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Kandalgaonkar MR, Kumar V, Vijay‐Kumar M. Digestive dynamics: Unveiling interplay between the gut microbiota and the liver in macronutrient metabolism and hepatic metabolic health. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16114. [PMID: 38886098 PMCID: PMC11182692 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the liver is the largest metabolic organ in the body, it is not alone in functionality and is assisted by "an organ inside an organ," the gut microbiota. This review attempts to shed light on the partnership between the liver and the gut microbiota in the metabolism of macronutrients (i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids). All nutrients absorbed by the small intestines are delivered to the liver for further metabolism. Undigested food that enters the colon is metabolized further by the gut microbiota that produces secondary metabolites, which are absorbed into portal circulation and reach the liver. These microbiota-derived metabolites and co-metabolites include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and trimethylamine N-oxide. Further, the liver produces several compounds, such as bile acids that can alter the gut microbial composition, which can in turn influence liver health. This review focuses on the metabolism of these microbiota metabolites and their influence on host physiology. Furthermore, the review briefly delineates the effect of the portosystemic shunt on the gut microbiota-liver axis, and current understanding of the treatments to target the gut microbiota-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmayee R. Kandalgaonkar
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
| | - Virender Kumar
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
| | - Matam Vijay‐Kumar
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOhioUSA
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2
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Taylor R, Yang Z, Henry Z, Capece G, Meadows V, Otersen K, Basaly V, Bhattacharya A, Mera S, Zhou P, Joseph L, Yang I, Brinker A, Buckley B, Kong B, Guo GL. Characterization of individual bile acids in vivo utilizing a novel low bile acid mouse model. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:316-331. [PMID: 38526215 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are signaling molecules synthesized in the liver initially by CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 in the classical and alternative pathways, respectively. BAs are essential for cholesterol clearance, intestinal absorption of lipids, and endogenous modulators of farnesoid x receptor (FXR). FXR is critical in maintaining BA homeostasis and gut-liver crosstalk. Complex reactions in vivo and the lack of suitable animal models impede our understanding of the functions of individual BAs. In this study, we characterized the in vivo effects of three-day feeding of cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) at physiological/non-hepatotoxic concentrations in a novel low-BA mouse model (Cyp7a1-/-/Cyp27a1-/-, DKO). Liver injury, BA levels and composition and BA signaling by the FXR-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) axis were determined. Overall, higher basal inflammation and altered lipid metabolism in DKO mice might be associated with low BAs. CA, DCA, and UDCA feeding activated FXR signals with tissue specificity. Dietary CA and DCA similarly altered tissue BA profiles to be less hydrophobic, while UDCA promoted a more hydrophobic tissue BA pool with the profiles shifted toward non-12α-OH BAs and secondary BAs. However, UDCA did not offer any overt protective effects as expected. These findings allow us to determine the precise effects of individual BAs in vivo on BA-FXR signaling and overall BA homeostasis in liver physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulaiha Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Zhenning Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Zakiyah Henry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Gina Capece
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Katherine Otersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Veronia Basaly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Anisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Stephanie Mera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Laurie Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Ill Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey 07017, USA
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3
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Wahlström A, Brumbaugh A, Sjöland W, Olsson L, Wu H, Henricsson M, Lundqvist A, Makki K, Hazen SL, Bergström G, Marschall HU, Fischbach MA, Bäckhed F. Production of deoxycholic acid by low-abundant microbial species is associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4276. [PMID: 38769296 PMCID: PMC11106306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gut microbiota composition are suggested to contribute to cardiometabolic diseases, in part by producing bioactive molecules. Some of the metabolites are produced by very low abundant bacterial taxa, which largely have been neglected due to limits of detection. However, the concentration of microbially produced metabolites from these taxa can still reach high levels and have substantial impact on host physiology. To explore this concept, we focused on the generation of secondary bile acids by 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria and demonstrated that addition of a very low abundant bacteria to a community can change the metabolic output dramatically. We show that Clostridium scindens converts cholic acid into the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA) very efficiently even though the abundance of C. scindens is low, but still detectable by digital droplet PCR. We also show that colonization of germ-free female mice with a community containing C. scindens induces DCA production and affects host metabolism. Finally, we show that DCA correlates with impaired glucose metabolism and a worsened lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes, which implies that this metabolic pathway may contribute to the development of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wahlström
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ariel Brumbaugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilhelm Sjöland
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Olsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan Microbiome Center, and Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Lundqvist
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kassem Makki
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Göran Bergström
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Mireault M, Rose CF, Karvellas CJ, Sleno L. Perturbations in human bile acid profiles following drug-induced liver injury investigated using semitargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9731. [PMID: 38469943 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in North America. To investigate the effect of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) on circulating bile acid (BA) profiles, serum from ALF patients and healthy controls were analyzed using a semitargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry approach to measure BAs in their unconjugated and amidated forms and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. METHODS Human serum samples from 20 healthy volunteers and 34 ALF patients were combined with deuterated BAs and extracted, prior to liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A mix of 46 standards helped assign 26 BAs in human serum by accurate mass and retention time matching. Moreover, other isomers of unconjugated and amidated BAs, as well as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, were assigned by accurate mass filtering. In vitro incubations of standard BAs provided increased information for certain peaks of interest. RESULTS A total of 275 BA metabolites, with confirmed or putative assignments, were measured in human serum samples. APAP overdose significantly influenced the levels of most BAs, promoting glycine conjugation, and, to a lesser extent, taurine conjugation. When patient outcome was considered, 11 BAs were altered significantly, including multiple sulfated species. Although many of the BAs measured did not have exact structures assigned, several putatively identified BAs of interest were further characterized using in vitro incubations. CONCLUSION An optimized chromatographic separation tailored to BAs of ranging polarities was combined with accurate mass measurements to investigate the effect that DILI has on their complex profiles and metabolism to a much wider extent than previously possible. The analysis of complex BA profiles enabled in-depth analysis of the BA metabolism perturbations in ALF, including certain metabolites related to patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mireault
- Department of Chemistry/CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Lab, CRCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Constantine J Karvellas
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Department of Chemistry/CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Huang W, Qian Y, Lin J, Wang F, Kong X, Tan W. Baicalein alleviates intrahepatic cholestasis by regulating bile acid metabolism via an FXR-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 705:149670. [PMID: 38442444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cholestasis is characterized by impaired bile secretion and flow, leading to the accumulation of toxic bile acids in the liver, further causing inflammatory reaction, fibrosis, and ultimately liver transplantation. Although first-line clinical agents such as Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Obeticholic acid (OCA) are available, serious side effects still exist. Therefore, pharmacologic treatment of cholestatic liver disease remains challenging. Here, we used a murine model of cholestasis treated with or without intraperitoneal injection of baicalein and found that baicalein could attenuate 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet-induced inflammatory response, ductular reaction, liver fibrosis, and bile acid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of baicalein was hampered in the presence of Guggulsterone (GS), an Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist. These results indicated that baicalein alleviated DDC diet-induced cholestatic liver injury in an FXR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Huang
