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Al Saikhan L, Chaturvedi N, Ghosh AK, Hardy R, Hughes A. Adulthood adiposity affects cardiac structure and function in later life. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:3060-3068. [PMID: 39013477 PMCID: PMC11365607 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Excess adiposity is associated with poorer cardiac function and adverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling. However, its importance over the adult life course on future cardiac structure and systolic and diastolic function is unknown. METHODS A total of 1690 participants in the National Survey of Health and Development birth cohort underwent repeated adiposity [body mass index (BMI)/waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)] measurements over adulthood and investigation, including echocardiography at age 60-64 years. The relationship between LV structure [LV mass (LVM), relative wall thickness, and LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd)] and function (diastolic: E/e', e', and left atrial volume indexed to body surface area; systolic: ejection fraction, S', and myocardial contraction fraction) was investigated using multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS Increased BMI from age 20 years onwards was associated with greater LVM and LVIDd independent of confounders. Associations remained independent of current BMI for LVIDd and at age 26, 43, and 53 years for LVM. Increased BMI from 43 years onwards was associated with greater relative wall thickness, but not when BMI at age 60-64 years was accounted for. Increased BMI at age 26, 36, and 53 years and at 20 years onwards was associated with lower ejection fraction and myocardial contraction fraction, respectively, but not independently of BMI at 60-64 years. Higher BMI from 20 years onwards was associated with poorer diastolic function independent of confounders. Associations between BMI and left atrial volume indexed to body surface area persisted from 26 years onwards after adjustment for BMI at 60-64 years. Similar relationships were observed for WHR from age 43 years onwards. CONCLUSIONS Higher adiposity (BMI/WHR) over adulthood is associated with evidence of adverse cardiac structure and function. Some of these associations are independent of adiposity in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Al Saikhan
- Department of Cardiac Technology, College of Applied Medial Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 2835 King Faisal Street, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Arjun K Ghosh
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alun Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Bundil I, Baltruschat S, Zhang J. Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e083968. [PMID: 39160108 PMCID: PMC11337668 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Information processing speed (IPS) has been proposed to be a key component in healthy ageing and cognitive functioning. Yet, current studies lack a consistent definition and specific influential characteristics. This study aimed to investigate IPS as a multifaceted concept by differentiating cognitive and motor IPS. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective data analysis using data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (a population-based cohort of UK adults born in 1946) at childhood (ages 8, 11 and 15) and adulthood (ages 60-64 and 68-70). Using structural equation modelling, we constructed two models of IPS with 2124 and 1776 participants, respectively. OUTCOME MEASURES Measures of interest included IPS (ie, letter cancellation, simple and choice reaction time), intelligence (ie, childhood intelligence and National Adult Reading Test), verbal memory, socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive functions measured by the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III, as well as a variety of health indexes. RESULTS We found distinct predictors for cognitive and motor IPS and how they relate to other cognitive functions in old age. In our first model, SES and antipsychotic medication usage emerged as significant predictors for cognitive IPS, intelligence and smoking as predictors for motor IPS while both share sex, memory and antiepileptic medication usage as common predictors. Notably, all differences between both IPS types ran in the same direction except for sex differences, with women performing better than men in cognitive IPS and vice versa in motor IPS. The second model showed that both IPS measures, as well as intelligence, memory, antipsychotic and sedative medication usage, explain cognitive functions later in life. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results shed further light on IPS as a whole by showing there are distinct types and that these measures directly relate to other cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Bundil
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Rawle MJ, Lau WCY, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Patalay P, Richards M, Davis D. Associations Between Midlife Anticholinergic Medication Use and Subsequent Cognitive Decline: A British Birth Cohort Study. Drugs Aging 2024; 41:543-554. [PMID: 38740716 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-024-01116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticholinergic medication use is associated with cognitive decline and incident dementia. Our study, a prospective birth cohort analysis, aimed to determine if repeated exposure to anticholinergic medications was associated with greater decline, and whether decline was reversed with medication reduction. METHODS From the Medical Research Council (MRC) National Survey of Health and Development, a British birth cohort with all participants born in a single week of March 1946, we quantified anticholinergic exposure between ages 53 and 69 years using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACBS). We used multinomial regression to estimate associations with global cognition, quantified by the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination, 3rd Edition (ACE-III). Longitudinal associations between ACBS and cognitive test results (Verbal memory quantified by the Word Learning Test [WLT], and processing speed quantified by the Timed Letter Search Task [TLST]) at three time points (age 53, 60-64 and 69) were assessed using mixed and fixed effects linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for sex, childhood cognition, education, chronic disease count and severity, and mental health symptoms. RESULTS Anticholinergic exposure was associated cross-sectionally with lower ACE-III scores at age 69, with the greatest effects in those with high exposure at ages 60-64 (mean difference - 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 3.51 to - 1.17). Longitudinally, both mild-moderate and high ACBS scores were linked to lower WLT scores, again with high exposure showing larger effects (mean difference with contemporaneous exposure - 0.90, 95% CI - 1.63 to - 0.17; mean difference with lagged exposure - 1.53, 95% CI - 2.43 to - 0.64). Associations remained in fixed effects models (mean difference with contemporaneous exposure -1.78, 95% CI -2.85 to - 0.71; mean difference with lagged exposure - 2.23, 95% CI - 3.33 to - 1.13). Associations with TLST were noted only in isolated contemporaneous exposure (mean difference - 13.14, 95% CI - 19.04 to - 7.23; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Anticholinergic exposure throughout mid and later life was associated with lower cognitive function. Reduced processing speed was associated only with contemporaneous anticholinergic medication use, and not historical use. Associations with lower verbal recall were evident with both historical and contemporaneous use of anticholinergic medication, and associations with historical use persisted in individuals even when their anticholinergic medication use decreased over the course of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Rawle
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
- Academic Centre for Healthy Ageing (ACHA) @ Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whipps Cross Road, London, E11 1NR, UK.
| | - Wallis C Y Lau
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
- Centre for Medicines Optimisation Research and Education, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Arturo Gonzalez-Izquierdo
- Institute of Health Informatics and Health Data Research UK, UCL, London, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Davis
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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Staines KA, Saunders FR, Ireland A, Aspden RM, Gregory JS, Hardy RJ, Cooper R. Associations between life course longitudinal growth and hip shapes at ages 60-64 years: evidence from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003816. [PMID: 38599656 PMCID: PMC11015210 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to examine associations between height gain across childhood and adolescence with hip shape in individuals aged 60-64 years from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a nationally representative British birth cohort. METHODS Height was measured at ages 2, 4, 6, 7, 11 and 15 years, and self-reported at age 20 years. 10 modes of variation in hip shape (HM1-10), described by statistical shape models, were previously ascertained from DXA images taken at ages 60-64 years. Associations between (1) height at each age; (2) Super-Imposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) growth curve variables of height size, tempo and velocity; and (3) height gain during specific periods of childhood and adolescence, and HM1-10 were tested. RESULTS Faster growth velocity was associated with a wider, flatter femoral head and neck, as described by positive scores for HM6 (regression coefficient 0.014; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.019; p<0.001) and HM7 (regression coefficient 0.07; 95% CI 0.002 to 0.013; p=0.009), and negative scores for HM10 (regression coefficient -0.006; 95% CI -0.011 to 0.00, p=0.04) and HM2 (males only, regression coefficient -0.017; 95% CI -0.026 to -0.09; p<0.001). Similar associations were observed with greater height size and later height tempo. Examination of height gains during specific periods of childhood and adolescence identified those during the adolescence period as being most consistently associated. CONCLUSION Our analyses suggest that individual growth patterns, particularly in the adolescent period, are associated with modest variations in hip shape at 60-64 years, which are consistent with features seen in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ann Staines
- Centre for Lifelong Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Fiona R Saunders
- Centre for Arthritis & Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alex Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Centre for Arthritis & Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer S Gregory
- Centre for Arthritis & Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca J Hardy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Topriceanu CC, Shah M, Webber M, Chan F, Shiwani H, Richards M, Schott J, Chaturvedi N, Moon JC, Hughes AD, Hingorani AD, O'Regan DP, Captur G. APOE ε4 carriage associates with improved myocardial performance from adolescence to older age. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:172. [PMID: 38509472 PMCID: PMC10956279 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although APOE ε4 allele carriage confers a risk for coronary artery disease, its persistence in humans might be explained by certain survival advantages (antagonistic pleiotropy). METHODS Combining data from ~ 37,000 persons from three older age British cohorts (1946 National Survey of Health and Development [NSHD], Southall and Brent Revised [SABRE], and UK Biobank) and one younger age cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]), we explored whether APOE ε4 carriage associates with beneficial or unfavorable left ventricular (LV) structural and functional metrics by echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). RESULTS Compared to the non-APOE ε4 group, APOE ε4 carriers had similar cardiac phenotypes in terms of LV ejection fraction, E/e', posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, and LV mass. However, they had improved myocardial performance resulting in greater LV stroke volume generation per 1 mL of myocardium (higher myocardial contraction fraction). In NSHD (n = 1467) and SABRE (n = 1187), ε4 carriers had a 4% higher MCF (95% CI 1-7%, p = 0.016) using echocardiography. Using CMR data, in UK Biobank (n = 32,972), ε4 carriers had a 1% higher MCF 95% (CI 0-1%, p = 0.020) with a dose-response relationship based on the number of ε4 alleles. In addition, UK Biobank ε4 carriers also had more favorable radial and longitudinal strain rates compared to non APOE ε4 carriers. In ALSPAC (n = 1397), APOE ε4 carriers aged < 24 years had a 2% higher MCF (95% CI 0-5%, p = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS By triangulating results in four independent cohorts, across imaging modalities (echocardiography and CMR), and in ~ 37,000 individuals, our results point towards an association between ε4 carriage and improved cardiac performance in terms of LV MCF. This potentially favorable cardiac phenotype adds to the growing number of reported survival advantages attributed to the pleiotropic effects APOE ε4 carriage that might collectively explain its persistence in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Mit Shah
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Webber
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Chan
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hunain Shiwani
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Schott
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- BHF Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK.
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK.
