women (all non-smokers) from the rural area were higher than those from Kabul (N, median, range): rural 15, 2095, 334-11,357 ng/l; Kabul 11, 748,137-5332 ng/l. All households from the rural area used open fires for cooking and energy. We conclude that populations in low-developed countries may be at special risk to increased PAH exposure due to inadequate control of air pollution from car emissions and due to burning of biomass fuels for cooking and household energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamayon Hemat
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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