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Boch S, Wildeman C, Dexheimer J, Kahn R, Lambert J, Beal S. Pediatric Health and System Impacts of Mass Incarceration, 2009-2020: A Matched Cohort Study. Acad Pediatr 2024:S1876-2859(24)00164-5. [PMID: 38823498 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The US has the highest incarceration rate in the world; incarceration's direct and indirect toll on the health and health care use of youth is rarely investigated. We sought to compare the health of youth with known personal or family justice involvement and a matched cohort of youth without known personal/family justice involvement. METHODS A cross-sectional matched parallel cohort study was conducted. We queried electronic health records on youth (<21 years) with a visit in a large Midwestern pediatric hospital-based institution from January 2009 to December 2020. Youth were located by searching for justice-related (eg, prison, jail) keywords within all clinician notes. Health diagnostic profiles were measured using ICD 9/10 codes. Health care use included total admissions, inpatient days, emergent and urgent visits, and outpatient visits. RESULTS Across all youth at one institution over an 11-year period, 2.2% (N = 38,263) were identified as having probable personal or family justice-involvement. Youth with personal or familial justice involvement had 1.5-16.2 times the prevalence of mental health and physical health diagnoses across all domain groupings compared to a matched sample and the total population sample. From 2009-2020, approximately two-thirds of behavioral health care and nearly a quarter of all hospital inpatient days were attributed to the 2.2% of youth with probable personal or familial justice system involvement. CONCLUSION The study illuminates the vast disparities between youth with indirect or direct contact with the criminal legal system and matched youth with no documented contact. Better investment in monitoring and prevention efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Boch
- Department of Population Health (S Boch and J Lambert), College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; James M Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence (S Boch), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology (C Wildeman), Duke University, Durham, NC; Research Unit (C Wildeman), ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Dexheimer
- Department of Pediatrics (J Dexheimer, R Kahn, and S Beal), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Emergency Medicine (J Dexheimer), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics (J Dexheimer, R Kahn, and S Beal), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of General and Community Pediatrics (R Kahn and S Beal), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Michael Fisher Child Health Equity Center (R Kahn), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Department of Population Health (S Boch and J Lambert), College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah Beal
- Department of Pediatrics (J Dexheimer, R Kahn, and S Beal), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of General and Community Pediatrics (R Kahn and S Beal), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology (S Beal), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Järvinen A, Lichtenstein P, D'Onofrio BM, Fazel S, Kuja-Halkola R, Latvala A. Health, behavior, and social outcomes among offspring of parents with criminal convictions: a register-based study from Sweden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38736394 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently insufficient understanding of the health and behavior of children whose parents engage in criminal behavior. We examined associations between parental criminal convictions and wide range of offspring health, behavioral, and social outcomes by age 18 in a large, national sample, aiming to get a comprehensive picture of the risks among children of offending parents. METHODS We studied 1,013,385 individuals born in Sweden between 1987 and 1995, and their parents. Using data from several longitudinal nationwide registers, we investigated parental convictions and 85 offspring outcomes until the end of 2013, grouped into birth-related conditions, psychiatric and somatic disorders, accidents and injuries, mortality, school achievement, violent victimization, and criminality. Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations. The role of genetic factors in intergenerational associations was studied in children-of-siblings analyses. We also examined the co-occurrence of multiple outcomes using Poisson regression. RESULTS A total of 223,319 (22.0%) individuals had one parent convicted and 31,241 (3.1%) had both parents convicted during the first 18 years of their life. The strongest associations were found between parental convictions and offspring behavioral problems, substance use disorders, poor school achievement, violent victimization, and criminality, with an approximately 2 to 2.5-fold increased risk in children with one convicted parent and 3- to 4-fold increased risk in children with two convicted parents. The risks were particularly elevated among children of incarcerated parents with a history of violent convictions. The associations appeared to be at least partly explained by genetic influences. Parental convictions were also associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing multiple outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help to calibrate the risks of a wide range of adverse outcomes associated with parental convictions and may be used to guide prevention efforts and identify key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Järvinen
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian M D'Onofrio
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tadros E, Presley S. "Fear of the Unknown": Coparenting With an Incarcerated Individual. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:693-712. [PMID: 35730549 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over 2.2 million individuals are currently incarcerated in prisons and jails across the United States. Having a family member incarcerated impacts the entire family system. Recent research has shown the relational consequences of incarceration, such as adjusting to and negotiating new rules and roles within the coparenting relationship. The coparenting relationship is multifaceted and necessitates empirical evidence that significantly honors the voices that are at the center of experience but typically silenced by the stigma and prejudice nature of incarceration and its coinciding consequences. Coparenting partners of incarcerated individuals were interviewed to understand the lived experience of incarcerated coparenting using a phenomenological approach. Four themes (positive relationship, stigma, seeking and providing support, and impact of incarceration) emerged from eleven interviews. Implications are provided on how to best advocate for this population through research, clinical work, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Tadros
- Governors State University, University Park, IL, USA
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Kumar R. Agency & Identity Negotiations of "Good DNA" by Children with Incarcerated Parents Amidst Stigmatizing Mental Health Structures: A Culture-Centered Analysis. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:1140-1148. [PMID: 37121667 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2207239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Children with incarcerated parents (CIP) face higher burdens of mental illness owing to an accumulation of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) marked by racialized and classed stigma. Utilizing instruments co-created by our CIP advisory board youth within a broader Youth Voice project, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 CIP, forming the primary data set for analysis within the present manuscript, in addition to two advisory board focus groups and 21 questionnaires. Drawing upon the culture-centered approach (CCA), this study explores CIP's articulations of agency and positive identification, including narratives of strength, survival, and "good DNA" in making meaning of mental health experiences. Demonstrating a complex interplay of silence and voice, CIP agentically reframe mainstream narratives about problematic behavior as overt responses to inadequate structural support, challenge notions of the absent incarcerated parent, engage in the praxis of retailoring state mental health resources to align with their lived experiences and participate as active content creators and storytellers within community media spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kumar
- School of Communication, San Diego State University
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5
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Marziali ME, Prins SJ, Gutkind S, Martins SS. Partner incarceration, maternal substance use, and the mediating role of social support: A longitudinal analysis using the future of families and child wellbeing study. Soc Sci Med 2024; 349:116896. [PMID: 38653185 PMCID: PMC11097120 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The United States is responsible for the highest incarceration rate globally. This study aimed to explore the impact of partner incarceration on maternal substance use and whether social support mediates the relationship between partner incarceration and maternal substance use. METHODS Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal cohort following new parents and children, this analysis quantifies the relationship between paternal incarceration and maternal substance use (N = 2823). We analyzed maternal responses in years 3 (2001-2003), 5 (2003-2006), 9 (2007-2010), and 15 (2014-2017). We explored the role of financial support and emergency social support as potential mediators. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to construct support-related mediators. We modeled the impact of partner incarceration and maternal substance use using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for repeated measures, adjusting for appropriate confounders (age of mother at child's birth, race, education, employment, and history of intimate partner violence). RESULTS Nearly half (44.2%, N = 1247) of participants reported partner incarceration. Among mothers who experienced partner incarceration, the odds of reporting substance use were 110% greater than those who reported no partner incarceration (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 2.10; 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.67-2.63). Financial support at year 5 accounted for 19.5% (95% CI: 6.03-33.06%) of the association between partner incarceration at year 3 and substance use at year 9; emergency social support at year 5 accounted for 6.4% (95% CI: 0.51-12.25%) of the association between partner incarceration and substance use at year 9. Neither financial nor emergency social support at year 9 were significant mediators between partner incarceration at year 3 and substance use at year 15. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that partner incarceration impacts maternal substance use. Financial and emergency support may partially mediate this relationship in the short term, which has important implications for families disrupted by mass incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Marziali
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Seth J Prins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Gutkind
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Jones N, Tong L, Pagdon S, Ebuenyi ID, Harrow M, Sharma RP, Rosen C. Using latent class analysis to investigate enduring effects of intersectional social disadvantage on long-term vocational and financial outcomes in the 20-year prospective Chicago Longitudinal Study. Psychol Med 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38523254 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class and social disadvantage have long been identified as significant factors in the etiology and epidemiology of psychosis. Few studies have explicitly examined the impact of intersecting social disadvantage on long-term employment and financial independence. METHODS We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to 20-year longitudinal data from participants with affective and non-affective psychosis (n = 256) within the Chicago Longitudinal Research. LCA groups were modeled using multiple indicators of pre-morbid disadvantage (parental social class, educational attainment, race, gender, and work and social functioning prior to psychosis onset). The comparative longitudinal work and financial functioning of LCA groups were then examined. RESULTS We identified three distinct latent classes: one comprised entirely of White participants, with the highest parental class and highest levels of educational attainment; a second predominantly working-class group, with equal numbers of Black and White participants; and a third with the lowest parental social class, lowest levels of education and a mix of Black and White participants. The latter, our highest social disadvantage group experienced significantly poorer employment and financial outcomes at all time-points, controlling for diagnosis, symptoms, and hospitalizations prior to baseline. Contrary to our hypotheses, on most measures, the two less disadvantaged groups did not significantly differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses add to a growing literature on the impact of multiple forms of social disadvantage on long-term functional trajectories, underscoring the importance of proactive attention to sociostructural disadvantage early in treatment, and the development and evaluation of interventions designed to mitigate ongoing social stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nev Jones
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liping Tong
- Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Shannon Pagdon
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ikenna D Ebuenyi
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin Harrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rajiv P Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Hoover KB. The Relationship Between Family Member Incarceration, Criminal Offending, and Victimization. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2024; 39:122-140. [PMID: 38453371 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mass incarceration has significantly impacted families nationwide. Recent evidence suggests that at least 45% of Americans have experienced the incarceration of an immediate family member (Enns et al., 2019). Prior evidence has demonstrated that adolescents and young adults who experience family member incarceration experience increases in criminogenic outcomes. However, less is known about whether family member incarceration contributes to increases in victimization and if it occurs indirectly through increases in offending. To address this question, the current study uses 10 waves of the Pathways to Desistance Study, which is a longitudinal study that followed justice-involved youth over 7 years (N = 8,346 person waves). Using fixed-effects negative binomial regression, findings demonstrate that experiencing familial incarceration is associated with increases in victimization and that criminal offending may be one mechanism that indirectly explains this relationship. Policy and programming implications are further discussed.