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6
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Murray-Smith H, Barker S, Barkhof F, Barnes J, Brown TM, Captur G, R E Cartlidge M, Cash DM, Coath W, Davis D, Dickson JC, Groves J, Hughes AD, James SN, Keshavan A, Keuss SE, King-Robson J, Lu K, Malone IB, Nicholas JM, Rapala A, Scott CJ, Street R, Sudre CH, Thomas DL, Wong A, Wray S, Zetterberg H, Chaturvedi N, Fox NC, Crutch SJ, Richards M, Schott JM. Updating the study protocol: Insight 46 - a longitudinal neuroscience sub-study of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development - phases 2 and 3. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:40. [PMID: 38263061 PMCID: PMC10804658 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although age is the biggest known risk factor for dementia, there remains uncertainty about other factors over the life course that contribute to a person's risk for cognitive decline later in life. Furthermore, the pathological processes leading to dementia are not fully understood. The main goals of Insight 46-a multi-phase longitudinal observational study-are to collect detailed cognitive, neurological, physical, cardiovascular, and sensory data; to combine those data with genetic and life-course information collected from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD; 1946 British birth cohort); and thereby contribute to a better understanding of healthy ageing and dementia. METHODS/DESIGN Phase 1 of Insight 46 (2015-2018) involved the recruitment of 502 members of the NSHD (median age = 70.7 years; 49% female) and has been described in detail by Lane and Parker et al. 2017. The present paper describes phase 2 (2018-2021) and phase 3 (2021-ongoing). Of the 502 phase 1 study members who were invited to a phase 2 research visit, 413 were willing to return for a clinic visit in London and 29 participated in a remote research assessment due to COVID-19 restrictions. Phase 3 aims to recruit 250 study members who previously participated in both phases 1 and 2 of Insight 46 (providing a third data time point) and 500 additional members of the NSHD who have not previously participated in Insight 46. DISCUSSION The NSHD is the oldest and longest continuously running British birth cohort. Members of the NSHD are now at a critical point in their lives for us to investigate successful ageing and key age-related brain morbidities. Data collected from Insight 46 have the potential to greatly contribute to and impact the field of healthy ageing and dementia by combining unique life course data with longitudinal multiparametric clinical, imaging, and biomarker measurements. Further protocol enhancements are planned, including in-home sleep measurements and the engagement of participants through remote online cognitive testing. Data collected are and will continue to be made available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Suzie Barker
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Thomas M Brown
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Molly R E Cartlidge
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Daniel Davis
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - John C Dickson
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - James Groves
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Josh King-Robson
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alicja Rapala
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine J Scott
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Street
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Carole H Sudre
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - David L Thomas
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Hong, Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1St Floor, 8-11 Queen Square, London, UK
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Orini M, van Duijvenboden S, Young WJ, Ramírez J, Jones AR, Hughes AD, Tinker A, Munroe PB, Lambiase PD. Long-term association of ultra-short heart rate variability with cardiovascular events. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18966. [PMID: 37923787 PMCID: PMC10624663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a cardiac autonomic marker with predictive value in cardiac patients. Ultra-short HRV (usHRV) can be measured at scale using standard and wearable ECGs, but its association with cardiovascular events in the general population is undetermined. We aimed to validate usHRV measured using ≤ 15-s ECGs (using RMSSD, SDSD and PHF indices) and investigate its association with atrial fibrillation, major adverse cardiac events, stroke and mortality in individuals without cardiovascular disease. In the National Survey for Health and Development (n = 1337 participants), agreement between 15-s and 6-min HRV, assessed with correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plots, was very good for RMSSD and SDSD and good for PHF. In the UK Biobank (n = 51,628 participants, 64% male, median age 58), after a median follow-up of 11.5 (11.4-11.7) years, incidence of outcomes ranged between 1.7% and 4.3%. Non-linear Cox regression analysis showed that reduced usHRV from 15-, 10- and 5-s ECGs was associated with all outcomes. Individuals with low usHRV (< 20th percentile) had hazard ratios for outcomes between 1.16 and 1.29, p < 0.05, with respect to the reference group. In conclusion, usHRV from ≤ 15-s ECGs correlates with standard short-term HRV and predicts increased risk of cardiovascular events in a large population-representative cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Orini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK.
| | - Stefan van Duijvenboden
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William J Young
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Ramírez
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aled R Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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8
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Topriceanu CC, Dev E, Ahmad M, Hughes R, Shiwani H, Webber M, Direk K, Wong A, Ugander M, Moon JC, Hughes AD, Maddock J, Schlegel TT, Captur G. Accelerated DNA methylation age plays a role in the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the human heart. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:164. [PMID: 37853450 PMCID: PMC10583368 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation (DNAm) age acceleration (AgeAccel) and cardiac age by 12-lead advanced electrocardiography (A-ECG) are promising biomarkers of biological and cardiac aging, respectively. We aimed to explore the relationships between DNAm age and A-ECG heart age and to understand the extent to which DNAm AgeAccel relates to cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in a British birth cohort from 1946. RESULTS We studied four DNAm ages (AgeHannum, AgeHorvath, PhenoAge, and GrimAge) and their corresponding AgeAccel. Outcomes were the results from two publicly available ECG-based cardiac age scores: the Bayesian A-ECG-based heart age score of Lindow et al. 2022 and the deep neural network (DNN) ECG-based heart age score of Ribeiro et al. 2020. DNAm AgeAccel was also studied relative to results from two logistic regression-based A-ECG disease scores, one for left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LVSD), and one for LV electrical remodeling (LVER). Generalized linear models were used to explore the extent to which any associations between biological cardiometabolic risk factors (body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, previous cardiovascular disease [CVD], and any CV risk factor) and the ECG-based outcomes are mediated by DNAm AgeAccel. We derived the total effects, average causal mediation effects (ACMEs), average direct effects (ADEs), and the proportion mediated [PM] with their 95% confidence intervals [CIs]. 498 participants (all 60-64 years) were included, with the youngest ECG heart age being 27 and the oldest 90. When exploring the associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and Bayesian A-ECG cardiac age, AgeAccelPheno appears to be a partial mediator, as ACME was 0.23 years [0.01, 0.52] p = 0.028 (i.e., PM≈18%) for diabetes, 0.34 [0.03, 0.74] p = 0.024 (i.e., PM≈15%) for high cholesterol, and 0.34 [0.03, 0.74] p = 0.024 (PM≈15%) for any CV risk factor. Similarly, AgeAccelGrim mediates ≈30% of the relationship between diabetes or high cholesterol and the DNN ECG-based heart age. When exploring the link between cardiometabolic risk factors and the A-ECG-based LVSD and LVER scores, it appears that AgeAccelPheno or AgeAccelGrim mediate 10-40% of these associations. CONCLUSION By the age of 60, participants with accelerated DNA methylation appear to have older, weaker, and more electrically impaired hearts. We show that the harmful effects of CV risk factors on cardiac age and health, appear to be partially mediated by DNAm AgeAccelPheno and AgeAccelGrim. This highlights the need to further investigate the potential cardioprotective effects of selective DNA methyltransferases modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - Eesha Dev
- UCL Medical School, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hughes
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - Hunain Shiwani
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - Matthew Webber
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kenan Direk
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - Martin Ugander
- Kolling Institute Royal North Shore Hospital, and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James C Moon
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane Maddock
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Todd T Schlegel
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Nicollier-Schlegel SARL, Trélex, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK.
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK.
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9
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James SN, Manning EN, Storey M, Nicholas JM, Coath W, Keuss SE, Cash DM, Lane CA, Parker T, Keshavan A, Buchanan SM, Wagen A, Harris M, Malone I, Lu K, Needham LP, Street R, Thomas D, Dickson J, Murray-Smith H, Wong A, Freiberger T, Crutch SJ, Fox NC, Richards M, Barkhof F, Sudre CH, Barnes J, Schott JM. Neuroimaging, clinical and life course correlates of normal-appearing white matter integrity in 70-year-olds. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad225. [PMID: 37680671 PMCID: PMC10481255 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate associations between normal-appearing white matter microstructural integrity in cognitively normal ∼70-year-olds and concurrently measured brain health and cognition, demographics, genetics and life course cardiovascular health. Participants born in the same week in March 1946 (British 1946 birth cohort) underwent PET-MRI around age 70. Mean standardized normal-appearing white matter integrity metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, neurite density index and orientation dispersion index) were derived from diffusion MRI. Linear regression was used to test associations between normal-appearing white matter metrics and (i) concurrent measures, including whole brain volume, white matter hyperintensity volume, PET amyloid and cognition; (ii) the influence of demographic and genetic predictors, including sex, childhood cognition, education, socio-economic position and genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (APOE-ɛ4); (iii) systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular health (Framingham Heart Study Cardiovascular Risk Score) across adulthood. Sex interactions were tested. Statistical significance included false discovery rate correction (5%). Three hundred and sixty-two participants met inclusion criteria (mean age 70, 49% female). Higher white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with lower fractional anisotropy [b = -0.09 (95% confidence interval: -0.11, -0.06), P < 0.01], neurite density index [b = -0.17 (-0.22, -0.12), P < 0.01] and higher mean diffusivity [b = 0.14 (-0.10, -0.17), P < 0.01]; amyloid (in men) was associated with lower fractional anisotropy [b = -0.04 (-0.08, -0.01), P = 0.03)] and higher mean diffusivity [b = 0.06 (0.01, 0.11), P = 0.02]. Framingham Heart Study Cardiovascular Risk Score in later-life (age 69) was associated with normal-appearing white matter {lower fractional anisotropy [b = -0.06 (-0.09, -0.02) P < 0.01], neurite density index [b = -0.10 (-0.17, -0.03), P < 0.01] and higher mean diffusivity [b = 0.09 (0.04, 0.14), P < 0.01]}. Significant sex interactions (P < 0.05) emerged for midlife cardiovascular health (age 53) and normal-appearing white matter at 70: marginal effect plots demonstrated, in women only, normal-appearing white matter was associated with higher midlife Framingham Heart Study Cardiovascular Risk Score (lower fractional anisotropy and neurite density index), midlife systolic (lower fractional anisotropy, neurite density index and higher mean diffusivity) and diastolic (lower fractional anisotropy and neurite density index) blood pressure and greater blood pressure change between 43 and 53 years (lower fractional anisotropy and neurite density index), independently of white matter hyperintensity volume. In summary, poorer normal-appearing white matter microstructural integrity in ∼70-year-olds was associated with measures of cerebral small vessel disease, amyloid (in males) and later-life cardiovascular health, demonstrating how normal-appearing white matter can provide additional information to overt white matter disease. Our findings further show that greater 'midlife' cardiovascular risk and higher blood pressure were associated with poorer normal-appearing white matter microstructural integrity in females only, suggesting that women's brains may be more susceptible to the effects of midlife blood pressure and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emily N Manning
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathew Storey
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Lane
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah M Buchanan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron Wagen
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathew Harris
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Louisa P Needham
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Street
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Thomas
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Dickson
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospitals Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tamar Freiberger
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carole H Sudre
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Villicaña S, Castillo-Fernandez J, Hannon E, Christiansen C, Tsai PC, Maddock J, Kuh D, Suderman M, Power C, Relton C, Ploubidis G, Wong A, Hardy R, Goodman A, Ong KK, Bell JT. Genetic impacts on DNA methylation help elucidate regulatory genomic processes. Genome Biol 2023; 24:176. [PMID: 37525248 PMCID: PMC10391992 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pinpointing genetic impacts on DNA methylation can improve our understanding of pathways that underlie gene regulation and disease risk. RESULTS We report heritability and methylation quantitative trait locus (meQTL) analysis at 724,499 CpGs profiled with the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array in 2358 blood samples from three UK cohorts. Methylation levels at 34.2% of CpGs are affected by SNPs, and 98% of effects are cis-acting or within 1 Mbp of the tested CpG. Our results are consistent with meQTL analyses based on the former Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 array. Both SNPs and CpGs with meQTLs are overrepresented in enhancers, which have improved coverage on this platform compared to previous approaches. Co-localisation analyses across genetic effects on DNA methylation and 56 human traits identify 1520 co-localisations across 1325 unique CpGs and 34 phenotypes, including in disease-relevant genes, such as USP1 and DOCK7 (total cholesterol levels), and ICOSLG (inflammatory bowel disease). Enrichment analysis of meQTLs and integration with expression QTLs give insights into mechanisms underlying cis-meQTLs (e.g. through disruption of transcription factor binding sites for CTCF and SMC3) and trans-meQTLs (e.g. through regulating the expression of ACD and SENP7 which can modulate DNA methylation at distal sites). CONCLUSIONS Our findings improve the characterisation of the mechanisms underlying DNA methylation variability and are informative for prioritisation of GWAS variants for functional follow-ups. The MeQTL EPIC Database and viewer are available online at https://epicmeqtl.kcl.ac.uk .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villicaña