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Qian
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weifeng Tan
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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García-Sáez J, Figueroa-Fuentes M, González-Corralejo C, Roncero C, Lazcanoiturburu N, Gutiérrez-Uzquiza Á, Vaquero J, González-Sánchez E, Bhutia K, Calero-Pérez S, Maina F, Traba J, Valverde ÁM, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Uncovering a Novel Functional Interaction Between Adult Hepatic Progenitor Cells, Inflammation and EGFR Signaling During Bile Acids-Induced Injury. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2339-2355. [PMID: 38725853 PMCID: PMC11077361 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.90645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic damage is associated to both accumulation of cytotoxic levels of bile acids and expansion of adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) as part of the ductular reaction contributing to the regenerative response. Here, we report a bile acid-specific cytotoxic response in mouse HPC, which is partially impaired by EGF signaling. Additionally, we show that EGF synergizes with bile acids to trigger inflammatory signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HPC. Aiming at understanding the impact of this HPC specific response on the liver microenvironment we run a proteomic analysis of HPC secretome. Data show an enrichment in immune and TGF-β regulators, ECM components and remodeling proteins in HPC secretome. Consistently, HPC-derived conditioned medium promotes hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and macrophage M1-like polarization. Strikingly, EGF and bile acids co-treatment leads to profound changes in the secretome composition, illustrated by an abolishment of HSC activating effect and by promoting macrophage M2-like polarization. Collectively, we provide new specific mechanisms behind HPC regulatory action during cholestatic liver injury, with an active role in cellular interactome and inflammatory response regulation. Moreover, findings prove a key contribution for EGFR signaling jointly with bile acids in HPC-mediated actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Sáez
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Figueroa-Fuentes
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Corralejo
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vaquero
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester González-Sánchez
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kunzangla Bhutia
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Calero-Pérez
- Biomedical Research Institute Sols-Morreale, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC-UAM); Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERdem-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Traba
- Dept. for Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Biomedical Research Institute Sols-Morreale, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC-UAM); Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERdem-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Dai S, Wu R, Fu K, Li Y, Yao C, Liu Y, Zhang F, Zhang S, Guo Y, Yao Y, Li Y. Exploring the effect and mechanism of cucurbitacin B on cholestatic liver injury based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117584. [PMID: 38104874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is a pathologic process with the impairment of liver and bile secretion and excretion, resulting in an excessive accumulation of bile acids within the liver, which leads to damage to both bile ducts and hepatocytes. This process is often accompanied by inflammation. Cucumis melo L is a folk traditional herb for the treatment of cholestasis. Cucurbitacin B (CuB), an important active ingredient in Cucumis melo L, has significant anti-inflamamatory effects and plays an important role in diseases such as neuroinflammation, skin inflammation, and chronic hepatitis. Though numerous studies have confirmed the significant therapeutic effect of CuB on liver diseases, the impact of CuB on CLI remains uncertain. Consequently, the objective of this investigation is to elucidate the therapeutic properties and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CuB on CLI. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this paper was to investigate the potential protective mechanism of CuB against CLI. METHODS First, the corresponding targets of CuB were obtained through the SwissTargetPrediction and SuperPre online platforms. Second, the DisGeNET database, GeneCards database, and OMIM database were utilized to screen therapeutic targets for CLI. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) was determined using the STRING 11.5 data platform. Next, the OmicShare platform was employed for the purpose of visualizing the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. The molecular docking technique was then utilized to evaluate the binding affinity existing between potential targets and CuB. Subsequently, the impacts of CuB on the LO2 cell injury model induced by Lithocholic acid (LCA) and the CLI model induced by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) were determined by evaluating inflammation in both in vivo and in vitro settings. The potential molecular mechanism was explored by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot (WB) techniques. RESULTS A total of 122 CuB targets were collected and high affinity targets were identified through the PPI network, namely TLR4, STAT3, HIF1A, and NFKB1. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that the treatment of CLI with CuB chiefly involved the inflammatory pathway. In vitro study results showed that CuB alleviated LCA-induced LO2 cell damage. Meanwhile, CuB reduced elevated AST and ALT levels and the release of inflammatory factors in LO2 cells induced by LCA. In vivo study results showed that CuB could alleviate DDC-induced pathological changes in mouse liver, inhibit the activity of serum transaminase, and suppress the liver and systemic inflammatory reaction of mice. Mechanically, CuB downregulated the IL-6, STAT3, and HIF-1α expression and inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION By combining network pharmacology with in vivo and in vitro experiments, the results of this study suggested that CuB prevented the inflammatory response by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway, thereby demonstrating potential protective and therapeutic effects on CLI. These results establish a scientific foundation for the exploration and utilization of natural medicines for CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chenghao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yiling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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8
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Calton CM, Carothers K, Ramamurthy S, Jagadish N, Phanindra B, Garcia A, Viswanathan VK, Halpern MD. Clostridium scindens exacerbates experimental necrotizing enterocolitis via upregulation of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G25-G37. [PMID: 37933481 PMCID: PMC11208032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00102.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in premature infants. Evidence indicates that bile acid homeostasis is disrupted during NEC: ileal bile acid levels are elevated in animals with experimental NEC, as is expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt). In addition, bile acids, which are synthesized in the liver, are extensively modified by the gut microbiome, including via the conversion of primary bile acids to more cytotoxic secondary forms. We hypothesized that the addition of bile acid-modifying bacteria would increase susceptibility to NEC in a neonatal rat model of the disease. The secondary bile acid-producing species Clostridium scindens exacerbated both incidence and severity of NEC. C. scindens upregulated the bile acid transporter Asbt and increased levels of intraenterocyte bile acids. Treatment with C. scindens also altered bile acid profiles and increased hydrophobicity of the ileal intracellular bile acid pool. The ability of C. scindens to enhance NEC requires bile acids, as pharmacological sequestration of ileal bile acids protects animals from developing disease. These findings indicate that bile acid-modifying bacteria can contribute to NEC pathology and provide additional evidence for the role of bile acids in the pathophysiology of experimental NEC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening gastrointestinal emergency in premature infants, is characterized by dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis. We demonstrate that administering the secondary bile acid-producing bacterium Clostridium scindens enhances NEC in a neonatal rat model of the disease. C. scindens-enhanced NEC is dependent on bile acids and driven by upregulation of the ileal bile acid transporter Asbt. This is the first report of bile acid-modifying bacteria exacerbating experimental NEC pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Calton
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Shylaja Ramamurthy
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Neha Jagadish
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Bhumika Phanindra
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Anett Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - V K Viswanathan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Melissa D Halpern
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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9
