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Zeb R, Yin X, Chen F, Wang KJ. Chronic exposure to environmental concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene causes multifaceted toxic effects of developmental compromise, redox imbalance, and modulated transcriptional profiles in the early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:107016. [PMID: 38991362 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulate and integrate into aquatic environments, raising concerns about the well-being and safety of aquatic ecosystems. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a persistent PAH commonly detected in the environment, has been extensively studied. However, the broader multifaceted toxicity potential of BaP on the early life stages of marine fish during chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations needs further exploration. To fill these knowledge gaps, this study assessed the in vivo biotoxicity of BaP (1, 4, and 8 μg/L) in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) during early development over a 30-day exposure period. The investigation included morphological, biochemical, and molecular-level analyses to capture the broader potential of BaP toxicity. Morphological analyses showed that exposure to BaP resulted in skeletal curvatures, heart anomalies, growth retardation, elevated mortality, delayed and reduced hatching rates. Biochemical analyses revealed that BaP exposure not only created oxidative stress but also disrupted the activities of antioxidant enzymes. This disturbance in redox balance was further explored by molecular level investigation. The transcriptional profiles revealed impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways, which potentially inhibited the oxidative respiratory chain in fish following exposure to BaP, and reduced the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Furthermore, this investigation indicated a potential connection to apoptosis, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and histological analyses, and supported by an increase in the expression levels of related genes via real-time quantitative PCR. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular-level impacts of BaP's multifaceted toxicity in the early life stages of marine medaka, and the associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Zeb
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.
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Lin H, Wei Y, Li S, Mao X, Qin J, Su S, He T. Changes in transcriptome regulations of a marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under methylmercury stress. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101177. [PMID: 38104474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), a heavy metal pollutant worldwide, can be transformed into methylmercury (MeHg) by various aquatic microorganisms in water, thus accumulating along the aquatic food chain and posing a particular challenge to human health. Zooplankton plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems and serves as a major component of the food chain. To evaluate the effects of MeHg on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and reveal the underlying mechanism of these effects, we exposed B. plicatilis to MeHg by either direct immersion or by feeding with MeHg-poisoned Chlorella pyrenoidesa, respectively, and conducted a transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that B. plicatilis directly exposed to MeHg by immersion showed significant enrichment of the glutathione metabolism pathway for detoxification of MeHg. In addition, the exposure to MeHg by feeding induced a significant enrichment of lysosome and notch signaling pathways of rotifers, supporting the hypothesis that MeHg can induce autophagy dysfunction in cells and disturb the nervous system of rotifers. In two different routes of MeHg exposure, the pathway of cytochrome P450 in rotifers showed significant enrichment for resisting MeHg toxicity. Our results suggest further studies on the potential mechanism and biological responses of MeHg toxicity in other links of the aquatic food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Lin
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanlin Wei
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Songzhang Li
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodong Mao
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianguang Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Shengqi Su
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Tao He
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Liu C, Li J, Qi X, Wang L, Sun D, Zhang J, Zhang K, Li J, Li Y, Wen H. Cytochrome P450 superfamily in spotted sea bass: Genome-wide identification and expression profiles under trichlorfon and environmental stresses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 46:101078. [PMID: 37121223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), as one of the most diverse enzyme superfamilies in nature, play critical functions in antioxidant reactions against endogenous and exogenous compounds. In this study, we performed genome-wide characterization of CYP superfamily members and analyzed their expression patterns under several abiotic stresses in spotted sea bass, which is known as an economically important fish species in the Chinese aquaculture industry. A total of 55 CYP genes were identified and divided into 17 families within 10 clans. The analysis of phylogeny, gene structure, and syntenic relationships provided evidence for the evolution of CYP genes and confirmed their annotation and orthology. The expression of CYP genes was examined in the liver during trichlorfon stress using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that 20 tested CYP genes displayed significant mRNA expression changes, indicating that they may play crucial roles in the metabolism of trichlorfon and can be potential biomarkers for trichlorfon pollution. Moreover, by screening transcriptomic databases, 10, 3 and 19 CYP genes exhibited differential expression patterns in response to hypoxia, alkalinity and heat stress, respectively. Taken together, this study provided insights into the regulation of CYP genes by toxicological and environmental stresses, laid basis for extensive functional studies of the CYP superfamily in spotted sea bass and other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Haishen Wen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Shandong 266003, China.
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Identification and response of cytochrome P450 genes in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis after exposure to benzo[α]pyrene and heavy metals. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:657-664. [PMID: 33393003 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is extensive; these enzymes participate in phase I enzyme metabolism and are involved in xenobiotic detoxification in all living organisms. Despite their significance in xenobiotic detoxification, little is known about the species-specific comparison of CYPs and their molecular responses in aquatic invertebrates. We identified 31 CYPs in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis via thorough exploration of transcriptomic databases and measured the transcript profiles of 9 CYPs (within full sequences) in response to benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) and two heavy metals (cadmium [Cd] and copper [Cu]). Through phylogenetic analysis, the CYPs were separated and clustered into four clans: mitochondrial, CYP2, CYP3, and CYP4. The expression of 9 CYPs were differentially modulated (up- and/or downregulated) in response to B[α]P, Cd, and Cu. In particular, CYP370A15 was significantly upregulated in response to B[α]P, Cd, and Cu, suggesting that the identified CYPs are involved in xenobiotic detoxification and are useful as biomarkers in response to B[α]P, Cd, and Cu. This study aimed to comprehensively annotate cladoceran CYPs; our results will add to the existing knowledge on the potential roles of CYPs in xenobiotic detoxification in cladocerans.
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Liang B, Chen T, Zheng D, Zhao X, Jing L, Zhou X, Sun Z, Shi Z. Hepatotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in 28-day exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135783. [PMID: 31787299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and its substitute decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are heavily used in various industrial products as flame retardant. They have been found to be persistent in the environment and have adverse health effects in humans. Although some former studies have reported toxic effects of BDE-209, the study of DBDPE's toxic effects is still in its infancy, and the effects of DBDPE on hepatotoxicity are also unclear. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the hepatotoxicity induced by BDE-209 and DBDPE using a rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered DBDPE or BDE-209 (5, 50, 500 mg/kg bodyweight) intragastrically once a day for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the end of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and body liver weight, blood biochemical parameters, liver pathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP3A) enzymes were measured. Our results showed that both BDE-209 and DBDPE could cause liver morphological changes, induce oxidative stress, increase γ-glutamyl transferase and glucose levels in serum, and down-regulate PXR, CAR, and CYP3A expression. In addition, BDE-209 was found to increase liver weight and the ratio of liver/body weight, lead to elevated total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin levels in serum, and induce inflammation. The present study indicated that BDE-209 and DBDPE may interfere with normal metabolism in rats through oxidative stress and inflammation, which inhibit PXR and CAR to induce the expression of CYP3A enzymes, and finally produce hepatotoxic effects and cause liver damage in rats. Comparatively, our results show that the damage caused by BDE-209 was more serious than that caused by DBDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Baolu Liang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Jing
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Han J, Park JC, Choi BS, Kim MS, Kim HS, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee BY, Lee JS. The genome of the marine monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis: Genome-wide expression profiles of 28 cytochrome P450 genes in response to chlorpyrifos and 2-ethyl-phenanthrene. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105230. [PMID: 31306923 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brachionus spp. (Rotifera: Monogononta) are globally distributed in aquatic environments and play important roles in the aquatic ecosystem. The marine monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is considered a suitable model organism for ecology, evolution, and ecotoxicology. In this study, we assembled and characterized the B. plicatilis genome. The total length of the assembled genome was 106.9 Mb and the number of final scaffolds was 716 with an N50 value of 1.15 Mb and a GC content of 26.75%. A total of 20,154 genes were annotated after manual curation. To demonstrate the use of whole genome data, we targeted one of the main detoxifying enzyme of phase I detoxification system and identified in a total of 28 cytochrome P450 s (CYPs). Based on the phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood, 28 B. plicatilis-CYPs were apparently separated into five different clans, namely, 2, 3, 4, mitochondrial (MT), and 46 clans. To better understand the CYPs-mediated xenobiotic detoxification, we measured the mRNA expression levels of 28 B. plicatilis CYPs in response to chlorpyrifos and 2-ethyl-phenanthrene. Most B. plicatilis CYPs were significantly modulated (P < 0.05) in response to chlorpyrifos and 2-ethyl-phenanthrene. In addition, xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor (XNR) response element sequences were identified in the 5 kb upstream of promoter regions of 28 CYPs from the genome of B. plicatilis, indicating that these XNR can be associated with detoxification of xenobiotics. Overall, the assembled B. plicatilis genome presented here will be a useful resource for a better understanding the molecular ecotoxicology in the view of molecular mechanisms underlying toxicological responses, particularly on xenobiotic detoxification in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Soon Choi
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam 13558, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Su Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Resource Development, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Lee BY, Choi BS, Kim MS, Park JC, Jeong CB, Han J, Lee JS. The genome of the freshwater water flea Daphnia magna: A potential use for freshwater molecular ecotoxicology. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:69-84. [PMID: 30826642 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The water flea Daphnia magna is a small planktonic cladoceran. D. magna has been used as a model species for ecotoxicology, as it is sensitive to environmental stressors and environmental changes. Since Daphnia is affected by culture environment and each population/strain has its own ecological and genetic characteristics, its population/strain-based genome information is useful for environmental genomic studies. In this study, we assembled and characterized the genome of D. magna. Using a high-density genetic map of D. magna xinb3, the draft genome was integrated to 10 linkage groups (LGs). The total length of the integrated genome was about 123 Mb with N50 = 10.1 Mb, and the number of scaffolds was 4193 including 10 LGs. A total of 15,721 genes were annotated after manual curation. Orthologous genes were characterized in the genome and compared with other genomes of Daphnia. In addition, we identified defense related genes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) genes from the assembled D. magna genome for its potential use in molecular ecotoxicological studies in the freshwater environment. This genomic resource will be helpful to study for a better understanding on molecular mechanism in response to various pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | | | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Identification of the full 26 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes and analysis of their expression in response to benzo[α]pyrene in the marine rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 29:185-192. [PMID: 30551045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a large gene superfamily that are found in all living organisms. CYPs have a key role in detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals. Although aquatic invertebrate CYPs and their detoxification mechanisms have been reported, little is known about interspecific comparison of CYPs and their detoxification mechanism in the rotifer Brachionus spp. The aim of this study was to identify the entire CYPs in the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (B. rotundiformis) and compare B. rotundiformis-CYPs to the previously reported CYPs in other model Brachionus spp. (B. koreanus, B. plicatilis, and B. calyciflorus). To validate the model, the rotifer, specifically Brachionus rotundiformis was exposed to various concentrations of B[α]P, which is widely used PAH xenobiotic, and analyzed gene expression in response to B[α]P. Here, in silico analysis results showed the total of 26 CYPs from the rotifer B. rotundiformis. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the 26 B. rotundiformis-CYPs were separated into five different clans: 2, 3, 4, mitochondrial, and 46 clans in comparison to three rotifers species, B. koreanus, B. plicatilis, and B. calyciflorus. To understand the detoxification mechanisms of 26 B. rotundiformis-CYPs, we investigated transcriptional expression of 26 CYPs and found that five CYPs (CYP3045A2, CYP3045B4, CYP3045C10, CYP3049A5, and CYP3049E8) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in response to 10 and 100 μg B[α]P. In addition, we identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and observed slight up-regulation of B. rotundiformis-AhR and -ARNT, indicating that these CYPs are likely associated with detoxification mechanism and could be used as potential molecular biomarkers of B[α]P in B. rotundiformis. Overall, this study will be helpful for expanding our knowledge of invertebrate CYPs on detoxification mechanisms associated with AhR signaling pathway in rotifers.