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Colette Christiansen
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jane Maddock
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - George Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alissa Goodman
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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11
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Bakolis I, Murray ET, Hardy R, Hatch SL, Richards M. Area disadvantage and mental health over the life course: a 69-year prospective birth cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:735-744. [PMID: 36757437 PMCID: PMC10097760 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing evidence on the mental health consequences of disadvantaged areas uses cross-sectional or longitudinal studies with short observation periods. The objective of this research was to investigate this association over a 69-year period. METHODS Data were obtained from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD; the British 1946 birth cohort), which consisted of 2125 participants at 69 years. We assessed longitudinal associations between area disadvantage and mental health symptoms at adolescence and adulthood with use of multilevel modelling framework. RESULTS After adjustment for father's social class, for each one percentage increase in area disadvantage at age 4, there was a 0.02 (95% CI 0.001, 0.04) mean increase in the total score of the neuroticism scale at age 13-15. After adjustment for father's social class, adult socio-economic position, cognitive ability and educational attainment, a one percentage increase in change score of area disadvantage between age 4 and 26 was associated with a mean increase in the total Psychiatric Symptom Frequency score (MD 0.06; 95% CI 0.007, 0.11). Similar associations were observed with change scores between ages 4, 53, 60 and total General Health Questionnaire-28 score at age 53 (MD 0.05; 95% CI 0.01, 0.11) and 60-64 (MD 0.06; 95% CI 0.009, 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Cohort members who experienced increasing area disadvantage from childhood were at increased risk of poor mental health over the life course. Population-wide interventions aiming at improving social and physical aspects of the early neighbourhood environment could reduce the socio-economic burden of poor mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bakolis
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Implementation Science, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Emily T Murray
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephani L Hatch
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, IOPPN and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Norris T, Johnson W, Cooper R, Pereira SMP. Associations between diabetes status and grip strength trajectory sub-groups in adulthood: findings from over 16 years of follow-up in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:213. [PMID: 37016329 PMCID: PMC10074704 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies suggest a relationship between diabetes status and weaker grip strength (GS) in adulthood and limited evidence from longitudinal studies has focussed on the association with average change in GS. We aimed to investigate whether diabetes status was related to membership of distinct GS trajectories in mid-to-late adulthood in 2,263 participants in the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development. METHODS Grip strength (kg) was measured at 53, 60-64 and 69 years. Pre-/diabetes was defined at 53 years based on HbA1c > 5.6% and/or doctor-diagnosis of diabetes. Sex-specific latent class trajectory models were developed and multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate the association between pre-/diabetes status and membership into GS trajectory classes. RESULTS For both males and females, a 3-class solution ('High', 'Intermediate', 'Low') provided the best representation of the GS data and the most plausible solution. There was no evidence that pre-/diabetes status was associated with class membership in either sex: e.g., adjusted odds ratios of being in the 'Low' class (vs. 'High') for males with pre-/diabetes (vs. no-diabetes) was 1.07 (95% CI:0.45,2.55). CONCLUSION Using a flexible data-driven approach to identify GS trajectories between 53 and 69 years, we observed three distinct GS trajectories, all declining, in both sexes. There was no association between pre-/diabetes status at 53 years and membership into these GS trajectories. Understanding the diabetes status-GS trajectories association is vital to ascertain the consequences that projected increases in pre-/diabetes prevalence's are likely to have.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Norris
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - W Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - R Cooper
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - S M Pinto Pereira
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
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13
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Milk intake across adulthood and muscle strength decline from mid- to late life: the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:820-831. [PMID: 35795912 PMCID: PMC9975781 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a source of several nutrients which may be beneficial for skeletal muscle. Evidence that links lower milk intake with declines in muscle strength from midlife to old age is lacking. We used data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development to test sex-specific associations between milk consumption from age 36 to 60-64 years, low grip strength (GS) or probable sarcopenia, and GS decline from age 53 to 69 years. We included 1340 men and 1383 women with at least one measure of both milk intake and GS. Milk intake was recorded in 5-d food diaries (aged 36, 43, 53 and 60-64 years), and grand mean of total, reduced-fat and full-fat milk each categorised in thirds (T1 (lowest) to T3 (highest), g/d). GS was assessed at ages 53, 60-64, and 69 years, and probable sarcopenia classified at the age of 69 years. We employed logistic regression to examine the odds of probable sarcopenia and multilevel models to investigate decline in GS in relation to milk intake thirds. Compared with T1, only T2 (58·76-145·25 g/d) of reduced-fat milk was associated with lower odds of sex-specific low GS at the age of 69 years (OR (95 % CI): 0·59 (0·37, 0·94), P = 0·03). In multilevel models, only T3 of total milk (≥ 237·52 g/d) was associated with stronger GS in midlife in men (β (95 % CI) = 1·82 (0·18, 3·45) kg, P = 0·03) compared with T1 (≤ 152·0 g/d), but not with GS decline over time. A higher milk intake across adulthood may promote muscle strength in midlife in men. Its role in muscle health in late life needs further examination.
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Mason SA, Al Saikhan L, Jones S, James SN, Murray-Smith H, Rapala A, Williams S, Sudre C, Wong B, Richards M, Fox NC, Hardy R, Schott JM, Chaturvedi N, Hughes AD. Association between carotid atherosclerosis and brain activation patterns during the Stroop task in older adults: An fNIRS investigation. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119302. [PMID: 35595200 PMCID: PMC10466022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that vascular disease could contribute to cognitive decline and overt dementia. Of particular interest is atherosclerosis, as it is not only associated with dementia, but could be a potential mechanism through which cardiovascular disease directly impacts brain health. In this work, we evaluated the differences in functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based measures of brain activation, task performance, and the change in central hemodynamics (mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)) during a Stroop color-word task in individuals with atherosclerosis, defined as bilateral carotid plaques (n = 33) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 33). In the healthy control group, the left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) was the only region showing evidence of activation when comparing the incongruous with the nominal Stroop test. A smaller extent of brain activation was observed in the Plaque group compared with the healthy controls (1) globally, as measured by oxygenated hemoglobin (p = 0.036) and (2) in the LPFC (p = 0.02) and left sensorimotor cortices (LMC)(p = 0.008) as measured by deoxygenated hemoglobin. There were no significant differences in HR, MAP, or task performance (both in terms of the time required to complete the task and number of errors made) between Plaque and control groups. These results suggest that carotid atherosclerosis is associated with altered functional brain activation patterns despite no evidence of impaired performance of the Stroop task or central hemodynamic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Mason
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.
| | - Lamia Al Saikhan
- Department of Cardiac Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 2835 King Faisal Street, Damman, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Siana Jones
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London UK
| | - Alicja Rapala
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Williams
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Sudre
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London UK; School of Biomedical Engineering, King's College, London UK
| | - Brian Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London UK
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Alun D Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.
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15
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Sullivan A, Brown M, Hamer M, Ploubidis GB. Cohort Profile Update: The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). Int J Epidemiol 2022:6645761. [PMID: 35849349 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sullivan
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Brown
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Thompson EJ, Ploubidis GB, Richards M, Gaysina D. Life course trajectories of affective symptoms and their early life predictors. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2022; 13:412-431. [PMID: 35920619 DOI: 10.1332/175795921x16487298020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life course trajectories of affective symptoms (depression and anxiety) are heterogenous. However, few studies have investigated the role of early life risk factors in the development of these trajectories. The present study aimed to: (1) derive latent trajectories of affective symptoms over a period of more than 50 years (ages 13-69), and (2) examine early life risk factors for associations with specific life course trajectories of affective symptoms. METHOD Participants are from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (n = 5,362). Affective symptoms were measured prospectively at ages 13, 15, 36, 43, 53, 60-64 and 69. A latent variable modelling framework was implemented to model longitudinal profiles of affective symptoms. Twenty-four prospectively measured early life predictors were tested for associations with different symptom profiles using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Four life course profiles of affective symptoms were identified: (1) absence of symptoms (66.6% of the sample); (2) adolescent symptoms with good adult outcome (15.2%); (3) adult symptoms only (with no symptoms in adolescence and late life) (12.9%); (4) symptoms in adolescence and mid adulthood (5.2%). Of the 24 early life predictors observed, only four were associated with life course trajectories, with small effect sizes observed. CONCLUSIONS People differ in their life course trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms and that these differences are not largely influenced by early life factors tested in this study.
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17
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Puri T, Blake GM. Comparison of ten predictive equations for estimating lean body mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in older patients. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20210378. [PMID: 35143259 PMCID: PMC10993957 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES White fat contributes to body weight (BW) but accumulates very little [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in the fasting state. As a result, higher standardised uptake values normalised to BW (SUV) are observed in non-fatty tissue in obese patients compared to those in non-obese patients. Therefore, SUV normalised to lean body mass (SUL) that makes tumour uptake values less dependent on patients' body habitus is considered more appropriate. This study aimed to assess ten mathematical equations to predict lean body mass (LBM) by comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method. METHODS DXA-based LBM was compared with ten equation-based estimates of LBM in terms of the slope, bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of Bland-Altman plots, and Pearson correlation coefficients (r). Data from 747 men and 811 women aged 60-65 years were included. RESULTS Gallagher's equation was optimal in males (slope = 0.13, bias = -2.4 kg, LOA = 12.8 kg and r = 0.900) while Janmahasatian's equation was optimal in females (slope = 0.14, bias = -0.9 kg, LOA = 10.7 kg and r = 0.876). Janmahasatian's equation performed slightly better than Gallagher's in the pooled male and female data (slope = 0.00, bias = -1.6 kg, LOA = 12.3 kg and r = 0.959). CONCLUSIONS The Gallagher and Janmahasatian equations were optimal and almost indistinguishable in predicting LBM in subjects aged 60-65 years. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Determination of the optimum equation for predicting lean body mass to improve the calculation of SUL for [18F]FDG PET quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Puri
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences,
King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Glen M Blake
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences,
King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital,
London, United Kingdom
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18
