1
|
Houweling TAJ, Grünberger I. Intergenerational transmission of health inequalities: towards a life course approach to socioeconomic inequalities in health - a review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024:jech-2022-220162. [PMID: 38955463 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Adult health inequalities are a persistent public health problem. Explanations are usually sought in behaviours and environments in adulthood, despite evidence on the importance of early life conditions for life course outcomes. We review evidence from a broad range of fields to unravel to what extent, and how, socioeconomic health inequalities are intergenerationally transmitted.We find that transmission of socioeconomic and associated health (dis)advantages from parents to offspring, and its underlying structural determinants, contributes substantially to socioeconomic inequalities in adult health. In the first two decades of life-from conception to early adulthood-parental socioeconomic position (SEP) and parental health strongly influence offspring adult SEP and health. Socioeconomic and health (dis)advantages are largely transmitted through the same broad mechanisms. Socioeconomic inequalities in the fetal environment contribute to inequalities in fetal development and birth outcomes, with lifelong socioeconomic and health consequences. Inequalities in the postnatal environment-especially the psychosocial and learning environment, physical exposures and socialisation-result in inequalities in child and adolescent health, development and behavioural habits, with health and socioeconomic consequences tracking into adulthood. Structural factors shape these mechanisms in a socioeconomically patterned and time-specific and place-specific way, leading to distinct birth-cohort patterns in health inequality.Adult health inequalities are for an important part intergenerationally transmitted. Effective health inequality reduction requires addressing intergenerational transmission of (dis)advantage by creating societal circumstances that allow all children to develop to their full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A J Houweling
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilona Grünberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fleary SA, Shahn Z, Teasdale CA. Effects of parental childhood cultural health environment on children's influenza and COVID-19 vaccination status. Vaccine 2024; 42:3631-3636. [PMID: 38688805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Most studies examining factors associated with pediatric influenza (flu) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination uptake focus on parental demographics. We examined whether the childhood cultural health environment (CHE) of parents (measured by self-reported regular attendance at doctor and dentist visits during childhood) was associated with flu and COVID-19 vaccination of their children. Using 2023 survey data from 397 US parents and causal inference methods, we estimated the average causal effect of parental CHE on flu vaccination rates (0.16 [95 % confidence interval: 0.06,0.27]) and COVID-19 (0.14 [95 % confidence interval: 0.04,0.24]), indicating that if all parents had attended regular doctor/dentist visits as children, flu and COVID-19 vaccination rates in children would be 16 % and 14 % higher, respectively, than if none had. Our findings suggest that early life exposure to medical and dental care has significant and lasting effects on the health of individuals and families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha A Fleary
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH), New York, NY, United States; Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), CUNY SPH, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Zachary Shahn
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), CUNY SPH, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY SPH, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chloe A Teasdale
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), CUNY SPH, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY SPH, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang WB, Jia FF, Liu BP, Li Q, Jia CX. Explaining how childhood physical abuse and physical neglect influence adult depression: An analysis with multiple sequential mediators. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106771. [PMID: 38581769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence indicates that experiencing physical abuse and neglect during childhood significantly elevates the likelihood of developing depression in adulthood. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of understanding regarding the mechanisms underpinning this correlation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to examine the associations of childhood physical abuse and physical neglect with depression using follow-up data from UK Biobank and quantified the contribution of smoking, insomnia, and BMI in these associations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS This study included 144,704 participants (64,168 men and 80,536 women) from UK Biobank, most of whom were white (97 %). METHODS Physical abuse and physical neglect were measured using two items of Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS). Data on the incidence of depression were obtained from primary care, hospital inpatient records, self-reported medical conditions, and death registries. We used a sequential mediation analysis based on the "g-formula" approach to explore the individual and joint effects of potential mediators. RESULTS The depression incidence rate was 1.85 per 1000 person-years for men and 2.83 per 1000 person-years for women, respectively. Results of Cox proportional risk regression showed that physical abuse (HRs: 1.39-1.53, P < 0.001) and physical neglect (HRs: 1.43-1.60, P < 0.001) are associated with depression. Smoking, insomnia, and BMI together mediated 3 %-26 % of the associations. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to our understanding of how physical abuse and physical neglect influence depression. Furthermore, a more effective reduction in the burden of depression can be achieved by managing modifiable mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei-Fei Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Bao-Peng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cun-Xian Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fleary SA. Linking Childhood Cultural Health Capital Factors with Adult Health Literacy. Health Lit Res Pract 2024; 8:e79-e88. [PMID: 38713899 PMCID: PMC11075993 DOI: 10.3928/24748307-20240422-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult health outcomes are linked to childhood factors such as socioeconomic status via cultural health capital (CHC). Specifically, these factors shape opportunities for developing skills for navigating health environments via experience and the intergenerational transfer of health-related knowledge and skills. Health literacy (HL) is considered a part of and/or result of CHC. HL develops similarly to CHC via opportunities and experiences. Most research to date has ignored the effect of childhood factors on adult HL. The purpose of this study was to explore how childhood factors are related to adult HL. Data were collected from adults (N = 736, mean age = 40.65 years, standard deviation [SD] = 15.39; 52% female; 53.8% White, 31.3% Hispanic and Latino/a/e) in the United States using Qualtrics Panel. Multivariate ordinal and binary logistic regressions predicting HL (as measured by the Newest Vital Sign and Single-Item Literacy Scale) from childhood factors and accounting for demographic covariates were estimated. After accounting for covariates, such as the presence of an employed adult in a white-collar (odds ratio [OR] = 3.34) or blue-collar (OR = 3.68) occupation (versus unknown/not employed) increased the odds of being categorized as possible limited literacy and adequate literacy (versus limited literacy) as measured by the Newest Vital Sign. Similarly, having an employed adult during childhood who had a blue-collar occupation (vs. unknown/not employed) increased the odds of being categorized as adequate literacy (OR = 2.06) as measured by the Single-Item Literacy Scale. Because the adult's employment played a role in the child's adult HL after accounting for other factors and demographics, these findings support using a lifespan approach to assess and identify risk factors for lower HL. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence of how HL is interconnected with social determinants of health across the lifespan and the need to address HL skills in those with poor social determinants of health. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2024;8(2):e79-e88.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha A. Fleary
- Address correspondence to Sasha A. Fleary, PhD, Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W. 125th Street; New York, NY 10027;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woo JM, Bookwalter DB, Green GY, Sandler DP. Early life socioeconomic position contributes to adult obesity independent of adult socioeconomic factors: Findings from the sister study cohort. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101556. [PMID: 38053627 PMCID: PMC10694340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low socioeconomic position (SEP) has been associated with obesity within life stages; however, life course SEP may also alter downstream obesity risk. Research is needed to understand the impact of childhood SEP, independent of adult SEP, as well as SEP trajectories over the life course on adult obesity risk. We use data from the Sister Study, a prospective U.S. cohort of women aged 35-74 years (N = 50,884; enrollment: 2003-2009). Relative risks (RR) for adult obesity associated with childhood SEP (latent variable) and five latent life course SEP profiles were estimated in overall and race and ethnicity-stratified log binomial regression models. We estimated the direct effect of childhood SEP on adult obesity and mediation by adult SEP. Lower childhood SEP was associated with greater obesity risk (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.15-1.17). In stratified models, RRs were elevated across groups though lower for Black and Hispanic/Latina participants, despite greater prevalence of obesity among Black participants. The direct effect of childhood SEP on adult obesity persisted in mediation models independent of adult SEP (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.08-1.12) with adult SEP mediating approximately 40% of the total effect of childhood SEP on adult obesity. Furthermore, adult obesity risk was elevated for all life course SEP profiles compared to persistent high advantage. Life course SEP profiles indicating greater advantage in adulthood than childhood were not associated with reduced adult obesity risk among those experiencing less than high advantage in childhood. In conclusion, lower childhood SEP, independent of adult SEP, may be an important risk factor for adult obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M.P. Woo
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | | | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao X, Zhang J, Ma C, Li X, Chia-Ling K, Levine ME, Hu G, Allore H, Chen X, Wu X, Liu Z. Life course traumas and cardiovascular disease-the mediating role of accelerated aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:208-218. [PMID: 35725988 PMCID: PMC10145586 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex relationship between life course traumas and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the underpinning pathways are poorly understood. We aimed to (1) examine the associations of three separate assessments including childhood, adulthood (after 16 years of age), and lifetime traumas (childhood or adulthood) with CVD; (2) examine the associations between diverse life course traumatic profiles and CVD; and (3) examine the extent to which PhenoAge, a well-developed phenotypic aging measure, mediated these associations. Using data from 104,939 participants from the UK Biobank, we demonstrate that subgroups of childhood, adulthood, and lifetime traumas were associated with CVD. Furthermore, life course traumatic profiles were significantly associated with CVD. For instance, compared with the subgroup experiencing nonsevere traumas across life course, those who experienced nonsevere childhood and severe adulthood traumas, severe childhood and nonsevere adulthood traumas, or severe traumas across life course had significantly higher odds of CVD (odds ratios: 1.07-1.33). Formal mediation analyses suggested that phenotypic aging partially mediated the above associations. These findings suggest a potential pathway from life course traumas to CVD through phenotypic aging, and underscore the importance of policy programs targeting traumas over the life course in ameliorating inequalities in cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Cao
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuo Chia-Ling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Morgan E. Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heather Allore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuyun Liu