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Lee BY, Lee MC, Jeong CB, Kim HJ, Hagiwara A, Souissi S, Han J, Lee JS. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome profiling and expression of 16 cytochrome P450 genes in the benzo[α]pyrene-exposed estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:142-150. [PMID: 30196245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis is one of the most abundant estuarine species and is considered to be an ideal candidate species for ecotoxicological research. An RNA-Seq-based transcriptome was developed from whole bodies of this species. Among 142,442 contigs of the de novo assembly by Trinity, 48,480 open reading frame (ORF) contigs were found using TransDecoder. A total of 17,762 genes were identified by BLAST analysis, which covers about 75% of the annotated genes in the E. affinis genome. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that most annotated sequences were related to metabolism pathways, including xenobiotic biodegradation. Using transcriptome data, we identified putative transcripts related to xenobiotic processing genes including phase I enzymes, phase II enzymes, transporters, and transcription factors. To understand the CYP-mediated detoxification metabolism of xenobiotics, we measured the transcriptional levels of 16 CYPs (within full sequences) of E. affinis in response to benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P). Most Ea-CYP genes were significantly down- and/or up-regulated (P < 0.05) in response to B[α]P, suggesting that Ea-CYP genes are likely involved in detoxification (mainly in biotransformation of xenobiotics) with particular genes, demonstrating significant upregulation or downregulation compared to others, as shown in other copepod model species (e.g. Tigriopus japonicus and Paracyclopina nana). This study will provide insight into the potential role of E. affinis in response to various toxic or xenobiotic chemicals in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Sami Souissi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Cote d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Oceanologie et de Geosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Kais B, Ottermanns R, Scheller F, Braunbeck T. Modification and quantification of in vivo EROD live-imaging with zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to detect both induction and inhibition of CYP1A. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:330-347. [PMID: 28982082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The visualization of specific activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) directly in the zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio) via live-imaging is a reliable tool to investigate the presence of dioxin-like substances in environmental samples. The co-existence of inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYP1A) is typical of complex environmental mixtures and requires modifications of the in vivo EROD assay: For this end, zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the EROD-modifying potentials of common single-compound exposures as well as binary mixtures with the PAH-type Ah-receptor agonist β-naphthoflavone. For chemical testing, chlorpyrifos and Aroclor 1254 were selected; β-naphthoflavone served as maximum EROD induction control. Chlorpyrifos (≤EC10) could be documented to be a strong CYP1A inhibitor causing characteristic edema-related toxicity. Aroclor 1254 resulted in inhibition of CYP1A catalytic activity in a concentration- and specific time-dependent manner. Next to a fast CYP1A induction, CYP1A inhibition could also be detected after 3h short-term exposure of zebrafish embryos to chlorpyrifos. This communication also describes techniques for the quantification of fluorescence signals via densitometry as a basis for subsequent statistical assessment. The co-exposure approach with zebrafish embryos accounts for the nature of potential interaction between CYP1A inducers and inhibitors and thus pays tribute to the complexity of environmental mixtures. The co-exposure EROD live-imaging assay thus facilitates a better understanding of mixture effects and allows a better assessment and interpretation of (embryo) toxic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kais
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Scheller
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Kumari K, Pathakota GB, Kumar S, Krishna G. Gene structure and comparative and phylogenetic analyses of Catla catla CYP1A full-length cDNA and its responsiveness to benzo(a)pyrene and copper sulphate at early developmental stages. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:95-108. [PMID: 28822029 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, full-length CYP1A cDNA from Catla catla (Catla) has been identified, and its real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) expression has been evaluated in different tissues, developmental stages (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h and 5, 7 and 9 days post-fertilization) and copper sulphate and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-treated 5-day post-fertilization (dpf) larvae (6 to 6.5 mm). Various structural, comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that the identified gene of Catla belongs to the CYP1A1 subfamily. Among different tissues of Catla, the highest CYP1A expression was observed in the kidney followed by the liver, muscle, gill, intestine and brain. CYP1A mRNA expression was detected during all the larval developmental stages, including the unfertilized egg with the highest expression on 9 dpf. BaP (3.5 ppb) and copper sulphate (sublethal dose 0.516 ppm) challenge test for 96 h to Catla larvae revealed the highest CYP1A1 expression at 48 h post-challenge. CYP1A1 transcript also showed a concentration-dependent increase in expression following exposure at 1.75 and 3.5 ppb of BaP for 48 h. Its expression profiling indicates that it is functional at early developmental stages. It can also be used to develop a specific biomarker tool for monitoring environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumari
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, India
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | | | - Shivendra Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa 848125, Samastipur, Bihar, India.