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Charalambous C, Moon JC, Holly JMP, Chaturvedi N, Hughes AD, Captur G. Declining Levels and Bioavailability of IGF-I in Cardiovascular Aging Associate With QT Prolongation-Results From the 1946 British Birth Cohort. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:863988. [PMID: 35528832 PMCID: PMC9072634 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.863988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As people age, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) decline. In rat cardiomyocytes, IGF-I has been shown to regulate sarcolemmal potassium channel activity and late sodium current thus impacting cardiac repolarization and the heart rate-corrected QT (QTc). However, the relationship between IGFs and IGFBP-3 with the QTc interval in humans, is unknown. Objectives To examine the association of IGFs and IGFBP-3 with QTc interval in an older age population-based cohort. Methods Participants were from the 1946 Medical Research Council (MRC) National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) British birth cohort. Biomarkers from blood samples at age 53 and 60-64 years (y, exposures) included IGF-I/II, IGFBP-3, IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio and the change (Δ) in marker levels between the 60-64 and 53y sampled timepoints. QTc (outcome) was recorded from electrocardiograms at the 60-64y timepoint. Generalized linear multivariable models with adjustments for relevant demographic and clinical factors, were used for complete-cases and repeated after multiple imputation. Results One thousand four hundred forty-eight participants were included (48.3% men; QTc mean 414 ms interquartile range 26 ms). Univariate analysis revealed an association between low IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio at 60-64y with QTc prolongation [respectively: β -0.30 ms/nmol/L, (95% confidence intervals -0.44, -0.17), p < 0.001; β-28.9 ms/unit (-41.93, -15.50), p < 0.001], but not with IGF-II or IGFBP-3. No association with QTc was found for IGF biomarkers sampled at 53y, however both ΔIGF-I and ΔIGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio were negatively associated with QTc [β -0.04 ms/nmol/L (-0.08, -0.008), p = 0.019; β -2.44 ms/unit (-4.17, -0.67), p = 0.007] while ΔIGF-II and ΔIGFBP-3 showed no association. In fully adjusted complete case and imputed models (reporting latter) low IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio at 60-64y [β -0.21 ms/nmol/L (-0.39, -0.04), p = 0.017; β -20.14 ms/unit (-36.28, -3.99), p = 0.015], steeper decline in ΔIGF-I [β -0.05 ms/nmol/L/10 years (-0.10, -0.002), p = 0.042] and shallower rise in ΔIGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio over a decade [β -2.16 ms/unit/10 years (-4.23, -0.09), p = 0.041], were all independently associated with QTc prolongation. Independent associations with QTc were also confirmed for other previously known covariates: female sex [β 9.65 ms (6.65, 12.65), p < 0.001], increased left ventricular mass [β 0.04 ms/g (0.02, 0.06), p < 0.001] and blood potassium levels [β -5.70 ms/mmol/L (-10.23, -1.18) p = 0.014]. Conclusion Over a decade, in an older age population-based cohort, declining levels and bioavailability of IGF-I associate with prolongation of the QTc interval. As QTc prolongation associates with increased risk for sudden death even in apparently healthy people, further research into the antiarrhythmic effects of IGF-I on cardiomyocytes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Charalambous
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Moon
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education and Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alun D. Hughes
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Webber M, Falconer D, AlFarih M, Joy G, Chan F, Davie C, Hamill Howes L, Wong A, Rapala A, Bhuva A, Davies RH, Morton C, Aguado-Sierra J, Vazquez M, Tao X, Krausz G, Tanackovic S, Guger C, Xue H, Kellman P, Pierce I, Schott J, Hardy R, Chaturvedi N, Rudy Y, Moon JC, Lambiase PD, Orini M, Hughes AD, Captur G. Study protocol: MyoFit46-the cardiac sub-study of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:140. [PMID: 35365075 PMCID: PMC8972905 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The life course accumulation of overt and subclinical myocardial dysfunction contributes to older age mortality, frailty, disability and loss of independence. The Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) is the world's longest running continued surveillance birth cohort providing a unique opportunity to understand life course determinants of myocardial dysfunction as part of MyoFit46-the cardiac sub-study of the NSHD. METHODS We aim to recruit 550 NSHD participants of approximately 75 years+ to undertake high-density surface electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) and stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Through comprehensive myocardial tissue characterization and 4-dimensional flow we hope to better understand the burden of clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease. Supercomputers will be used to combine the multi-scale ECGI and CMR datasets per participant. Rarely available, prospectively collected whole-of-life data on exposures, traditional risk factors and multimorbidity will be studied to identify risk trajectories, critical change periods, mediators and cumulative impacts on the myocardium. DISCUSSION By combining well curated, prospectively acquired longitudinal data of the NSHD with novel CMR-ECGI data and sharing these results and associated pipelines with the CMR community, MyoFit46 seeks to transform our understanding of how early, mid and later-life risk factor trajectories interact to determine the state of cardiovascular health in older age. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with trial ID: 19/LO/1774 Multimorbidity Life-Course Approach to Myocardial Health- A Cardiac Sub-Study of the MCRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Webber
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Department of Cardiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Debbie Falconer
- Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Department of Cardiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Mashael AlFarih
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Fiona Chan
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Clare Davie
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Lee Hamill Howes
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Alicja Rapala
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Anish Bhuva
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, Euston Road, London, UK
| | - Rhodri H Davies
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | - Jazmin Aguado-Sierra
- ELEM Biotech, S.L, Bristol, BS1 6QH, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Vazquez
- ELEM Biotech, S.L, Bristol, BS1 6QH, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xuyuan Tao
- École Nationale Supérieure Des Arts Et Industries Textiles, 2 allée Louise et Victor Champier, 59056, Roubaix Cedex 1, France
| | - Gunther Krausz
- g.Tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Siernigtrabe 14, 4521, Schiedlberg, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Guger
- g.Tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Siernigtrabe 14, 4521, Schiedlberg, Austria
| | - Hui Xue
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Kellman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Iain Pierce
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jonathan Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Yoram Rudy
- Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - James C Moon
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Michele Orini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
- Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Department of Cardiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
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Robinson SM, Westbury LD, Ward K, Syddall H, Cooper R, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Is lifestyle change around retirement associated with better physical performance in older age?: insights from a longitudinal cohort. Eur J Ageing 2021; 18:513-521. [PMID: 34786013 PMCID: PMC8563887 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing evidence base links individual lifestyle factors to physical performance in older age, but much less is known about their combined effects, or the impact of lifestyle change. In a group of 937 participants from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, we examined their number of lifestyle risk factors at 53 and 60-64 years in relation to their physical performance at 60-64, and the change in number of risk factors between these ages in relation to change in physical performance. At both assessments, information about lifestyle (physical activity, smoking, diet) was obtained via self-reports and height and weight were measured. Each participant's number of lifestyle risk factors out of: obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2); inactivity (no leisure time physical activity over previous month); current smoking; poor diet (diet quality score in bottom quarter of distribution) was determined at both ages. Physical performance: measured grip strength, chair rise and standing balance times at both ages and conditional change (independent of baseline) in physical performance outcomes from 53 to 60-64 were assessed. There were some changes in the pattern of lifestyle risk factors between assessments: 227 (24%) participants had fewer risk factors by age 60-64; 249 (27%) had more. Reductions in risk factors were associated with better physical performance at 60-64 and smaller declines over time (all p < 0.05); these associations were robust to adjustment. Strategies to support reduction in number of lifestyle risk factors around typical retirement age may have beneficial effects on physical performance in early older age. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article (10.1007/s10433-021-00607-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M. Robinson
- AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leo D. Westbury
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Holly Syddall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Avan A. Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Topriceanu CC, Moon JC, Hardy R, Hughes AD, Captur G. Childhood Bradycardia Associates With Atrioventricular Conduction Defects in Older Age: A Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021877. [PMID: 34569262 PMCID: PMC8649134 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background This study explored the association between childhood bradycardia and later‐life cardiac phenotype using longitudinal data from the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) birth cohort. Methods and Results Resting heart rate was recorded at 6 and 7 years of age to provide the bradycardia exposure defined as a childhood resting heart rate <75 bpm. Three outcomes were studied: (1) echocardiographic data at 60 to 64 years of age, consisting of ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index, myocardial contraction fraction index, and E/e′; (2) electrocardiographic evidence of atrioventricular or ventricular conduction defects by 60 to 64 years of age; and (3) all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. Generalized linear models or Cox regression models were used, and adjustment was made for relevant demographic and health‐related covariates, and for multiple testing. Mixed generalized linear models and fractional polynomials were used as sensitivity analyses. One in 3 older adults with atrioventricular conduction defects had been bradycardic in childhood, with defects being serious (Mobitz type II second‐degree atrioventricular block or higher) in 12%. In fully adjusted models, childhood bradycardia was associated with 2.91 higher odds of atrioventricular conduction defects (95% CI, 1.59–5.31; P=0.0005). Associations persisted in random coefficients mixed generalized linear models (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.01–4.31). Fractional polynomials confirmed a linear association between the log odds of atrioventricular conduction defects at 60 to 64 years of age and resting heart rate at 7 years of age. There was no association between bradycardia in childhood and mortality outcomes or with echocardiographic parameters and ventricular conduction defects in older age. Conclusions Longitudinal birth cohort data indicate that childhood bradycardia trebles the odds of having atrioventricular conduction defects in older age, 88% of which are benign. In addition, it does not influence mortality or heart size and function. Future research should concentrate on identifying children at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- University College London (UCL) Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit for Lifelong Health and AgeingUniversity College London London United Kingdom
| | - James C Moon
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science University College London London United Kingdom.,Cardiac MRI Unit Barts Heart Centre London United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- CLOSER Social Research Institute London United Kingdom
| | - Alun D Hughes
- University College London (UCL) Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit for Lifelong Health and AgeingUniversity College London London United Kingdom.,UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Captur
- University College London (UCL) Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit for Lifelong Health and AgeingUniversity College London London United Kingdom.,UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science University College London London United Kingdom.,Cardiology Department Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
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22
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The relationship of childhood adversity with diurnal cortisol patterns and C-reactive protein at 60-64 years of age in the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105362. [PMID: 34333319 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life adversity is increasingly prevalent and associated with greater morbidity and mortality. It is hypothesised that the link between psychosocial early life adversity and poor health in adulthood is due to abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning (often measured as cortisol patterning) and inflammation (often measured via c-reactive protein (CRP)). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between early life psychosocial adversity and cortisol patterning and CRP at 60-64 years of age. METHODS The MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) was used. The analytic "cortisol sample" included 843 individuals and the "CRP sample" included 1150 individuals. Data on adversity experienced between ages 0-15 years were utilised to compose a cumulative childhood psychosocial early life adversity (ELA) score (0, 1, 2, 3+). CRP and salivary cortisol (waking, 30 min after waking, and evening) were collected at 60-64 years. Associations between the psychosocial ELA score and cortisol outcomes (cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal slope (DS), and evening and morning cortisol) were assessed using general linear regression. Tobit regression was used to assess the association between psychosocial ELA score and CRP. Adjustments were made for age at follow-up, sex, childhood maternal education, childhood paternal social class, childhood housing tenure, and birth weight. After testing for sex by ELA score interactions, analyses were repeated stratified by sex for the CRP sample. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, individuals who experienced the highest level of childhood psychosocial adversity (3+) had a 24.63 (-41.49, -7.76) % lower waking cortisol and a 7.30 (1.49, 13.12) % lower decline in cortisol across the day compared to those with a psychosocial ELA score of zero. In females, the highest level of childhood psychosocial adversity, compared to the lowest, was associated with 32.61 (2.98, 62.25) % higher CRP at 60-64 years, which attenuated to 20.38% (-9.38, 50.14) upon adjustment for measures of early life socioeconomic position. Conversely, the association between childhood psychosocial adversity and CRP in males was null. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high-levels of psychosocial adversity in childhood might result in a lower morning cortisol and flatter DS in mid-to-late-adulthood. The finding that adversity was related to higher CRP in females but not males requires replication and further investigation.