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Zhou L, Lu G, Nie Y, Ren Y, Shi JS, Xue Y, Xu ZH, Geng Y. Restricted intake of sulfur-containing amino acids reversed the hepatic injury induced by excess Desulfovibrio through gut-liver axis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2370634. [PMID: 38935546 PMCID: PMC11212577 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2370634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet is a key player in gut-liver axis. However, the effect of different dietary patterns on gut microbiota and liver functions remains unclear. Here, we used rodent standard chow and purified diet to mimic two common human dietary patterns: grain and plant-based diet and refined-food-based diet, respectively and explored their impacts on gut microbiota and liver. Gut microbiota experienced a great shift with notable increase in Desulfovibrio, gut bile acid (BA) levels elevated significantly, and liver inflammation was observed in mice fed with the purified diet. Liver inflammation and elevated gut BA levels also occurred in mice fed with the chow diet after receiving Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 29,577 (DSV). Restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) prevented liver injury mainly through higher hepatic antioxidant and detoxifying ability and reversed the elevated BA levels due to excess Desulfovibrio. Ex vivo fermentation of human fecal microbiota with primary BAs demonstrated that DSV enhanced production of secondary BAs. Higher concentration of both primary and secondary BAs were found in the gut of germ-free mice after receiving DSV. In conclusion, Restriction of SAAs in diet may become an effective dietary intervention to prevent liver injury associated with excess Desulfovibrio in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gexue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yawen Nie
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuzheng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Foster T, Ionescu CM, Jones M, Wagle SR, Kovacevic B, Lim P, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Poly-L-lysine as a crosslinker in bile acid and alginate nanoaggregates for gene delivery in auditory cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1247-1260. [PMID: 37665059 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hearing loss is a condition that may affect a wide array of patients from various backgrounds. There are no cures for sensorineural hearing loss. Gene therapy is one possible method of improving hearing status; however, gene delivery remains challenging. Materials & methods: Polymer nanoaggregates of alginate and poly-L-lysine were prepared with and without bile acid. The nanoaggregates had physical properties, cytotoxicity, gene release and gene expression analyzed. Results & discussion: The nanoparticles produced had appropriate size and charge, low cytotoxicity between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml and linear gene release but poor transfection efficiency. Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of polymer nanotechnology with bile acids for inner ear gene delivery; optimization is required to improve transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick Lim
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology & Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Doranga S, Conway T. OmpC-Dependent Bile Tolerance Contributes to E. coli Colonization of the Mammalian Intestine. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0524122. [PMID: 37014216 PMCID: PMC10269588 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05241-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli persistently colonizes the mammalian intestine by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Previously, we found when streptomycin-treated mice were fed E. coli MG1655, the intestine selected for envZ missense mutants that outcompeted the wild type. The better-colonizing envZ mutants had a higher level of OmpC and reduced OmpF. This suggested the EnvZ/OmpR two-component system and outer membrane proteins play a role in colonization. In this study, we show that wild-type E. coli MG1655 outcompetes an envZ-ompR knockout mutant. Moreover, ompA and ompC knockout mutants are outcompeted by the wild type, while an ompF knockout mutant colonizes better than the wild type. Outer membrane protein gels show the ompF mutant overproduces OmpC. An ompC mutant is more sensitive to bile salts than the wild type and ompF mutant. The ompC mutant initiates colonization slowly because it is sensitive to physiological concentrations of bile salts in the intestine. Overexpression of ompC under the control of a constitutive promoter confers a colonization advantage only when ompF is deleted. These results indicate that fine-tuning of OmpC and OmpF levels is needed to maximize competitive fitness in the intestine. RNA sequencing reveals the EnvZ/OmpR two-component system is active in the intestine: ompC is upregulated and ompF is downregulated. While other factors could also contribute to the advantage provided by OmpC, we provide evidence that OmpC is important for E. coli to colonize the intestine because its smaller pore size excludes bile salts or other unknown toxic substances, while OmpF is deleterious because its larger pore size allows bile salts or other unknown toxic substances to enter the periplasm. IMPORTANCE Every mammalian intestine is colonized with Escherichia coli. Although E. coli is one of the most studied model organisms, how it colonizes the intestine is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the role of the EnvZ/OmpR two-component system and outer membrane proteins in colonization of the mouse intestine by E. coli. We report that an ompC mutant is a poor colonizer, while an ompF mutant, which overproduces OmpC, outcompetes the wild type. OmpF has a larger pore size that allows toxic bile salts or other toxic compounds into the cell and is deleterious for colonization of the intestine. OmpC has a smaller pore size and excludes bile salts. Our findings provide insights into why E. coli fine-tunes the levels of OmpC and OmpF during colonization via the EnvZ/OmpR two-component system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Doranga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tyrrell Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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12
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Pokhrel S, Dilts M, Stahl Z, Boehme S, Frame G, Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Tgr5-/- mice are protected from ethanol-induced metabolic alterations through enhanced leptin and Fgf21 signaling. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0138. [PMID: 37185802 PMCID: PMC10145946 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is caused by chronic use of alcohol and ranges from hepatic steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Bile acids are physiological detergents that also regulate hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis by binding to several receptors. One such receptor, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), may represent a therapeutic target for ALD. Here, we used a chronic 10-day + binge ethanol-feeding model in mice to study the role of TGR5 in alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS Female C57BL/6J wild-type mice and Tgr5-/- mice were pair-fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with ethanol (5% v/v) or isocaloric control diet for 10 days followed by a gavage of 5% ethanol or isocaloric maltose control, respectively, to represent a binge-drinking episode. Tissues were harvested 9 hours following the binge, and metabolic phenotypes were characterized through examination of liver, adipose, and brain mechanistic pathways. RESULTS Tgr5-/- mice were protected from alcohol-induced accumulation of hepatic triglycerides. Interestingly, liver and serum levels of Fgf21 were significantly increased during ethanol feeding in Tgr5-/- mice, as was phosphorylation of Stat3. Parallel to Fgf21 levels, increased leptin gene expression in white adipose tissue and increased leptin receptor in liver were detected in Tgr5-/- mice fed ethanol diet. Adipocyte lipase gene expression was significantly increased in Tgr5-/- mice regardless of diet, whereas adipose browning markers were also increased in ethanol-fed Tgr5-/- mice, indicating potential for enhanced white adipose metabolism. Lastly, hypothalamic mRNA targets of leptin, involved in the regulation of food intake, were significantly increased in Tgr5-/- mice fed ethanol diet. CONCLUSIONS Tgr5-/- mice are protected from ethanol-induced liver damage and lipid accumulation. Alterations in lipid uptake and Fgf21 signaling, and enhanced metabolic activity of white adipose tissue, may mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Pokhrel
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Dilts
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Stahl
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabrielle Frame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John Y.L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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13
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Hoff J, Xiong L, Kammann T, Neugebauer S, Micheel JM, Gaßler N, Bauer M, Press AT. RIPK3 promoter hypermethylation in hepatocytes protects from bile acid-induced inflammation and necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:275. [PMID: 37072399 PMCID: PMC10113265 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis facilitates cell death in a controlled manner and is employed by many cell types following injury. It plays a significant role in various liver diseases, albeit the cell-type-specific regulation of necroptosis in the liver and especially hepatocytes, has not yet been conceptualized. We demonstrate that DNA methylation suppresses RIPK3 expression in human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. In diseases leading to cholestasis, the RIPK3 expression is induced in mice and humans in a cell-type-specific manner. Overexpression of RIPK3 in HepG2 cells leads to RIPK3 activation by phosphorylation and cell death, further modulated by different bile acids. Additionally, bile acids and RIPK3 activation further facilitate JNK phosphorylation, IL-8 expression, and its release. This suggests that hepatocytes suppress RIPK3 expression to protect themselves from necroptosis and cytokine release induced by bile acid and RIPK3. In chronic liver diseases associated with cholestasis, induction of RIPK3 expression may be an early event signaling danger and repair through releasing IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Ling Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Tobias Kammann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Julia M Micheel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Adrian T Press
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07747, Germany.