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soares AG, Howe LD, Heron J, Hammerton G, Rich-Edwards J, Magnus MC, Halligan SL, Fraser A. How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:555-566. [PMID: 34041541 PMCID: PMC9082818 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment has been consistently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms of this relationship are not yet fully understood. We explored the relative contribution of anxiety/depression, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP) to the association between childhood maltreatment and CVD in men and women aged 40-69 years in the UK. METHODS We used data from 40 596 men and 59 511 women from UK Biobank. To estimate the indirect effects of childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and emotional and physical neglect) on incident CVD via each of the mediators, we applied a sequential mediation approach. RESULTS All forms of maltreatment were associated with increased CVD risk [hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.09 to 1.27]. Together, anxiety/depression, smoking, BMI and inflammation (indexed by CRP) mediated 26-90% of the association between childhood maltreatment and CVD, and the contribution of these mediators differed by type of maltreatment and sex. Anxiety/depression mediated the largest proportion of the association of sexual abuse, emotional abuse and emotional neglect with CVD (accounting for 16-43% of the total effect), especially in women. In men, BMI contributed the most to the indirect effect of associations of physical abuse and physical neglect with CVD; in women, anxiety/depression and BMI had similar contributions. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the understanding of how childhood maltreatment affects CVD risk and identify modifiable mediating factors that could potentially reduce the burden of CVD in people exposed to maltreatment in early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Soares
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria C Magnus
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah L Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ashida T, Fujiwara T, Kondo K. Childhood socioeconomic status and social integration in later life: Results of the Japan gerontological evaluation study. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101090. [PMID: 35572783 PMCID: PMC9092519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Older people's social integration is important for their health and well-being. However, few studies have investigated the determinants of older adults' social integration through childhood socioeconomic status (SES). This study investigated the association between childhood SES and each aspect of social integration among Japanese older people. We used data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study 2010, a self-reported survey of 23,320 functionally independent people aged 65 or older across Japan (response rate: 66.3%). Childhood SES was assessed based on respondents' subjective assessment of their SES at the age of 15. Social integration was identified as participation in community groups, social networks, being homebound, and being married. We used Poisson regression analysis with robust variance to investigate the association between childhood SES and each social integration measurement, adjusted for potential mediators; namely, adult sociodemographic characteristics, health status, health behavior (smoking), living status, and personality. Lower childhood SES had long-lasting impact on the social integration of this older Japanese cohort. In the fully adjusted model, older people with lower childhood SES were less likely to participate in community groups (Non-membership sports group or club, adjusted prevalence ratio [APR]: 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.06; (Non-membership hobby group, APR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00–1.09), almost never met friends (APR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.11–1.24), had a smaller social network (APR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08–1.19), and were more likely to be homebound (APR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05–1.45) than those with high childhood SES. Lower childhood SES negatively affected social integration in older age. Mitigating childhood poverty might be important to increase social integration in later life, thereby improving health outcomes. Low childhood socioeconomic status impacts social integration in old age. Social networks were the most prevalent indicator of social integration. Mitigating childhood poverty could improve health outcomes in later life.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fuller-Rowell TE, Nichols OI, Jokela M, Kim ES, Yildirim ED, Ryff CD. A Changing Landscape of Health Opportunity in the United States: Increases in the Strength of Association Between Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Adult Health Between the 1990s and the 2010s. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:2284-2293. [PMID: 33710274 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the changing health consequences of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) is highly relevant to policy debates on inequality and national and state goals to improve population health. However, changes in the strength of association between childhood SED and adult health over historic time are largely unexamined in the United States. The present study begins to address this knowledge gap. Data were from 2 national samples of adults collected in 1995 (n = 7,108) and 2012 (n = 3,577) as part of the Midlife in the United States study. Three measures of childhood SED (parents' occupational prestige, childhood poverty exposure, and parents' education) were combined into an aggregate index and examined separately. The association between childhood SED (aggregate index) and 5 health outcomes (body mass index, waist circumference, chronic conditions, functional limitations, and self-rated health) was stronger in the 2012 sample than the 1995 sample, with the magnitude of associations being approximately twice as large in the more recent sample. Results persisted after adjusting for age, sex, race, marital status, and number of children, and were similar across all 3 measures of childhood SED. The findings suggest that the socioeconomic circumstances of childhood might have become a stronger predictor of adult health in recent decades.
Collapse
|
10
|
Faul JD, Ware EB, Kabeto MU, Fisher J, Langa KM. The Effect of Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Social Mobility on Cognitive Function and Change Among Older Adults: A Comparison Between the United States and England. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:S51-S63. [PMID: 34101811 PMCID: PMC8186857 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the relationship between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and cognitive function in later life within nationally representative samples of older adults in the United States and England, investigate whether these effects are mediated by later-life SEP, and determine whether social mobility from childhood to adulthood affects cognitive function and decline. METHOD Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the English Longitudinal Survey of Ageing (ELSA), we examined the relationships between measures of SEP, cognitive performance and decline using individual growth curve models. RESULTS High childhood SEP was associated with higher cognitive performance at baseline in both cohorts and did not affect the rate of decline. This benefit dissipated after adjusting for education and adult wealth in the United States. Respondents with low childhood SEP, above median education, and high adult SEP had better cognitive performance at baseline than respondents with a similar childhood background and less upward mobility in both countries. DISCUSSION These findings emphasize the impact of childhood SEP on cognitive trajectories among older adults. Upward mobility may partially compensate for disadvantage early in life but does not protect against cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Address correspondence to: Jessica D. Faul, PhD, MPH, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, #3456, Ann Arbor, MI 48104. E-mail:
| | - Erin B Ware
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Mohammed U Kabeto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Jonah Fisher
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ken M Langa
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Enwo OO, Player E, Steel N, Ford JA. The impact of life events on later life: a latent class analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:e180-e187. [PMID: 32157284 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inequalities in life events can lead to inequalities in older age. This research aimed to explore associations between life events reported by older people and quality of life (QoL) and functional ability. METHODS Participants were grouped according to eight life events: parental closeness, educational opportunities in childhood, financial hardship, loss of an unborn child, bereavement due to war, involvement in conflict, violence and experiencing a natural disaster. Linear and logistic regressions were used to explore associations between these groups and the main outcomes of functional ability and QoL. RESULTS 7555 participants were allocated to four LCA groups: 'few life events' (n = 6,250), 'emotionally cold mother' (n = 724), 'violence in combat' (n = 274) and 'many life events' (n = 307). Reduced QoL was reported in the 'many life events' (coefficient - 5.33, 95%CI -6.61 to -4.05), 'emotionally cold mother' (-1.89, -2.62 to 1.15) and 'violence in combat' (-1.95, -3.08 to -0.82) groups, compared to the 'few life events' group. The 'many life events' group also reported more difficulty with activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS Policies aimed at reducing inequalities in older age should consider events across the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O O Enwo
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia
| | - E Player
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia
| | - N Steel
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia
| | - J A Ford
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia.,Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang J, Lu N. The association between childhood conditions and heart disease among middle-aged and older population in China: a life course perspective. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:184. [PMID: 33731011 PMCID: PMC7968160 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart disease is a severe health problem among adult populations in China. The prevalence rates of heart disease increase with age. The pathogenic causes of heart disease are often related to conditions in early life. Using a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 or older in China, we examined the association between childhood conditions and heart disease in later life from a life course perspective. Methods The data used in this study were derived from the life history module and 2015 wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Missingness were handled by multiple imputation, generating 20 complete datasets with a final sample of 19,800. Doctor-diagnosed heart disease was the main dependent variable. Respondents’ conditions in childhood, adulthood, and older age were the independent variables (e.g., socioeconomic status, health, and health resources). Random-effects logistic regression models were conducted to test the hypotheses. Results A total of 16.6% respondents reported being diagnosed with heart disease by doctors. Regarding childhood socioeconomic status, 8.2% of the respondents considered that they were (a lot) better off than their neighbors, and 31.1% considered that their health status in childhood was better than their peers. More than 90% of respondents did not have severe illnesses during their childhood, and around 80.3% had access to health resources nearby in childhood. Lower socioeconomic status and poorer health conditions in childhood were associated with a greater likelihood of reporting doctor-diagnosed heart diseases, even after controlling for conditions in adulthood and older age (socioeconomic status: odds ratio (OR) = 0.947; self-rated health: OR = 0.917; severe illnesses: OR = 1.196). Conclusions Along with chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia), unhealthy behaviors, overweight and obesity, poor childhood conditions should be considered as screening criteria to identify populations at risk of heart disease. Relevant preventive strategies and interventions should be developed from a life course perspective and conducted in communities by providing health education program among older population with low socioeconomic status, and encouraging early detection and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Zhang