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8
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Tolliver DG, Hawks LC, Holaday LW, Wang EA. Exploring Parental Incarceration, US Government Support Programs, and Child Health and Well-Being: A National Cross-Sectional Study. J Pediatr 2024; 264:113764. [PMID: 37777171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe relationships between parental incarceration and child health and flourishing-a measure of curiosity, resilience, and self-regulation-and to identify government programs that moderate this relationship. METHODS Using the National Survey of Children's Health data from 2016 through 2019 for children 6-17 years old, we estimated associations with logistic regression between parental incarceration and overall health and flourishing, adjusting for child, caregiver, and household factors. We secondarily examined physical health (asthma, headaches), mental health (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression), developmental needs (learning disability, special educational plan use), and educational (missing ≥11 school days, repeated grade) outcomes. We performed interaction analyses to determine whether government program participation (eg, free/reduced lunch, cash assistance) moderated relationships between parental incarceration and child outcomes. RESULTS Children with parental incarceration accounted for 9.3% of the sample (weighted n = 4 400 000). Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and multiracial children disproportionately experienced parental incarceration. Parental incarceration was associated with worse health (aOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11-1.55) and higher odds of not flourishing (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.46-1.89). Physical health, mental health, developmental issues, and educational needs were also associated with parental incarceration. Participation in free and reduced lunch moderated the relationships between parental incarceration and general health and flourishing, and cash assistance moderated the association between parental incarceration and flourishing. For each, parental incarceration had an attenuated association with health among people who participated in government programs. CONCLUSIONS Parental incarceration is disproportionately experienced by Black and Indigenous children and associated with worse child health and well-being. Government support program participation may mitigate negative associations between parental incarceration and child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny G Tolliver
- Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Laura C Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Louisa W Holaday
- Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Emily A Wang
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Rhodes CA, Thomas N, O'Hara KL, Hita L, Blake A, Wolchik SA, Fisher B, Freeman M, Chen D, Berkel C. Enhancing the Focus: How Does Parental Incarceration Fit into the Overall Picture of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs)? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1933-1944. [PMID: 37875642 PMCID: PMC11008286 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the five million children in the U.S. with an incarcerated parent, there is limited research on risk and protective factors for this population. We analyzed data from the National Survey for Children's Health (2018) to: (1) examine associations among parental incarceration and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), (2) characterize the association between parental incarceration and youth mental health outcomes, (3) examine differences in positive childhood experiences (PCEs; collective socialization, community engagement, neighborhood amenities, and family problem solving) by parental incarceration status, (4) examine whether PCEs were protective against mental health problems and if there was an interaction with parental incarceration status, and (5) examine the interaction between PCEs, parental incarceration, and ACEs on mental health problems. Results revealed that children with incarcerated parents had higher odds of experiencing other ACEs, higher odds of having mental health problems, and experienced fewer PCEs compared to children without incarcerated parents. Further, although PCEs were associated with a lower odds of mental health problems for both children with and without incarcerated parents, they did not mitigate the negative impact of parental incarceration on mental health outcomes. While PCEs attenuated the association between ACEs and mental health, parental incarceration status did not significantly moderate the interaction. These results highlight vulnerabilities and potential protective factors for children with incarcerated parents and have important implications for the development of multilevel intervention strategies that seek to promote resilience and reduce risk for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Thomas
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - L Hita
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - A Blake
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - B Fisher
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - M Freeman
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - D Chen
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - C Berkel
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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10
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Ryan JE, McCabe SE, DiDonato S, Boyd CJ, Voepel-Lewis T, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Veliz PT. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mental Healthcare in Youth With Incarcerated Parents. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:505-511. [PMID: 36918134 PMCID: PMC10440240 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth with incarcerated parents experience more adverse childhood experiences than other youth, placing them at higher risk for mental health and substance use disorders. Despite their increased risk, these youth may be less likely to access mental health services, particularly given their racial and ethnic makeup. Therefore, this study aimed to assess racial and ethnic disparities in access to mental health services for youth with incarcerated parents. METHODS This secondary data analysis used longitudinal data from 2016 to 2019 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Logistic regression models assessed the relationships among incarceration, cumulative childhood experiences, DSM-5 diagnoses, and mental health services. Additional analyses stratified these models by race and ethnicity. All analyses were performed in 2022. RESULTS Youth with incarcerated parents were more likely to report 4 or more childhood experiences (51% vs 14%; AOR=3.92; 95% CI=3.3, 4.65; p<0.001) and to have received mental health services (25% vs 15%; AOR=1.89; 95% CI=1.6, 2.21; p<0.001) than unexposed youth. However, Black youth with incarcerated parents (19% vs 34%; AOR=0.38; 95% CI=0.27, 0.52; p<0.001) and Latinx youth with incarcerated parents (10% vs 17%; AOR=0.5; 95% CI=0.33, 0.76; p<0.001) were significantly less likely to report receiving mental health services than White youth with incarcerated parents and non-Latinx youth with incarcerated parents, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Youth with incarcerated parents were more likely to report utilization of mental health services, but significant racial and ethnic disparities exist between Black and Latinx youth with incarcerated parents compared with that among White and non-Latinx youth with incarcerated parents. There is a continued need to expand mental health services to youth with incarcerated parents and to address racial and ethnic disparities in access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie E Ryan
- Jefferson College of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking, and Health (DASH Center), School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen DiDonato
- Jefferson College of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol J Boyd
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking, and Health (DASH Center), School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Terri Voepel-Lewis
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking, and Health (DASH Center), School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert J Ploutz-Snyder
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking, and Health (DASH Center), School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Philip T Veliz
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking, and Health (DASH Center), School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Berkel C, O'Hara K, Eddy JM, Rhodes CA, Blake A, Thomas N, Hita L, Herrera D, Wheeler AC, Wolchik S. The Prospective Effects of Caregiver Parenting on Behavioral Health Outcomes for Children with Incarcerated Parents: a Family Resilience Perspective. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1198-1208. [PMID: 37462777 PMCID: PMC10882978 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Rates of parental incarceration in the USA have increased dramatically over the past four decades. The Adverse Childhood Experiences study identified parental incarceration as one of several risk factors related to multiple health outcomes during childhood and adulthood. Parents and other caregivers are widely regarded as sources of resilience for children experiencing adversity, yet few studies have examined caregivers' parenting practices as sources of resilience for children with incarcerated parents. This study used secondary data from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the prison-based parent management training program Parenting Inside Out (PIO). Specifically, it included 149 caregivers (i.e., the non-incarcerated parent, extended family member, or other adult who provides the day-to-day caretaking of a child during parental incarceration) of children aged 2-14 years whose incarcerated parents were randomly assigned to receive PIO or the control condition. Path analysis was used to examine associations between caregivers' parenting, social support, self-efficacy, and change in child internalizing and externalizing symptoms across a 6-month period. Direct effects of caregivers' parenting were found on improvements in child behavioral health from baseline (conducted when the parent was incarcerated) to the 6-month follow-up (conducted after most parents had been released). Indirect effects were found for caregiver social support and self-efficacy. The findings highlight the importance of caregivers' adaptive parenting as a protective resource for children who experience parental incarceration and have implications for the design of preventive interventions for this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cady Berkel
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Karey O'Hara
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- New College, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - J Mark Eddy
- Texas Center for Equity Promotion, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - C Aubrey Rhodes
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Austin Blake
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nalani Thomas
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Liza Hita
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- New College, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Danita Herrera
- Klamath Tribes Judiciary, The Klamath Tribes, Chiloquin, OR, USA
| | | | - Sharlene Wolchik
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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12
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Roettger ME, Houle B, Boardman JD. Parental imprisonment, delinquent behavior, and BMI gain in a U.S. nationally representative cohort study of adolescents and adults ages 12-32. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101425. [PMID: 37215156 PMCID: PMC10193003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Children who experience parental imprisonment report greater mental and physical health adversities in adolescence and adulthood relative to comparable individuals whose parents did not serve time in prison. Research has linked BMI gain with parental imprisonment among females, but other studies have shown null or negative associations between parental imprisonment and weight increases for their offspring. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study attempts to resolve these differential findings by examining the interrelationship between delinquent behavior and BMI associated with parental imprisonment as individuals progress from adolescence into adulthood (ages 12-32). We show that higher delinquency levels are associated with lower BMI among men and women. With the transition from adolescence to adulthood, parental imprisonment is linked with increased BMI gain and obesity among females who are not delinquent. These findings highlight the need to consider how the decline in delinquent behavior and increasing health disparities between adolescence and adulthood may intersect as individuals experiencing parental imprisonment transition from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Roettger
- School of Demography, 148 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, 148 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason D. Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science and Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Skinner GCM, Farrington DP. Health of Convicted Persons in the Third Generation of the Longitudinal Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 67:757-782. [PMID: 34963375 PMCID: PMC10126470 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211066837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that convicted persons are more likely than non-convicted persons to suffer poor health. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated associations between health and offending across generations. Using the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, this article prospectively investigates the relationship between health and offending across generations and between genders. At the average age of 25, third generation convicted males and females reported a higher incidence of serious drug use than non-convicted persons. Convicted males reported a higher incidence of mental illness and self-harm, whereas convicted females reported a lower incidence of physical illness, mental illness, self-harm and hospitalizations when compared to non-convicted females. Convicted males reported a higher incidence of industrial accidents, sports injuries and fight injuries, but a lower incidence of road accidents, whereas convicted females were more likely to report road accidents. Like their fathers, convicted males show worse health compared to non-convicted individuals.