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John A, Rusted J, Richards M, Gaysina D. Bidirectional relation between affective symptoms and cognitive function from middle to late adulthood: a population-based birth cohort study. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:1642-1648. [PMID: 32363904 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1758916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is an association between affective symptoms and cognition. However, the direction of this association remains unclear. This study aimed to test bidirectional relationships between affective symptoms and cognition from middle to late adulthood. METHOD Data were available from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), a prospective birth cohort of 5362 people born in 1946. Affective symptoms and cognition were measured at ages 53, 60-64, and 69. Latent scores of affective symptoms were derived and cross-lagged models were fitted for affective symptoms with verbal memory and processing speed. RESULTS Results revealed an inverse cross-sectional association between affective symptoms and verbal memory (β=-0.18, SE=0.04, p<.001) and processing speed (β=-0.13, SE=0.06, p=.05) at age 53, but not at ages 60-64 or 69. Affective symptoms at age 53 predicted lower verbal memory at age 60-64 (β=-0.58, SE=0.27, p=.03), and affective symptoms at age 60-64 predicted lower verbal memory (β=-0.64, SE=0.29, p=.03) and processing speed (β=-1.27, SE=0.41, p=.002) at age 69. Verbal memory and processing speed did not predict subsequent affective symptoms. CONCLUSION Affective symptoms predict poorer verbal memory and processing speed over a period of 16 years, but not vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber John
- EDGE Lab, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Darya Gaysina
- EDGE Lab, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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24
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Dercon Q, Nicholas JM, James SN, Schott JM, Richards M. Grip strength from midlife as an indicator of later-life brain health and cognition: evidence from a British birth cohort. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:475. [PMID: 34465287 PMCID: PMC8406895 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grip strength is an indicator of physical function with potential predictive value for health in ageing populations. We assessed whether trends in grip strength from midlife predicted later-life brain health and cognition. METHODS 446 participants in an ongoing British birth cohort study, the National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), had their maximum grip strength measured at ages 53, 60-64, and 69, and subsequently underwent neuroimaging as part of a neuroscience sub-study, referred to as "Insight 46", at age 69-71. A group-based trajectory model identified latent groups of individuals in the whole NSHD cohort with below- or above-average grip strength over time, plus a reference group. Group assignment, plus standardised grip strength levels and change from midlife were each related to measures of whole-brain volume (WBV) and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), plus several cognitive tests. Models were adjusted for sex, body size, head size (where appropriate), sociodemographics, and behavioural and vascular risk factors. RESULTS Lower grip strength from midlife was associated with smaller WBV and lower matrix reasoning scores at age 69-71, with findings consistent between analysis of individual time points and analysis of trajectory groups. There was little evidence of an association between grip strength and other cognitive test scores. Although greater declines in grip strength showed a weak association with higher WMHV at age 69-71, trends in the opposite direction were seen at individual time points with higher grip strength at ages 60-64, and 69 associated with higher WMHV. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that maximum grip strength may have value in predicting brain health. Future work should assess to what extent age-related declines in grip strength from midlife reflect concurrent changes in brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dercon
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gondek D, Bann D, Brown M, Hamer M, Sullivan A, Ploubidis GB. Prevalence and early-life determinants of mid-life multimorbidity: evidence from the 1970 British birth cohort. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1319. [PMID: 34315472 PMCID: PMC8317357 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to: [1] estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity at age 46-48 in the 1970 British Cohort Study-a nationally representative sample in mid-life; and [2] examine the association between early-life characteristics and mid-life multimorbidity. METHOD A prospective longitudinal birth cohort of a community-based sample from the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). Participants included all surviving children born in mainland Britain in a single week in April 1970; the analytical sample included those with valid data at age 46-48 (n = 7951; 2016-2018). The main outcome was multimorbidity, which was operationalised as a binary indicator of two or more long-term health conditions where at least one of these conditions was of physical health. It also included symptom complexes (e.g., chronic pain), sensory impairments, and alcohol problems. RESULTS Prevalence of mid-life multimorbidity was 33.8% at age 46-48. Those with fathers from unskilled social occupational class (vs professional) at birth had 43% higher risk of mid-life multimorbidity (risk ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.77). After accounting for potential child and family confounding, an additional kilogram of birthweight was associated with 10% reduced risk of multimorbidity (risk ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 0.96); a decrease of one body mass index point at age 10 was associated with 3% lower risk (risk ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.05); one standard deviation higher cognitive ability score at age 10 corresponded to 4% lower risk (risk ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.00); an increase of one internalising problem at age 16 was equated with 4% higher risk (risk ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.08) and of one externalising problem at age 16 with 6% higher risk (risk ratio = 1.06, 1.03 to 1.09). CONCLUSION Prevalence of multimorbidity was high in mid-life (33.8% at age 46-48) in Britain. Potentially modifiable early-life exposures, including early-life social circumstances, cognitive, physical and emotional development, were associated with elevated risk of mid-life multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Gondek
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies (UCL Institute of Education), 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU, UK.
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies (UCL Institute of Education), 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU, UK
| | - Matt Brown
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies (UCL Institute of Education), 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU, UK
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Sullivan
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies (UCL Institute of Education), 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies (UCL Institute of Education), 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0NU, UK
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26
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John A, Stott J, Richards M. Childhood reading problems and cognitive ageing across mid to later life. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:67-74. [PMID: 34230218 PMCID: PMC8666812 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Little research has investigated long-term associations of childhood reading with cognitive ageing. The aim of this study was to test longitudinal associations between childhood reading problems and cognitive function from mid-adulthood (age 43) to early old age (age 69), and whether associations were mediated by education. Methods Data were from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, a prospective population-based birth cohort. Reading problems were measured at age 11 using a reading test. Verbal memory and processing speed were measured at ages 43, 53, 60–64 and 69 and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) was administered at age 69. Linear mixed models and path analyses were used to test: (1) associations between reading problems and verbal memory and processing speed trajectories; (2) associations between reading problems and ACE-III scores; (3) whether associations were mediated by education. Results Reading problems were associated with poorer verbal memory at intercept but not rate of decline (N=1726), and were not associated with processing speed intercept or decline (N=1730). There were higher rates of scores below ACE-III clinical thresholds (<82 and <88) in people with reading problems compared with those without. Reading problems were associated with poorer total ACE-III scores and all domain scores at age 69 (N=1699). Associations were partly mediated by education. Conclusion Reading problems in childhood were associated with poorer cognitive function in early old age, and associations were partly mediated by education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber John
- ADAPT Lab, Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Josh Stott
- ADAPT Lab, Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK
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27
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McElroy E, Richards M, Fitzsimons E, Conti G, Ploubidis GB, Sullivan A, Moulton V. Influence of childhood socioeconomic position and ability on mid-life cognitive function: evidence from three British birth cohorts. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:643-650. [PMID: 33632723 PMCID: PMC8223660 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is robustly associated with cognitive function later in life. However, it is unclear whether this reflects a direct relationship, or an indirect association via modifiable factors such as educational attainment and occupation. We sought to clarify these associations using retrospectively harmonised data from three ongoing British birth cohorts. METHODS We analysed data from the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (n=2283), the 1958 National Child Development Study (n=9385) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (n=7631). Retrospective harmonisation was used to derive equivalent indicators of cognition, SEP, education and occupation across the three cohorts. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the association between childhood SEP and mid-life cognitive function, via childhood cognitive ability, educational attainment and mid-life occupation. RESULTS Across all three cohorts, no direct pathways were observed between childhood SEP and mid-life cognitive function. Rather, this association was indirect via the three temporally ordered mediators. In addition, the direct pathway between childhood cognition and adult cognitive function was weaker in the two younger studies. CONCLUSIONS Across three British birth cohorts, we found that the association between early life SEP and mid-life cognitive function was fully mediated by childhood cognitive ability, educational attainment and occupational status. Furthermore, the association between early cognitive ability and mid-life cognitive function has decreased in younger generations. Therefore, cognitive function in adulthood may be influenced by modifiable factors and societal change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin McElroy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emla Fitzsimons
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Fiscal Studies, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Conti
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Sullivan
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Moulton
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Lane CA, Barnes J, Nicholas JM, Baker JW, Sudre CH, Cash DM, Parker TD, Malone IB, Lu K, James SN, Keshavan A, Buchanan S, Keuss S, Murray-Smith H, Wong A, Gordon E, Coath W, Modat M, Thomas D, Hardy R, Richards M, Fox NC, Schott JM. Investigating the relationship between BMI across adulthood and late life brain pathologies. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:91. [PMID: 33941254 PMCID: PMC8091727 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In view of reported associations between high adiposity, particularly in midlife and late-life dementia risk, we aimed to determine associations between body mass index (BMI), and BMI changes across adulthood and brain structure and pathology at age 69–71 years. Methods Four hundred sixty-five dementia-free participants from Insight 46, a sub-study of the British 1946 birth cohort, who had cross-sectional T1/FLAIR volumetric MRI, and florbetapir amyloid-PET imaging at age 69–71 years, were included in analyses. We quantified white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) using T1 and FLAIR 3D-MRI; β-amyloid (Aβ) positivity/negativity using a SUVR approach; and whole brain (WBV) and hippocampal volumes (HV) using 3D T1-MRI. We investigated the influence of BMI, and BMI changes at and between 36, 43, 53, 60–64, 69 and 71 years, on late-life WMHV, Aβ-status, WBV and mean HV. Analyses were repeated using overweight and obese status. Results At no time-point was BMI, change in BMI or overweight/obese status associated with WMHV or WBV at age 69–71 years. Decreasing BMI in the 1–2 years before imaging was associated with an increased odds of being β-amyloid positive (OR 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.09, 1.92). There were associations between being overweight and larger mean HV at ages 60–64 (β = 0.073 ml, 95% CI 0.009, 0.137), 69 (β = 0.076 ml, 95% CI 0.012, 0.140) and 71 years (β = 0.101 ml, 95% CI 0.037, 0.165). A similar, albeit weaker, trend was seen with obese status. Conclusions Using WMHV, β-amyloid status and brain volumes as indicators of brain health, we do not find evidence to explain reported associations between midlife obesity and late-life dementia risk. Declining BMI in later life may reflect preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00830-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lane
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Hoffmann-La Roche UK Ltd, London, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - John W Baker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Carole H Sudre
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas D Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah Buchanan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marc Modat
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Thomas
- Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Box 16, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK.