- Institute of Gender and Culture, Changchun Normal University, Changji North Road 677, Changchun, 130052, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Sociology, School of Philosophy and Sociology, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Socioeconomic inequalities in children's weight, height and BMI trajectories in Norway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4979. [PMID: 33654136 PMCID: PMC7925535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies exploring when social inequalities in body mass index (BMI) and its composites emerge and how these evolve with age are limited. Thus, this study explored parental income and education related inequalities in children's weight, height, weight velocity and body mass index among Norwegian children from 1 month to 8 years. The study population included 59,927 family/children pairs participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Growth was modelled using the Jenss-Bayley model and linear mixed effects analyses were conducted. Maternal and paternal educational differences in children's weight and BMI trajectories emerged during infancy, continuing to age 8 years. Parental income-related inequalities in children's weight were observed from the age of 1 month to 4 years for maternal and up to 1 year for paternal income-related differences but then disappeared. Parental income-related inequalities in child's BMI were observed from 18 months to 8 years for maternal income, and from 9 months to 8 years for paternal income-related differences. These results suggest that social inequalities in children's BMI present early in infancy and continue to 8 years of age. The inequalities sometimes differed by indicator of socioeconomic position used. Interventions to combat these inequalities early in life are, thus needed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Harris JP, Kashyap M, Humphreys JN, Chang DT, Pollom EL. Longitudinal Analysis of Mental Disorder Burden Among Elderly Patients With Gastrointestinal Malignancies. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021; 19:163-171. [PMID: 33401234 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.7620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are at high risk for having mental disorders, resulting in widespread psychosocial screening efforts. However, there is a need for population-based and longitudinal studies of mental disorders among patients who have gastrointestinal cancer and particular among elderly patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used the SEER-Medicare database to identify patients aged ≥65 years with colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, hepatic/biliary, esophageal, or anal cancer. Earlier (12 months before or up to 6 months after cancer diagnosis) and subsequent mental disorder diagnoses were identified. RESULTS Of 112,283 patients, prevalence of an earlier mental disorder was 21%, 23%, 20%, 20%, 19%, and 26% for colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, hepatic/biliary, esophageal, and anal cancer, respectively. An increased odds of an earlier mental disorder was associated with pancreatic cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.23), esophageal cancer (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.18), and anal cancer (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30) compared with colorectal cancer and with having regional versus local disease (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06-1.13). The cumulative incidence of a subsequent mental disorder at 5 years was 19%, 16%, 14%, 13%, 12%, and 10% for patients with anal, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, hepatic/biliary, and pancreatic cancer, respectively. There was an association with having regional disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12) or distant disease (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.28-1.45) compared with local disease and the development of a mental disorder. Although the development of a subsequent mental disorder was more common among patients with advanced cancers, there continued to be a significant number of patients with earlier-stage disease at risk. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a larger role for incorporating psychiatric symptom screening and management throughout oncologic care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Harris
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Mehr Kashyap
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford; and
| | - Jessi N Humphreys
- 3Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel T Chang
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford; and
| | - Erqi L Pollom
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford; and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee C, Harari L, Park S. Early-Life Adversities and Recalcitrant Smoking in Midlife: An Examination of Gender and Life-Course Pathways. Ann Behav Med 2020; 54:867-879. [PMID: 32329785 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about life-course factors that explain why some individuals continue smoking despite having smoking-related diseases. PURPOSE We examined (a) the extent to which early-life adversities are associated with the risk of recalcitrant smoking, (b) psychosocial factors that mediate the association, and (c) gender differences in the associations. METHODS Data were from 4,932 respondents (53% women) who participated in the first and follow-up waves of the Midlife Development in the U.S. National Survey. Early-life adversities include low socioeconomic status (SES), abuse, and family instability. Potential mediators include education, financial strain, purpose in life, mood disorder, family problems/support, and marital status. We used sequential logistic regression models to estimate the effect of early-life adversities on the risk of each of the three stages on the path to recalcitrant smoking (ever-smoking, smoking-related illness, and recalcitrant smoking). RESULTS For women, low SES (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29; 1.06-1.55) and family instability (OR = 1.73; 1.14-2.62) are associated with an elevated risk of recalcitrant smoking. Education significantly reduces the effect of childhood SES, yet the effect of family instability remains significant even after accounting for life-course mediators. For men, the effect of low SES on recalcitrant smoking is robust (OR = 1.48; 1.10-2.00) even after controlling for potential mediators. There are noteworthy life-course factors that independently affect recalcitrant smoking: for both genders, not living with a partner; for women, education; and for men, family problems. CONCLUSIONS The findings can help shape intervention programs that address the underlying factors of recalcitrant smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chioun Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lexi Harari
- Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Soojin Park
- Graduate School of Education, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stefanovics EA, Potenza MN, Pietrzak RH. Smoking, obesity, and their co-occurrence in the U.S. military veterans: results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:354-362. [PMID: 32469827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking and obesity are major public health concerns, though little is known about the mental and physical health burden of co-occurring obesity and smoking. METHODS Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. military veterans, we examined the prevalence of mental and physical co-morbidities, physical and mental functioning, and quality of life between obese only; smoking only; and obese smokers. RESULTS Among current smokers, 31.7% were obese; among obese veterans, 16.4% were current smokers; and in the total sample, 5.4% were obese and current smokers. Relative to the obese-only group, obese smokers were more likely to be younger, male, non-white, non-married, unemployed and VA-served, and have lower household incomes. These also reported higher levels of perceived stress and trauma and were more likely to endorsed current suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts (odds ratio [OR]=2.0), medical (2.3<=OR<=3.9) and psychiatric (1.5<=OR<=2.9) comorbidities, and lower overall health status and quality of life. Compared to the smoking-only group, obese smokers were more likely to endorse current suicidal ideation (OR=2.0) and nicotine dependence (OR=1.5), and reported poorer physical health and overall quality of life. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic and military characteristics. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design precludes causal inference. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that co-occurring obesity and smoking is associated with substantial mental and physical health burden in U.S. veterans. Collectively, they underscore the importance of multicomponent interventions targeting, obesity, smoking, and co-occurring issues, such as trauma and internalizing disorders, in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.; U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs New England Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA..
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.; Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA.; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Soares ALG, Hammerton G, Howe LD, Rich-Edwards J, Halligan S, Fraser A. Sex differences in the association between childhood maltreatment and cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. Heart 2020; 106:1310-1316. [PMID: 32665362 PMCID: PMC7476280 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess and compare associations between childhood maltreatment and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men and women in the UK. In secondary analyses, we also explored possible age differences and associations with early onset CVD (<50 years). METHODS We included 157 311 participants from the UK Biobank who had information on physical, sexual or emotional abuse, emotional or physical neglect. CVD outcomes were defined as any CVD, hypertensive disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease. These were extracted from self-report, blood pressure measurements, hospital register and death register. The associations between maltreatment and CVD were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate risk ratios, stratified by sex and adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic factors. RESULTS All types of maltreatment were associated with increased risk of CVD and IHD in both sexes. Additionally, in women all types of maltreatment were associated with higher risk of hypertensive disease, and all, except emotional neglect, were associated with cerebrovascular disease. In men, all but sexual abuse, were associated with higher risk of hypertensive disease, and all, except physical and sexual abuse, were associated with cerebrovascular disease. Associations were generally stronger in women, and individuals who were younger at baseline had stronger associations of childhood maltreatment with any CVD and IHD, but age differences were less evident when only early onset CVD was considered. CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment was consistently associated with CVD and stronger associations were generally observed in women and seemed to be stronger for early onset CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Gonçalves Soares
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jivraj S, Goodman A, Ploubidis GB, de Oliveira C. Testing Comparability Between Retrospective Life History Data and Prospective Birth Cohort Study Data. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:207-217. [PMID: 28444303 PMCID: PMC6909437 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether comparable prospective and retrospective data present the same association between childhood and life course exposures and mid-life wellbeing. METHOD Prospective data is taken from the 1958 UK National Child Development Study at age 50 in 2008 and earlier sweeps (n = 8,033). Retrospective data is taken from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing at ages 50-55 from a life history interview in 2007 (n = 921). RESULTS There is a high degree of similarity in the direction of association between childhood exposures that have been prospectively collected in National Child Development Study and retrospectively collected in English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and wellbeing outcomes in mid-life. However, the magnitude of these associations is attenuated substantially by the inclusion of measurements, which are difficult or impossible to capture retrospectively, and are only available in prospective data, such as childhood poverty, cognitive ability, and indices of social and emotional adjustment. DISCUSSION The findings on the one hand provide some reassurance to the growing literature using life history data to determine life course associations with later life wellbeing. On the other hand, the findings show an overestimation in the retrospective data, in part, arising from the absence in life history data of childhood measures that are not well suited to retrospective collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jivraj
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London
| | - Alissa Goodman
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | | | - Cesar de Oliveira