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ANDERSON NATHANIELW, HALFON NEAL, EISENBERG DANIEL, MARKOWITZ ANNAJ, MOORE KRISTINANDERSON, ZIMMERMAN FREDERICKJ. Mixed Signals in Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Well-Being Indicators in the United States: A Call for Improvements to Population Health Monitoring. Milbank Q 2023; 101:259-286. [PMID: 37052602 PMCID: PMC10262392 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Social indicators of young peoples' conditions and circumstances, such as high school graduation, food insecurity, and smoking, are improving even as subjective indicators of mental health and well-being have been worsening. This divergence suggests policies targeting the social indicators may not have improved overall mental health and well-being. There are several plausible reasons for this seeming contradiction. Available data suggest the culpability of one or several common exposures poorly captured by existing social indicators. Resolving this disconnect requires significant investments in population-level data systems to support a more holistic, child-centric, and up-to-date understanding of young people's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - NEAL HALFON
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public
- University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine
- University of California Los Angeles Meyer and Renee Luskin School of Public Affairs
| | - DANIEL EISENBERG
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public
| | - ANNA J. MARKOWITZ
- University of CaliforniaLos Angeles Graduate School of Education and Information Studies
| | | | - FREDERICK J. ZIMMERMAN
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public
- University of California Los Angeles Meyer and Renee Luskin School of Public Affairs
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Khazanchi R, Heard-Garris NJ, Winkelman TNA. Health Care Access and Use Among Children & Adolescents Exposed to Parental Incarceration-United States, 2019. Acad Pediatr 2023; 23:464-472. [PMID: 36216212 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with spillover impacts on 5 million children with an incarcerated parent. Children exposed to parental incarceration (PI) have suboptimal health care access, use, and outcomes in adulthood compared to their peers. However, little is known about their access and utilization during childhood. We evaluated relationships between PI and health care use and access throughout childhood and adolescence. METHODS We analyzed the nationally representative 2019 National Health Interview Survey Child Sample to examine cross-sectional associations between exposure to incarceration of a residential caregiver, access to care, and health care use among children aged 2-17. Respondents were asked about measures of preventive care access, unmet needs due to cost, and acute care use over the last year. We estimated changes associated with PI exposure using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, parental education, family structure, rurality, income, insurance status, and disability. RESULTS Of 7405 sample individuals, 467 (weighted 6.2% [95% CI 5.5-6.9]) were exposed to PI. In adjusted analyses to produce national estimates, exposure to PI was associated with an additional 2.2 million children lacking a usual source of care, 2 million with forgone dental care needs, 1.2 million with delayed mental health care needs, and 865,000 with forgone mental health care needs. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PI was associated with worse access to a usual source of care and unmet dental and mental health care needs. Our findings highlight the need for early intervention by demonstrating that these barriers emerge during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Khazanchi
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab (R Khazanchi and TNA Winkelman), Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minn; School of Public Health (R Khazanchi), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn; College of Medicine (R Khazanchi), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebr.
| | - Nia J Heard-Garris
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center (NJ Heard-Garris), Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Ill; Department of Pediatrics (NJ Heard-Garris), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Institute for Policy Research (NJ Heard-Garris), Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Tyler N A Winkelman
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab (R Khazanchi and TNA Winkelman), Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minn; Division of General Internal Medicine (NA Winkelman), Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minn
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Herreros-Fraile A, Carcedo RJ, Viedma A, Ramos-Barbero V, Fernández-Rouco N, Gomiz-Pascual P, del Val C. Parental Incarceration, Development, and Well-Being: A Developmental Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3143. [PMID: 36833841 PMCID: PMC9967200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasing number of studies examining the impact of parental incarceration on children's well-being, there are few comprehensive reviews that collect this information, and even fewer from a developmental perspective. This study aims to clarify the effects of parental incarceration on children's well-being and development, as well as the moderating and mediating factors from a developmental perspective. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, selecting 61 studies of children from early childhood to adolescence. The results show differences in the current evidence regarding the effects of parental incarceration on children depending on the developmental stage, with the most evidence in the 7-11-year-old stage. Being male appears as a risk moderator factor while the mental health of the caregiver and their relationship with the child appears as a mediating variable, especially from 7 to 18 years old. These results reveal the impact of parental incarceration based on children's age, providing a basis for developing protective and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Herreros-Fraile
- HIPRIFAM, Psychological Assistance for Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo J. Carcedo
- HIPRIFAM, Psychological Assistance for Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Viedma
- Department of Sociology I, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, National Distance Education University (UNED), C/Obispo Trejo, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Ramos-Barbero
- Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Paseo de los Comendadores, s/n (H. Militar), 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Noelia Fernández-Rouco
- HIPRIFAM, Psychological Assistance for Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 50, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Gomiz-Pascual
- Department of Sociology I, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, National Distance Education University (UNED), C/Obispo Trejo, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo del Val
- Department of Sociology I, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, National Distance Education University (UNED), C/Obispo Trejo, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Boch SJ, Murnan AW, Pollard JF, Nidey NL, Hardy RY, Iruka IU. Assessment of US Federal Funding of Incarceration-Related Research, 1985 to 2022. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e230803. [PMID: 36848087 PMCID: PMC9972190 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The US leads the world in the raw number of incarcerated persons as well as the rate of incarceration, with detrimental effects on individual-, family-, community-, and population-level health; as such, federal research has a critical role in documenting and addressing the health-related impacts of the US criminal legal system. How often incarceration-related research is funded at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), and US Department of Justice (DOJ) levels has a direct association with the public attention given to mass incarceration as well as the efficacy of strategies to mitigate negative effects and poor health related to incarceration. OBJECTIVE To understand how many incarceration-related projects have been funded at the NIH, NSF, and DOJ. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used public historical project archives to search for relevant incarceration-related keywords (eg, incarceration, prison, parole) since January 1, 1985 (NIH and NSF), and since January 1, 2008 (DOJ). Quotations and Boolean operator logic were used. All searches and counts were conducted and double verified by 2 coauthors between December 12 and 17, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Number and prevalence of funded projects related to incarceration and prison keywords. RESULTS The term incarceration resulted in 3540 of 3 234 159 total project awards (0.11%) and prisoner-related terms resulted in 11 455 total project awards (0.35%) across the 3 federal agencies since 1985. Nearly a tenth of all projects funded at NIH since 1985 related to education (256 584 [9.62%]) compared with only 3373 projects (0.13%) that related to criminal legal or criminal justice or correctional system and 18 projects (0.0007%) that related to incarcerated parents. Only 1857 (0.07%) of all NIH-funded projects have been funded related to racism since 1985. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cross-sectional study found that a very low number of projects about incarceration have historically been funded at the NIH, DOJ, and NSF. These findings reflect a dearth of federally funded studies investigating the effects of mass incarceration or intervention strategies to mitigate adverse effects. Given the consequences of the criminal legal system, it is undoubtedly time for researchers, and our nation, to invest more resources into studying whether this system should be maintained, the intergenerational effects of mass incarceration, and strategies to best mitigate its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Boch
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- The James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aaron W. Murnan
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Nichole L. Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rose Y. Hardy
- Center for Child Health Equity and Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Iheoma U. Iruka
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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The impact of systemic racism on health outcomes among Black women: Recommendations for change. Nurse Pract 2023; 48:23-32. [PMID: 36700792 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000000000000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Black women suffer disproportionately from healthcare inequities in comparison to their White counterparts. Using the Public Health Critical Race framework, this article explores the lasting effects of systemic racism on the health outcomes of Black women across the lifespan. A case study and specific strategies are presented to examine how clinicians, educators, and policymakers can work with Black women to mitigate and eliminate health inequities.