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14
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Jiang M, Li F, Liu Y, Gu Z, Zhang L, Lee J, He L, Vatsalya V, Zhang HG, Deng Z, Zhang X, Chen SY, Guo GL, Barve S, McClain CJ, Feng W. Probiotic-derived nanoparticles inhibit ALD through intestinal miR194 suppression and subsequent FXR activation. Hepatology 2023; 77:1164-1180. [PMID: 35689610 PMCID: PMC9741667 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). We aimed to investigate whether alcohol-induced dysbiosis increased intestinal microRNA194 (miR194) that suppressed Fxr transcription and whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (LDNPs) protected against ALD through regulation of intestinal miR194-FXR signaling in mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Binge-on-chronic alcohol exposure mouse model was utilized. In addition to the decreased ligand-mediated FXR activation, alcohol feeding repressed intestinal Fxr transcription and increased miR194 expression. This transcriptional suppression of Fxr by miR194 was confirmed in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and mouse enteriods. The alcohol feeding-reduced intestinal FXR activation was further demonstrated by the reduced FXR reporter activity in fecal samples and by the decreased fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15) messenger RNA (mRNA) in intestine and protein levels in the serum, which caused an increased hepatic bile acid synthesis and lipogeneses. We further demonstrated that alcohol feeding increased-miR194 expression was mediated by taurine-upregulated gene 1 (Tug1) through gut microbiota regulation of taurine metabolism. Importantly, 3-day oral administration of LDNPs increased bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-harboring bacteria that decreased conjugated bile acids and increased gut taurine concentration, which upregulated Tug1, leading to a suppression of intestinal miR194 expression and recovery of FXR activation. Activated FXR upregulated FGF15 signaling and subsequently reduced hepatic bile acid synthesis and lipogenesis and attenuated ALD. These protective effects of LDNPs were eliminated in intestinal FxrΔIEC and Fgf15-/- mice. We further showed that miR194 was upregulated, whereas BSH activity and taurine levels were decreased in fecal samples of patients with ALD. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that gut microbiota-mediated miR194 regulation contributes to ALD pathogenesis and to the protective effects of LDNPs through modulating intestinal FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zelin Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Liqing He
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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15
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Kastrinou Lampou V, Poller B, Huth F, Fischer A, Kullak-Ublick GA, Arand M, Schadt HS, Camenisch G. Novel insights into bile acid detoxification via CYP, UGT and SULT enzymes. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105533. [PMID: 36473578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis is a complex and precisely regulated process to prevent impaired BA flow and the development of cholestasis. Several reactions, namely hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation are involved in BA detoxification. In the present study, we employed a comprehensive approach to identify the key enzymes involved in BA metabolism using human recombinant enzymes, human liver microsomes (HLM) and human liver cytosol (HLC). We showed that CYP3A4 was a crucial step for the metabolism of several BAs and their taurine and glycine conjugated forms and quantitatively described their metabolites. Glucuronidation and sulfation were also identified as important drivers of the BA detoxification process in humans. Moreover, lithocholic acid (LCA), the most hydrophobic BA with the highest toxicity potential, was a substrate for all investigated processes, demonstrating the importance of hepatic metabolism for its clearance. Collectively, this study identified CYP3A4, UGT1A3, UGT2B7 and SULT2A1 as the major contributing (metabolic) processes in the BA detoxification network. Inhibition of these enzymes by drug candidates is therefore considered as a critical mechanism in the manifestation of drug-induced cholestasis in humans and should be addressed during the pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasia Kastrinou Lampou
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birk Poller
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Huth
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Fischer
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko S Schadt
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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16
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Verzijl CRC, van de Peppel IP, Eilers RE, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, Koehorst M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Havinga R, Jalving M, Struik D, Jonker JW. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2 signaling disrupts bile acid metabolism through loss of Shp and enhanced Cyp7a1 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114270. [PMID: 36680812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS-MAPK signaling pathway is one of the most frequently dysregulated pathways in human cancer. Small molecule inhibitors directed against this pathway have clinical activity in patients with various cancer types and can improve patient outcomes. However, the use of these drugs is associated with adverse effects, which can result in dose reduction or treatment interruption. A better molecular understanding of on-target, off-tumor effects may improve toxicity management. In the present study, we aimed to identify early initiating biological changes in the liver upon pharmacological inhibition of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. To this end, we tested the effect of MEK inhibitor PD0325901 using mice and human hepatocyte cell lines. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either vehicle or PD0325901 for six days, followed by transcriptome analysis of the liver and phenotypic characterization. Pharmacological MEK inhibition altered the expression of 423 genes, of which 78 were upregulated and 345 were downregulated. We identified Shp, a transcriptional repressor, and Cyp7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme in converting cholesterol to bile acids, as the top differentially expressed genes. PD0325901 treatment also affected other genes involved in bile acid regulation, which was associated with changes in the composition of plasma bile acids and composition and total levels of fecal bile acids and elevated predictive biomarkers of early liver toxicity. In conclusion, short-term pharmacological MEK inhibition results in profound changes in bile acid metabolism, which may explain some of the clinical adverse effects of pharmacological inhibition of the RAS-MAPK pathway, including gastrointestinal complications and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roos E Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Yoon JH, Do JS, Velankanni P, Lee CG, Kwon HK. Gut Microbial Metabolites on Host Immune Responses in Health and Disease. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e6. [PMID: 36911800 PMCID: PMC9995988 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microorganisms interact with various immune cells and are involved in gut homeostasis and immune regulation. Although many studies have discussed the roles of the microorganisms themselves, interest in the effector function of their metabolites is increasing. The metabolic processes of these molecules provide important clues to the existence and function of gut microbes. The interrelationship between metabolites and T lymphocytes in particular plays a significant role in adaptive immune functions. Our current review focuses on 3 groups of metabolites: short-chain fatty acids, bile acids metabolites, and polyamines. We collated the findings of several studies on the transformation and production of these metabolites by gut microbes and explained their immunological roles. Specifically, we summarized the reports on changes in mucosal immune homeostasis represented by the Tregs and Th17 cells balance. The relationship between specific metabolites and diseases was also analyzed through latest studies. Thus, this review highlights microbial metabolites as the hidden treasure having potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets through a comprehensive understanding of the gut-immune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwi Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Soo Do