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lowry E, Rautio N, Wasenius N, Bond TA, Lahti J, Tzoulaki I, Dehghan A, Heiskala A, Ala-Mursula L, Miettunen J, Eriksson J, Järvelin MR, Sebert S. Early exposure to social disadvantages and later life body mass index beyond genetic predisposition in three generations of Finnish birth cohorts. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:708. [PMID: 32423423 PMCID: PMC7236362 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to explore the association between early life and life-course exposure to social disadvantage and later life body mass index (BMI) accounting for genetic predisposition and maternal BMI. Methods We studied participants of Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born in 1934–1944 (HBCS1934–1944, n = 1277) and Northern Finland Birth Cohorts born in 1966 and 1986 (NFBC1966, n = 5807, NFBC1986, n = 6717). Factor analysis produced scores of social disadvantage based on social and economic elements in early life and adulthood/over the life course, and was categorized as high, intermediate and low. BMI was measured at 62 years in HBCS1934–1944, at 46 years in NFBC1966 and at 16 years in NFBC1986. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to explore associations between social disadvantages and BMI after adjustments for polygenic risk score for BMI (PRS BMI), maternal BMI and sex. Results The association between exposure to high early social disadvantage and increased later life BMI persisted after adjustments (β = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.33, 1.25, p < 0.001) in NFBC1966. In NFBC1986 this association was attenuated by PRS BMI (p = 0.181), and in HBCS1934–1944 there was no association between high early social disadvantage and increased later life BMI (β 0.22, 95% CI –0.91,1.35, p = 0.700). In HBCS1934–1944 and NFBC1966, participants who had reduced their exposure to social disadvantage during the life-course had lower later life BMI than those who had increased their exposure (β − 1.34, [− 2.37,-0.31], p = 0.011; β − 0.46, [− 0.89,-0.03], p = 0.038, respectively). Conclusions High social disadvantage in early life appears to be associated with higher BMI in later life. Reducing exposure to social disadvantage during the life-course may be a potential pathway for obesity reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Lowry
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 8000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland.,School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Elmwood Avenue Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Nina Rautio
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, P.O.Box 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Niko Wasenius
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmanninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom A Bond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anni Heiskala
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena Ala-Mursula
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmanninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, SG, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 8000, Fin-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Genomics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Body Mass Index (BMI) and Work Ability in Older Workers: Results from the Health and Employment after Fifty (HEAF) Prospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051647. [PMID: 32138365 PMCID: PMC7084316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explores associations between BMI and prolonged sickness absence; cutting down at work; and health-related job loss (HRJL) over two years of follow-up among workers aged ≥50 years. A cohort of 2299 men and 2425 women (aged 50–64 years) self-reported height and weight at baseline and provided information about work ability at 12 and 24 months for the Health and Employment after Fifty (HEAF) Study. Associations between BMI and work ability were assessed by logistic regression and HRJL by multiple-record Cox’s proportional hazards models, with adjustment for other risk factors. The prevalence of obesity/severe obesity was 22.6%/1.2% amongst men and 21.4%/2.6% amongst women, respectively. In men and women, obesity and severe obesity predicted having to cut down at work for health over two years. In women, severe obesity predicted prolonged sickness absence, and also HRJL even after adjustment for age, proximity to retirement, financial difficulties, and lifestyle factors (hazard ratio [HR] 2.93, 95% CI 1.38, 6.23), and additional adjustment for health conditions (HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.12, 5.67). Obesity, and particularly severe obesity, negatively impacts work ability amongst people aged 50–64 years, with greatest effects in women. Obesity can be expected to hinder attempts to encourage work to older ages.
Collapse
|
21
|
Patterson KAE, Ferrar K, Gall SL, Venn AJ, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, Cleland VJ. Cluster patterns of behavioural risk factors among children: Longitudinal associations with adult cardio-metabolic risk factors. Prev Med 2020; 130:105861. [PMID: 31654729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Much of what is known about childhood clusters of cardiovascular disease behavioural risk factors (RFs) comes from cross-sectional studies, providing little insight into the long-term health impacts of different behavioural cluster profiles. This study aimed to establish the longitudinal relationship between cluster patterns of childhood behavioural RFs and adult cardio-metabolic RFs. Data were from an Australian prospective cohort study of 1265 participants measured in 1985 (ages 9-15 yrs), and in 2004-06 (ages 26-36 yrs). At baseline, children self-reported smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity (PA), dietary behaviour and psychological well-being. At follow-up, participants completed questionnaires and attended study clinics where the following component indicators of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) score were measured: waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipids. TwoStep cluster analyses were carried out to identify clusters in childhood. Linear regression was used to examine the longitudinal associations between cluster patterns of childhood behavioural RFs and adult cardio-metabolic RFs. Four childhood cluster patterns of behavioural RFs labelled 'most healthy', 'high PA', 'most unhealthy', and 'breakfast skippers' were identified. The unhealthier childhood clusters predicted a significantly higher adult MetS score ('most unhealthy': β = 0.10, 95%CI = 0.01, 0.19) and adult waist circumference ('most unhealthy': β = 2.29, 95%CI = 0.90, 6.67; 'breakfast skippers': β = 2.15, 95%CI = 0.30, 4.00). These associations were independent of adult behavioural RFs and socio-economic position. These findings emphasise the impact of multiple childhood behavioural RFs on important adult health outcomes and may be useful for the development of early intervention strategies, where identification of children at higher risk of poorer adult cardio-metabolic health is vital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira A E Patterson
- School of Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Katia Ferrar
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Seana L Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Alison J Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Verity J Cleland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ameye H, Swinnen J. Obesity, income and gender: The changing global relationship. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Mariapun J, Hairi NN, Ng CW. Socioeconomic Differences in Smoking and Cessation Across a Period of Rapid Economic Growth in an Upper-Middle-Income Country. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1539-1546. [PMID: 30256989 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Higher smoking rates and lower cessation rates among the poor compared to the rich are evident in high-income countries. In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of which are in the early stages of tackling the tobacco epidemic, more knowledge is required of the socioeconomic inequalities in smoking. This is especially the case for upper-middle-income countries, where smoking prevalence is highest. This study examines trends in the socioeconomic gradient in smoking and cessation among adults across a period of rapid economic development in Malaysia, an LMIC with an upper-middle-income economy. METHODS The socioeconomic trends in smoking were analyzed using data from cross-sectional National Health and Morbidity Surveys for the years 1996, 2006, and 2011. Household per capita income was used as a measure of socioeconomic position. As a measure of inequality, the concentration index that quantified the degree of socioeconomic inequality in a health outcome was computed. Smoking was assessed in current and former smokers. The study population was examined by gender, region, and age group. RESULTS This study found a trend of an increasingly higher smoking prevalence among the poor and higher cessation rates among the rich. With the exception of younger women in Peninsular Malaysia, the socioeconomic gradient in current smoking is concentrated among the poor. For former smokers, especially men, distributions across the years were mostly concentrated among the rich. CONCLUSION It is important to ensure that health policies, programs, and interventions consider the potential impact of the socioeconomic patterning in smoking on equity in health. IMPLICATIONS Findings on the socioeconomic gradient in smoking and cessation from Malaysia across a period of rapid economic development will contribute to addressing the paucity of knowledge on the socioeconomic gradient of smoking and cessation in other progressing LMICs. This study provides evidence from an upper-middle-income country, of an increasing trend of smoking among the poor and an increasing trend of cessation rates among the rich, particularly for men. We found opposing trends for younger adult women in the more developed, Peninsular Malaysia. More rich young women were found to have taken up smoking compared to socioeconomically less advantaged young women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeevitha Mariapun
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noran N Hairi
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chiu-Wan Ng
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood-to-adulthood BMI tracking in three British birth cohorts. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:388-398. [PMID: 31168054 PMCID: PMC6997121 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index (BMI) tracks from childhood-to-adulthood, but the extent to which this relationship varies across the distribution and according to socio-economic position (SEP) is unknown. We aimed to address this using data from three British cohort studies. METHODS We used data from: 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, n = 2470); 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS, n = 7747); 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS, n = 5323). BMI tracking between 11 and 42 years was estimated using quantile regression, with estimates reflecting correlation coefficients. SEP disparities in tracking were investigated using a derived SEP variable based on parental education reported in childhood. This SEP variable was then interacted with the 11-year BMI z-score. RESULTS In each cohort and sex, tracking was stronger at the upper end of the distribution of BMI at 42 years. For example, for men in the 1946 NSHD, the tracking estimate at the 10th quantile was 0.31 (0.20, 0.41), increasing to 0.71 (0.61, 0.82) at the 90th quantile. We observed no strong evidence of SEP inequalities in tracking in men in the 1946 and 1958 cohorts. In the 1970 cohort, however, we observed tentative evidence of stronger tracking in low SEP groups, particularly in women and at the higher end of the BMI distribution. For example, women in the 1970 cohort from low SEP backgrounds had tracking coefficients at the 50th, 70th, and 90th quantiles, which were 0.05 (-0.04; 0.15), 0.19 (0.06; 0.31), and 0.22 (0.02; 0.43) units higher, respectively, than children from high SEP groups. CONCLUSION Tracking was consistently stronger at the higher quantiles of the BMI distribution. We observed suggestive evidence for a pattern of greater BMI tracking in lower (compared to higher) SEP groups in the more recently born cohort, particularly in women and at the higher end of the BMI distribution.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bast LS, Due P, Lauemøller SG, Kjær NT, Christiansen T, Andersen A. Study protocol of the X:IT II - a school-based smoking preventive intervention. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:497. [PMID: 31046721 PMCID: PMC6498574 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X:IT intervention, conducted in 2010 to 2013, showed overall smoking preventive effect. However, parts of the intervention appeared less appealing to children from families with lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, the intervention components were modified and an evaluation of the amended intervention X:IT II is needed to show the effect of this revised intervention and whether children from different social backgrounds benefits equally from the current intervention. METHODS Main intervention components are smoke free schools, a curricular component, and parental involvement (smoke free agreements and talks about tobacco). Components have been revised from the first version; 1) previously, schools should be smoke free on the school ground and were encouraged to hide smoking so that it wasn't visible to pupils from the school ground. Now they are encouraged to tighten the rules so that no pupils or teachers smoke during the school day, no matter where they are; 2) the specifically developed educational material (Up in Smoke) has been revised so that all materials are online and all texts has a ARI; 3) the parental involvement is now targeted multiple groups of parents, e.g. parents that are smokers, and parents of children that smoke. Language used is simpler and the website for parents presents very specific examples. X:IT is implemented in 46 Danish public schools from fall 2017 until summer 2020. Data is collected through electronic questionnaires to students and coordinators four times (fall 2017, spring/summer 2018, 2019 and 2020). Further, qualitative interviews and observations are conducted. DISCUSSION Prevalence of smoking among Danish adolescents is high compared to other Nordic countries and there is social inequality in smoking, leaving individuals from the lowest social backgrounds at higher risk. Although there has been an overall decline in smoking among Danish adolescents over the last decades, a recent levelling of this development indicates an urgent need for smoking prevention in Denmark. The X:IT intervention has the potential to prevent uptake of smoking among adolescents. However, there is a particular need for evaluating the effectiveness of the revised X:IT intervention, X:IT II, with focus on the effect across socioeconomic groups of adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN31292019 , date of registration 24/10/2017. Retrospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotus Sofie Bast