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Yi Y. Racial Inequality in the Prevalence, Degree, Extension, and Permeation of Incarceration in Family Life. Demography 2023; 60:15-40. [PMID: 36617870 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10419487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence, consequences, and unequal distribution of parental and own incarceration in the United States are well documented. However, much of our knowledge of the reach of the carceral state into family life is focused on incarceration of a parent, romantic partner, or child, to the exclusion of other important relationships. Using data from the Family History of Incarceration Study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (N = 2,029), this study introduces novel descriptive measures that provide a more comprehensive picture of the demography and racially unequal distribution of family incarceration: degree, generational extension, and permeation. This analysis shows that Black adults in the United States are not only more likely to have experienced family incarceration but are also more likely to have had more family members incarcerated (5.3 members vs. ≤2.8 members for adults of other racial/ethnic groups) and to have had family members from more generations ever incarcerated (1.7 generations vs. ≤1.1 generations for those of other groups). Further, the stability of these estimates across model specifications underscores the importance of interrogating long-standing approaches to the analysis of linkages between race, the criminal legal system, and family life and the investigation of racialized systems and social inequality more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Yi
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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20
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Muentner L, Stone KJ, Davis L, Shlafer R. Youth at the intersection of parental incarceration and foster care: Examining prevalence, disparities, and mental health. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105910. [PMID: 36182827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there are various pathways by which children experience parental incarceration or foster care, involvement in either system is associated with adverse health outcomes. Despite co-occurring risk factors for parental incarceration and foster care, little is known about the prevalence or characteristics of youth navigating both of these experiences. OBJECTIVES This study details the prevalence of youth at the intersection of parental incarceration and foster care, their demographic characteristics, and heterogeneity in their mental health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data come from the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey with 112,157 eighth-, ninth-, and eleventh-grade students. METHODS Logistic regression with interactions between parental incarceration and foster care predict associated odds of youth's anxiety and depression; self-injurious behavior, suicidal ideation and attempt; and mental health diagnoses and treatment. RESULTS Nearly 2 % of students experienced both parental incarceration and foster care, with a disproportionate number of those identifying as youth of color, experiencing poverty, and/or living in rural communities. Both parental incarceration and foster care were separately linked with poor mental health, yet experiencing both was associated with higher odds of anxiety, depression, self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, diagnosis, and treatment. Youth with proximal multiplicative exposure (recent foster care and current parental incarceration) reported the most adverse mental health symptoms. CONCLUSION The study emboldens what is known about the inequitable distribution of parental incarceration and foster care. These findings highlight the association between dual-systems-impacted youth and mental health indicators, with important implications for increasing access to mental health services while simultaneously calling for systems change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muentner
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, United States of America.
| | - Katie J Stone
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Laurel Davis
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shlafer
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, United States of America
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Conner C, Mitchell C, Jahn J. Advancing Public Health Interventions to Address the Harms of the Carceral System: A Policy Statement Adopted by the American Public Health Association, October 2021. Med Care 2022; 60:645-647. [PMID: 35848739 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Conner
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Jaquelyn Jahn
- The Ubuntu Center on Racism, Global Movements & Population Health Equity, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Johnson EI, Planalp EM, Poehlmann-Tynan J. Parental Arrest and Child Behavior: Differential Role of Executive Functioning among Racial Subgroups. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2022; 31:1933-1946. [PMID: 36187359 PMCID: PMC9518726 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examines relations among parental arrest, child executive functioning (EF), and problem behaviors among youth who participated in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N = 11,875). Participants ranged in age from 9 to 10 (M = 9.91) years, and approximately half were girls (47.9%). Results of regression analyses that controlled for sociodemographic risk factors indicated that children who experienced parental arrest exhibited more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than comparison youth, particularly when their mother vs. father had been arrested. Results of analyses that were disaggregated by child race further revealed that EF appeared to play a differential role among White (n = 5851) and Black (n = 1451) children. Among White children, EF was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviors regardless of whether or not a parent had been arrested. Among Black children, low levels of EF were associated with more internalizing behaviors in the context of parental arrest vs. no arrest, but high levels of EF did not appear to confer benefits. EF was not significantly related to externalizing behaviors among Black children. Taken together, results suggest that parental arrests have adverse implications for child well-being that warrant continued theoretical and empirical attention. Findings also suggest that, although EF may be broadly beneficial among White children, there appear to be constraints on the extent to which high EF benefits Black children, a finding that is discussed through the lens of racial stratification and that has important implications for future theory, research, and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I. Johnson
- Department of Child & Family Studies, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Roettger ME, Houle B, Najman J, McGee TR. Parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adolescent and adult offspring: A prospective Australian birth cohort study. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101107. [PMID: 35539365 PMCID: PMC9079096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Parental imprisonment is linked with child health in later life. The present study provides the first prospective cohort analysis and non-U.S. based study examining parental imprisonment and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence and adulthood. Methods The study followed 7,223 children born from live, singleton births from 1981 to 1984 in Brisbane, Australia. Data on parental imprisonment was collected at mother interview when the children were ages 5 and 14. Our sample analyzes offspring with biometric data collected by health professionals, including 3,794 at age 14, 2,136 at age 21, and 1,712 at age 30. Analyses used multivariate linear and logistic regression, and time-varying growth curve models. Results Among female respondents, parental imprisonment at ages ≤5 was associated with higher body-mass index (BMI) at ages 14, 21, and 30; higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at age 30; and increased sedentary hours, larger waist circumference, and odds of a high-risk waist circumference at age 30. Parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤14 was associated with increased BMI and SBP at age 30 for females. In growth-curve models, parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤5 and ≤ 14 among females was linked with increased BMI; parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤5 was associated with increased SBP and DBP. No significant associations were observed for males. Conclusions Using prospective cohort data, our results support research showing that parental imprisonment, particularly in early childhood, is associated with increased BMI, blood pressure, sedentary hours, and waist circumference in females in early adulthood. These findings implicate parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiometabolic health issues in later life among females. First prospective study examining parental imprisonment and cardiovascular risk using non-U.S. data. Study analyzes outcomes for children at ages 14, 21, and 30. Outcomes include BMI, waist circumference, systemic and diabolic blood pressure, and sedentary behaviors. Cardiometabolic risk factors strongest for females experiencing parental imprisonment at or below age 5. Findings hold in both cross-sectional and time-varying models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Roettger
- School of Demography, 146 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Demography, 1468 Ellory Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, 146 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jake Najman
- School of Public Health, Public Health Building, The University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Australia
| | - Tara R. McGee
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
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Beichner D, Hagemann O. A Global View of Women, Prison, and Aftercare: A Call for Reform. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:1788-1808. [PMID: 35475665 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221085997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ending violence against women-part of the priority theme of the CSW65-is an international human rights issue. We must prevent and combat violence against all women, including those who are incarcerated worldwide. Incarcerated women are among the most marginalized populations; they have suffered numerous victimizations without ever seeing their perpetrators brought to justice. Though most incarcerated women have committed non-violent offenses, they are locked away in prisons, far away from their loved ones, and subject to inhumane conditions. According to international human rights law, preventing VAW is the responsibility of the State in all contexts, including prisons. In this article, we acknowledge the global treatment of women in prison as a form of State violence against women and provide policy reform for incarcerated women worldwide. We propose four strategies to reform women's incarceration worldwide: (1) recognizing and dismantling systemic and institutionalized discrimination and biases; (2) abolition of prison sentences for non-violent offenders; (3) restorative approaches to aftercare (or reentry); and (4) making children the priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Beichner
- Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Otmar Hagemann