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Priyanka Velankanni
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
| | - Choong-Gu Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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18
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Roh YJ, Kim Y, Lee JS, Oh JH, Lee SM, Yoon EL, Lee SR, Jun DW. Regulation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Attenuated Lipotoxicity but Increased Bile Acid Toxicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111682. [PMID: 36362837 PMCID: PMC9699296 DOI: 10.3390/life12111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is a key master transcriptional factor for hepatic fat and bile acid metabolic pathways. We aimed to investigate the role of HNF4α in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The role of HNF4α was evaluated in free fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced bile acid toxicity. Furthermore, the role of HNF4α was evaluated in a methionine choline deficiency (MCD)-diet-induced NAFLD model. The overexpression of HNF4α reduced intracellular lipid contents and attenuated palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity. However, the protective effects of HNF4α were reversed when CDCA was used in a co-treatment with PA. HNF4α knockdown recovered cell death from bile acid toxicity. The inhibition of HNF4α decreased intrahepatic inflammation and the NAFLD activity score in the MCD model. Hepatic HNF4α inhibition can attenuate bile acid toxicity and be more effective as a therapeutic strategy in NAFLD patients; however, it is necessary to study the optimal timing of HNF4α inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yun Kim
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Jae Sun Lee
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Oh
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Eileen Laurel Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sung Ryol Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.L.); (D.W.J.)
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.L.); (D.W.J.)
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19
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Li JY, Gillilland M, Lee AA, Wu X, Zhou SY, Owyang C. Secondary bile acids mediate high-fat diet-induced upregulation of R-spondin 3 and intestinal epithelial proliferation. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e148309. [PMID: 36099053 PMCID: PMC9675439 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to the increased incidence of colorectal cancer, but the mechanisms are unclear. We found that R-spondin 3 (Rspo3), a ligand for leucine-rich, repeat-containing GPCR 4 and 5 (LGR4 and LGR5), was the main subtype of R-spondins and was produced by myofibroblasts beneath the crypts in the intestine. HFD upregulated colonic Rspo3, LGR4, LGR5, and β-catenin gene expression in specific pathogen-free rodents, but not in germ-free mice, and the upregulations were prevented by the bile acid (BA) binder cholestyramine or antibiotic treatment, indicating mediation by both BA and gut microbiota. Cholestyramine or antibiotic treatments prevented HFD-induced enrichment of members of the Lachnospiraceae and Rumincoccaceae, which can transform primary BA into secondary BA. Oral administration of deoxycholic acid (DCA), or inoculation of a combination of the BA deconjugator Lactobacillus plantarum and 7α-dehydroxylase-containing Clostridium scindens with an HFD to germ-free mice increased serum DCA and colonic Rspo3 mRNA levels, indicating that formation of secondary BA by gut microbiota is responsible for HFD-induced upregulation of Rspo3. In primary myofibroblasts, DCA increased Rspo3 mRNA via TGR5. Finally, we showed that cholestyramine or conditional deletion of Rspo3 prevented HFD- or DCA-induced intestinal proliferation. We conclude that secondary BA is responsible for HFD-induced upregulation of Rspo3, which, in turn, mediates HFD-induced intestinal epithelial proliferation.
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20
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Dietary Cholic Acid Exacerbates Liver Fibrosis in NASH Model of Sprague–Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169268. [PMID: 36012527 PMCID: PMC9409005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, we established a novel rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced fibrosis induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet containing cholic acid (CA), which is known to cause hepatotoxicity. The present study aimed to elucidate the direct impact of dietary CA on the progression of NASH induced by feeding the HFC diet. Methods: Nine-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive a normal, HFC, or CA-supplemented (0.1%, 0.5% or 2.0%, w/w) HFC diet for 9 weeks. Results: Histopathological assessment revealed that the supplementation of CA dose-dependently aggravated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, reaching stage 4 cirrhosis in the 2.0% CA diet group. In contrast, the rats that were fed the HFC diet without any added CA developed mild steatosis and inflammation without fibrosis. The hepatic cholesterol content and mRNA expression involved in inflammatory response and fibrogenesis was higher in a CA dose-dependent manner. The hepatic chenodeoxycholic acid levels were higher in 2.0% CA diet group than in the control, although hepatic levels of total bile acid and CA did not increase dose-dependently with CA intake. Conclusion: Adding CA to the HFC diet altered bile acid metabolism and inflammatory response and triggered the development of fibrosis in the rat liver.
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21
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Role of bile acids and their receptors in gastrointestinal and hepatic pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:432-450. [PMID: 35165436 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) can regulate their own metabolism and transport as well as other key aspects of metabolic homeostasis via dedicated (nuclear and G protein-coupled) receptors. Disrupted BA transport and homeostasis results in the development of cholestatic disorders and contributes to a wide range of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, impaired BA homeostasis can also affect the intestine, contributing to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal and oesophageal cancer. Here, we provide a summary of the role of BAs and their disrupted homeostasis in the development of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders and present novel insights on how targeting BA pathways might contribute to novel treatment strategies for these disorders.