| | - Gopal Krishna
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
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12
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Han J, Kim DH, Kim HS, Kim HJ, Declerck SAJ, Hagiwara A, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification of 31 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and analysis of their benzo[α]pyrene-induced expression patterns. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 25:26-33. [PMID: 29126086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While marine invertebrate cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes and their roles in detoxification mechanisms have been studied, little information is available regarding freshwater rotifer CYPs and their functions. Here, we used genomic sequences and RNA-seq databases to identify 31 CYP genes in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. The 31 Bc-CYP genes with a few tandem duplications were clustered into CYP 2, 3, 4, mitochondrial, and 46 clans with two marine rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus koreanus. To understand the molecular responses of these 31 Bc-CYP genes, we also examined their expression patterns in response to benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P). Three Bc-CYP genes (Bc-CYP3044B3, Bc-CYP3049B4, Bc-CYP3049B6) were significantly upregulated (P<0.05) in response to B[α]P, suggesting that these CYP genes can be involved in detoxification in response to B[α]P exposure. These genes might be useful as biomarkers of B[α]P exposure in B. calyciflorus. Overall, our findings expand the repertoire of known CYPs and shed light on their potential roles in xenobiotic detoxification in rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hui-Su Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Steven A J Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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13
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Identification of 28 cytochrome P450 genes from the transcriptome of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and analysis of their expression. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 23:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Han J, Kim DH, Kim HS, Nelson DR, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification of 52 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus and their B[α]P-induced expression patterns. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 23:49-57. [PMID: 28709111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are enzymes with a heme-binding domain that are found in all living organisms. CYP enzymes have important roles associated with detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (e.g. steroids, fatty acids, and hormones). Although CYP enzymes have been reported in several invertebrates, including insects, little is known about copepod CYPs. Here, we identified the entire repertoire of CYP genes (n=52) from whole genome and transcriptome sequences of the benthic copepod Tigriopus japonicus, including a tandem duplication (CYP3026A3, CYP3026A4, CYP3026A5), and examined patterns of gene expression over various developmental stages and in response to benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) exposure. Through phylogenetic analysis, the 52 T. japonicus CYP genes were assigned to five distinct clans: CYP2 (22 genes), CYP3 (19 genes), CYP4 (two genes), CYP20 (one gene), and mitochondrial (eight genes). Developmental stage and gender-specific expression patterns of the 52 T. japonicus CYPs were analyzed. CYP3022A1 was constitutively expressed during all developmental stages. CYP genes in clans 2 and 3 were induced in response to B[α]P, suggesting that these differentially modulated CYP transcripts are likely involved in defense against exposure to B[α]P and other pollutants. This study enhances our understanding of the repertoire of CYP genes in copepods and of their potential role in development and detoxification in copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hui-Su Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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15
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Alharthy KM, Albaqami FF, Thornton C, Corrales J, Willett KL. Mechanistic Evaluation of Benzo[a]pyrene's Developmental Toxicities Mediated by Reduced Cyp19a1b Activity. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:135-147. [PMID: 27633980 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is both an endocrine disruptor and a carcinogen. Aromatase (CYP19) is a key enzyme in steroidogenesis that is responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens and thus plays a key role in steroid homeostasis. We hypothesized that some of the adverse outcomes of early developmental exposure to BaP are the result of reduced Cyp19a1b activity. Our goal was to investigate the role of estrogen homeostasis during early development and determine the role of aromatase inhibition as a relevant mechanism in BaP's developmental toxicities. One-cell zebrafish embryos were injected with a Cyp19a1b-morpholino (MO) or control-MO. Other non-injected embryos were exposed to waterborne BaP, fadrozole (a Cyp19 inhibitor), estradiol (E2), BaP + E2, Cyp19a1b MO + E2, or fadrozole + E2 for 96 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Adverse outcomes were compared between treatments, and the ability of E2 co-exposure to rescue each observed dysmorphology was assessed. BaP significantly decreased cyp19a1b gene expression in 96 hpf zebrafish larvae homogenates. Concentrations of E2 in 48 hpf larvae were significantly decreased by BaP, fadrozole and Cyp19a1b-MO. Cumulative mortality of zebrafish larvae was significantly increased following BaP or fadrozole exposure or Cyp19a1b knockdown compared to controls. E2 co-treatment rescued mortality caused by 10 μg/L BaP, 10 μg/L fadrozole, or Cyp19a1b-MO. In a treatment-blinded morphological assessment of larvae at 96 hpf, several phenotypes were negatively impacted by BaP, fadrozole, or Cyp19a1b knockdown and rescued by exogenous E2 co-treatment; these included body length, optic vesicle size, swim bladder inflation, pericardial and abdominal edema, and incidence of normal larval tail shape. Abnormal pectoral fins were caused by BaP exposure only. Uninflated swim bladders were caused by all treatments including E2 alone. Our results indicate that certain BaP-mediated adverse developmental outcomes were mechanistically in accordance with BaP-mediated Cyp19a1b inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Alharthy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Divisions of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi
| | - Faisal F Albaqami
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Divisions of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Divisions of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Divisions of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi
| | - Kristine L Willett
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Divisions of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi
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16
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Saad M, Cavanaugh K, Verbueken E, Pype C, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Xenobiotic metabolism in the zebrafish: a review of the spatiotemporal distribution, modulation and activity of Cytochrome P450 families 1 to 3. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:1-11. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moayad Saad
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kate Cavanaugh
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evy Verbueken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Casper Pype
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Karami A, Teh SJ, Zakaria MP, Courtenay SC. Ploidy-, gender-, and dose-dependent alteration of selected biomarkers in Clarias gariepinus treated with benzo[a]pyrene. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:95-102. [PMID: 26702972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally-occurring and artificially-induced polyploids have been documented in various fish species but to date no comparison has been reported of the impacts of ploidy on fish biomarker responses to organic pollutants. This study describes effects of ploidy, gender, and dose on biliary fluorescent aromatic compound (FAC) concentrations, hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in one of the most commonly cultured warm-water species, the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Recently matured male and female diploid and triploid fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 0, 5 or 25mg/kg benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and liver and gallbladder were sampled 48hr later. No significant differences were found between ploidies in bile concentrations of 7,8 dihydrodiolbenzo[a]pyrene (7,8D BaP), 1-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (1-OH BaP) or 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH BaP). However, concentrations of the biliary FACs did differ between males and females at different dose of injection with generally higher concentrations in females at the low dose of BaP and higher concentrations in males at the higher BaP concentration. Hepatic EROD activity did not exhibit gender-dependent difference, whereas it was significantly higher in triploids than diploids. GST activities were not significantly influenced by any of the tested factors. This work advanced our understanding of the role of ploidy, gender, and dose in biotransformation of pollutants in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swee J Teh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Forensics, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Simon C Courtenay
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, Canadian Water Network, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of Waterloo, Canada
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18
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Bräunig J, Schiwy S, Broedel O, Müller Y, Frohme M, Hollert H, Keiter SH. Time-dependent expression and activity of cytochrome P450 1s in early life-stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16319-16328. [PMID: 25994265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos are being increasingly used as model organisms for the assessment of single substances and complex environmental samples for regulatory purposes. Thus, it is essential to fully understand the xenobiotic metabolism during the different life-stages of early development. The aim of the present study was to determine arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity during selected times of early development using qPCR, enzymatic activity through measurement of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and protein expression analysis. In the present study, gene expression of cyp1a, cyp1b1, cyp1c1, cyp1c2, and ahr2 as well as EROD activity were investigated up to 120 h postfertilization (hpf) after exposure to either β-naphthoflavone (BNF) or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-contaminated sediment extract from Vering Kanal in Hamburg (VK). Protein expression was measured at 72 hpf after exposure to 20 μg/L BNF. Altered proteins were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) peptide mass fingerprinting. Distinct patterns of basal messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were found for each of the cyp1 genes, suggesting specific roles during embryonic development. All transcripts were induced by BNF and VK. ahr2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated after exposure to VK. All cyp1 genes investigated showed a temporal decline in expression at 72 hpf. The significant decline of Hsp 90β protein at 72 hpf after exposure to BNF may suggest an explanation for the decline of cyp1 genes at this time point as Hsp 90β is of major importance for the functioning of the Ah-receptor. EROD activity measured in embryos was significantly induced after 96 hpf of exposure to BNF or VK. Together, these results demonstrate distinct temporal patterns of cyp1 genes and protein activities in zebrafish embryos as well as show a need to investigate further the xenobiotic biotransformation system during early development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, 4108, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Broedel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Yvonne Müller
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
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Uno T, Izumi C, Takenaka S, Yanase T, Imaishi H, Kanamaru K, Yamagata H, Kaminishi Y, Itakura T. Functional characterization of CYP1A9 and CYP1C1 from Anguillus japonica. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:360-368. [PMID: 26233561 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the metabolism of several herbicides and progesterone by two P450 proteins (CYP1A9 and CYP1C1) from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Expression vectors harboring CYP1A9 and CYP1C1 sequences were introduced into Escherichia coli. E. coli membrane fractions were incubated with each substrate, and the metabolites were analyzed. CYP1A9 and CYP1C1 deethylated 7-ethoxycoumarin and phenacetin, and demethylated chlorotoluron, diuron, and linuron. CYP1C1 specifically hydroxlyated progesterone at the 6β and 16α positions. Five amino acids of CYP1A9 related to substrate binding were selected for mutation analyses [CYP1A9(F128A), CYP1A9(F229A), CYP1A9(F263A), CYP1A9(V387A), and CYP1A9(I391A)]. Two variants, CYP1A9(F229A) and CYP1A9(F128A), changed the ratio of 16α hydroxyprogesterone to 6β hydroxyprogesterone. Among all the variants, CYP1A9(F263A) showed the highest activity towards substrates used. CYP1A9(V387A) and CYP1A9(I391A) showed higher activities than that of CYP1A9 toward progesterone. The substrate specificity of CYP1A9 may be altered by replacing an amino acid related to substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Chiho Izumi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takenaka
- Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanase
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Imaishi
- Functional Analysis of Environmental Genes, Research Center for Environmental, Genomics, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagata
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kaminishi
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Takao Itakura
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
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20
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Stegeman JJ, Behrendt L, Woodin BR, Kubota A, Lemaire B, Pompon D, Goldstone JV, Urban P. Functional characterization of zebrafish cytochrome P450 1 family proteins expressed in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2340-52. [PMID: 26231923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish express five cytochrome P450 1 genes: CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2, inducible by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, and CYP1D1, a constitutively expressed CYP1A-like gene. We examined substrate selectivity of CYP1s expressed in yeast. METHODS CYP1s were expressed in W(R) yeast, engineered to over-express P450 reductase, via pYES/DEST52 and via pYeDP60. Microsomal fractions from transformed yeast were examined for activity with fluorogenic substrates, benzo[a]pyrene and testosterone. Modeling and docking approaches were used to further evaluate sites of oxidation on benzo[a]pyrene and testosterone. RESULTS CYP1s expressed in yeast dealkylated ethoxy-, methoxy-, pentoxy- and benzoxy-resorufin (EROD, MROD, PROD, BROD). CYP1A and CYP1C2 had the highest rates of EROD activity, while PROD and BROD activities were low for all five CYP1s. The relative rates of resorufin dealkylation by CYP1C1, CYP1C2 and CYP1D1 expressed via pYeDP60 were highly similar to relative rates obtained with pYES/DEST52-expressed enzymes. CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 dealkylated substituted coumarins and ethoxy-fluorescein-ethylester, while CYP1D1 did not. The CYP1Cs and CYP1D1 co-expressed with epoxide hydrolase oxidized BaP with different rates and product profiles, and all three produced BaP-7,8,9,10-tetrol. The CYP1Cs but not CYP1D1 metabolized testosterone to 6β-OH-testosterone. However, CYP1D1 formed an unidentified testosterone metabolite better than the CYP1Cs. Testosterone and BaP docked to CYP homology models with poses consistent with differing product profiles. CONCLUSIONS Yeast-expressed zebrafish CYP1s will be useful in determining further functionality with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Determining the roles of zebrafish CYP1s in physiology and toxicology depends on knowing the substrate selectivity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Lars Behrendt
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Woodin
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Akira Kubota
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lemaire
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Denis Pompon
- Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS UMR 5504, Campus INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Urban
- Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS UMR 5504, Campus INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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21
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Fang X, Corrales J, Thornton C, Clerk T, Scheffler BE, Willett KL. Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae Following Benzo[a]pyrene Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:395-411. [PMID: 26001963 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environmentally relevant carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting compound that causes immediate, long-term, and multigenerational health deficits in mammals and fish. Previously, we found that BaP alters DNA methylation patterns in developing zebrafish, which may affect gene expression. Herein, we performed a genome-wide transcriptional analysis and discovered differential gene expression and splicing in developing zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to control or 42.0 ± 1.9 µg/l BaP for 7 days. Eggs were collected and raised in control conditions or continuously exposed to BaP until 3.3 and 96 h post-fertilization (hpf). RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted on zebrafish embryos and larvae. Data were analyzed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes (changed at the gene or transcript variant level) and genes with differential exon usage (DEU; changed at the exon level). At 3.3 hpf, BaP exposure resulted in 8 DE genes and 51 DEU genes. At 96 hpf, BaP exposure altered expression in 1153 DE genes and 159 DEU genes. Functional ontology analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that many disease pathways, including organismal death, growth failure, abnormal morphology of embryonic tissue, congenital heart disease, and adverse neuritogenesis, were significantly enriched for the DE and DEU genes, providing novel insights on the mechanisms of action of BaP-induced developmental toxicities. Collectively, we discovered substantial transcriptomic changes at the gene, transcript variant, and exon levels in developing zebrafish after early life BaP waterborne exposure, and these changes may lead to long-term adverse physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefan Fang
- *Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Tracy Clerk
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi 39096; and
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, USDA ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Kristine L Willett
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677;
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22
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Dasgupta S, Cao A, Mauer B, Yan B, Uno S, McElroy A. Genotoxicity of oxy-PAHs to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos assessed using the comet assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13867-13876. [PMID: 24510601 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have long been recognized as important environmental toxicants. Despite a plethora of information on the fate and effects of parent PAHs, relatively little is known about the environmental fate and toxicity of ketone- and quinone-substituted PAH oxidation products (termed oxy-PAHs), particularly in the aquatic environment. This study begins to fill that gap using embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model species. The genotoxic potential of two environmentally relevant oxy-PAHs, acenaphthenequinone and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenquinone, was assessed using the comet assay. We found that both oxy-PAHs could cause significant increases in DNA damage after only 48 h of exposure at the lowest concentrations tested (5 μg/L). Comparisons of the genotoxic potential between these oxy-PAHs and their corresponding parent PAHs (acenaphthene and benz[a]anthracene) and a well-known mutagenic PAH, benzo[a]pyrene, indicated similar potencies among all five of these compounds, particularly after longer (7 day) exposures. This study demonstrates the mutagenic potential of oxy-PAHs to an in vivo fish embryo model and points out the need for further study of their environmental occurrence and biologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Dasgupta
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA
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23
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Clark BW, Bone AJ, Di Giulio RT. Resistance to teratogenesis by F1 and F2 embryos of PAH-adapted Fundulus heteroclitus is strongly inherited despite reduced recalcitrance of the AHR pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13898-908. [PMID: 24374617 PMCID: PMC4074458 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting the Atlantic Wood Superfund site on the Elizabeth River (Portsmouth, VA, USA) are exposed to a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from former creosote operations, but are resistant to the acute toxicity and cardiac teratogenesis caused by PAHs. The resistance is associated with a dramatic recalcitrance to induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP1) metabolism enzymes following exposure to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists, along with an elevated antioxidant response and increased expression of several other xenobiotic metabolism and excretion enzymes. However, the heritability of the resistance in the absence of chemical stressors has been inconsistently demonstrated. Understanding the heritability of this resistance will help clarify the nature of population-level responses to chronic exposure to PAH mixtures and aid in identifying the important mechanistic components of resistance to aryl hydrocarbons. We compared the response of Atlantic Wood F1 and F2 embryos to benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), and a mixture of BkF and fluoranthene (Fl) to that of F1 embryos of reference site killifish. Resistance to cardiac teratogenesis and induction of CYP mRNA expression and CYP activity was determined. We found that both Atlantic Wood F1 and F2 embryos were highly resistance to cardiac teratogenesis. However, the resistance by Atlantic Wood F2 embryos to induction of CYP mRNA expression and enzyme activity was intermediate between that of Atlantic Wood F1 embryos and reference embryos. These results suggest that resistance to cardiac teratogenesis in Atlantic Wood fish is conferred by multiple factors, not all of which appear to be fully genetically heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA,
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24
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Yuan L, Lv B, Zha J, Wang W, Wang Z. Basal and benzo[a]pyrene-induced expression profile of phase I and II enzymes and ABC transporter mRNA in the early life stage of Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 106:86-94. [PMID: 24836882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters together with phase I and II detoxification enzymes have been considered as included in a cellular detoxification system. Previous studies have highlighted the involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and Cyp1a in PAH-induced embryo toxicity. However, the response of other xenobiotic enzymes/transporters in PAH-mediated embryo toxicity is not fully characterized. In the present study, rare minnow embryos were exposed to 10 and 100µg/L BaP within 4h post-fertilization (hpf) up to 168 hpf. RNA was extracted at 24, 48, 96, and 168 hpf. The basal and BaP-induced expression of phase I enzyme genes (cyp1a, 1b1, and 1c1), phase II enzyme gene (gstm and ugt1a), and ABC transporter genes (abcb1, abcc1, abcc2, and abcg2) mRNA was determined using real-time PCR. Severe developmental defects (e.g., spinal deformities, pericardial and yolk-sac edema) were observed in the BaP treated groups. The basal expression showed that gstm was most strongly expressed, followed by abcb1, ugt1a, and abcc2, whereas cyp1a, 1b1, 1c1, and abcg2 showed weak expression. BaP significantly induced the mRNA expression of three CYP1s (cyp1a, 1b1, and 1c1) (p<0.05) and the ABC transporters (abcc1, abcc2, and abcg2) in a dose-dependent manner. However, the mRNA expression of Phase II enzymes (gstm, ugt1a) for the BaP treatments showed no significant difference with that of the controls. Furthermore, distinct induced patterns of these genes were observed during different exposure periods. Simultaneous up-regulation of the cyp and ABC transporter gene transcripts suggests that a possible involvement and cooperation in the detoxification process could provide protection against the BaP toxicity of rare minnows at the early life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
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25
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Kim BM, Rhee JS, Jeong CB, Lee SJ, Lee YS, Choi IY, Lee JS. Effects of benzo[a]pyrene on whole cytochrome P450-involved molecular responses in the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 152:232-243. [PMID: 24794342 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a strong toxicant for aquatic ecosystems, the effect of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) on whole cytochrome P450 (CYP) biotransformation mechanisms has not been deeply investigated in aquatic organisms. To understand the mode of action of B[a]P on CYP molecular responses in fish, we analyzed the full spectrum of cyp genes and the activities of enzymes that are involved in detoxification and antioxidant defense systems after exposure to different concentrations of B[a]P over different time courses in the marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma. Upon B[a]P exposure, we found significant downregulation of cyp genes associated with steroidogenesis with decreased concentrations of actual hormones including estradiol (E2) and testosterone (11-KT), indicating that B[a]P-treated groups were closely associated with the dysfunction of hormone synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, B[a]P exposure strongly influenced transcriptional levels of antioxidant-related genes and their enzyme activities. Based on these results, we suggest that B[a]P induced the CYPs-involved systematic biotransformation mechanism with oxidative stress in the juvenile marine medaka, resulting in changes of endogenous hormonal levels and transcriptional levels of several steroidogenic metabolism-related CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Yong Sung Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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26