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestreade 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Due
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestreade 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Glenstrup Lauemøller
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestreade 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Them Kjær
- Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anette Andersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestreade 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Castro SA, Infurna FJ, Lemery-Chalfant K, Waldron V, Zautra E. Can an online curriculum improve the daily socio-emotional lives of middle-aged adults exposed to childhood Trauma? Behav Res Ther 2019; 118:65-76. [PMID: 30999262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One pathway linking experiences of childhood trauma to poorer mental and physical health in midlife are disruptions in daily socio-emotional regulation. However, there is a dearth of effective and accessible treatments that meet the needs of trauma-exposed individuals and their communities. Through a randomized controlled trial, this research examines whether an online social intelligence training (SIT) program improves social-emotional regulation compared to an attention-control (AC) condition. During the pre- and post-test phases of the study, participants (N = 230) completed online surveys for 14-days that included measures of social connectedness, emotional awareness, and perspective-taking. In the SIT condition, multi-level analyses revealed significant increases in daily levels of "in-tune" social interactions, emotional awareness, and perspective-taking, and attenuated within-person changes in social engagement on stressful and uplifting days. Participants who reported greater childhood trauma exhibited the strongest increases in daily social engagement and emotional awareness, suggesting that program benefits were largest for those reporting greater exposure to trauma in childhood. Our findings shed light on the potential reversibility of socio-emotional mechanisms linking childhood trauma to poorer mental and physical health in midlife, and support the utility of widely accessible, low-cost intervention methods for individuals and communities.
Collapse
|
27
|
Okamoto S, Avendano M, Kawachi I. Intergenerational income mobility and health in Japan: A quasi-experimental approach. Soc Sci Med 2019; 230:37-48. [PMID: 30959305 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies across Europe and the US report that childhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poorer health in adulthood. By contrast, a study in Japan suggests that childhood socioeconomic disadvantage may be positive for adult health. In this paper, we assess the association between intergenerational income mobility and self-rated health in Japan, using detailed childhood income data for 1610 men and 1885 women aged 30-49 years. We use an instrumental variable approach to identify the causal effect of upward income mobility on adult health. We find that low father's income during childhood is associated with smoking and alcohol consumption in adult life for both men and women. For men, upward income mobility was associated with worse health. Certain behavioural choices related to income mobility, such as long working hours, may have detrimental health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okamoto
- Graduate School of Economics, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mauricio Avendano
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Society and Behavioural Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tian J, Gall S, Patterson K, Otahal P, Blizzard L, Patton G, Dwyer T, Venn A. Socioeconomic position over the life course from childhood and smoking status in mid-adulthood: results from a 25-year follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:169. [PMID: 30736767 PMCID: PMC6368790 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It remains unclear how life course socioeconomic position (SEP) variations impact later smoking status. We aimed to investigate the associations using a novel methodology – a structured regression framework and to explore the potential underlying mechanisms. Methods Data were from an Australian national cohort (n = 1489). SEP was measured in childhood (aged 7–15 years), young- (aged 26–36 years) and mid-adulthood (aged 31–41 years), including highest parental occupation in childhood and self-occupation in young- and mid-adulthood. Smoking status was self-reported in mid-adulthood. Four smoking-related variables in childhood including exposure to parental smoking, smoking experimentation, self-rated importance to be a non-smoker and intention to smoke were tested as potential mediators. A structured life course modelling approach was used to select the best-fit life course model(s). The log multinomial model was used to estimate the smoking risk in mid-adulthood with never smokers as the excluded category. Results 63.6% of participants were classified as stable non-manual occupation across the life course from childhood. The sensitive period and the accumulation model described the data equally as well as the saturated model. In the sensitive period model, compared to the non-manual group, those who had highest parental occupation of manual had a 21% lower risk of being former smokers and a 32% greater risk of being current smokers in mid-adulthood, and those who were occupied manually in mid-adulthood reported a 55% greater risk of being current smokers in mid-adulthood. In the accumulation model, compared to those who consistently reported non-manual occupations across the life course, those with manual occupations for longer had higher risk of being current smokers in mid-adulthood, with a 43% risk increase per time point in a manual occupation. Exposure to parental smoking and intention to smoke during childhood explained up to 40.2% of the excess risk of being current smokers in mid-adulthood associated with manual occupations in the sensitive period and the accumulation model. Conclusions Childhood, young- and mid-adulthood are all important, but SEP in childhood and mid-adulthood may be of more importance in determining mid-adulthood smoking status. Exposure to parental smoking and intention to smoke in childhood seems to moderately mediate the associations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6483-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Seana Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Kira Patterson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Petr Otahal
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry Dwyer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Axelsson J, Sabra S, Rylander L, Rignell-Hydbom A, Lindh CH, Giwercman A. Association between paternal smoking at the time of pregnancy and the semen quality in sons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207221. [PMID: 30462692 PMCID: PMC6248964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy has repeatedly been associated with decreased sperm counts in sons. Nevertheless, our team recently detected a lower total sperm count in the sons of smoking fathers as compared to sons of non-smoking fathers. Since paternal and maternal tobacco smoking often coincide, it is difficult to discriminate whether effects are mediated paternally or maternally when using questionnaire- or register-based studies. Therefore, getting an objective measure of the maternal nicotine exposure level during pregnancy might help disentangling the impact of paternally and maternally derived exposure. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to study how paternal smoking at the time of the pregnancy was associated with semen quality in the sons after adjusting for the maternal levels of nicotine exposure during pregnancy. METHODS We recruited 104 men (17-20 years old) from the general Swedish population. The participants answered a questionnaire about paternal smoking. Associations between smoking and semen volume, total sperm count, sperm concentration, morphology and motility were adjusted for levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in stored maternal serum samples obtained from rubella screening between the 6th and 35th week of pregnancy. We additionally adjusted for the estimated socioeconomic status. RESULTS After adjusting for the maternal cotinine, the men of smoking fathers had 41% lower sperm concentration and 51% lower total sperm count than the men of non-smoking fathers (p = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively). This was robust to the additional adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a negative association between paternal smoking and sperm counts in the sons, independent of the level maternal nicotine exposure during the pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Axelsson
- Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sally Sabra
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rylander
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rignell-Hydbom
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Work environment mediates a large part of social inequalities in the incidence of several common cardiovascular risk factors: Findings from the Gazel cohort. Soc Sci Med 2018; 216:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Wilson R, Abbott JH. Age, period and cohort effects on body mass index in New Zealand, 1997-2038. Aust N Z J Public Health 2018; 42:396-402. [PMID: 29972270 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effects of age, period and birth cohort on observed trends, and to provide short- to medium-term projections of population BMI in New Zealand. METHODS Data were obtained from New Zealand national health surveys covering the period 1997 to 2015 (n=76,294 individuals). A Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort (HAPC) model and an Age-Period model with interaction terms were specified for population groups defined by ethnicity and sex. Observed trends were extrapolated to estimate group-specific BMI projections for the period 2015-2038; these were weighted by projected population sizes to calculate population-wide BMI projections. RESULTS Population mean BMI increased from 26.4 kg/m2 (95%CI 26.2-26.5) in 1997 to 28.3 kg/m2 (95%CI 28.2-28.5) in 2015. Both models identified substantial, approximately linear, period trends behind this increase, with no significant cohort effects. Mean BMI was projected to reach 30.6 kg/m2 (95%CI 29.4-31.7; HAPC model) to 30.8 kg/m2 (95%CI 30.2-31.4; Age-Period model) by 2038. CONCLUSIONS BMI continues to increase in New Zealand. On current trends, population mean BMI will exceed 30 kg/m2 - the clinical cut-off for obesity - by the early 2030s. Implications for public health: Unless prevented by comprehensive public health policy changes, increasing population obesity is likely to result in unfavourable economic and health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Wilson
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - J Haxby Abbott
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, University of Otago, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Harris KM, Schorpp KM. Integrating Biomarkers in Social Stratification and Health Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2018; 44:361-386. [PMID: 30918418 PMCID: PMC6433161 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the integration of biomarkers and biological mechanisms in social science models of stratification and health. The goal in reviewing this literature is to highlight research that identifies the social forces that drive inequalities over the life course and across generations. The article is structured in the following way. First, descriptive background information on biomarkers is presented, followed secondly by a review of the general theoretical paradigms that lend themselves to an integrative approach. Third, the biomarkers used to capture several biological systems that are most responsive to social conditions are described. Fourth, research that explicates how social exposures "get under the skin" to affect physiological functioning and downstream health is discussed, using socioeconomic disadvantage as an illustrative social exposure. The review ends with emerging directions in the use of biomarkers in social science research. This article endeavors to encourage sociologists to embrace biosocial approaches in order to elevate the importance of social factors in biomedical processes and to intervene on the social conditions that create inequities.