- Sociology and Social Work, 38993Fachhochschule Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Boch S, Hussain SA, Bambach S, DeShetler C, Chisolm D, Linwood S. Locating Youth Exposed to Parental Justice Involvement in the Electronic Health Record: Development of a Natural Language Processing Model. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2022; 5:e33614. [PMID: 35311681 PMCID: PMC8981008 DOI: 10.2196/33614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental justice involvement (eg, prison, jail, parole, or probation) is an unfortunately common and disruptive household adversity for many US youths, disproportionately affecting families of color and rural families. Data on this adversity has not been captured routinely in pediatric health care settings, and if it is, it is not discrete nor able to be readily analyzed for purposes of research. OBJECTIVE In this study, we outline our process training a state-of-the-art natural language processing model using unstructured clinician notes of one large pediatric health system to identify patients who have experienced a justice-involved parent. METHODS Using the electronic health record database of a large Midwestern pediatric hospital-based institution from 2011-2019, we located clinician notes (of any type and written by any type of provider) that were likely to contain such evidence of family justice involvement via a justice-keyword search (eg, prison and jail). To train and validate the model, we used a labeled data set of 7500 clinician notes identifying whether the patient was ever exposed to parental justice involvement. We calculated the precision and recall of the model and compared those rates to the keyword search. RESULTS The development of the machine learning model increased the precision (positive predictive value) of locating children affected by parental justice involvement in the electronic health record from 61% (a simple keyword search) to 92%. CONCLUSIONS The use of machine learning may be a feasible approach to addressing the gaps in our understanding of the health and health services of underrepresented youth who encounter childhood adversities not routinely captured-particularly for children of justice-involved parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Boch
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,James M Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Syed-Amad Hussain
- IT Research and Innovation, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sven Bambach
- IT Research and Innovation, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cameron DeShetler
- Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Department, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Deena Chisolm
- IT Research and Innovation, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,College of Medicine and Public Health, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Simon Linwood
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
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Del Toro J, Fine A, Wang MT, Thomas A, Schneper LM, Mitchell C, Mincy RB, McLanahan S, Notterman DA. The Longitudinal Associations Between Paternal Incarceration and Family Well-Being: Implications for Ethnic/Racial Disparities in Health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:423-433. [PMID: 34389441 PMCID: PMC8828798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethnic/racial minority children in the United States are more likely to experience father loss to incarceration than White children, and limited research has examined the health implications of these ethnic/racial disparities. Telomere length is a biomarker of chronic stress that is predictive of adverse health outcomes. This study examined whether paternal incarceration predicted telomere length shortening among offspring from childhood to adolescence, whether maternal depression mediated the link, and whether ethnicity/race moderated results. METHOD Research participants included 2,395 families in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, a national and longitudinal cohort study of primarily low-income families from 20 large cities in the United States. Key constructs were measured when children were on average ages 9 (2007-2010) and 15 (2014-2017). RESULTS Children who experienced paternal incarceration exhibited shorter telomere lengths between ages 9 and 15, and changes in maternal depression mediated this finding. Specifically, mothers who experienced a partner's incarceration were more likely to have depression between children's ages 9 and 15. In turn, increases in maternal depression between children's ages 9 and 15 predicted more accelerated telomere length shortening among children during this period. Paternal incarceration was more prevalent and frequent for ethnic/racial minority youth than for White youth. CONCLUSION Paternal incarceration is associated with a biomarker of chronic stress among children in low-income families. Rates of paternal incarceration were more prevalent and frequent among Black American and multiethnic/multiracial families than among White Americans. As a result, the mass incarceration crisis of the criminal justice system is likely shaping intergenerational ethnic/racial health disparities.
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Paynter M, Heggie C, Matheson L, Rillie C, Beals D, Bray M. Maternal incarceration in a provincial prison in Canada: A qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:2123-2138. [PMID: 35102578 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the experiences of provincially incarcerated mothers in Nova Scotia, Canada; and to make recommendations with respect to improving the experiences of mothers facing criminalization and their children. DESIGN This qualitative study is rooted in feminist standpoint theory, community-based research methodologies and prison abolition. METHODS Mothers who were currently or previously incarcerated were recruited by community partners. Between Fall 2021 and Winter 2022, 14 individual interviews and one focus group were conducted, for a total of 18 study participants. Data were analysed collaboratively using thematic analysis. RESULTS Three key themes were developed through the data analysis: Maintaining Connection, Broken Bonds and The Damage. Mothers shared experiences of trying to maintain connections with their children through numerous challenges, including emotional distress caused by the separation and significant logistical and financial barriers. Mothers felt their children unfairly bore the burden of their incarceration. They experienced a lack of or outright denial of services while incarcerated, and a lack of transitional support on release, making working towards parenting again difficult and discouraging. CONCLUSION For participants in our study, separation from their children during incarceration caused severe emotional distress and had serious implications on their right to parent and their relationships with their children. Incarceration for even brief periods has detrimental social impacts, and release planning does not prepare people for the challenges of repairing that damage. Conditions of maternal incarceration are in violation of international human rights laws. IMPACT Although we make some recommendations for reform (e.g. free phone calls), we focus on alternatives to incarceration for mothers experiencing criminalization. Findings will be shared with relevant institutional partners with the goal of impacting sentencing and incarceration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paynter
- Dalhousie University School of Nursing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,IWK Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Wellness Within, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Mirinda Bray
- Coverdale Courtwork Society, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Drago MJ, Shabanova V, Hochreiter D, Grossman M, Mercurio M. Does Maternal Incarceration Impact Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome? Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:1095-1103. [PMID: 35088297 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Opioid exposed infants born to incarcerated women represent a vulnerable and understudied subset of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). The impact of maternal incarceration on length of stay (LOS) for infants with NAS is unknown. We hypothesized that infants with NAS born to incarcerated women have longer hospitalizations compared to infants with NAS born to non-incarcerated women. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of infants with NAS born between 2011 and 2018 at the primary delivery site for Connecticut's only women's prison. Opioid exposed infants were assessed by Finnegan Scores for withdrawal and received morphine as a first line agent and phenobarbital as a second line agent. LOS was compared using Poisson regression. RESULTS Of 206 infants identified, 166 were included in the analysis, with 28 born to incarcerated women and 138 to non-incarcerated women. Incarcerated women were more likely to report prenatal alcohol use, 14.3% vs 2.2% p = 0.016 and benzodiazepine use 21.4% vs 7.3% p = 0.032. Infants of incarcerated women were less likely to be fed breast milk at discharge, 3.6% vs 37% p < 0.001. Adjusted mean LOS was longer among infants born to incarcerated women, 18.5 vs 16.6 days (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE Infants with NAS born to incarcerated women in Connecticut had longer LOS, lower rates of being fed breast milk, and different prenatal substance exposures than infants with NAS born to non-incarcerated women. Supporting the maternal-infant dyad until infant discharge may mitigate the potential negative impact of maternal incarceration on the care of infants with NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Drago
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Division of Newborn Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1176 Fifth Avenue, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Veronika Shabanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of General Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniela Hochreiter
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hospitalist Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew Grossman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hospitalist Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Mercurio
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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A Population-Level Examination of Incarcerated Women and Mothers Before and After the California Public Safety Realignment Act. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:15-23. [PMID: 34978019 PMCID: PMC8720545 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background In 2011, California enacted its public safety realignment initiative (realignment) motivated by a U.S. Supreme Court ruling to reduce state prison overcrowding and in effort to reduce recidivism. Realignment transferred authority for lower-level felony offenders from the state to the counties, leading to a rapid reduction in state prison incarceration levels. Objective This study drew on a unique dataset to assess the effects of California’s efforts to downsize the prison system on maternal incarceration levels and to better understand the characteristics of incarcerated mothers and their children. Methods Incarceration records concerning all women in California state prisons between 2010 and 2012 (N = 16,917) were linked to 7.5 million vital birth records dating to 1999 to identify incarcerated women who had given birth. Multinomial logistic regression models were specified to better understand offense type differences among incarcerated mothers versus nonmothers. Results Findings indicate that realignment disproportionately affected women. The number of men entering prison decreased 67.8% between 2010 and 2012. In comparison, the number of women entering prison decreased 78.5%. Further, more than half of incarcerated women had given birth. Mothers were more likely than nonmothers to be convicted of nonviolent crimes. Discussion This study underscores how prison downsizing can disproportionately reduce incarceration levels for women. Given that such large proportion of incarcerated women were mothers, this policy change may have potential spillover next-generation benefits. Finally, this work reinforces the potential to use linked administrative records to study incarcerated populations.