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Zhang J, Yao J, Wang R, Zhang Y, Liu S, Sun L, Jiang Y, Feng J, Liu N, Nelson D, Waldbieser G, Liu Z. The cytochrome P450 genes of channel catfish: their involvement in disease defense responses as revealed by meta-analysis of RNA-Seq data sets. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2813-28. [PMID: 24780645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) encode one of the most diverse enzyme superfamily in nature. They catalyze oxidative reactions of endogenous molecules and exogenous chemicals. METHODS We identified CYPs genes through in silico analysis using EST, RNA-Seq and genome databases of channel catfish. Phylogenetic analyses and conserved syntenic analyses were conducted to determine their identities and orthologies. Meta-analysis of RNA-Seq databases was conducted to analyze expression profile of CYP genes following bacterial infection. RESULTS A full set of 61 CYP genes was identified and characterized in channel catfish. Phylogenetic tree and conserved synteny provided strong evidence of their identities and orthorlogy. Lineage-specific gene duplication was evident in a number of clans in channel catfish. CYP46A1 is missing in the catfish genome as observed with syntenic analysis and RT-PCR analysis. Thirty CYPs were found up- or down-regulated in liver, while seven and eight CYPs were observed regulated in intestine and gill following bacterial infection. CONCLUSION We systematically identified and characterized a full set of 61 CYP genes in channel catfish and studied their expression profiles after bacterial infection. While bacterial challenge altered the expression of large numbers of CYP genes, the mechanisms and significance of these changes are not known. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work provides an example to systematically study CYP genes in non-model species. Moreover, it provides a basis for further toxicological and physiological studies in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaren Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ruijia Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luyang Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yanliang Jiang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jianbin Feng
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - David Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Geoff Waldbieser
- USDA, ARS, Catfish Genetics Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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27
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Booc F, Thornton C, Lister A, MacLatchy D, Willett KL. Benzo[a]pyrene effects on reproductive endpoints in Fundulus heteroclitus. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:73-82. [PMID: 24747980 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that has been implicated in modulating aromatase enzyme function with the potential to interrupt normal reproductive function. The aim of this study was to use a fish model, Fundulus heteroclitus, to assess whether BaP exposure adversely impacts reproduction. Adult fish were exposed to waterborne BaP nominal concentrations of (0, 1, or 10 μg/l) for 28 days. Males and females were combined for the second half of the exposure (days 14-28) in order to quantitate egg production and fertilization success. Egg fertilization and subsequent hatching success of F1 embryos was significantly decreased by the high dose of BaP. In males, both gonad weight and plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly reduced compared to controls by 10 μg/l BaP. Histopathological examination of testes including spermatogonia, spermatocyte and spermatid cyst areas, percentage of cysts per phase, and area of spermatozoa per seminiferous tubule were not significantly affected. Other biomarkers, including male liver weight, liver vitellogenin (vtg) mRNA expression and sperm concentrations, were also not affected. In females, estradiol concentrations were significantly reduced after BaP exposure, but egg production, gonad weight, liver weight, vtg expression and oocyte maturation were not altered. Steroid concentrations in Fundulus larvae from exposed parents at 1 and 3 weeks posthatch were not significantly changed. BaP exposure at these environmentally relevant concentrations caused negative alterations particularly in male fish to both biochemical and phenotypic biomarkers associated with reproduction and multigenerational embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Booc
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Andrea Lister
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Deborah MacLatchy
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Kristine L Willett
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
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28
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Zhao Y, Luo K, Fan Z, Huang C, Hu J. Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene-induced toxic effects in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) by 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13068-13076. [PMID: 24160713 DOI: 10.1021/es403260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous and coexist in the environment and in wildlife, there are potential interactions between them that could cause toxic effects. In this study, the modulating effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced reproductive and developmental toxic effects in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were investigated by exposing adult Japanese medaka to BaP alone, BDE47 alone, and coexposing them with both BaP and BDE47 at different concentrations, respectively. Exposure to BaP alone significantly suppressed fecundity and egg protein content and markedly induced skeletal deformation in F1 generation eleutheroembryos. BDE47 significantly recovered reproductive functions, fecundity, and egg protein content, suppressed by BaP when the concentration of BDE47 increased to 0.44 μg/L. Such effects can be at least partly explained by the decreased BaP levels in the coexposure groups and the accompanying increase in the circulating level of 17β-estradiol in female medaka fish. The prevalence of skeletal deformations markedly increased to 19.3 ± 2.4% and 16.0 ± 1.6% in fish coexposed to BaP and BDE47 at 0.44 and 2.58 μg/L compared with that of fish exposed to 1.21 μg/L BaP alone (9.7 ± 1.7%), and the impacts on male medaka fish in the coexposure groups would be the crucial reason leading to these effects. Considering that the measured water concentrations of BaP and BDE47 in the present study were comparable with those reported in rivers and harbors, BaP and BDE47 contamination in the real world would have a significant level of interactive effects on wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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29
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Fu Y, Li M, Liu C, Qu JP, Zhu WJ, Xing HJ, Xu SW, Li S. Effect of atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure on cytochrome P450 contents and enzyme activities in common carp gills. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 94:28-36. [PMID: 23702303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and atrazine (ATR) are the most widely used organophosphate insecticides and triazine herbicides, respectively, worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the effects of ATR, CPF and mixture on common carp gills following 40-d exposure and 40-d recovery experiments. Cytochrome P450 content, activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND) and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) and the mRNA levels of the CYP1 family (CYP1A, CYP1B, and CYP1C) were determined. In total, 220 common carps were divided into eleven groups, and each group was treated with a specific concentration of ATR (4.28, 42.8 and 428 μg/L), CPF (1.16, 11.6 and 116 μg/L) or ATR-CPF mixture (1.13, 11.3 and 113 μg/L). The results showed that P450 content and activities of APND and ERND in fish exposed to ATR and mixture were significantly higher than those in the control group. After the 40-d recovery treatment (i.e., depuration), the P450 content and the activities of APND and ERND in fish decreased to the background levels. A similar tendency was also found in the mRNA levels of the CYP1 family (CYP1A, CYP1B, and CYP1C) in common carp gills. The CPF-treated fish showed no significant difference from the control groups, except for a significant CYP1C induction. These results indicated that CYP enzyme levels are induced by ATR but were only slightly affected by CPF in common carp gills. In addition, the ATR and CPF exposure showed an antagonistic effect on P450 enzymes in common carp gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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30
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Kim RO, Kim BM, Hwang DS, Au DWT, Jung JH, Shim WJ, Leung KMY, Wu RSS, Rhee JS, Lee JS. Evaluation of biomarker potential of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene in the marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma exposed to water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Iranian crude oil. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013. [PMID: 23178197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CYP1A is involved in the metabolism of diverse chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylated-PAHs, as a first line of detoxification mechanism. First, we identified and characterized the CYP1A gene from the marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma. O. melastigma CYP1A (Om-CYP1A) showed a high similarity of motifs/domains compared to those of vertebrates in their amino acid sequences. To check whether the Om-CYP1A would be inducible, we tested two strong CYP1A inducers, β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) and benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P), and observed concentration-dependent transient expression on transcripts of Om-CYP1A for 96 h over a wide range of concentrations. Om-CYP1A mRNA level was significantly increased in exposure to different concentrations of β-NF and B[α]P, and its expression was highly transcribed within 12 h upon the exposure to low concentrations of both chemicals. Inducible transcript profiles revealed that Om-CYP1A would be associated with the toxicant metabolism via AhREs/DREs/XREs in its promoter region. To uncover the effects of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil on transcripts of Om-CYP1A, we measured mRNA expression of Om-CYP1A towards different concentrations of WAF for 24h. As a result, WAF exposure significantly increased Om-CYP1A transcripts at all concentrations as well as during time-course experiments for 96 h. In this paper, we demonstrated that WAF would trigger up-regulation of the CYP1A gene that would be associated with the initiation of the cellular defense systems. This finding provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of cellular protection particularly that involved in the WAF-mediated cellular response in O. melastigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo-Ok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Dorrington T, Zanette J, Zacchi FL, Stegeman JJ, Bainy ACD. Basal and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced expression of cytochrome P450 1A, 1B and 1C genes in the Brazilian guppy, Poecilia vivipara. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 124-125:106-113. [PMID: 22940225 PMCID: PMC4349553 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In fish there are four cytochrome P450 (CYP1) subfamilies: CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP1C, and CYP1D. Here we cloned Poecilia vivipara CYP1A, with an inferred amino acid sequence 91% identical to CYP1A from the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus, another member of the Cypriniformes, and an important model in ecotoxicology. In addition, we examined the expression of CYP1A, CYP1B1, and CYP1C1 by qPCR in liver, gill, and intestine of adult P. vivipara injected with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or held in clean water (control group) for 24h. All three tissues examined showed basal expression of the three CYP1 genes. CYP1A was most strongly expressed in the liver, while CYP1B1, and CYP1C1 were most strongly expressed in the gill and intestine respectively. 3-MC induced CYP1A, CYP1B1, and CYP1C1 significantly (20-120-fold) in the three organs, consistent with the regulation of CYP1A, CYP1B1 and CYP1C1 via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Validation of CYP1 gene biomarkers in fish collected from a contaminated urban mangrove environment was confirmed with significant induction of CYP1A and CYP1C1 in gills (10-15-fold) and CYP1B1 in liver (23-fold), relative to fish from a control site. The responsiveness of these CYP1 genes indicates P. vivipara is suitable as a model for environmental toxicology studies and environmental assessment in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarquin Dorrington
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
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Uno T, Ishizuka M, Itakura T. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:1-13. [PMID: 22418068 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are members of the hemoprotein superfamily, and are involved in the mono-oxygenation reactions of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds in mammals and plants. Characterization of CYP genes in fish has been carried out intensively over the last 20 years. In Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), 54 genes encoding P450s have been identified. Across all species of fish, 137 genes encoding P450s have been identified. These genes are classified into 18 CYP families: namely, CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, CYP4, CYP5, CYP7, CYP8, CYP11, CYP17, CYP19, CYP20, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26, CYP27, CYP39, CYP46 and CYP51.We pinpointed eight CYP families: namely, CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, CYP4, CYP11, CYP17, CYP19 and CYP26 in this review because these CYP families are studied in detail. Studies of fish P450s have provided insights into the regulation of P450 genes by environmental stresses including water pollution. In this review, we present an overview of the CYP families in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku Hyogo, Japan.