Collapse
|
33
|
Murayama H, Fujiwara T, Tani Y, Amemiya A, Matsuyama Y, Nagamine Y, Kondo K. Long-term Impact of Childhood Disadvantage on Late-Life Functional Decline Among Older Japanese: Results From the JAGES Prospective Cohort Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:973-979. [PMID: 28957992 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests an impact of childhood disadvantage on late-life functional impairment in Western countries. However, the processes by which childhood disadvantage affects functional capacity are influenced by several factors unique to particular societies. We examined the impact of childhood disadvantage on functional decline among older Japanese, using a large-scale prospective cohort study. Methods Data came from surveys conducted in 2010 and 2013 as part of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES), a nationwide cohort study targeting community-dwelling people aged 65 years and over. Childhood disadvantage included subjective childhood socioeconomic status (SES), body height, and educational level. The sample was stratified by age at baseline (65-69, 70-74, 75-79, and ≥ 80 years). Results A total of 11,601 respondents were analyzed. In the 65-69-year group, lower childhood SES was associated with functional decline but this association was mediated by adult SES. In contrast, childhood SES was independently associated with functional decline in the older cohort. In the 75-79-year group, lower childhood SES was associated with functional decline. However, in the ≥ 80-year group, people with higher childhood SES were more likely to experience functional decline. Shorter height was associated with functional decline in the 70-74-year group. Higher education was related to functional decline in all age groups except the ≥ 80-year group. Conclusions These findings suggest that childhood disadvantage affects functional decline but its effect varies by age cohort. The mechanisms underlying the association between childhood disadvantage and functional decline may be influenced by social and historical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Yukako Tani
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo
| | - Airi Amemiya
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuyama
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo
| | - Yuiko Nagamine
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.,Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Povlsen L, Regber S, Fosse E, Karlsson LE, Gunnarsdottir H. Economic poverty among children and adolescents in the Nordic countries. Scand J Public Health 2018; 46:30-37. [PMID: 29552966 DOI: 10.1177/1403494817743894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to identify applied definitions and measurements of economic poverty and to explore the proportions and characteristics of children and adolescents living in economic poverty in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden during the last decade and to compare various statistics between the Nordic countries. METHODS Official data from central national authorities on statistics, national reports and European Union Statistics of income and living conditions data were collected and analysed during 2015-2016. RESULTS The proportion of Nordic children living in economic poverty in 2014 ranged from 9.4% in Norway to 18.5% in Sweden. Compared with the European Union average, from 2004 to 2014 Nordic families with dependent children experienced fewer difficulties in making their money last, even though Icelandic families reported considerable difficulties. The characteristics of children living in economic poverty proved to be similar in the five countries and were related to their parents' level of education and employment, single-parent households and - in Denmark, Norway and Sweden - to immigrant background. In Finland, poverty among children was linked in particular to low income in employed households. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that economic poverty among Nordic families with dependent children has increased during the latest decade, but it also showed that poverty rates are not necessarily connected to families' ability to make their money last. Therefore additional studies are needed to explore existing policies and political commitments in the Nordic countries to compensate families with dependent children living in poverty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lene Povlsen
- 1 Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Susann Regber
- 2 School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Fosse
- 3 Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, Bergen University, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Möhner M. Driving ban for diesel-powered vehicles in major cities: an appropriate penalty for exceeding the limit value for nitrogen dioxide? Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:373-376. [PMID: 29473102 PMCID: PMC5908814 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Möhner
- Division of Work and Health, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstr, 40/42, 10317, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Trone DW, Powell TM, Bauer LM, Seelig AD, Peterson AV, Littman AJ, Williams EC, Maynard CC, Bricker JB, Boyko EJ. Smoking and drinking behaviors of military spouses: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Family Study. Addict Behav 2018; 77:121-130. [PMID: 28992577 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The associations between stressful military experiences and tobacco use and alcohol misuse among Service members are well documented. However, little is known about whether stressful military experiences are associated with tobacco use and alcohol misuse among military spouses. METHODS Using 9872 Service member-spouse dyads enrolled in the Millennium Cohort Family Study, we employed logistic regression to estimate the odds of self-reported cigarette smoking, risky drinking, and problem drinking among spouses by Service member deployment status, communication regarding deployment, and stress associated with military-related experiences, while adjusting for demographic, mental health, military experiences, and Service member military characteristics. RESULTS Current cigarette smoking, risky drinking, and problem drinking were reported by 17.2%, 36.3%, and 7.3% of military spouses, respectively. Current deployment was not found to be associated with spousal smoking or drinking behaviors. Communication about deployment experiences with spouses was associated with lower odds of smoking, but not with risky or problem drinking. Spouses bothered by communicated deployment experiences and those who reported feeling very stressed by a combat-related deployment or duty assignment had consistently higher odds of both risky and problem drinking. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that contextual characteristics about the deployment experience, as well as the perceived stress of those experiences, may be more impactful than the simple fact of Service member deployment itself. These results suggest that considering the impact of deployment experiences on military spouses reveals important dimensions of military community adaptation and risk.