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Turney K. Family member incarceration and mental health: Results from a nationally representative survey. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Leckman JF, Ponguta LA, Pavarini G, Hein SD, McCarthy MF, Staiti H, Hanöz-Penney S, Rubinstein J, Pruett KD, Yazgan MY, Fallon NS, Hartl FJ, Ziv M, Salah R, Britto PR, Fitzpatrick S, Panter-Brick C. Love and peace across generations: Biobehavioral systems and global partnerships. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 8:100092. [PMID: 35757671 PMCID: PMC9216554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children's environments - especially relationships with caregivers - sculpt not only developing brains but also multiple bio-behavioral systems that influence long-term cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, including the ability to empathize with others and interact in prosocial and peaceful ways. This speaks to the importance of investing resources in effective and timely programs that work to enhance early childhood development (ECD) and, by extension, reach communities at-scale. Given the limited resources currently devoted to ECD services, and the devastating impact of COVID-19 on children and communities, there is a clear need to spur government leaders and policymakers to further invest in ECD and related issues including gender and racial equity. This essay offers concrete examples of scholarly paradigms and leadership efforts that focus on child development to build a peaceful, equitable, just, and sustainable world. As scholars and practitioners, we need to continue to design, implement, assess, and revise high-quality child development programs that generate much-needed evidence for policy and programmatic changes. We must also invest in global partnerships to foster the next generation of scholars, practitioners, and advocates dedicated to advance our understanding of the bio-behavioral systems that underlie love, sociality, and peace across generations. Especially where supported by structural interventions, ECD programs can help create more peaceful, just, and socially equitable societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology and Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Ethox Centre, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liliana Angelica Ponguta
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriela Pavarini
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Ethox Centre, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sascha D. Hein
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael F. McCarthy
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Warner School of Education and Human Development, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Suna Hanöz-Penney
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Mother Child Education Foundation (AÇEV), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joanna Rubinstein
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Paris, France
| | - Kyle D. Pruett
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Yanki Yazgan
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Güzel Günler Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N. Shemrah Fallon
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franz J. Hartl
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- University Web Operations, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margalit Ziv
- The International Networking Group on Peacebuilding with Young Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rima Salah
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pia Rebello Britto
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Country Representative, UNICEF, Lao’s People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
| | - Siobhán Fitzpatrick
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- The International Networking Group on Peacebuilding with Young Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- The Early Years – the Organization for Young Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Catherine Panter-Brick
- Early Childhood Peace Consortium, New York, NY, USA
- Jackson Institute for Global Affairs and Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Krinner LM, Warren-Findlow J, Bowling J, Issel LM, Reeve CL. The dimensionality of adverse childhood experiences: A scoping review of ACE dimensions measurement. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 121:105270. [PMID: 34419902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite extensive research, the concept of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is not fully developed and there is low agreement on how the concept should be defined and measured. The purpose of this study was to 1) identify different conceptual dimensions associated with ACEs, such as timing or frequency; and 2) determine how these dimensions have been operationalized and analyzed to this point, in order to advance the conceptual understanding of ACEs. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of empirical journal articles on ACEs published after the original ACE-Study in 1998 to summarize the use of dimensions for the 10 conventional ACE domains. We used a PRISMA methodology to identify articles that assessed at least two of the 10 conventional ACE domains and at least two ACE dimensions. A standardized data extraction spreadsheet was used to record basic article information and specifics on ACE domains and dimensions. RESULTS Of 15,417 initial search results, 61 articles met all selection criteria. We identified four primary dimensions used for most ACE domains: frequency, timing, perception, and the role of the perpetrator. Additionally, we found several secondary and domain-specific dimensions, which relate to the intensity of the adverse event. DISCUSSION We identified the most commonly used ACE dimensions, but these lack standardized phrasing of items and response options. The inclusion of ACE dimensions may increase the accuracy of the association between ACEs and health outcomes and provide for more tailored treatment plans for people who have experienced ACEs. Future research should include a more comprehensive list of ACE domains and aim to develop a clearly articulated, standardized approach to assessing and analyzing ACE dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Krinner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - Jan Warren-Findlow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - Jessamyn Bowling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - L Michele Issel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - Charlie L Reeve
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
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Boch S, Sezgin E, Ruch D, Kelleher K, Chisolm D, Lin S. Unjust: the health records of youth with personal/family justice involvement in a large pediatric health system. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 34337696 PMCID: PMC8327457 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass incarceration has had an undeniable toll on childhood poverty and inequality, however, little is known about the consequences on pediatric health. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the health of pediatric patients with probable personal or family history involvement with the correctional system. METHODS A descriptive study was conducted using electronic health record data of 2.3 million youth (ages 0-21 years) who received care in a large Midwestern hospital-based institution from February 2006-2020. We employed a correctional-related keyword search (e.g. jail, prison, probation, parole) to locate youth with probable personal or family history involvement. Health characteristics were measured as clinician diagnostic codes. RESULTS Two percent of the total pediatric population had a correctional keyword in the medical chart (N = 51,855). This 2% made up 66% of all patients with cannabis-related diagnoses, 52% of all patients with trauma-related diagnoses, 48% of all stress-related diagnoses, 38% of all patients with psychotic disorder diagnoses, and 33% of all suicidal-related disorders within this institution's electronic health record database - among other highly concerning findings. CONCLUSIONS We captured an alarming health profile that warrants further investigation and validation methods to better address the gaps in our clinical understanding of youth with personal or family history involvement with the correctional system. We can do better in identifying, and supporting families affected by the correctional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Boch
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Emre Sezgin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Donna Ruch
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly Kelleher
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Deena Chisolm
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Simon Lin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Wildeman C, Lee H. Women's Health in the Era of Mass Incarceration. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2021; 47:543-565. [PMCID: PMC10266712 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-081320-113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic increases in criminal justice contact in the United States have rendered prison and jail incarceration common for US men and their loved ones, with possible implications for women's health. This review provides the most expansive critical discussion of research on family member incarceration and women's health in five stages. First, we provide new estimates showing how common family member incarceration is for US women by race/ethnicity and level of education. Second, we discuss the precursors to family member incarceration. Third, we discuss mechanisms through which family member incarceration may have no effect on women's health, a positive effect on women's health, and a negative effect on women's health. Fourth, we review existing research on how family member incarceration is associated with women's health. Fifth, we continue our discussion of the limitations of existing research and provide some recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Wang X, Maguire-Jack K, Barnhart S, Yoon S, Li Q. Racial Differences in the Relationship between Neighborhood Disorder, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Child Behavioral Health. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 48:315-329. [PMID: 31811546 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neighborhood and family context in which children grow profoundly influences their development. Informed by ecological systems theory and social disorganization theory, we hypothesized that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) mediate the relationship between neighborhood disorder and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and that these pathways vary by race/ethnicity. We conducted secondary data analysis using Fragile Families and Child Well-being study data. To test hypothesized pathways, we performed a mediation path analysis on a sample of 3001 mothers of children (ages 3 and 5) living in 20 U.S. cities. A moderated mediation path analysis was used to test racial/ethnic differences in hypothesized pathways. We found that living in disordered neighborhoods increased children's likelihood of exhibiting externalizing and internalizing behaviors through childhood ACEs. Compared to Black and Hispanic children, White children's ACEs were more susceptible to negative neighborhood environment effects, suggesting that White children's behavioral health may be more indirectly affected by neighborhood disorder. The finding that ACEs mediated the pathway from neighborhood disorder to child behavior problems provides opportunity for child psychiatrists and pediatricians to interrupt negative pathways by providing interventions for children and families. Our findings on racial/ethnic differences highlight the need for culturally sensitive programming to address children's behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafei Wang
- David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, School of Social Work, 150 Crouse Dr, White Hall 220, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | | | - Sheila Barnhart
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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What Racism Has to Do with It: Understanding and Reducing Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Youth of Color. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060673. [PMID: 34199974 PMCID: PMC8227416 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are high in populations of color compared to Whites. High-risk sexual behaviors are widely viewed as the key contributors to the levels of STDs, especially in adolescents and young adults. This article situates the sexual risk behaviors of Black, Indigenous, and other young people of color within the framework of racism. It begins with an overview of racial inequities in common STDs and shows how racism gives rise to several risk factors for high-risk sexual behaviors. These risk factors for STDs identified in prior research are best understood as adaptations to the challenges and constraints faced by youth in socially disadvantaged environments. Both social adversity and the mental health problems that it triggers can lead to risky sexual behaviors. Drawing on findings from prior research with youth of color, this paper describes the needed interventions that can markedly reduce STDs and their risk factors. It also describes needed research on interventions that could contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the adverse conditions fueled by racism that affect youth of color, their health, and their communities.
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Protective Factors to Promote Health and Flourishing in Black Youth Exposed to Parental Incarceration. Nurs Res 2021; 70:S63-S72. [PMID: 34074962 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass incarceration of Black fathers and mothers in the United States has had an undeniably negative effect on the health and well-being of their children, families, and communities. Nearly 1 in every 9 Black youth in the United States has had an incarcerated parent compared to 1 in every 17 White youth. To mitigate the consequences of such historical and structural racism, family and community protective factors that promote health and flourishing in Black youth need exploration. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to understand the associations of protective family, school, and neighborhood factors of overall health and flourishing in Black youth ever exposed to parental incarceration. METHODS Using the 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health, secondary data analyses were conducted of Black youth ages 6-17 years exposed to parental incarceration (n = 839). Multivariable logistic regression models predicted the associations among protective family and community factors and two child outcomes of interest: overall good health status and flourishing. Overall good health status was measured dichotomously comparing children in "good, very good, or excellent" health to children in "fair or poor" health. Flourishing was measured as a count score using three survey questions designed to assess the child's curiosity and discovery about learning, resilience, and self-regulation. Protective factors of interest included family resilience and connectedness, neighborhood support and safety, and school safety. Other child and caregiver demographics and health characteristics were also included as covariates. RESULTS Across all models, higher levels of family connectedness were associated with greater odds of having overall good health and flourishing in Black youth exposed to parental incarceration after adjusting for covariates and neighborhood and school protective characteristics. No significant associations were found between neighborhood or school protective factors and either outcome. DISCUSSION To achieve health equity and maximize opportunities for all youth, we must remove the obstacles and consequences of mass incarceration. Improving the health and flourishing of Black youth who have had incarcerated parents requires greater investment in structural supports to bolster family connectedness and better evidence on how to support families affected by mass incarceration and structural racism.