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Butters OW, Wilson RC, Burton PR. Recognizing, reporting and reducing the data curation debt of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:1067-1074. [PMID: 32617581 PMCID: PMC7660145 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Good data curation is integral to cohort studies, but it is not always done to a level necessary to ensure the longevity of the data a study holds. In this opinion paper, we introduce the concept of data curation debt—the data curation equivalent to the software engineering principle of technical debt. Using the context of UK cohort studies, we define data curation debt—describing examples and their potential impact. We highlight that accruing this debt can make it more difficult to use the data in the future. Additionally, the long-running nature of cohort studies means that interest is accrued on this debt and compounded over time—increasing the impact a debt could have on a study and its stakeholders. Primary causes of data curation debt are discussed across three categories: longevity of hardware, software and data formats; funding; and skills shortages. Based on cross-domain best practice, strategies to reduce the debt and preventive measures are proposed—with importance given to the recognition and transparent reporting of data curation debt. Describing the debt in this way, we encapsulate a multi-faceted issue in simple terms understandable by all cohort study stakeholders. Data curation debt is not only confined to the UK, but is an issue the international community must be aware of and address. This paper aims to stimulate a discussion between cohort studies and their stakeholders on how to address the issue of data curation debt. If data curation debt is left unchecked it could become impossible to use highly valued cohort study data, and ultimately represents an existential risk to studies themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Butters
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca C Wilson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul R Burton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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30
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Norris T, Hamer M, Hardy R, Li L, Ong KK, Ploubidis GB, Viner R, Johnson W. Changes over time in latent patterns of childhood-to-adulthood BMI development in Great Britain: evidence from three cohorts born in 1946, 1958, and 1970. BMC Med 2021; 19:96. [PMID: 33879138 PMCID: PMC8059270 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on secular trends in body mass index (BMI) are cross-sectional and the few longitudinal studies have typically only investigated changes over time in mean BMI trajectories. We aimed to describe how the evolution of the obesity epidemic in Great Britain reflects shifts in the proportion of the population demonstrating different latent patterns of childhood-to-adulthood BMI development. METHODS We used pooled serial BMI data from 25,655 participants in three British cohorts: the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS), and 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS). Sex-specific growth mixture models captured latent patterns of BMI development between 11 and 42 years. The classes were characterised in terms of their birth cohort composition. RESULTS The best models had four classes, broadly similar for both sexes. The 'lowest' class (57% of males; 47% of females) represents the normal weight sub-population, the 'middle' class (16%; 15%) represents the sub-population who likely develop overweight in early/mid-adulthood, and the 'highest' class (6%; 9%) represents those who likely develop obesity in early/mid-adulthood. The remaining class (21%; 29%) reflects a sub-population with rapidly 'increasing' BMI between 11 and 42 years. Both sexes in the 1958 NCDS had greater odds of being in the 'highest' class compared to their peers in the 1946 NSHD but did not have greater odds of being in the 'increasing' class. Conversely, males and females in the 1970 BCS had 2.78 (2.15, 3.60) and 1.87 (1.53, 2.28), respectively, times higher odds of being in the 'increasing' class. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the obesity epidemic in Great Britain reflects not only an upward shift in BMI trajectories but also a more recent increase in the number of individuals demonstrating more rapid weight gain, from normal weight to overweight, across the second, third, and fourth decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Norris
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - M Hamer
- UCL Institute Sport Exercise Health , Division Surgery Interventional Science, London, UK
| | - R Hardy
- UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - L Li
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - K K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Viner
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - W Johnson
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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31
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Topriceanu CC, Wong A, Moon JC, Hughes AD, Bann D, Chaturvedi N, Patalay P, Conti G, Captur G. Evaluating access to health and care services during lockdown by the COVID-19 survey in five UK national longitudinal studies. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045813. [PMID: 33737441 PMCID: PMC7978270 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Access to health services and adequate care is influenced by sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic position (SEP) and the burden of comorbidities. Our study aimed to assess whether the COVID-19 pandemic further deepened these already existing health inequalities. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data were collected from five longitudinal age-homogenous British cohorts (born in 2000-2002, 1989-1990, 1970, 1958 and 1946). PARTICIPANTS A web survey was sent to the cohorts. Anybody who responded to the survey was included, resulting in 14 891 eligible participants. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED The survey provided data on cancelled surgical or medical appointments, and the number of care hours received in a week during the first UK COVID-19 national lockdown. INTERVENTIONS Using binary or ordered logistic regression, we evaluated whether these outcomes differed by sex, ethnicity, SEP and having a chronic illness. Adjustment was made for study design, non-response weights, psychological distress, presence of children or adolescents in the household, COVID-19 infection, key worker status, and whether participants had received a shielding letter. Meta-analyses were performed across the cohorts, and meta-regression was used to evaluate the effect of age as a moderator. RESULTS Women (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.55) and those with a chronic illness (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.05) experienced significantly more cancellations during lockdown (all p<0.0001). Ethnic minorities and those with a chronic illness required a higher number of care hours during the lockdown (both OR≈2.00, all p<0.002). SEP was not associated with cancellation or care hours. Age was not independently associated with either outcome in the meta-regression. CONCLUSION The UK government's lockdown approach during the COVID-19 pandemic appears to have deepened existing health inequalities, impacting predominantly women, ethnic minorities and those with chronic illnesses. Public health authorities need to implement urgent policies to ensure equitable access to health and care for all in preparation for a fourthwave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Center, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Bann
- Center for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Conti
- Department of Economics and UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gaby Captur
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Cardiology Department, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Topriceanu CC, Wong A, Moon JC, Hughes AD, Bann D, Chaturvedi N, Patalay P, Conti G, Captur G. Evaluating access to health and care services during lockdown by the COVID-19 survey in five UK national longitudinal studies. BMJ Open 2021. [PMID: 33737441 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.12.20191973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Access to health services and adequate care is influenced by sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic position (SEP) and the burden of comorbidities. Our study aimed to assess whether the COVID-19 pandemic further deepened these already existing health inequalities. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data were collected from five longitudinal age-homogenous British cohorts (born in 2000-2002, 1989-1990, 1970, 1958 and 1946). PARTICIPANTS A web survey was sent to the cohorts. Anybody who responded to the survey was included, resulting in 14 891 eligible participants. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED The survey provided data on cancelled surgical or medical appointments, and the number of care hours received in a week during the first UK COVID-19 national lockdown. INTERVENTIONS Using binary or ordered logistic regression, we evaluated whether these outcomes differed by sex, ethnicity, SEP and having a chronic illness. Adjustment was made for study design, non-response weights, psychological distress, presence of children or adolescents in the household, COVID-19 infection, key worker status, and whether participants had received a shielding letter. Meta-analyses were performed across the cohorts, and meta-regression was used to evaluate the effect of age as a moderator. RESULTS Women (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.55) and those with a chronic illness (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.05) experienced significantly more cancellations during lockdown (all p<0.0001). Ethnic minorities and those with a chronic illness required a higher number of care hours during the lockdown (both OR≈2.00, all p<0.002). SEP was not associated with cancellation or care hours. Age was not independently associated with either outcome in the meta-regression. CONCLUSION The UK government's lockdown approach during the COVID-19 pandemic appears to have deepened existing health inequalities, impacting predominantly women, ethnic minorities and those with chronic illnesses. Public health authorities need to implement urgent policies to ensure equitable access to health and care for all in preparation for a fourthwave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Center, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Bann
- Center for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Conti
- Department of Economics and UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gaby Captur
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Cardiology Department, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Longitudinal birth cohort study finds that life-course frailty associates with later-life heart size and function. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6272. [PMID: 33737563 PMCID: PMC7973558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A frailty index (FI) counts health deficit accumulation. Besides traditional risk factors, it is unknown whether the health deficit burden is related to the appearance of cardiovascular disease. In order to answer this question, the same multidimensional FI looking at 45-health deficits was serially calculated per participant at 4 time periods (0–16, 19–44, 45–54 and 60–64 years) using data from the 1946 Medical Research Council (MRC) British National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD)—the world’s longest running longitudinal birth cohort with continuous follow-up. From these the mean and total FI for the life-course, and the step change in deficit accumulation from one time period to another was derived. Echocardiographic data at 60–64 years provided: ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area (LVmassi, BSA), myocardial contraction fraction indexed to BSA (MCFi) and E/e′. Generalized linear models assessed the association between FIs and echocardiographic parameters after adjustment for relevant covariates. 1375 participants were included. For each single new deficit accumulated at any one of the 4 time periods, LVmassi increased by 0.91–1.44% (p < 0.013), while MCFi decreased by 0.6–1.02% (p < 0.05). A unit increase in FI at age 45–54 and 60–64, decreased EF by 11–12% (p < 0.013). A single health deficit step change occurring between 60 and 64 years and one of the earlier time periods, translated into higher odds (2.1–78.5, p < 0.020) of elevated LV filling pressure. Thus, the accumulation of health deficits at any time period of the life-course associates with a maladaptive cardiac phenotype in older age, dominated by myocardial hypertrophy and poorer function.
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Staines KA, Hardy R, Samvelyan HJ, Ward KA, Cooper R. Life course longitudinal growth and risk of knee osteoarthritis at age 53 years: evidence from the 1946 British birth cohort study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:335-340. [PMID: 33383179 PMCID: PMC7955286 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between height gain across childhood and adolescence with knee osteoarthritis in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data are from 3035 male and female participants of the NSHD. Height was measured at ages 2, 4, 6, 7, 11 and 15 years, and self-reported at ages 20 years. Associations between (1) height at each age (2) height gain during specific life periods (3) Super-Imposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) growth curve variables of height size, tempo and velocity, and knee osteoarthritis at 53 years were tested. RESULTS In sex-adjusted models, estimated associations between taller height and decreased odds of knee osteoarthritis at age 53 years were small at all ages - the largest associations were an OR of knee osteoarthritis of 0.9 per 5 cm increase in height at age 4, (95% CI 0.7-1.1) and an OR of 0.9 per 5 cm increase in height, (95% CI 0.8-1.0) at age 6. No associations were found between height gain during specific life periods or the SITAR growth curve variables and odds of knee osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS There was limited evidence to suggest that taller height in childhood is associated with decreased odds of knee osteoarthritis at age 53 years in this cohort. This work enhances our understanding of osteoarthritis predisposition and the contribution of life course height to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Staines
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh UK.
| | - R Hardy
- Cohort and Longitudinal Studies Enhancement Resources (CLOSER), UCL Institute of Education, London, UK.
| | - H J Samvelyan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
| | - K A Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - R Cooper
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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Wehrle FM, Caflisch J, Eichelberger DA, Haller G, Latal B, Largo RH, Kakebeeke TH, Jenni OG. The Importance of Childhood for Adult Health and Development-Study Protocol of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:612453. [PMID: 33633550 PMCID: PMC7901945 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.612453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that individual and environmental factors in childhood and adolescence should be considered when investigating adult health and aging-related processes. The data required for this is gathered by comprehensive long-term longitudinal studies. This article describes the protocol of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies (ZLS), a set of three comprehensive cohort studies on child growth, health, and development that are currently expanding into adulthood. Between 1954 and 1961, 445 healthy infants were enrolled in the first ZLS cohort. Their physical, motor, cognitive, and social development and their environment were assessed comprehensively across childhood, adolescence, and into young adulthood. In the 1970s, two further cohorts were added to the ZLS and assessed with largely matched study protocols: Between 1974 and 1979, the second ZLS cohort included 265 infants (103 term-born and 162 preterm infants), and between 1970 and 2002, the third ZLS cohort included 327 children of participants of the first ZLS cohort. Since 2019, the participants of the three ZLS cohorts have been traced and invited to participate in a first wave of assessments in adulthood to investigate their current health and development. This article describes the ZLS study protocol and discusses opportunities, methodological and conceptual challenges, and limitations arising from a long-term longitudinal cohort recruited from a study about development in early life. In the future, the ZLS will provide data to investigate childhood antecedents of adult health outcomes and, ultimately, will help respond to the frequent call of scientists to shift the focus of aging research into the first decades of life and, thus, to take a lifespan perspective on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M. Wehrle
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jon Caflisch
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Giulia Haller
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Latal
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Remo H. Largo