Collapse
|
37
|
Najman JM, Bor W, Ahmadabadi Z, Williams GM, Alati R, Mamun AA, Scott JG, Clavarino AM. The inter- and intra- generational transmission of family poverty and hardship (adversity): A prospective 30 year study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190504. [PMID: 29360828 PMCID: PMC5779648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children exposed to family poverty have been found to have higher morbidity and mortality rates, poorer mental health and cognitive outcomes and reduced life chances across a wide range of life domains. There is, however, very little known about the extent to which poverty is experienced by children over their early life course, particularly in community samples. This study tracks changes in family poverty and the main factors that predict family poverty (adverse life experiences) over a 30-year period since the birth of the study child. Methods Data are from a prospective, longitudinal, birth cohort study conducted in Brisbane, Australia. Consecutive families were recruited at the mothers’ first obstetrical visit at one of two major obstetrical hospitals in Brisbane. Data are available for 2087 families with complete data at the 30-year follow-up. Poverty was measured using family income at each time point (adjusted for inflation). Findings Poverty affects about 20% of families at any time point. It is common for families to move in and out of poverty, as their circumstances are affected by such adversities as unemployment and marital breakdown. Over the period of the study about half the families in the study experienced poverty on at least one occasion. Only a very small minority of families experienced persistent poverty over the 30-year duration of the study. Logistic regressions with time lag show that family poverty predicts subsequent adversities and adverse events predict subsequent poverty. Conclusions Experiences of poverty and adversity are common and may vary greatly over the child’s early life course. In assessing the health consequences of poverty, it is important to distinguish the timing and chronicity of early life course experiences of poverty and adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake M. Najman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Social Science, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - William Bor
- Mater Hospital, Brisbane and Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zohre Ahmadabadi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail M. Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abdullah A. Mamun
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James G. Scott
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Metro North Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tsuji M, Arima H, Ohkubo T, Nakamura K, Takezaki T, Sakata K, Okuda N, Nishi N, Kadota A, Okamura T, Ueshima H, Okayama A, Miura K. Socioeconomic Status and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: NIPPON DATA2010. J Epidemiol 2018; 28 Suppl 3:S46-S52. [PMID: 29503386 PMCID: PMC5825694 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20170255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors remains unknown in a general Japanese population. METHODS Of 8,815 participants from 300 randomly selected areas throughout Japan, 2,467 participants who were free of cardiovascular disease and who provided information on SES in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of Japan 2010 were enrolled in this cross-sectional analysis. SES was classified according to the employment status, length of education, marital and living statuses, and equivalent household expenditure (EHE). Outcomes were ignorance of each cardiovascular risk factor (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, arrhythmia, and smoking) and insufficient knowledge (number of correct answers <4 out of 6). RESULTS A short education and low EHE were significantly associated with a greater ignorance of most cardiovascular risk factors. A short education (<10 years) was also associated with insufficient knowledge of overall cardiovascular risk factors: age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (OR) were 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-2.45) relative to participants with ≥13 years of education. Low EHE was also associated with insufficient knowledge (age- and sex-adjusted OR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.51 for the lowest quintile vs the upper 4 quintiles). These relationships remained significant, even after further adjustments for regular exercise, smoking, weekly alcohol consumption, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and low HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION Participants with a short education and low EHE were more likely to have less knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tsuji
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisatomi Arima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshi Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sakata
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nagako Okuda
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nishi
- International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akira Okayama
- Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Haas SA, Oi K, Zhou Z. The Life Course, Cohort Dynamics, and International Differences in Aging Trajectories. Demography 2017; 54:2043-2071. [PMID: 29101683 PMCID: PMC5705395 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-017-0624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, population health research has focused on understanding the determinants of later-life health. Two strands of that work have focused on (1) international comparisons of later-life health and (2) assessing the early-life origins of disease and disability and the importance of life course processes. However, the less frequently examined intersection of these approaches remains an important frontier. The present study contributes to the integration of these approaches. We use the Health and Retirement Study family of data sets and a cohort dynamic approach to compare functional health trajectories across 12 high-income countries and to examine the role of life course processes and cohort dynamics in contributing to variation in those trajectories. We find substantial international variation in functional health trajectories and an important role of cohort dynamics in generating that variation, with younger cohorts often less healthy at comparable ages than the older cohorts they are replacing. We further find evidence of heterogeneous effects of life course processes on health trajectories. The results have important implications for future trends in morbidity and mortality as well as public policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Haas
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Katsuya Oi
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhangjun Zhou
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schoenaker DAJM, Ploubidis GB, Goodman A, Mishra GD. Factors across the life course predict women's change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and in midlife: results from the National Child Development Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:1137-1144. [PMID: 28983062 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking before, during and after pregnancy remains one of the few preventable factors associated with poor health outcomes for mothers and their children. We investigate predictors across the life course for change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and whether this change predicts smoking status in midlife. METHODS Data were from the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort). We included female cohort members who reported a first pregnancy up to age 33 years. Among 1468 women who smoked before pregnancy, we examined predictors reported in childhood (age 11 years), adolescence (age 16 years) and early adulthood (age 23 years) of change in smoking behaviour from 12 months before to during pregnancy using log-binomial regression. The association between change in smoking behaviour during pregnancy and smoking status in midlife (age 55 years) was examined while adjusting for predictors across the life course. RESULTS Among prepregnancy smokers (39%), 26% reduced and 35% quit smoking during pregnancy. Parental smoking and lower social class during childhood, and early adulthood lower social class, depression, early smoking initiation, high smoking intensity, living with a smoker, no pregnancy planning and early motherhood were associated with lower probability of smoking reduction or cessation in pregnancy. Compared with women who smoked before and during pregnancy, women who reduced or quit were two times more likely to be non-smoker at age 55 years (95% CI 1.76 to 2.20). CONCLUSIONS Findings from this population-based birth cohort study lend support for smoking cessation strategies that target those at risk at various stages across the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL - Instituteof Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alissa Goodman
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL - Instituteof Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gita D Mishra
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Are social inequalities in early childhood smoking initiation explained by exposure to adult smoking? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178633. [PMID: 28575096 PMCID: PMC5456267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To assess the socio-economic gradient in early smoking initiation at age 11 years and the extent to which any inequality was explained after accounting for longitudinal exposure to adult smoking. Methods Analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study, based on 9, 609 children from ages 9 months to 11 years. The outcome was smoking initiation by age 11. Odds ratios (ORs) for smoking initiation were estimated using logistic regression, according to maternal education, whilst adjusting for baseline demographic factors. Longitudinal exposure to a regular smoker in the same room was assessed as potential mediator of the association between maternal education and early smoking, along with other socially patterned risk factors for early smoking initiation, such as parental separation and mental health. Results Overall 2.7% (95% CI: 2.3–3.1) of children had tried a cigarette by age eleven. Children of mothers with no qualifications were more than six times as likely to have tried a cigarette than children of mothers with degree level qualifications or higher (OR 6.0 [95%CI 3.5–10.1]), with clear social gradient. Controlling for potentially mediating variables, particularly exposure to a regular adult smoker reduced the OR smoking initiation in children of mothers with no qualifications by 63% (aOR 2.9 [95%CI 1.7 to 5.1]). Conclusions Smoking initiation is more common in disadvantaged children, and this is largely explained by regular exposure to an adult smoker in the same room. Reducing adult smoking in front of children may reduce inequalities in smoking initiation in children by over a half.
Collapse
|
42
|
Newton S, Braithwaite D, Akinyemiju TF. Socio-economic status over the life course and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177151. [PMID: 28510579 PMCID: PMC5433719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to summarize the published literature on the association of childhood, adulthood and life course socio-economic status (SES) with obesity between January 1990 and June 2015. METHODS The major medical electronic databases were searched to identify studies that examined SES over the life-course in relation to obesity. A total of 219 studies were identified through the initial search, and 35 qualified for full review. Of these, 14 publications met our inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, all from developed or upper-middle income countries. RESULTS There was a consistent association between lower life course SES and obesity among women (summary OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.76), but not among men (summary OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.40). Overall, mean BMI was higher among individuals with lower life course SES compared with those with higher life course SES (summary mean BMI difference: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.71). Mean waist circumference (WC) was higher among women with lower life course SES compared with those with higher life course SES (summary mean WC: 4.67, 95% CI: 4.15, 5.20), but lower among men (summary mean WC difference: -0.10, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.08). CONCLUSION The inverse relationship between life course SES and obesity among women was consistent, based mostly on studies in developed countries. Nevertheless, critical information gaps remain in relation to the impact of childhood and life course SES on obesity in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Newton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dejana Braithwaite
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tomi F. Akinyemiju