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Sundaresh R, Yi Y, Harvey TD, Roy B, Riley C, Lee H, Wildeman C, Wang EA. Exposure to Family Member Incarceration and Adult Well-being in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2111821. [PMID: 34047791 PMCID: PMC8164096 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance More than half of the adult population in the United States has ever had a family member incarcerated, an experience more common among Black individuals. The impacts of family incarceration on well-being are not fully understood. Objective To assess the associations of incarceration of a family member with perceived well-being and differences in projected life expectancy. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative cross-sectional study used data from the 2018 Family History of Incarceration Survey to examine how experiences of family member incarceration were associated with a holistic measure of well-being, including physical, mental, social, financial, and spiritual domains. Well-being was used to estimate change in life expectancy and was compared across varying levels of exposure to immediate and extended family member incarceration using logistic regression models to adjust for individual and household characteristics. Data were analyzed from October 2019 to April 2020. Exposures Respondents' history of family member incarceration, including immediate and extended family members. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was self-reported life-evaluation, a measure of overall well-being from the 100 Million Healthier Lives Adult Well-being Assessment. Respondents were considered thriving with a current life satisfaction score of 7 or greater and a future life optimism score of 8 or greater, each on a scale of 0 to 10. Other outcomes included physical health, mental health, social support, financial well-being, and spiritual well-being, each measured with separate scales. Additionally, life expectancy projections were estimated using population-level correlations with the Life Evaluation Index. All percentages were weighted to more closely represent the US population. Results Of 2815 individuals included in analysis, 1472 (51.7%) were women, 1765 (62.8%) were non-Hispanic White, and 868 (31.5%) were aged 35 to 54 years. A total of 1806 respondents (45.0%) reported having an immediate family member who was incarcerated. Compared with respondents with no family incarceration, any family member incarceration was associated with lower well-being overall (thriving: 69.5% [95% CI, 65.0%-75.0%] vs 56.9% [95% CI, 53.9%-59.9%]) and in every individual domain (eg, physical thriving: 51.1% [95% CI, 46.2-56.0] vs 35.5% [95% CI, 32.6%-38.3%]) and with a mean (SE) estimated 2.6 (0.03) years shorter life expectancy. Among those with any family incarceration, Black respondents had a mean (SE) estimated 0.46 (0.04) fewer years of life expectancy compared with White respondents. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that family member health and well-being may be an important avenue through which incarceration is associated with racial disparities in health and mortality. Decarceration efforts may improve population-level well-being and life expectancy by minimizing detrimental outcomes associated with incarceration among nonincarcerated family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sundaresh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Youngmin Yi
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Tyler D. Harvey
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brita Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carley Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Critical Care, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Rockwool Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emily A. Wang
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Yi Y, Kennedy J, Chazotte C, Huynh M, Jiang Y, Wildeman C. Paternal Jail Incarceration and Birth Outcomes: Evidence from New York City, 2010-2016. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1221-1241. [PMID: 33914227 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine population-level associations between paternal jail incarceration during pregnancy and infant birth outcomes using objective measures of health and incarceration. METHODS We use multivariate logistic regression models and linked records on all births and jail incarcerations in New York City between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS 0.8% of live births were exposed to paternal incarceration during pregnancy or at the time of birth. After accounting for parental sociodemographic characteristics, maternal health behaviors, and maternal health care access, paternal incarceration during pregnancy remains associated with late preterm birth (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.48), low birthweight (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.27, 1.53), small size for gestational age (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.17, 1.57), and NICU admission (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.24). CONCLUSIONS We found strong positive baseline associations (p < 0.001) between paternal jail incarceration during pregnancy with probabilities of all adverse outcomes examined. These associations did not appear to be driven purely by duration or frequency of paternal incarceration. These associations were partially explained by parental characteristics, maternal health behavior, and health care. These results indicate the need to consider paternal incarceration as a potential stressor and source of trauma for pregnant women and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Yi
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Kennedy
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cynthia Chazotte
- Bureau of Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Huynh
- Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yang Jiang
- Bureau of Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States. .,ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Roettger M, Houle B. Assessing the relationship between parental imprisonment in childhood and risk of sexually transmitted infections: a cohort study of US adults in early adulthood. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e038445. [PMID: 33795290 PMCID: PMC8021740 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One in six young adults in the USA experiences parental imprisonment in childhood. Prior studies have associated parental imprisonment with risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI); however, potential data and methodological issues may have limited the reliability and accuracy of prior findings. Examining cumulative and longitudinal risk, we address several methodological limitations of prior studies and also examine comparative risk by respondent sex and ethnicity. We assess these associations using a range of control variables. DESIGN A national cohort study from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health using (1) a cross-sectional sample of adults at ages 24-32 years and (2) a longitudinal sample between ages 18 and 32 years. Both analyses estimate ORs for STI associated with parental imprisonment and examine variation by parent/child gender and respondent ethnicity. SETTING In-home interviews in the USA at wave 1 (1994-1995), wave 3 (2001-2003) and wave 4 (2007-2009). PARTICIPANTS 15 684 respondents completing interviews at wave 1 (ages 12-18 years) and wave 4 (ages 26-32 years), including 8556 women, 3437 black and 2397 respondents reporting parental imprisonment. RESULTS Father-only imprisonment is associated with 1.22 higher odds (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.37) of lifetime STI and 1.19 higher odds (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.41) of STI in the past 12 months between ages 18 and 32 years, adjusting for familial, neighbourhood, individual and sexual risk factors. Maternal imprisonment is not associated with higher risk of lifetime STI after adjusting for confounders (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.61). Examining predicted probabilities of STI, our findings show additive risks for women, black people and parental imprisonment. CONCLUSION Adjusting for confounders, only paternal imprisonment is associated with slightly elevated risk of annual and lifetime risk of STI. Additive effects show that parental imprisonment modestly increases ethnic and female risk for STI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roettger
- School of Demography, Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, Australian National University College of Arts and Social Sciences, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Parental Incarceration and School Readiness: Findings From the 2016 to 2018 National Survey of Children's Health. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21:534-541. [PMID: 32861805 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has documented several collateral consequences of parental incarceration for the development of children. However, there is limited research on how experiencing parental incarceration impacts the school readiness of preschool-aged children. This study examines the relationship between parental incarceration and school readiness among 3- to 5-year-old children in the United States. METHODS The current study employs data from 2016 to 2018 National Survey of Children's Health. The measure of school readiness is comprised of the following 4 domains: early learning skills, self-regulation, social-emotional development, and physical health & motor development. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the extent to which children were on-track across these key school readiness domains. RESULTS Parental incarceration is associated with a reduction in the predicted probability of being on-track across all 4 domains. Furthermore, while only about 1 in 33 children without incarcerated parents will be on-track in none of the domains, approximately 1 in 6 children experiencing parental incarceration will be on-track in none of the domains. Ancillary analyses reveal that these results largely hold across items in each school readiness domain. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel measure of school readiness, the current study finds parental incarceration is associated with reduced school readiness of preschool-aged children in the United States. Considering the vast benefits of early school readiness for development and academic achievement, our findings suggest a need for interventions that enhance school readiness among children who experience parental incarceration.