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Muthuri S, Cooper R, Kuh D, Hardy R. Do the associations of body mass index and waist circumference with back pain change as people age? 32 years of follow-up in a British birth cohort. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039197. [PMID: 33310796 PMCID: PMC7735102 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with back pain change with age and extend into later life. DESIGN British birth cohort study. SETTING England, Scotland and Wales. PARTICIPANTS Up to 3426 men and women from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Back pain (sciatica, lumbago or recurring/severe backache all or most of the time) was self-reported during nurse interviews at ages 36, 43, 53 and 60-64 years and in a postal questionnaire using a body manikin at age 68. RESULTS Findings from mixed-effects logistic regression models indicated that higher BMI was consistently associated with increased odds of back pain across adulthood. Sex-adjusted ORs of back pain per 1 SD increase in BMI were: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.26), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.23), 1.17 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.30), 1.31 (95% CI: 1.15 to 1.48) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.24) at ages 36, 43, 53, 60-64 and 68-69, respectively. Similar patterns of associations were observed for WC. These associations were maintained when potential confounders, including education, occupational class, height, cigarette smoking status, physical activity and symptoms of anxiety and depression were accounted for. BMI showed stronger associations than WC in models including both measures. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that higher BMI is a persistent risk factor for back pain across adulthood. This highlights the potential lifelong consequences on back pain of the rising prevalence of obesity within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Muthuri
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, UCL, London, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, UCL, London, UK
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Norris T, Cole TJ, Bann D, Hamer M, Hardy R, Li L, Ong KK, Ploubidis GB, Viner R, Johnson W. Duration of obesity exposure between ages 10 and 40 years and its relationship with cardiometabolic disease risk factors: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003387. [PMID: 33290405 PMCID: PMC7723271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with obesity do not represent a homogeneous group in terms of cardiometabolic risk. Using 3 nationally representative British birth cohorts, we investigated whether the duration of obesity was related to heterogeneity in cardiometabolic risk. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used harmonised body mass index (BMI) and cardiometabolic disease risk factor data from 20,746 participants (49.1% male and 97.2% white British) enrolled in 3 British birth cohort studies: the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS), and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). Within each cohort, individual life course BMI trajectories were created between 10 and 40 years of age, and from these, age of obesity onset, duration spent obese (range 0 to 30 years), and cumulative obesity severity were derived. Obesity duration was examined in relation to a number of cardiometabolic disease risk factors collected in mid-adulthood: systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). A greater obesity duration was associated with worse values for all cardiometabolic disease risk factors. The strongest association with obesity duration was for HbA1c: HbA1c levels in those with obesity for <5 years were relatively higher by 5% (95% CI: 4, 6), compared with never obese, increasing to 20% (95% CI: 17, 23) higher in those with obesity for 20 to 30 years. When adjustment was made for obesity severity, the association with obesity duration was largely attenuated for SBP, DBP, and HDL-C. For HbA1c, however, the association with obesity duration persisted, independent of obesity severity. Due to pooling of 3 cohorts and thus the availability of only a limited number harmonised variables across cohorts, our models included adjustment for only a small number of potential confounding variables, meaning there is a possibility of residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS Given that the obesity epidemic is characterised by a much earlier onset of obesity and consequently a greater lifetime exposure, our findings suggest that health policy recommendations aimed at preventing early obesity onset, and therefore reducing lifetime exposure, may help reduce the risk of diabetes, independently of obesity severity. However, to test the robustness of our observed associations, triangulation of evidence from different epidemiological approaches (e.g., mendelian randomization and negative control studies) should be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Norris
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim J. Cole
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science/Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leah Li
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George B. Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Viner
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Saunders FR, Gregory JS, Pavlova AV, Muthuri SG, Hardy RJ, Martin KR, Barr RJ, Adams JE, Kuh D, Aspden RM, Cooper R, Ireland A. Motor development in infancy and spine shape in early old age: Findings from a British birth cohort study. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2740-2748. [PMID: 32162719 PMCID: PMC8641380 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spine shape changes dramatically in early life, influenced by attainment of developmental milestones such as independent walking. Whether these associations persist across life is unknown. Therefore, we investigated associations between developmental milestones and spine shape, as determined using statistical shape models (SSMs) of lumbar spine from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans in 1327 individuals (688 female) at 60 to 64 years in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Lumbar lordosis angle (L4 inferior endplate to T12 superior endplate) was measured using the two-line Cobb method. In analyses adjusted for sex, height, lean and fat mass, socioeconomic position, and birthweight, later walking age was associated with greater lordosis described by SSM1 (regression coefficient, 0.023; 95% CI, 0.000-0.047; P = .05) and direct angle measurement. Modest associations between walking age and less variation in anterior-posterior vertebral size caudally (SSM6) were also observed (0.021; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.044; P = .07). Sex interactions showed that later walking was associated with larger relative vertebral anterior-posterior dimensions in men (SSM3; -0.043; 95% CI, -0.075 to 0.01; P = .01) but not women (0.018; 95% CI, -0.0007 to 0.043; P = .17). Similar associations were observed between age at independent standing and SSMs but there was little evidence of association between sitting age and spine shape. Unadjusted associations between walking age and SSMs 1 and 6 remained similar after adjustment for potential confounders and mediators. This suggests that these associations may be explained by altered mechanical loading of the spine during childhood growth, although other factors could contribute. Early life motor development, particularly walking, may have a lasting effect on the features of spine morphology with clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R. Saunders
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Jennifer S. Gregory
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Anastasia V. Pavlova
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK,School of Health SciencesRobert Gordon UniversityAberdeenUK
| | | | - Rebecca J. Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCLLondonUK,Cohort and Longitudinal Studies Enhancement Resources (CLOSER)UCL Institute of EducationLondonUK
| | - Kathryn R. Martin
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Rebecca J. Barr
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK,Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), School of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical SchoolUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Judith E. Adams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Radiology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCLLondonUK
| | - Richard M. Aspden
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Alex Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
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Bann D, Fluharty M, Hardy R, Scholes S. Socioeconomic inequalities in blood pressure: co-ordinated analysis of 147,775 participants from repeated birth cohort and cross-sectional datasets, 1989 to 2016. BMC Med 2020; 18:338. [PMID: 33203396 PMCID: PMC7672962 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure (BP) is a key modifiable determinant of cardiovascular disease and a likely determinant of other adverse health outcomes. While socioeconomic inequalities in BP are well documented, it remains unclear (1) how these inequalities have changed across time, given improvements over time in the detection and treatment of high BP (hypertension); (2) whether BP inequalities are present below and above hypertension treatment thresholds; and (3) whether socioeconomic position (SEP) across life has cumulative effects on BP. We sought to address these gaps using evidence from two complementary sources: birth cohort and repeated cross-sectional datasets. METHODS We used three British birth cohort studies-born in 1946, 1958, and 1970-with BP measured at 43-46 years (in 1989, 2003, and 2016), and 21 repeated cross-sectional datasets-the Health Survey for England (HSE), with BP measured among adults aged ≥ 25 years (1994-2016). Adult education attainment was used as an indicator of SEP in both datasets; childhood father's social class was used as an alternative indicator of (early life) SEP in cohorts. Adjusting for the expected average effects of antihypertensive medication use, we used linear regression to quantify SEP differences in mean systolic BP (SBP), and quantile regression to investigate whether inequalities differed across SBP distributions-below and above hypertension treatment thresholds. RESULTS In both datasets, lower educational attainment was associated with higher SBP, with similar absolute magnitudes of inequality across the studied period. Differences in SBP by education (Slope Index of Inequality) based on HSE data were 3.0 mmHg (95% CI 1.8, 4.2) in 1994 and 4.3 mmHg (2.3, 6.3) in 2016. Findings were similar for diastolic BP (DBP) and survey-defined hypertension. Inequalities were found across the SBP distribution in both datasets-below and above the hypertension threshold-yet were larger at the upper tail; in HSE, median SBP differences were 2.8 mmHg (1.7, 3.9) yet 5.6 mmHg (4.9, 6.4) at the 90th quantile. Adjustment for antihypertensive medication use had little impact on the magnitude of inequalities; in contrast, associations were largely attenuated after adjustment for body mass index. Finally, cohort data suggested that disadvantage in early and adult life had cumulative independent associations with BP: cohort-pooled differences in SBP were 5.0 mmHg (3.8, 6.1) in a score combining early life social class and own education, yet were 3.4 mmHg (2.4, 4.4) for education alone. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic inequalities in BP have persisted from 1989 to 2016 in Britain/England, despite improved detection and treatment of high BP. To achieve future reductions in BP inequalities, policies addressing the wider structural determinants of high BP levels are likely required, particularly those curtailing the obesogenic environment-targeting detection and treatment alone is unlikely to be sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- CLOSER, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shaun Scholes
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Lane CA, Barnes J, Nicholas JM, Sudre CH, Cash DM, Malone IB, Parker TD, Keshavan A, Buchanan SM, Keuss SE, James SN, Lu K, Murray-Smith H, Wong A, Gordon E, Coath W, Modat M, Thomas D, Richards M, Fox NC, Schott JM. Associations Between Vascular Risk Across Adulthood and Brain Pathology in Late Life: Evidence From a British Birth Cohort. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77:175-183. [PMID: 31682678 PMCID: PMC6830432 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Question When is vascular risk during adulthood (early adulthood, midlife, or late life) most strongly associated with late-life brain structure and pathology? Findings In a propective cohort of 463 participants free of dementia from the population-based Insight 46 study, higher vascular risk in early adulthood was most strongly associated with smaller whole-brain volumes and greater white matter–hyperintensity volumes at age 69 to 71 years. There were no associations at any age with amyloid status. Meaning These findings are consistent with vascular risk influencing late-life brain health via cerebral small-vessel disease and lower brain volumes but not amyloidosis; vascular risk screening and modification may need to be considered from early adulthood. Importance Midlife vascular risk burden is associated with late-life dementia. Less is known about if and how risk exposure in early adulthood influences late-life brain health. Objective To determine the associations between vascular risk in early adulthood, midlife, and late life with late-life brain structure and pathology using measures of white matter–hyperintensity volume, β-amyloid load, and whole-brain and hippocampal volumes. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective longitudinal cohort study, Insight 46, is part of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, which commenced in 1946. Participants had vascular risk factors evaluated at ages 36 years (early adulthood), 53 years (midlife), and 69 years (early late life). Participants were assessed with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and florbetapir-amyloid positron emission tomography scans between May 2015 and January 2018 at University College London. Participants with at least 1 available imaging measure, vascular risk measurements at 1 or more points, and no dementia were included in analyses. Exposures Office-based Framingham Heart study–cardiovascular risk scores (FHS-CVS) were derived at ages 36, 53, and 69 years using systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication usage, smoking, diabetic status, and body mass index. Analysis models adjusted for age at imaging, sex, APOE genotype, socioeconomic position, and, where appropriate, total intracranial volume. Main Outcomes and Measures White matter–hyperintensity volume was generated from T1/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery scans using an automated technique and whole-brain volume and hippocampal volume were generated from automated in-house pipelines; β-amyloid status was determined using a gray matter/eroded subcortical white matter standardized uptake value ratio threshold of 0.61. Results A total of 502 participants were assessed as part of Insight 46, and 463 participants (236 male [51.0%]) with at least 1 available imaging measure (mean [SD] age at imaging, 70.7 [0.7] years; 83 β-amyloid positive [18.2%]) who fulfilled eligibility criteria were included. Among them, FHS-CVS increased with age (36 years: median [interquartile range], 2.7% [1.5%-3.6%]; 53 years: 10.9% [6.7%-15.6%]; 69 years: 24.3% [14.9%-34.9%]). At all points, these scores were associated with smaller whole-brain volumes (36 years: β coefficient per 1% increase, −3.6 [95% CI, −7.0 to −0.3]; 53 years: −0.8 [95% CI, −1.5 to −0.08]; 69 years: −0.6 [95% CI, −1.1 to −0.2]) and higher white matter–hyperintensity volume (exponentiated coefficient: 36 years, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.01-1.18]; 53 years, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.00-1.04]; 69 years, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00-1.02]), with largest effect sizes at age 36 years. At no point were FHS-CVS results associated with β-amyloid status. Conclusions and Relevance Higher vascular risk is associated with smaller whole-brain volume and greater white matter–hyperintensity volume at age 69 to 71 years, with the strongest association seen with early adulthood vascular risk. There was no evidence that higher vascular risk influences amyloid deposition, at least up to age 71 years. Reducing vascular risk with appropriate interventions should be considered from early adulthood to maximize late-life brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lane
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medical Statistics, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carole H Sudre
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Buchanan
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Modat
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Thomas
- Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Secular changes in mid-adulthood body mass index, waist circumference, and low HDL cholesterol between 1990, 2003, and 2018 in Great Britain. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:539-545. [PMID: 32939041 PMCID: PMC7610415 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the extent to which 1) secular changes in mid-adulthood WC are independent of BMI and 2) secular changes in low HDL-C are dependent on WC in each sex. Methods The sample comprised 19,406 adults (aged 43-47 years) from three birth cohort studies with BMI and WC measured in 1990, 2003, or 2018; 13,239 participants additionally had HDL-C measured in 2003 or 2018. Quantile regression was used to model differences between 1990-2003 and 2003-2018 in 1) BMI and WC internal Z-scores and 2) WC in cm before and after adjustment for BMI. Binary logistic regression was used to model differences between 2003-2018 in low HDL-C, before and after adjustment for BMI or WC. Results Secular increases in BMI and WC were larger between 1990-2003 than 2003-2018 and at the upper ends of the distributions. At the 85th quantile, effect sizes were larger for WC than BMI Z-scores in females but not males. Adjustment for BMI attenuated estimates of secular increases in WC in cm more in males than females. Odds ratios for low HDL-C in 2018 compared to 2003 were 1.73 (95% CI 1.32, 2.28) in males and 1.34 (1.01, 1.78) in females. Adjustment for WC did not substantially change the estimate in males but attenuated the estimate for females to 1.09 (0.81, 1.47). Conclusions In women much more so than in men, secular increases in mid-adulthood WC appear to have occurred independently of BMI and largely explain the observed rise in low HDL-C prevalence between 2003-2018.