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Faleiro JC, Giatti L, Barreto SM, Camelo LDV, Griep RH, Guimarães JMN, Fonseca MDJMD, Chor D, Chagas MDCA. [Lifetime socioeconomic status and health-related risk behaviors: the ELSA-Brazil study]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00017916. [PMID: 28380138 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00017916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the association between lifetime socioeconomic status and intra-generational social mobility and low consumption of fruits and vegetables, leisure-time physical inactivity, and smoking among 13,216 men and women participating in the baseline of the ELSA-Brazil study (2008-2010). Socioeconomic status in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood was measured by maternal schooling, socio-occupational class of the first occupation, and socio-occupational class of the current occupation, respectively. Social disadvantages in adulthood were consistently associated with higher prevalence of the three behaviors analyzed in men and women. However, socioeconomic status in youth and childhood was less consistently associated with the behaviors. For example, while low maternal schooling reduced the odds of past smoking (women) and current smoking (men and women), it was associated with higher odds of leisure-time physical inactivity in women. Meanwhile, low socioeconomic status in youth increased the odds of past smoking (men and women) and current smoking (women). Analysis of social trajectories lent additional support to the relevance of disadvantages in adulthood for risk behaviors, since only individuals that rose to the high socio-occupational class did not show higher odds of these behaviors when compared to participants that had always belonged to the high socio-occupational class. Our findings indicate that socioeconomic disadvantages in adulthood appear to be more relevant for risk behaviors than disadvantages in childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Giatti
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Joanna M N Guimarães
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Dóra Chor
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bann D, Johnson W, Li L, Kuh D, Hardy R. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Body Mass Index across Adulthood: Coordinated Analyses of Individual Participant Data from Three British Birth Cohort Studies Initiated in 1946, 1958 and 1970. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002214. [PMID: 28072856 PMCID: PMC5224787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High body mass index (BMI) is an important contributor to the global burden of ill-health and health inequality. Lower socioeconomic position (SEP) in both childhood and adulthood is associated with higher adult BMI, but how these associations have changed across time is poorly understood. We used longitudinal data to examine how childhood and adult SEP relates to BMI across adulthood in three national British birth cohorts. METHODS AND FINDINGS The sample comprised up to 22,810 participants with 77,115 BMI observations in the 1946 MRC National Survey of Health and Development (ages 20 to 60-64), the 1958 National Child Development Study (ages 23 to 50), and the 1970 British Cohort Study (ages 26 to 42). Harmonized social class-based SEP data (Registrar General's Social Class) was ascertained in childhood (father's class at 10/11 y) and adulthood (42/43 years), and BMI repeatedly across adulthood, spanning 1966 to 2012. Associations between SEP and BMI were examined using linear regression and multilevel models. Lower childhood SEP was associated with higher adult BMI in both genders, and differences were typically larger at older ages and similar in magnitude in each cohort. The strength of association between adult SEP and BMI did not vary with age in any consistent pattern in these cohorts, but were more evident in women than men, and inequalities were larger among women in the 1970 cohort compared with earlier-born cohorts. For example, mean differences in BMI at 42/43 y amongst women in the lowest compared with highest social class were 2.0 kg/m2 (95% CI: -0.1, 4.0) in the 1946 NSHD, 2.3 kg/m2 (1.1, 3.4) in the 1958 NCDS, and 3.9 kg/m2 (2.3, 5.4) the in the 1970 BCS; mean (SD) BMI in the highest and lowest social classes were as follows: 24.9 (0.8) versus 26.8 (0.7) in the 1946 NSHD, 24.2 (0.4) versus 26.5 (0.4) in the 1958 NCDS, and 24.2 (0.3) versus 28.1 (0.8) in the 1970 BCS. Findings did not differ whether using overweight or obesity as an outcome. Limitations of this work include the use of social class as the sole indicator of SEP-while it was available in each cohort in both childhood and adulthood, trends in BMI inequalities may differ according to other dimensions of SEP such as education or income. Although harmonized data were used to aid inferences about birth cohort differences in BMI inequality, differences in other factors may have also contributed to findings-for example, differences in missing data. CONCLUSIONS Given these persisting inequalities and their public health implications, new and effective policies to reduce inequalities in adult BMI that tackle inequality with respect to both childhood and adult SEP are urgently required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Li
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Falkstedt D, Möller J, Zeebari Z, Engström K. Prevalence, co-occurrence, and clustering of health-risk behaviors among people with different socio-economic trajectories: A population-based study. Prev Med 2016; 93:64-69. [PMID: 27663427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Only a few previously published studies have investigated the co-occurrence and clustering of health-risk behaviors in people with different socio-economic trajectories from childhood to adulthood. This study was based on data collected through the Stockholm County Council's public health surveys. We selected the 24,241 participants aged 30 to 65years, who responded to a postal questionnaire in 2010. Information on parents' and participants' educational levels was used for classification of four socio-economic trajectories, from childhood to adulthood: the 'stable high', the 'upwardly mobile', the 'downwardly mobile', and the 'stable low'. Information on daily smoking, risky drinking, physical inactivity, and poor diet was used for assessment of health-risk behaviors: their prevalence, co-occurrence, and clustering. We found all health-risk behaviors to be more prevalent among women and men with a downwardly mobile or stable low socio-economic trajectory. Accordingly, having three or four co-occurring health-risk behaviors were much more likely (up to 4 times, in terms of odds ratios) in these groups as compared to the women and men with an upwardly mobile or a stable high socio-economic trajectory. However, clustering of the health-risk behaviors was not found to be stronger in those with a downwardly mobile or stable low socio-economic trajectory. Thus, the fact that women and men with a disadvantageous socio-economic career were found to have co-occurring health-risk behaviors more often than people with an advantageous socio-economic career seemed to be generated by differences in prevalence of the health-risk behaviors, not by differences in clustering of the behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Falkstedt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jette Möller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zangin Zeebari
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Karin Engström
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Prescott E, Godtfredsen N, Osler M, Schnohr P, Barefoot J. Social gradient in the metabolic syndrome not explained by psychosocial and behavioural factors: evidence from the Copenhagen City Heart Study∗. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:405-12. [PMID: 17568240 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e32800ff169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial stressors may mediate the effect of social status on the metabolic syndrome (MS). The paper explores this hypothesis in a random sample of the general population. DESIGN A total of 3462 women and 2576 men aged 20-97 years from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. METHODS An MS index was defined from the seven components: waist-hip ratio, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Social status was measured by educational level. Psychosocial factors included fatigue and depression, perceived stress, social network and cohabitation. Behavioural factors were smoking, alcohol and physical activity. RESULTS There was an inverse social gradient in the prevalence of the seven components of the MS. The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for occupying the most disadvantaged quintile, comparing highest with lowest educational level, were for men and women, respectively: waist-hip ratio 0.48 (0.34-0.69) and 0.48 (0.33-0.69); HDL-cholesterol 0.61 (0.45-0.84) and 0.46 (0.33-0.64); triglycerides 0.71 (0.51-0.98) and 0.37 (0.25-0.53); SBP 0.64 (0.44-0.92) and 0.76 (0.50-1.15); blood glucose 0.57 (0.41-0.80) and 0.55 (0.38-0.78); CRP 0.53 (0.37-0.74) and 0.44 (0.31-0.63), and fibrinogen 0.50 (0.35-0.70) and 0.56 (0.38-0.82). The pooled OR for having an MS index score of 3 or more was 0.32 (0.24-0.42) for highest versus lowest educational level. A higher fatigue and depression score in both sexes and a lack of social support in men were associated with the MS, as were smoking, low alcohol consumption and a lack of physical activity. However, OR for educational level were not affected by adjustment for the psychosocial or behavioural factors. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong inverse social gradient in the prevalence of the MS, which is not explained by psychosocial or major behavioural factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Prescott
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Leopold L. Cumulative Advantage in an Egalitarian Country? Socioeconomic Health Disparities over the Life Course in Sweden. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 57:257-273. [PMID: 27284078 DOI: 10.1177/0022146516645926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the cumulative advantage hypothesis, health gaps between socioeconomic groups widen with age. In the United States, studies have supported this hypothesis. Outside this context, evidence remains scarce. The present study tests the cumulative advantage hypothesis in Sweden, a society that contrasts sharply with the United States in terms of policies designed to reduce social disparities in health-related resources. I draw on longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (N = 9,412 person-years), spanning the period between 1991 and 2010. The results show that gaps in self-rated health increase from early to middle adulthood. This applies to differences between educational groups and between occupational classes. In older age, health gaps remain constant. Cross-cohort analyses reveal a rising importance of cumulative advantage between educational groups but not between occupational classes. I conclude that the forces of accumulation prevail even in one of the most egalitarian welfare states.
Collapse
|
48
|
Childhood socioeconomic status, adult socioeconomic status, and old-age health trajectories. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2016.34.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
49
|
Relative deprivation and risk factors for obesity in Canadian adolescents. Soc Sci Med 2016; 152:111-8. [PMID: 26851410 PMCID: PMC4774475 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on socioeconomic differences in overweight and obesity and on the ecological association between income inequality and obesity prevalence suggests that relative deprivation may contribute to lifestyle risk factors for obesity independently of absolute affluence. We tested this hypothesis using data on 25,980 adolescents (11-15 years) in the 2010 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The Yitzhaki index of relative deprivation was applied to the HBSC Family Affluence Scale, an index of common material assets, with more affluent schoolmates representing the comparative reference group. Regression analysis tested the associations between relative deprivation and four obesity risk factors (skipping breakfasts, physical activity, and healthful and unhealthful food choices) plus dietary restraint. Relative deprivation uniquely related to skipping breakfasts, less physical activity, fewer healthful food choices (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grain breads), and a lower likelihood of dieting to lose weight. Consistent with Runciman's (1966) theory of relative deprivation and with psychosocial interpretations of the health consequences of income inequality, the results indicate that having mostly better off schoolmates can contribute to poorer health behaviours independently of school-level affluence and subjective social status. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the social origins of obesity and targeting health interventions.
Collapse
|
50
|
Nishida A, Cadar D, Xu MK, Croudace T, Jones PB, Kuh D, Richards M. Adolescent Self-Organization and Adult Smoking and Drinking over Fifty Years of Follow-Up: The British 1946 Birth Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146731. [PMID: 26752724 PMCID: PMC4709054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in markers of adolescent self-organization predict a range of economic and health-related outcomes in general population studies. Using a population-based birth cohort study we investigated associations between adolescent self-organization and two common factors over adulthood influencing health, smoking and alcohol consumption. The MRC National Survey of Health and Development (the British 1946 birth cohort) was used to test associations between a dimensional measure of adolescent self-organization derived from teacher ratings, and summary longitudinal measures of smoking and alcohol consumption over the ensuing five decades. Multinomial regression models were adjusted for sex, adolescent emotional and conduct problems, occupational social class of origin, childhood cognition, educational attainment and adult occupational social class. With all covariates adjusted, higher adolescent self-organization was associated with fewer smoking pack years, although not with quitting; there was no association with alcohol consumption across adulthood (none or heavy compared with light to moderate). Adolescent self-organization appears to be protective against smoking, but not against heavy alcohol consumption. Interpretation of this differential effect should be embedded in an understanding of the social and sociodemographic context in which these health behaviours occur over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Cadar
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Man K. Xu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Croudace
- Department of Health Sciences and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- CAMEO, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|