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Osorio-Yáñez C, García-Tavera JL, Pérez-Núñez MT, Poblete-Naredo I, Muñoz B, Barron-Vivanco BS, Rothenberg SJ, Zapata-Pérez O, Albores A. Benzo(a)pyrene induces hepatic AKR1A1 mRNA expression in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:438-44. [PMID: 22394341 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.666684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AKR1A1 or aldehyde reductase is a member of the aldo-keto reductases superfamily that is evolutionarily conserved among species. AKR1A1 is one of the five AKRs (AKR1A1 and 1C1-1C4) implicated in the metabolic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) activation to reactive BaP 7,8-dione. BaP is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems and its metabolic activation is necessary to produce its toxic effects. Although the presence of AKR1A1 in fish has been reported, its tissue distribution in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and AKR1A1 inducibility by BaP are not known yet. Moreover, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) mRNA expression in fish has been used as a PAH biomarker of effect. Therefore, BaP effects on AKR1A1 and CYP1A gene expressions in tilapia, a species of commercial interest, were investigated by real-time RT-PCR. A partial AKR1A1 cDNA was identified, sequenced and compared with AKR1A1 reported sequences in the GenBank DNA database. Constitutive AKR1A1 mRNA expression was detected mainly in liver, similarly to that of CYP1A. BaP exposure resulted in statistically significant AKR1A1 and CYP1A mRNA induction in liver (20- and 120-fold, respectively) at 24 h. On the other hand, ethoxyquin (EQ) was used as control inducer for AKR1A1 mRNA. Interestingly, EQ also induced CYP1A mRNA levels in tilapia liver. Our results suggest that teleost AKR1A1, in addition to CYP1A, are inducible by BaP. The mechanism of AKR1A1 induction by BaP and its role in fish susceptibility to BaP toxic effects remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Osorio-Yáñez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City, Mexico
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Hassanin AAI, Kaminishi Y, Funahashi A, Itakura T. Cytochrome P450 1C1 complementary DNA cloning, sequence analysis and constitutive expression induced by benzo-a-pyrene in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 109:17-24. [PMID: 22204985 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CYP1C is the newest member of the CYP1 family of P450s; however, its physiological significance, inducers, and metabolic functions are unknown. In this study, a new complementary DNA of the CYP1C subfamily encoding CYP1C1 was isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) liver after intracoelomic injection with benzo-a-pyrene (BaP). The full-length cDNA was 2223 base pair (bp) long and contained an open reading frame of 1581 bp encoding a protein of 526 amino acids and a stop codon. The sequence exhibited 3' non-coding region of 642 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of O. niloticus CYP1C1 shows similarities of 86, 82.5, 79.7, 78.7, 77.8, 75.5, 69.6 and 61.3% with scup CYP1C1, killifish CYP1C1,1C2, Japanese eel CYP1C1, zebra fish CYP1C1, common carp CYP1C1, scup CYP1C2, common carp CYP1C2 and zebra fish CYP1C2, respectively. Phylogenetic tree based on the amino acids sequences clearly shows tilapia CYP1C1 and scup CYP1C1 to be more closely related to each other than to CYP1C genes from other species. Furthermore, for measuring BaP induction of CYP1C1 mRNA in different organs of tilapia (O. niloticus), β-actin gene as internal control was selected based on previous studies to assess their expression variability. Real time RCR results revealed that there was a large increase in CYP1C1 mRNA in liver (43.1), intestine (5.1) and muscle (2.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A I Hassanin
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
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Clark C, Duffy T, Cheng B, Gondek J, Fast M, Cooper K, White L. Interactions between hypoxia and sewage-derived contaminants on gene expression in fish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 108:60-69. [PMID: 22104699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos were used to evaluate the interaction among common environmental and chemical stressors found in urban coastal environments, namely hypoxia, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, and estrogenic compounds. At the molecular level, the systems responding to these stressors share common response factors, and evidence exists for cross-talk between them. Biomarkers of exposure to these stressors, cytochrome P4501a (Cyp1a), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), brain cytochrome P450 aromatase (Cyp19a2 or AromB), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α) mRNA expression were examined using qRT-PCR simultaneously in embryos of two well studied species, the Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio. Embryos of both species were exposed to the model Cyp1a inducer β-naphthoflavone (BNF) or 17-β estradiol (E2) under either normoxic or hypoxic (5% oxygen atmosphere) conditions and harvested prior to hatch at 9 days post fertilization (dpf) for the killifish, and 48h post fertilization (hpf) for the zebrafish. BNF significantly induced Cyp1a expression in embryos of both species with killifish embryos being more responsive (700-fold>control) than zebrafish embryos (7-100-fold>control). AromB was also significantly influenced by treatment, but to a lesser extent, with mean expression levels increased by less than two-fold over control values in response to E2, and in one case upregulated by BNF. ERα and Hif-1α were constitutively expressed in embryos of both species, but expression was unaffected by exposure to either BNF or E2. Hypoxic conditions downregulated AromB expression strongly in killifish but not in zebrafish embryos. The impact of hypoxia on expression of other genes in either species was inconsistent, although an interactive effect between hypoxia and BNF on several of the genes evaluated was observed. These data are the first to examine expression patterns of these important environmental response genes together in embryos of two important model fish species. The results support the use of Cyp1a expression as a biomarker of AhR agonists in fish embryos, and indicate that AromB may be more responsive than ERα to estrogenic chemicals at this stage in development. Hif-1α expression was not found to be a good biomarker of hypoxic exposure in either killifish or zebrafish embryos. The interaction observed between BNF and co-exposure to hypoxia warrants further investigation. Finally killifish embryos are generally more sensitive than zebrafish embryos at this stage of development supporting their use in environmental assessments.
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Chen C, Tang Y, Jiang X, Qi Y, Cheng S, Qiu C, Peng B, Tu B. Early postnatal benzo(a)pyrene exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats causes persistent neurobehavioral impairments that emerge postnatally and continue into adolescence and adulthood. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:248-61. [PMID: 21984485 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) may disrupt the development of key biological systems, thus leaving children more vulnerable to functional impairments in adulthood. The current study was conducted to determine whether neurotoxic effects of postnatal BaP exposure on behavioral performance persist in juvenile and young adult stages. Therefore, neonate Sprague-Dawley pups were given oral doses of BaP (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg/kg/day) continuing through a period of rapid brain development (on postnatal days [PNDs] 5-11). Further, developmental milestones and behavioral endpoints assessing sensory and motor maturation were examined. Also, in this study, Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were used for evaluating the cognitive function and anxiety-like behavior. Our results showed that there was altered ontogeny in a few measures of neuromotor development; however, other developmental milestones and sensory responses were not altered significantly. Moreover, the locomotor activity deficit in BaP-treated pups was evident at PND 36 and was most pronounced in the PND 69. Also, exposure to BaP during early postnatal development had an adverse effect on adult rats (PND 70) in the elevated plus maze, and the swim maze suggests that low doses of BaP impair spatial learning functions at adult test period. In contrast, BaP exposure had no evident effect on behaviors in these two mazes for adolescent animals. These data clearly indicate that behavioral impairments resulting from postnatal BaP exposure are potentially long-lasting and may not be apparent in juveniles, but are present in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Gao K, Brandt I, Goldstone JV, Jönsson ME. Cytochrome P450 1A, 1B, and 1C mRNA induction patterns in three-spined stickleback exposed to a transient and a persistent inducer. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:42-55. [PMID: 21354474 PMCID: PMC3560405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) mRNA induction patterns in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were explored for use in environmental monitoring of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists. The cDNAs of stickleback CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2 were cloned and their basal and induced expression patterns were determined in the brain, gill, liver and kidney. Also, their induction time courses were compared after waterborne exposure to a transient (indigo) or a persistent (3,3',4,4',5-pentacholorbiphenyl PCB 126) AHR agonist. The cloned stickleback CYP1s exhibited a high amino acid sequence identity compared with their zebrafish orthologs and their constitutive tissue distribution patterns largely agreed with those reported in other species. PCB 126 (100 nM) induced different CYP1 expression patterns in the four tissues, suggesting tissue-specific regulation. Both indigo (1 nM) and PCB 126 (10 nM) induced a strong CYP1 expression in gills. However, while PCB 126 gave rise to a high and persistent induction in gills and liver, induction by indigo was transient in both organs. The number of putative dioxin response elements found in each CYP1 gene promoter roughly reflected the induction levels of the genes. The high responsiveness of CYP1A, CYP1B1, and CYP1C1 observed in several organs suggests that three-spined stickleback is suitable for monitoring of pollution with AHR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Brandt
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jared V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Maria E. Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 184712608; fax: +46 184716425.
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Kubota A, Stegeman JJ, Woodin BR, Iwanaga T, Harano R, Peterson RE, Hiraga T, Teraoka H. Role of zebrafish cytochrome P450 CYP1C genes in the reduced mesencephalic vein blood flow caused by activation of AHR2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:244-52. [PMID: 21504756 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes various signs of toxicity in early life stages of vertebrates through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We previously reported a sensitive and useful endpoint of TCDD developmental toxicity in zebrafish, namely a decrease in blood flow in the dorsal midbrain, but downstream genes involved in the effect are not known. The present study addressed the role of zebrafish cytochrome P450 1C (CYP1C) genes in association with a decrease in mesencephalic vein (MsV) blood flow. The CYP1C subfamily was recently discovered in fish and includes the paralogues CYP1C1 and CYP1C2, both of which are induced via AHR2 in zebrafish embryos. We used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MO or morpholino) to block initiation of translation of the target genes. TCDD-induced mRNA expression of CYP1Cs and a decrease in MsV blood flow were both blocked by gene knockdown of AHR2. Gene knockdown of CYP1C1 by two different morpholinos and CYP1C2 by two different morpholinos, but not by their 5 nucleotide-mismatch controls, was effective in blocking reduced MsV blood flow caused by TCDD. The same CYP1C-MOs prevented reduction of blood flow in the MsV caused by β-naphthoflavone (BNF), representing another class of AHR agonists. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that mRNA expression of CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 was induced by TCDD most strongly in branchiogenic primordia and pectoral fin buds. In situ hybridization using head transverse sections showed that TCDD increased the expression of both CYP1Cs in endothelial cells of blood vessels, including the MsV. These results indicate a potential role of CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 in the local circulation failure induced by AHR2 activation in the dorsal midbrain of the zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kubota
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan.