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Abstract
Cohort studies collect, generate and distribute data over long periods of time - often over the lifecourse of their participants. It is common for these studies to host a list of publications (which can number many thousands) on their website to demonstrate the impact of the study and facilitate the search of existing research to which the study data has contributed. The ability to search and explore these publication lists varies greatly between studies. We believe a lack of rich search and exploration functionality is a barrier to entry for new or prospective users of a study's data, since it may be difficult to find and evaluate previous work in a given area. These lists of publications are also typically manually curated, resulting in a lack of rich metadata to analyse, making bibliometric analysis difficult. We present here a software pipeline that aggregates metadata from a variety of third-party providers to power a web based search and exploration tool for lists of publications. Alongside core publication metadata (i.e. author lists, keywords etc.), we include geocoding of first authors and citations in our pipeline. This allows a characterisation of a study as a whole based on common locations of authors, frequency of keywords, citation profile etc. This enriched publications metadata can be useful for generating project impact metrics and web-based graphics useful for public dissemination. In addition, the pipeline produces a research data set for bibliometric analysis or social studies of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Butters
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Wilson
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hugh Garner
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas W. Y. Burton
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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43
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Mason SA, Al Saikhan L, Jones S, Bale G, James SN, Murray-Smith H, Rapala A, Williams S, Wong B, Richards M, Fox NC, Hardy R, Schott JM, Chaturvedi N, Hughes AD. Study Protocol - Insight 46 Cardiovascular: A Sub-study of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Artery Res 2020; 26:170-179. [PMID: 32879639 DOI: 10.2991/artres.k.200417.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The commonest causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment. Although these conditions have been viewed as distinct entities, there is increasing evidence that neurodegenerative and vascular pathologies interact or overlap to cause cognitive decline, and that at least in some cases individuals at risk of cognitive decline exhibit abnormal cardiovascular physiology long before emergence of disease. However, the mechanisms linking haemodynamic disturbances with cognitive impairment and the various pathologies that cause dementia are poorly understood. A sub-sample of 502 participants from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) have participated in the first visit of a neuroscience sub-study referred to as Insight 46, where clinical, cognitive, imaging, and lifestyle data have been collected for the purpose of elucidating the pathological changes preceding dementia. This paper outlines the cardiovascular phenotyping performed in the follow-up visit of Insight 46, with the study participants now aged 74. In addition to standard cardiovascular assessments such as blood pressure measurements, echocardiography, and electrocardiography (ECG), functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been included to provide an assessment of cerebrovascular function. A detailed description of the fNIRS protocol along with preliminary results from pilot data is presented. The combination of lifestyle data, brain structure/function, cognitive performance, and cardiovascular health obtained not only from Insight 46, but also from the whole NSHD provides an exciting opportunity to advance our understanding of the cardiovascular mechanisms underlying dementia and cognitive decline, and identify novel targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ann Mason
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lamia Al Saikhan
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Cardiac Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 2835 King Faisal Street, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Siana Jones
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma Bale
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alicja Rapala
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Williams
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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44
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Butters OW, Wilson RC, Garner H, Burton TWY. PUblications Metadata Augmentation (PUMA) pipeline. F1000Res 2020; 9:1095. [PMID: 34026049 PMCID: PMC8108552 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25484.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohort studies collect, generate and distribute data over long periods of time - often over the lifecourse of their participants. It is common for these studies to host a list of publications (which can number many thousands) on their website to demonstrate the impact of the study and facilitate the search of existing research to which the study data has contributed. The ability to search and explore these publication lists varies greatly between studies. We believe a lack of rich search and exploration functionality of study publications is a barrier to entry for new or prospective users of a study's data, since it may be difficult to find and evaluate previous work in a given area. These lists of publications are also typically manually curated, resulting in a lack of rich metadata to analyse, making bibliometric analysis difficult. We present here a software pipeline that aggregates metadata from a variety of third-party providers to power a web based search and exploration tool for lists of publications. Alongside core publication metadata (i.e. author lists, keywords etc.), we include geocoding of first authors and citation counts in our pipeline. This allows a characterisation of a study as a whole based on common locations of authors, frequency of keywords, citation profile etc. This enriched publications metadata can be useful for generating study impact metrics and web-based graphics for public dissemination. In addition, the pipeline produces a research data set for bibliometric analysis or social studies of science. We use a previously published list of publications from a cohort study as an exemplar input data set to show the output and utility of the pipeline here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Butters
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Wilson
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hugh Garner
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas W. Y. Burton
- Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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45
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Britton A, O’Neill D, Kuh D, Bell S. Sustained heavy drinking over 25 years is associated with increased N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptides in early old age: Population-based cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108048. [PMID: 32450480 PMCID: PMC7301434 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of heart failure. We sought to investigate whether levels of NT-proBNP differ by alcohol consumption profiles, both current drinking as well as cumulative exposure to drinking over several decades in a general population sample. METHODS Data on 2054 participants (49% male) were taken from the UK Medical Research Council National Survey for Health and Development, a longitudinal cohort study based on a nationally representative sample of births in 1946. Categories of long-term alcohol consumption were created based on consumption over 25 years of observations and compared with levels of NT-proBNP measured at mean age 63. RESULTS We found that those who drank heavily (both currently and long-term) had higher levels of NT-proBNP than moderate drinkers, after adjusting for major confounders (age, sex, socio-economic position and smoking). As NT-proBNP has attracted attention as a biomarker for heart failure, this suggests a critical pathway through which heavy drinking may increase risk of this cardiovascular disease. When we looked at heavy drinkers who varied their intake over the decades, it was only the recently heavy group that had higher levels of NT-proBNP. Further work is needed to demonstrate whether effects are reversible upon cessation of heavy drinking, but this finding highlights the need to have repeated data to unpack dynamics over time. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest heavy drinkers could be screened for NT-proBNP levels in order to identify those at high risk earlier in the clinical stages of heart failure and targeted for risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Britton
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Dara O’Neill
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK,CLOSER, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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46
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Stephan BCM, Siervo M, Brayne C. How can population‐based studies best be utilized to reduce the global impact of dementia? Recommendations for researchers, funders, and policymakers. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1448-1456. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blossom C. M. Stephan
- Institute of Mental Health Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology School of Medicine University of Nottingham Innovation Park Nottingham UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences Queen's Medical Centre The University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care Cambridge Institute of Public Health University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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47
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Johnson W, Cole TJ. Cohort methods and applications in human biology. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:85-88. [PMID: 32429764 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1750108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tim J Cole
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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48
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The identification of probable sarcopenia in early old age based on the SARC-F tool and clinical suspicion: findings from the 1946 British birth cohort. Eur Geriatr Med 2020; 11:433-441. [PMID: 32297269 PMCID: PMC7280335 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-020-00310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim To describe the prevalence of probable sarcopenia in a sample of older adults and to investigate (1) the SARC-F tool and (2) clinical risk factors in the identification of probable sarcopenia. Findings The prevalence of probable sarcopenia at age 69 was 19%, and a SARC-F score of ≥ 1 had a reasonable balance of sensitivity (65%) and specificity (72%) for probable sarcopenia. Three clinical risk factors were independently associated with probable sarcopenia: polypharmacy, lower body osteoarthritis and physical inactivity. Message Those with any positive responses to the questions in the SARC-F tool, a history of polypharmacy, lower body osteoarthritis or physical inactivity should be prioritised for the assessment of muscle strength. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s41999-020-00310-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Purpose The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) consensus definition introduced the concept of probable sarcopenia as a basis on which to begin treatment. Our aims were to describe the prevalence of probable sarcopenia in older adults and to investigate the utility of (1) the SARC-F tool and (2) clinical risk factors for the identification of those likely to have probable sarcopenia. Methods We used data from the 1946 British birth cohort at age 69, with 1686 participants included in the analyses. We used the EWGSOP2 cut points for weak grip strength and slow chair rise time, with the presence of one or both indicating probable sarcopenia. We examined the sensitivity and specificity of the SARC-F tool for probable sarcopenia. We also examined associations between clinical risk factors and probable sarcopenia. Results The prevalence of probable sarcopenia was 19%. A SARC-F score of ≥ 4 had low sensitivity (15%) and high specificity (99%) for probable sarcopenia, whereas a score of ≥ 1 had higher sensitivity (65%) and reasonable specificity (72%). Three clinical risk factors were independently associated with probable sarcopenia: polypharmacy [OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.7, 4.2)], lower body osteoarthritis [OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.3, 2.6)] and physical inactivity [OR of 2.1 (95% CI 1.5, 2.8)]. Conclusion We have shown that EWGSOP2 probable sarcopenia is common in community-dwelling adults in early old age. Those with any positive responses to the questions in the SARC-F tool, a history of polypharmacy, lower body osteoarthritis or physical inactivity should be prioritised for the assessment of muscle strength. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s41999-020-00310-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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49
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Johnson W, Norris T, Bann D, Cameron N, Wells JK, Cole TJ, Hardy R. Differences in the relationship of weight to height, and thus the meaning of BMI, according to age, sex, and birth year cohort. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:199-207. [PMID: 32429756 PMCID: PMC7261404 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1737731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Weight can be adjusted for height using the Benn parameter (kg/mB), where B is the power that minimises the correlation with height.Aim: To investigate how the Benn parameter changes across age (10-65 years) and time (1956-2015) and differs between sexes.Subjects and methods: The sample comprised 49,717 individuals born in 1946, 1958, 1970 or 2001. Cross-sectional estimates of the Benn parameter were produced and cohort differences at ages 10/11 and 42/43 years were examined using linear regression. Multilevel modelling was used to develop trajectories showing how the Benn parameter changed over age from childhood to mid-adulthood in the three older cohorts.Results: The Benn parameter was closest to 2 in childhood but consistently lower across adulthood, particularly in females and the most recent cohort. At ages 10/11 years, the Benn parameter was greater than 3 in both sexes in the 2001 cohort but between 2.2 and 2.7 in the three older cohorts. This difference was estimated to be +0.67 (0.53, 0.81) in males and +0.53 (0.38, 0.68) in females, compared to the 1946 cohort, and was driven by a much higher weight SD in the 2001 cohort. Conversely, at ages 42/43 years, the Benn parameter was lowest in the 1970 cohort due to a slightly lower weight-height correlation. This difference was estimated to be -0.12 (-0.34, 0.10) in males and -0.15 (-0.42, 0.13) in females, compared to the 1946 cohort.Conclusions: Changes over time in the obesogenic environment appear to have firstly reduced the Benn parameter due to a lowering of the weight-height correlation but secondly and more drastically increased the Benn parameter due to increasing weight variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Norris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Noël Cameron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Tim J. Cole
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- CLOSER, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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50
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O'Keeffe LM, Kuh D, Fraser A, Howe LD, Lawlor D, Hardy R. Age at period cessation and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors across mid and later life. Heart 2020; 106:499-505. [PMID: 32098806 PMCID: PMC7079196 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between age at period cessation and trajectories of anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from midlife to age 69 years. Methods We used data from the UK Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development to examine the association between age at period cessation and trajectories of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) from 36 to 69 years and trajectories of triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and HbA1c from 53 to 69 years. Results We found no evidence that age at period cessation was associated with trajectories of log triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C from 53 to 69 years and trajectories of SBP or DBP from 36 to 69 years, regardless of whether period cessation occurred naturally or due to hysterectomy. While we found some evidence of associations of age at period cessation with log BMI, log WC and log HbA1c, patterns were not consistent and differences were small at age 69 years, with confidence intervals that spanned the null value. Conclusion How and when women experience period cessation is unlikely to adversely affect conventional cardiovascular risk factors across mid and later life. Women and clinicians concerned about the impact of type and timing of period cessation on conventional cardiovascular intermediates from midlife should be reassured that the impact over the long term is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marie O'Keeffe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK .,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK.,School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Debbie Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.,CLOSER, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
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