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22
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Karsten REH, Krijnen NJW, Maho W, Permentier H, Verpoorte E, Olinga P. Mouse precision-cut liver slices as an ex vivo model to study drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2523-2543. [PMID: 35708773 PMCID: PMC9325861 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are often withdrawn from the market due to the manifestation of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC), defined as obstruction of hepatic bile flow due to medication, is one form of DILI. Because DILI is idiosyncratic, and the resulting cholestasis complex, there is no suitable in vitro model for early DIC detection during drug development. Our goal was to develop a mouse precision-cut liver slice (mPCLS) model to study DIC and to assess cholestasis development using conventional molecular biology and analytical chemistry methods. Cholestasis was induced in mPCLS through a 48-h-incubation with three drugs known to induce cholestasis in humans, namely chlorpromazine (15, 20, and 30 µM), cyclosporin A (1, 3, and 6 µM) or glibenclamide (25, 50, and 65 µM). A bile-acid mixture (16 µM) that is physiologically representative of the human bile-acid pool was added to the incubation medium with drug, and results were compared to incubations with no added bile acids. Treatment of PCLS with cholestatic drugs increased the intracellular bile-acid concentration of deoxycholic acid and modulated bile-transporter genes. Chlorpromazine led to the most pronounced cholestasis in 48 h, observed as increased toxicity; decreased protein and gene expression of the bile salt export pump; increased gene expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4; and accumulation of intracellular bile acids. Moreover, chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis exhibited some transition into fibrosis, evidenced by increased gene expression of collagen 1A1 and heatshock protein 47. In conclusion, we demonstrate that mPCLS can be used to study human DIC onset and progression in a 48 h period. We thus propose this model is suited for other similar studies of human DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E H Karsten
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J W Krijnen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Maho
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Permentier
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Duan Z, Yang T, Li L, Wang X, Wei C, Xia Z, Chai Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Comparison of bile acids profiles in the enterohepatic circulation system of mice and rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 220:106100. [PMID: 35341917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) were selected as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prevention of multiple liver diseases, and they were also considered as an important signal transductor via "liver-gut" axis. As important factors for maintaining the normal function and tissue morphology, BA homeostasis throughout the enterohepatic circulation system was guaranteed by BA synthases and transporters, nuclear receptors (NRs) and gut microbiota, all of which presented significant species differences. Thus, we simultaneously quantify BA profiles in the enterohepatic circulation of SD rats and C57BL/6 mice to reveal the species differences of BA homeostasis between these two main rodents of preclinical studies. Our results showed that BA profiles of mice plasma, bile and liver were most dissimilar from these of rats. Meanwhile, BAs profiles also presented obvious species differences in the intestine of mice and rats, especially small intestine. Unlike rats, taurine-conjugated bile acids (T-BAs) were predominant in mice small intestine content and tissue, in which taurocholic acid (TCA) was the most prominent BAs. BAs dynamic analysis showed that compared with rats, mice showed stranger taurine and glycine de-conjugations in lager intestine. However, both the ratios of unconjugated bile acids (Un-BAs) to conjugated BAs, and secondary BAs to primary BAs in mice small content and tissue were all much lower than these in rats. Furthermore, ileum BAs profiles also showed significantly separation trend between rats and mice, whether content or tissue. Our data revealed that the patterns of BAs homeostasis in mice enterohepatic circulation system were significantly different from these in rats (especially in intestine), suggesting that more cautious should be paid to the selection of BAs as biomarkers for disease diagnosis or/and drug induced toxicity, and the certain role and mechanism of individual BA in the pathological process of BA-related diseases via "liver-gut" axis should be verified by using of multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Duan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xue Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chujing Wei
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ziyin Xia
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chai
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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24
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Durník R, Šindlerová L, Babica P, Jurček O. Bile Acids Transporters of Enterohepatic Circulation for Targeted Drug Delivery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092961. [PMID: 35566302 PMCID: PMC9103499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important steroidal molecules with a rapidly growing span of applications across a variety of fields such as supramolecular chemistry, pharmacy, and biomedicine. This work provides a systematic review on their transport processes within the enterohepatic circulation and related processes. The focus is laid on the description of specific or less-specific BA transport proteins and their localization. Initially, the reader is provided with essential information about BAs′ properties, their systemic flow, metabolism, and functions. Later, the transport processes are described in detail and schematically illustrated, moving step by step from the liver via bile ducts to the gallbladder, small intestine, and colon; this description is accompanied by descriptions of major proteins known to be involved in BA transport. Spillage of BAs into systemic circulation and urine excretion are also discussed. Finally, the review also points out some of the less-studied areas of the enterohepatic circulation, which can be crucial for the development of BA-related drugs, prodrugs, and drug carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Durník
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondřej Jurček
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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25
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Deng Z, Meng C, Huang H, Song S, Fu L, Fu Z. The different effects of psyllium husk and orlistat on weight control, the amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and non-alcohol fatty liver disease in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2022; 13:8829-8849. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a widespread medical problem, for which many drugs have been developed, each with its own limitations. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, functions as a fat absorption blocker and is...
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26
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Inoue T, Funatsu Y, Ohnishi M, Isogawa M, Kawashima K, Tanaka M, Moriya K, Kawaratani H, Momoda R, Iio E, Nakagawa H, Suzuki Y, Matsuura K, Fujiwara K, Nakajima A, Yoshiji H, Nakayama J, Tanaka Y. Bile acid dysmetabolism in the gut-microbiota-liver axis under hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int 2022; 42:124-134. [PMID: 34411400 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We recently analysed and reported the features of the micro biome under hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the effect of HCV infection on bile acid (BA) metabolism in the gut-liver axis remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the gut-liver axis in HCV-infected patients. METHODS The faecal BAs composition and gut microbiota from 100 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients were compared with those from 23 healthy individuals. For transcriptional analysis of the liver, 22 mild CHC (fibrosis stages [F] 0-2) and 42 advanced CHC (F3-4) cases were compared with 12 healthy individuals. The findings were confirmed using chimeric mice with human hepatocytes infected with HCV HCR6. RESULTS Chronic hepatitis C patients, even at earlier disease stages, showed BA profiles distinct from healthy individuals, in which faecal deoxycholic acid (DCA) was significantly reduced and lithocholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid became dominant. The decrease in faecal DCA was correlated with reduction in commensal Clostridiales and increase in oral Lactobacillales. Impaired biosynthesis of cholic acid (CA) was observed as a reduction in the transcription level of cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1), a key enzyme in CA biosynthesis. The reductions in faecal DCA and liver CYP8B1 were also observed in HCV-infected chimeric mice. CONCLUSIONS Chronic hepatitis C alters the intestinal BA profile, in association with the imbalance of BA biosynthesis, which differs from the pattern in NAFLD. These imbalances appear to drive disease progression through the gut-microbiome-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Inoue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yui Funatsu
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keigo Kawashima
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Rie Momoda
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Iio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010426. [PMID: 35008852 PMCID: PMC8745242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease encompasses diseases that have various causes, such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut microbiota dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD through the gut-liver axis. The gut microbiota consists of various microorganisms that play a role in maintaining the homeostasis of the host and release a wide number of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, and hormones, continually shaping the host's immunity and metabolism. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal and vascular barriers is crucial to protect liver cells from exposure to harmful metabolites and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules. Dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability may allow the liver to be exposed to abundant harmful metabolites that promote liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the metabolites and components derived from the gut microbiota and discuss their pathologic effect in the liver alongside recent advances in molecular-based therapeutics and novel mechanistic findings associated with the gut-liver axis in ALD and NAFLD.