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Wang L, Camus AC, Dong W, Thornton C, Willett KL. Expression of CYP1C1 and CYP1A in Fundulus heteroclitus during PAH-induced carcinogenesis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:439-47. [PMID: 20621368 PMCID: PMC2924930 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CYP1C1 is a relatively newly identified member of the cytochrome P450 family 1 in teleost fish. However, CYP1C1's expression and physiological roles relative to the more recognized CYP1A in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) induced toxicities are unclear. Fundulus heteroclitus fry were exposed at 6-8 days post-hatch (dph) and again at 13-15dph for 6h to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control, 5mg/L benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), or 5mg/L dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). Fry were euthanized at 0, 6, 18, 24 and 30h after the second exposure. In these groups, both CYP1A and CYP1C1 protein expression were induced within 6h after the second exposure. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) results from fry revealed strongest CYP1C1 expression in renal tubular and intestinal epithelial cells. Additional fish were examined for liver lesions 8 months after initial exposure. Gross lesions were observed in 20% of the BaP and 35% of the DMBA-treated fish livers. Histopathologic findings included foci of cellular alteration and neoplasms, including hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangioma. Strong CYP1A immunostaining was detected diffusely in altered cell foci and on the invading margin of hepatocelluar carcinomas. Lower CYP1A expression was seen in central regions of the neoplasms. In contrast, CYP1C1 was only detectable and highly expressed in proliferated bile duct epithelial cells. Our CYP1C1 results suggest the potential for tissue specific CYP1C1-mediated PAH metabolism but not a more chronic role in progression to liver hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wu Dong
- Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Kristine L. Willett
- Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 200 Old Power Plant, Box 1848, University, MS 38677. PH: 662-915-6691. FX: 662-915-5148.,
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Wills LP, Matson CW, Landon CD, Di Giulio RT. Characterization of the recalcitrant CYP1 phenotype found in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a Superfund site on the Elizabeth River, VA. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:33-41. [PMID: 20471113 PMCID: PMC2883677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fundulus heteroclitus (Atlantic killifish) found at the Atlantic Wood Industries Superfund site on the Elizabeth River (ER) in Portsmouth, VA (USA), have been shown to be resistant to the teratogenic effects of creosote-contaminated sediments found at this highly contaminated site. Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found at the ER are known to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and are thought to mediate their toxic effects through this pathway. Activation of the AHR results in the induction of several Phase I and II metabolic enzymes. It has been previously shown that the AHR of killifish from the ER are refractory to induction by AHR agonists. To more fully characterize this altered AHR response, we exposed embryos from the ER and from a reference site on King's Creek, VA (KC) to two PAHs, benzo[alpha]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and to the dioxin-like compound (DLC), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126). We compared their developmental and molecular responses by screening the embryos for CYP1A enzyme activity, cardiac deformities, and mRNA expression of CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and AHR2. Basal gene expression of both CYP1A and CYP1B1 was 40% higher in the KC control embryos compared to those from the ER, while AHR2 and CYP1C1 were not significantly different between the populations. Exposure of KC embryos to BaP, BkF, and PCB126 induced CYP1A activity and cardiac deformities. In contrast, CYP1A activity was induced in ER embryos only in response to BkF exposure, although this induction in ER embryos was significantly lower than that observed in KC fish at comparable concentrations. ER embryos did not develop cardiac deformities in response to any of the chemicals tested. CYP1A, CYP1B1 and CYP1C1 mRNA were all significantly induced in the KC embryos after exposure to BaP, BkF and PCB126. Exposure to BaP and BkF in ER embryos resulted in a significant induction of CYP1A mRNA, albeit significantly lower than observed in KC fish. Interestingly, BaP exposure resulted in induction of CYP1B1 at comparable levels in embryos from both populations. CYP1s were not induced in ER embryos in response to PCB126, nor was CYP1C1 for any treatment examined. Additionally, AHR2 was not significantly induced for any of the treatment groups. This study further characterizes the AHR response in killifish, and provides greater insight into the adapted ER phenotype. The ER adaptation involves the suppression of normal AHR-inducible gene expression for all three CYP1 genes, and therefore is likely an alteration in AHR signaling or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P. Wills
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Cole W. Matson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Chelsea D. Landon
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Richard T. Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Corresponding Author: Richard T. Di Giulio Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Box 90328 Durham, NC 27708-0328 (919) 613-8024
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Jönsson ME, Gao K, Olsson JA, Goldstone JV, Brandt I. Induction patterns of new CYP1 genes in environmentally exposed rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 98:311-21. [PMID: 20371123 PMCID: PMC2892734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) gene family comprises four subfamilies in fish: CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP1C, and CYP1D. Only two CYP1 genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A3, are so far known in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The present study aimed to identify other CYP1 subfamily genes in rainbow trout, to establish methods for quantitative mRNA expression analysis of these genes, and to determine their basal and induced mRNA expression in gills and liver. Another goal was to examine their mRNA expression in environmentally exposed fish. We cloned four new transcripts, denoted rbCYP1B1, rbCYP1C1, rbCYP1C2, and rbCYP1C3. Levels of these and the previously known rbCYP1A transcripts were determined by real-time PCR in unexposed fish, fish exposed to the potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), and fish caged in various waters in the Uppsala region (Sweden). The mRNA expression patterns observed in unexposed rainbow trout (basal levels) were markedly similar to those reported for orthologous genes in other species. All six transcripts were induced by PCB126 in gills and liver, suggesting all genes to be AhR regulated. The caged fish showed clear rbCYP1 induction in gills at all monitoring sites (up to 70-fold the basal level), whereas the liver responses were weak; induction (up to 5-fold) was recorded only at the Uppsala municipal sewage treatment plant outlet. Gill filament EROD activity was induced at all caging sites. Most interestingly, the rbCYP1 gene response patterns in gills differed among caging sites and among subfamilies. The EROD induction seemed to only reflect induction of rbCYP1A transcription. Response patterns of multiple CYP1 genes in gills and liver could provide an improved monitoring strategy. Such patterns could be used to characterize complex mixtures of AhR agonists and antagonists in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Arellano-Aguilar O, Montoya RM, Garcia CM. Endogenous Functions and Expression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Teleost Fish: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260903243487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Zanette J, Jenny MJ, Goldstone JV, Woodin BR, Watka LA, Bainy ACD, Stegeman JJ. New cytochrome P450 1B1, 1C2 and 1D1 genes in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus: Basal expression and response of five killifish CYP1s to the AHR agonist PCB126. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 93:234-43. [PMID: 19515436 PMCID: PMC2761021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the complement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes is essential to understanding detoxification and bioactivation mechanisms for organic contaminants. We cloned three new CYP1 genes, CYP1B1, CYP1C2 and CYP1D1, from the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus, an important model in environmental toxicology. Expression of the new CYP1s along with previously known CYP1A and CYP1C1 was measured by qPCR in eight different organs. Organ distribution was similar for the two CYP1Cs, but otherwise patterns and extent of expression differed among the genes. The AHR agonist 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (31 pmol/g fish) induced expression of CYP1A and CYP1B1 in all organs examined, while CYP1C1 was induced in all organs except testis. The largest changes in response to PCB126 were induction of CYP1A in testis (approximately 700-fold) and induction of CYP1C1 in liver (approximately 500-fold). CYP1B1 in liver and gut, CYP1A in brain and CYP1C1 in gill also were induced strongly by PCB126 (> 100-fold). CYP1C1 expression levels were higher than CYP1C2 in almost all tissues and CYP1C2 was much less responsive to PCB126. In contrast to the other genes, CYP1D1 was not induced by PCB126 in any of the organs. The organ-specific response of CYP1s to PCB126 implies differential involvement in effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in different organs. The suite of inducible CYP1s could enhance the use of F. heteroclitus in assessing aquatic contamination by AHR agonists. Determining basal and induced levels of protein and the substrate specificity for all five CYP1s will be necessary to better understand their roles in chemical effects and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Zanette
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Jenny
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Jared V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Bruce R. Woodin
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Lauren A. Watka
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth MA
| | - Afonso C. D. Bainy
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
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Wills LP, Zhu S, Willett KL, Di Giulio RT. Effect of CYP1A inhibition on the biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene in two populations of Fundulus heteroclitus with different exposure histories. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 92:195-201. [PMID: 19269699 PMCID: PMC2668722 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a Superfund site on the Elizabeth River (ER) in Portsmouth, VA, is teratogenic to embryonic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from reference sites. However, embryos born to a population of ER killifish are resistant to PAH-induced teratogenicity. Mechanisms underlying the resistance are unclear; however, ER killifish are refractory to induction of metabolic enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), at the level of mRNA, protein and activity. The contaminated ER sediment comprises a complex mixture of PAHs with different mechanisms of toxicity. While many are inducers of metabolic enzymes involved in both phase I and phase II of biotransformation, some PAHs can also inhibit phase I enzymatic activity. Previous research has shown that co-exposure to PAHs with different modes of action can result in synergistic embryotoxicity (Billiard, S.M., Meyer, J.N.D., Wassenberg, M., Hodson, P.V., Di Giulio, R.T., 2008. Nonadditive effects of PAHs on early vertebrate development: mechanisms and implications for risk assessment. Toxicological Sciences 105, 5-23). Two of the abundant PAHs at the ER are fluoranthene (FL), a CYP1A inhibitor, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a CYP1A inducer. Based on the ER resistant phenotype and the PAH mixture in the ER sediment, we hypothesized that the inhibition of CYP1A activity affects the teratogenicity of PAHs through a biotransformation-mediated mechanism. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the responses of killifish embryos born to parents from the ER and from a reference site (King's Creek (KC), VA) after a water-borne exposure to BaP (0-400 microg/L) in the presence or absence of FL (0-500 microg/L). Embryos were dosed from 24 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) and were analyzed for induction of CYP1 enzymatic activity as measured by the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, cardiac deformities, and BaP metabolic profile. KC embryos showed significant induction of CYP1 protein activity at all BaP concentrations examined. Co-exposure to 500 microg/L of FL significantly decreased CYP1 activity and increased cardiac deformities. ER embryos showed no change in CYP1 activity or cardiac deformities for any treatment. Significantly greater concentrations of BaP and BaP 9,10-dihydrodiol were recovered from ER embryos compared to those from KC. Co-exposure with FL did not significantly alter the amount of BaP or the metabolites recovered in either population. These findings suggest that the teratogenicity observed by co-exposure to BaP and FL cannot fully be explained by alteration in BaP metabolism. This study also indicates that the metabolic adaptation observed in the ER killifish cannot be explained simply by the refractory CYP1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P. Wills