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Jackson DB, Testa A, Semenza DC, Vaughn MG. Parental Incarceration, Child Adversity, and Child Health: A Strategic Comparison Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073384. [PMID: 33805850 PMCID: PMC8036687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research points to parental incarceration as an important social determinant of child health. Even so, studies examining the health impact of parental incarceration in the context of diverse childhood stressors and adversities are lacking. Methods: The present study uses a large, nationally representative sample to compare U.S. children who were exposed to parental incarceration to a strategic comparison group of U.S. children who were not exposed to parental incarceration, but were nonetheless exposed to alternative family stressors and adversities. Results: The initial findings generally reveal worse health among children exposed to parental incarceration compared to those who are not exposed. Even so, these differences were partially or completely attenuated when comparing the incarceration-exposed group to more comparable groups of children exposed to a varying degree of alternative stressors/adversities. Conclusions: Programmatic efforts targeting parental incarceration as a means of promoting child health may be enhanced by adequately addressing co-occurring family stressors and child adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA;
| | - Daniel C. Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Criminal Justice, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA;
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43
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Santaularia NJ, Larson R, Uggen C. Criminal punishment and violent injury in Minnesota. Inj Epidemiol 2021; 8:11. [PMID: 33715637 PMCID: PMC7958430 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-021-00303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence is one of the leading causes of injury and death in the United States. One-way society attempts to eliminate violence is through criminal punishment. Yet, in many contexts, punishment fails to reduce violence and may cause other harms. Current research on violence often suffers from same-source bias which can produce spurious associations. This study assesses the associations of different forms of criminal punishment (monetary sanctions, incarceration, and probation) with violent injuries in two unique datasets. METHODS This study examines a unique combination of hospital discharge data and court administrative data, two Minnesota county-level data sources. First, we assess the spatial distribution of the three criminal punishment variables and two violent injury variables, violent injury overall and violent injury in children by county from 2010 to 2014, using Moran's I statistic and Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation. Then we assess the association of criminal punishment on violent injury and child abuse injury using a two-way fixed effects panel models. RESULTS Child abuse injuries are relatively rare in our data but are significantly concentrated geographically, unlike violent injuries which are more dispersed throughout Minnesota. Incarceration and probation are significantly geographically concentrated in similar regions while monetary sanctions are not geographically concentrated. We find a link between probation loads and violent injury, specifically, with a 1 day increase in per capita probation supervision associated with a 0.044 increase in violent injury incidence per 1000 people. In contrast, monetary sanctions and incarceration loads have little association with either violent injury or child abuse injury incidence. CONCLUSIONS Criminal punishment is intended to reduce harm in society, but many argue that it may bring unintended consequences such as violence. This study finds that county-level probation has a modest positive association with county-level violent injury rates, but monetary sanctions and incarceration are less associated with violence injury rates. No measure of criminal punishment was associated with a reduction in violence. This study addresses a gap in previous literature by examining the association of punishment and violence in two unrelated datasets. High rates of criminal punishment and violent injury are both urgent public health emergencies. Further individual-level investigation is needed to assess potential links.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jeanie Santaularia
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1300 2nd Street S, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA. .,Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, 225 19th Ave S #50th, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Ryan Larson
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Christopher Uggen
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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44
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Prenatal programming of depression: cumulative risk or mismatch in the Ontario Child Health Study? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:75-82. [PMID: 33750496 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with cumulative risk hypotheses of psychopathology, studies examining prenatal adversity and later mental health largely suggest that pre and postnatal stress exposures have summative effects. Fewer data support that a mismatch in stress levels between pre- and postnatal life increases risk (the mismatch hypothesis). In this retrospective cohort study using data from the 1983 Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS), we examined interactions between birth weight status and childhood/adolescent stress to predict major depression in adulthood. Ninety-five participants born at low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) and 972 normal birth weight (NBW) control participants completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form Major Depression module at 21-34 years of age. A youth risk scale consisting of five stressful exposures (family dysfunction, socioeconomic disadvantage, parental criminality, maternal mental illness, exposure to other life stresses) indexed child/adolescent adversity. Birth weight groups did not differ by childhood risk score nor depression levels. A significant interaction was observed between birth weight and the youth risk scale whereby exposure to increasing levels of exposure to childhood/adolescent adversity predicted increased levels of depression in the NBW group, but lower rates in those born at LBW. Consistent with the mismatch hypothesis, data from a large, longitudinally followed cohort suggest that the mental health of adults born LBW may be more resilient to the adverse effects of childhood/adolescent stress. Taken in the context of previous studies of low birth weight infants, these findings suggest that the nature of associations between gestational stress and later mental health may depend on the magnitude of prenatal stress exposure, as well as the degree of resilience and/or plasticity conferred by their early-life environment.
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45
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Porter LC, Kozlowski-Serra M, Lee H. Proliferation or adaptation? Differences across race and sex in the relationship between time served in prison and mental health symptoms. Soc Sci Med 2021; 276:113815. [PMID: 33812157 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Guided by stress proliferation and adaptation perspectives, this study investigates competing hypotheses for the relationship between time served in prison and mental health symptoms. Drawing on data from the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities in 2004 (N = 12,118), our findings suggest that time served is correlated with mental health symptoms, but that the association differs across race and sex. White males exhibit fewer mental health symptoms at longer exposures to prison, while black males and black females exhibit more symptoms. We conclude that both incarceration dosage (treatment heterogeneity) and differences across groups (effect heterogeneity) may be important considerations in understanding the relationship between incarceration and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Porter
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, 7251 Preinkert Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, United States.
| | - Meghan Kozlowski-Serra
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, 7251 Preinkert Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, United States
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1112 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States
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46
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McCauley EJ. The role of stress and absence: How household member incarceration is associated with risky sexual health behaviors. Soc Sci Med 2021; 272:113718. [PMID: 33561572 PMCID: PMC8562991 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sexual health is a critical indicator of wellbeing with consequences for population health. However, little is known about whether and how household member incarceration affects the sexual health behaviors of young adults. This study seeks to assess the association between household member incarceration and sexual health behaviors and provides an initial test of mechanisms. Drawing upon data from the NLSY97, this study estimates the association between household member incarceration and sexual health behaviors using linear probability models, and then re-estimates these associations using two alternative comparison groups; 1) youth who experienced other forms of stress, and 2) youth who experienced other forms of family absence. Results indicate that household incarceration is positively associated with a higher risk of reporting sexual intercourse with an intravenous drug user net of individual and family characteristics and is negatively associated with condom use net of individual but not family characteristics. The results also show that the associations between household member incarceration and sexual health behaviors may be attributable, at least in part, to the well documented stress associated with incarceration. Yet, the results provide little evidence that absence is a pathway linking household member incarceration to risky sexual health behaviors. It is possible that household member incarceration is linked to deleterious outcomes for youth through different mechanisms than parental incarceration given the differing roles of parents versus other adults in the home. Future research should explore the pathways linking household member incarceration to health risks for youth and consider household member incarceration as a unique family stressor.
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47
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Shonkoff JP, Slopen N, Williams DR. Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on the Foundations of Health. Annu Rev Public Health 2021; 42:115-134. [PMID: 33497247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inequalities in health outcomes impose substantial human and economic costs on all societies-and the relation between early adversity and lifelong well-being presents a rich scientific framework for fresh thinking about health promotion and disease prevention broadly, augmented by a deeper focus on how racism influences disparities more specifically. This review begins with an overview of advances in the biology of adversity and resilience through an early childhood lens, followed by an overview of the unique effects of racism on health and a selective review of findings from related intervention research. This article presents a framework for addressing multiple dimensions of the public health challenge-including institutional/structural racism, cultural racism, and interpersonal discrimination-and concludes with the compelling need to protect the developing brain and other biological systems from the physiological disruptions of toxic stress that can undermine the building blocks of optimal health and development in the early childhood period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Shonkoff
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , , .,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , ,
| | - David R Williams
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , , .,Department of African and African American Studies and Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-3654, USA
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48
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Bomysoad RN, Francis LA. Associations between parental incarceration and youth mental health conditions: The mitigating effects of adolescent resilience and positive coping strategies. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Puglisi LB, Shavit S. Health Disparities of People Living in the Community on Probation: A Call to Action for Community and Public Health Systems. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1262-1263. [PMID: 32783736 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Puglisi
- Lisa B. Puglisi is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and the VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Shira Shavit is with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Shira Shavit
- Lisa B. Puglisi is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and the VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Shira Shavit is with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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50
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Connors K, Flores-Torres MH, Stern D, Valdimarsdóttir U, Rider JR, Lopez-Ridaura R, Kirschbaum C, Cantú-Brito C, Catzin-Kuhlmann A, Rodriguez BL, Correa CP, Lajous M. Family Member Incarceration, Psychological Stress, and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Mexican Women (2012-2016). Am J Public Health 2020; 110:S71-S77. [PMID: 31967877 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine the association between family member incarceration, psychological stress, and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods. Between 2012 and 2016, 1849 CVD-free women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort responded to questions on family incarceration from the Life Stressor Checklist. Perceived stress and hair cortisol levels were measured in a subset of participants. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured, and carotid atherosclerosis was determined in all participants. We used multivariable quantile, linear, and logistic regression models to evaluate the association between family member incarceration, stress, and subclinical CVD.Results. Among women with a mean age of 49.7 years (SD ±5.2), 15.3% reported family member incarceration. We found that both perceived stress and hair cortisol levels were significantly higher in women with an incarcerated family member relative to women without one. After multivariable adjustment, women who reported family member incarceration had 41% (95% confidence interval = 1.04, 2.00) higher odds of carotid atherosclerosis compared with those who did not.Conclusions. Family member incarceration was associated with robust markers of stress and cardiovascular risk. Mass incarceration may have a long-lasting impact on physical health of affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela Connors
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Mario H Flores-Torres
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Dalia Stern
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Jennifer R Rider
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Ruy Lopez-Ridaura
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cantú-Brito
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Beatriz L Rodriguez
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Catalina Pérez Correa
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Martín Lajous
- Kaela Connors, Mario H. Flores-Torres, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura, and Martín Lajous are with the Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Dalia Stern is with CONACyT-Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City. Unnur Valdimarsdóttir is with Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Jennifer R. Rider is with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Clemens Kirschbaum is with the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Carlos Cantú-Brito and Andrés Catzin-Kuhlmann are with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City. Beatriz L. Rodriguez is with the Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Catalina Pérez Correa is with the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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