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Gallucci GM, Trottier J, Hemme C, Assis DN, Boyer JL, Barbier O, Ghonem NS. Adjunct Fenofibrate Up-regulates Bile Acid Glucuronidation and Improves Treatment Response For Patients With Cholestasis. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:2035-2051. [PMID: 34558841 PMCID: PMC8631103 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids (BAs) during cholestasis can result in liver failure. Glucuronidation, a phase II metabolism pathway responsible for BA detoxification, is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). This study investigates the efficacy of adjunct fenofibrate therapy to up-regulate BA-glucuronidation and reduce serum BA toxicity during cholestasis. Adult patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC, n = 32) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC, n = 23), who experienced an incomplete response while receiving ursodiol monotherapy (13-15 mg/kg/day), defined as serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥ 1.5 times the upper limit of normal, received additional fenofibrate (145-160 mg/day) as standard of care. Serum BA and BA-glucuronide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combination therapy with fenofibrate significantly decreased elevated serum ALP (-76%, P < 0.001), aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, total serum BAs (-54%), and increased serum BA-glucuronides (+2.1-fold, P < 0.01) versus ursodiol monotherapy. The major serum BA-glucuronides that were favorably altered following adjunct fenofibrate include hyodeoxycholic acid-6G (+3.7-fold, P < 0.01), hyocholic acid-6G (+2.6-fold, P < 0.05), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-3G (-36%), and lithocholic acid (LCA)-3G (-42%) versus ursodiol monotherapy. Fenofibrate also up-regulated the expression of uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 messenger RNA in primary human hepatocytes. Pearson's correlation coefficients identified strong associations between serum ALP and metabolic ratios of CDCA-3G (r2 = 0.62, P < 0.0001), deoxycholic acid (DCA)-3G (r2 = 0.48, P < 0.0001), and LCA-3G (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.001), in ursodiol monotherapy versus control. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified serum BA-glucuronides as measures of response to therapy. Conclusion: Fenofibrate favorably alters major serum BA-glucuronides, which correlate with reduced serum ALP levels and improved outcomes. A PPARα-mediated anti-cholestatic mechanism is involved in detoxifying serum BAs in patients with PBC and PSC who have an incomplete response on ursodiol monotherapy and receive adjunct fenofibrate. Serum BA-glucuronides may serve as a noninvasive measure of treatment response in PBC and PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Gallucci
- College of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular PharmacologyEndocrinology and Nephrology AxisCHU de Québec Research CenterLavalQuébecCanada
| | - Christopher Hemme
- College of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
- RI‐INBRE Bioinformatics CoreKingstonRIUSA
| | | | | | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular PharmacologyEndocrinology and Nephrology AxisCHU de Québec Research CenterLavalQuébecCanada
- Faculty of PharmacyLaval UniversityLavalQuébecCanada
| | - Nisanne S. Ghonem
- College of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
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29
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Gillard J, Clerbaux LA, Nachit M, Sempoux C, Staels B, Bindels LB, Tailleux A, Leclercq IA. Bile acids contribute to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2021; 4:100387. [PMID: 34825156 PMCID: PMC8604813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Through FXR and TGR5 signaling, bile acids (BAs) modulate lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Hence, BAs returning to the liver after enteric secretion, modification and reabsorption may contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Herein, we characterized the enterohepatic profile and signaling of BAs in preclinical models of NASH, and explored the consequences of experimental manipulation of BA composition. Methods We used high-fat diet (HFD)-fed foz/foz and high-fructose western diet-fed C57BL/6J mice, and compared them to their respective controls. Mice received a diet supplemented with deoxycholic acid (DCA) to modulate BA composition. Results Compared to controls, mice with NASH had lower concentrations of BAs in their portal blood and bile, while systemic BA concentrations were not significantly altered. Notably, the concentrations of secondary BAs, and especially of DCA, and the ratio of secondary to primary BAs were strikingly lower in bile and portal blood of mice with NASH. Hence, portal blood was poor in FXR and TGR5 ligands, and conferred poor anti-inflammatory protection in mice with NASH. Enhanced primary BAs synthesis and conversion of secondary to primary BAs in NASH livers contributed to the depletion in secondary BAs. Dietary DCA supplementation in HFD-fed foz/foz mice restored the BA concentrations in portal blood, increased TGR5 and FXR signaling, improved the dysmetabolic status, protected from steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning, and reduced macrophage infiltration. Conclusions BA composition in the enterohepatic cycle, but not in systemic circulation, is profoundly altered in preclinical models of NASH, with specific depletion in secondary BAs. Dietary correction of the BA profile protected from NASH, supporting a role for enterohepatic BAs in the pathogenesis of NASH. Lay summary This study clearly demonstrates that the alterations of enterohepatic bile acids significantly contribute to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in relevant preclinical models. Indeed, experimental modulation of bile acid composition restored perturbed FXR and TGR5 signaling and prevented non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and associated metabolic disorders.