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Shiqian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Kristine L. Willett
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Richard T. Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Corresponding Author: Richard T. Di Giulio, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708-0328, (919) 613-8024,
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Dong W, Wang L, Thornton C, Scheffler BE, Willett KL. Benzo(a)pyrene decreases brain and ovarian aromatase mRNA expression in Fundulus heteroclitus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 88:289-300. [PMID: 18571745 PMCID: PMC2530897 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The higher molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are typically associated with genotoxicity, however, newer evidence suggests that these compounds may also act as endocrine system disruptors. We hypothesized that altered expression of the P450 enzyme aromatase genes could be a target for reproductive or developmental dysfunction caused by BaP exposure. Aromatase is at least partially responsible for estrogen homeostasis by converting androgens into estrogens. In fish, there are two isoforms of aromatase, a predominantly ovarian form, CYP19A1, and a brain form, CYP19A2. CYP19 mRNA expression was measured following BaP exposure (0, 10, 100 microg/L waterborne for 10 or 15 days) in Fundulus adults, juveniles and embryos by in situ hybridization. The CYP19A1 expression was significantly decreased after BaP exposure in the 3-month-old Fundulus immature oocytes, but BaP did not affect CYP19A1 expression at any stage in adult oocytes. In embryo brains, BaP significantly decreased CYP19A2 compared to controls by 3.6-fold at 14 days post-fertilization. In adults, CYP19A2 expression was decreased significantly in the pituitary and hypothalamus (81% and 85% of controls, respectively). Promoter regions of Fundulus CYP19s were cloned, and putative response elements in the CYP19A1 and CYP19A2 promoters such as CRE, AhR and ERE may be involved in BaP-mediated changes in CYP19 expression. In order to compare the mechanism of BaP-mediated inhibition with that of a known aromatase inhibitor, fish were also exposed to fadrozole (20 and 100 microg/L). Fadrozole did not significantly decrease the mRNA expression in embryos or adult Fundulus. However, aromatase enzyme activity was significantly decreased in adult ovary and brain tissues. These studies provide a greater molecular understanding of the mechanisms of action of BaP and its potential to impact reproduction or development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 38677
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 38677
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 38677
| | - Brian E. Scheffler
- USDA-ARS-CGRU MSA Genomics Laboratory, 141 Experiment Station Rd., Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Kristine L. Willett
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 38677
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, Box 1848, University, MS 38677. PH: 662-915-6691. FX: 662-915-5148. E-mail:
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Uno T, Okamoto S, Masuda S, Imaishi H, Nakamura M, Kanamaru K, Yamagata H, El-Kady MAH, Kaminishi Y, Itakura T. Bioconversion by functional P450 1A9 and P450 1C1 of Anguilla japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:278-85. [PMID: 18243059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
We indicated that two P450s (1A9 and 1C1) from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) metabolized 7-ethoxycoumarin, 7-ethoxyresorufin, and flavanone. At first, we constructed expression vectors for two types of P450 (1A9 and 1C1). The reduced CO-difference spectra of Escherichia coli cells transformed with these plasmids showed Soret peaks (450 nm) that were typical of P450s. We performed bioconversion experiments in which substrates were added directly to incubation medium. The resulting metabolite(s) were extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrofluorometer. Incubation of 50 nmol 7-ethoxyresorufin with P450 1C1 yielded 0.773 nmol of deethylated product, whereas 50 nmol 7-ethoxycoumarin resulted in 4.76 nmol. P450 1A9 metabolized 50 nmol of 7-ethoxyresorufin and 7-ethoxycoumarin to yield 6.54 and 20.9 nmol of deethylated product, respectively. Incubation of 50 nmol flavanone with P450 1C1 yielded 1.46 nmol and 0.69 nmol of products, whereas 50 nmol flavanone with P450 1A9 resulted in 1.10 nmol. In this system, 4'-hydroxy flavanones were formed by P450 1A9 and P450 1C1. P450 1A9 also metabolized 50 nmol of 17 beta-estradiol to yield 4.25 nmol of product. In this system, 2-hydroxy estradiol was formed by P450 1A9 using 17 beta-estradiol as a substrate. This study is the first to identify the substrates that P450 1C1 and 1A9 metabolize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Zhu S, Li L, Thornton C, Carvalho P, Avery BA, Willett KL. Simultaneous determination of benzo[a]pyrene and eight of its metabolites in Fundulus heteroclitus bile using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:141-9. [PMID: 18255360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and fast method was developed to quantitate the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and eight of its oxidized metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupling with mass spectrometry (MS). The UPLC method, using an acetonitrile:water gradient as a mobile phase, provided baseline separation of the BaP metabolites including three BaP diones. Linearity of detection was in the range of 0.2-5.0ng/microL, and limits of detection (LOD) were lower than 0.01ng/microL for BaP and all of the metabolites except BaP tetrol. In order to test this method in environmentally relevant samples, we exposed the small fish Fundulus heteroclitus to BaP and quantitated biliary BaP metabolites. Extraction recovery of all compounds varied from 65.4+/-21.3% to 92.4+/-3.0%. In exposed fish bile, the BaP diones, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, and 3-hydroxy BaP metabolites predominated, existing mainly as glucuronic acid conjugates. This UPLC-MS method will be useful for further defining the roles of cytochrome P450s with both in vivo and in vitro models in the understanding of the mechanisms of metabolic activation and detoxification of BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Dong W, Willett KL. Local expression of CYP19A1 and CYP19A2 in developing and adult killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:307-17. [PMID: 17582409 PMCID: PMC2254941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
P450 aromatase (CYP19) is the terminal enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway and catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Fundulus heteroclitus like other teleosts, express two CYP19 genes, CYP19A1 and CYP19A2. The expression of CYP19s in Fundulus was measured by in situ hybridization throughout development. In 90 dpf (day post-fertilization) fish and adult fish, CYP19A1 was expressed in the ooplasm of early stage I oocytes (primary growth stage). Expression of CYP19A1 was localized in the follicle cell layer of late stage I (previtellogenic stage) and stage II (vitellogenic stage) follicles, but by stage III (early maturational follicles) CYP19A1 expression was localized in the vitelline envelope. Overall, CYP19A1 oocyte membrane expression gradually declined from highest expression at late stage I to nondetectable levels by stage IV. Highest expression of CYP19A2 was detected in the brain including the hypothalamus from 4, 6, 8, 10, 14 dpf embryos, 90 dpf fry fish and adult fish brain. In females compared to males, there was higher CYP19A2 expression in olfactory bulb. In addition to the brain, there was strong CYP19A2 signal in adrenal/kidney cells in 6-14 dpf embryos. This work establishes the localization and constitutive expression of CYP19s in Fundulus which can then be compared with potential disruption of CYP19A1 and CYP19A2 expression and physiological consequences caused by environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA
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Timme-Laragy AR, Cockman CJ, Matson CW, Di Giulio RT. Synergistic induction of AHR regulated genes in developmental toxicity from co-exposure to two model PAHs in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 85:241-50. [PMID: 17964672 PMCID: PMC2139898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants created by the incomplete combustion of carbon, and are increasing in the environment largely due to the burning of fossil fuels. PAHs occur as complex mixtures, and some combinations have been shown to cause synergistic developmental toxicity in fish embryos, characterized by pericardial edema and craniofacial malformations. Previous studies have indicated that in the zebrafish model, this toxicity is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2), and enhanced by inhibition of CYP1A activity. In this study, we further examined this interaction of the model PAH and AHR agonist beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) with and without the AHR partial agonist/antagonist and CYP1A inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) to determine (1) whether ANF was acting as an AHR antagonist, (2) what alterations BNF and ANF both alone and in combination had on mRNA expression of the AHR regulated genes cytochrome P450 (cyp) 1a, 1 b 1, and 1 c 1, and the AHR repressor (ahrr2) prior to versus during deformity onset, and (3) compare CYP1A enzyme activity with mRNA induction. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 24-48 or 24-96 hpf to BNF, 1-100 microg/L, ANF, 1-150 microg/L, a BNF+ANF co-exposure (1 microg/L+100 microg/L), or a DMSO solvent control. RNA was extracted and examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Both BNF and ANF each individually resulted in a dose dependent increase CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and AHRR2 mRNA, confirming their activities as AHR agonists. In the BNF+ANF co-exposures prior to deformity onset, expression of these genes was synergistic, and expression levels of the AHR regulated genes resembled the higher doses of BNF alone. Gene induction during deformities was also significantly increased in the co-exposure, but to a lesser magnitude than prior to deformity onset. EROD measurements of CYP1A activity showed ANF inhibited activity induction by BNF in the co-exposure group; this finding is not predicted by mRNA expression, which is synergistically induced in this treatment. This suggests that inhibition of CYP1A activity may alter metabolism and/or increase the half-life of the AHR agonist(s), allowing for increased AHR activation. This study furthers a mechanistic understanding of interactions underlying PAH synergistic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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