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Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent BA transporter
- BA, bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP2A12, bile acid 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP7B1, oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- FABP6, fatty acid binding protein 6
- FGF15, fibroblast growth factor 15
- FGFR4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
- FXR
- FXR, Farnesoid X receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- HFD, high-fat diet
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- ND, normal diet
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- OST, organic solute transporter
- SHP, small heterodimer protein
- TGR5
- TGR5, Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5
- TLCA, tauro-lithocholic acid
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- WDF, western and high-fructose diet
- WT, wild-type
- metabolic syndrome
- αMCA, α-muricholic acid
- βMCA, β-muricholic acid
- ωMCA, ω-muricholic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Gillard
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Nachit
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BILE ACID HOMEOSTASIS. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:425-455. [PMID: 34686523 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have been known for decades to aid in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine. The development of gene knockout mice models and transgenic humanized mouse models have helped us understand other function of bile acids, such as their role in modulating fat, glucose, and energy metabolism, and in the molecular regulation of the synthesis, transport, and homeostasis of bile acids. The G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 regulates the bile acid induced alterations of intermediary metabolism, while the nuclear receptor FXR regulates bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. However, this review indicates that unidentified factors in addition to FXR must exist to aid in the regulation of bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. Significance Statement This review captures the present understanding of bile acid synthesis, the role of bile acid transporters in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the role of the nuclear receptor FXR on the regulation of bile acid synthesis and bile acid transporters, and the importance of bile acids in activating GPCR signaling via TGR5 to modify intermediary metabolism. This information is useful for developing drugs for the treatment of various hepatic and intestinal diseases, as well as the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Univ Washington, United States
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31
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Oteng AB, Higuchi S, Banks AS, Haeusler RA. Cyp2c-deficiency depletes muricholic acids and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity in male mice but promotes liver damage. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101326. [PMID: 34438105 PMCID: PMC8449133 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Murine-specific muricholic acids (MCAs) are reported to protect against obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, the response of mice with genetic depletion of MCA to an obesogenic diet has not been evaluated. We used Cyp2c-deficient (Cyp2c−/−) mice, which lack MCAs and thus have a human-like bile acid (BA) profile, to directly investigate the potential role of MCAs in diet-induced obesity. Methods Male and female Cyp2c−/− mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls were fed a standard chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks. We measured BA composition from a pool of liver, gallbladder, and intestine, as well as weekly body weight, food intake, lean and fat mass, systemic glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, intestinal lipid absorption, fecal lipid, and energy content. Results Cyp2c-deficiency depleted MCAs and caused other changes in BA composition, namely a decrease in the ratio of 12α-hydroxylated (12α-OH) BAs to non-12α-OH BAs, without altering the total BA levels. While WT male mice became obese after HFD feeding, Cyp2c−/− male mice were protected from obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Cyp2c−/− male mice also showed reduced intestinal lipid absorption and increased lipid excretion, which was reversed by oral gavage with the 12α-OH BA and taurocholic acid (TCA). Cyp2c−/− mice also showed increased liver damage, which appeared stronger in females. Conclusions MCA does not protect against diet-induced obesity but may protect against liver injury. Reduced lipid absorption in Cyp2c-deficient male mice is potentially due to a reduced ratio of 12α-OH/non-12α-OH BAs. Presence of MCA does not necessarily protect against diet-induced obesity. Cyp2c deficiency promotes resistance to diet-induced obesity in males. Cyp2c-knockout mice have decreased the ratio of 12α-OH/non-12α-OH BAs that promotes decreased intestinal lipid absorption. Cyp2c-knockout mice have improved glucose homeostasis. Cyp2c-deficiency promotes mild and severe liver injury in male and female mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sei Higuchi
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Castellanos-Jankiewicz A, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Fénelon VS, Zizzari P, Quarta C, Bellocchio L, Tailleux A, Charton J, Fernandois D, Henricsson M, Piveteau C, Simon V, Allard C, Quemener S, Guinot V, Hennuyer N, Perino A, Duveau A, Maitre M, Leste-Lasserre T, Clark S, Dupuy N, Cannich A, Gonzales D, Deprez B, Mithieux G, Dombrowicz D, Bäckhed F, Prevot V, Marsicano G, Staels B, Schoonjans K, Cota D. Hypothalamic bile acid-TGR5 signaling protects from obesity. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1483-1492.e10. [PMID: 33887197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) improve metabolism and exert anti-obesity effects through the activation of the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in peripheral tissues. TGR5 is also found in the brain hypothalamus, but whether hypothalamic BA signaling is implicated in body weight control and obesity pathophysiology remains unknown. Here we show that hypothalamic BA content is reduced in diet-induced obese mice. Central administration of BAs or a specific TGR5 agonist in these animals decreases body weight and fat mass by activating the sympathetic nervous system, thereby promoting negative energy balance. Conversely, genetic downregulation of hypothalamic TGR5 expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus favors the development of obesity and worsens established obesity by blunting sympathetic activity. Lastly, hypothalamic TGR5 signaling is required for the anti-obesity action of dietary BA supplementation. Together, these findings identify hypothalamic TGR5 signaling as a key mediator of a top-down neural mechanism that counteracts diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France; Laboratory of Neuronutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, 61650 Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico; Pós-Graduação em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50732-970 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Valérie S Fénelon
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carmelo Quarta
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Julie Charton
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Daniela Fernandois
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Simon
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Allard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Quemener
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Valentine Guinot
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Hennuyer
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Duveau
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maitre
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Samantha Clark
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Dupuy
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Astrid Cannich
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Gonzales
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- INSERM U1213 Nutrition, Diabetes and the Brain, University of Lyon 1 Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 N Copenhagen, Denmark; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France.
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33
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Streidl T, Karkossa I, Segura Muñoz RR, Eberl C, Zaufel A, Plagge J, Schmaltz R, Schubert K, Basic M, Schneider KM, Afify M, Trautwein C, Tolba R, Stecher B, Doden HL, Ridlon JM, Ecker J, Moustafa T, von Bergen M, Ramer-Tait AE, Clavel T. The gut bacterium Extibacter muris produces secondary bile acids and influences liver physiology in gnotobiotic mice. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33382950 PMCID: PMC7781625 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1854008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extibacter muris is a newly described mouse gut bacterium which metabolizes cholic acid (CA) to deoxycholic acid (DCA) via 7α-dehydroxylation. Although bile acids influence metabolic and inflammatory responses, few in vivo models exist for studying their metabolism and impact on the host. Mice were colonized from birth with the simplified community Oligo-MM12 with or without E. muris. As the metabolism of bile acids is known to affect lipid homeostasis, mice were fed either a low- or high-fat diet for eight weeks before sampling and analyses targeting the gut and liver. Multiple Oligo-MM12 strains were capable of deconjugating primary bile acids in vitro. E. muris produced DCA from CA either as pure compound or in mouse bile. This production was inducible by CA in vitro. Ursodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, and β-muricholic acid were not metabolized under the conditions tested. All gnotobiotic mice were stably colonized with E. muris, which showed higher relative abundances after HF diet feeding. The presence of E. muris had minor, diet-dependent effects on Oligo-MM12 communities. The secondary bile acids DCA and surprisingly LCA and their taurine conjugates were detected exclusively in E. muris-colonized mice. E. muris colonization did not influence body weight, white adipose tissue mass, liver histopathology, hepatic aspartate aminotransferase, or blood levels of cholesterol, insulin, and paralytic peptide (PP). However, proteomics revealed shifts in hepatic pathways involved in amino acid, glucose, lipid, energy, and drug metabolism in E. muris-colonized mice. Liver fatty acid composition was substantially altered by dietary fat but not by E. muris.In summary, E. muris stably colonized the gut of mice harboring a simplified community and produced secondary bile acids, which affected proteomes in the liver. This new gnotobiotic mouse model can now be used to study the pathophysiological role of secondary bile acids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Streidl
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Eberl
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alex Zaufel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Plagge
- Research Group Lipid Metabolism, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mamdouh Afify
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology (Internal Medicine I), University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi L. Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Josef Ecker
- Research Group Lipid Metabolism, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tarek Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Hannover, NE, USA
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
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12α-Hydroxylated bile acid induces hepatic steatosis with dysbiosis in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158811. [PMID: 32896622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to explore the mechanism of the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Steroid metabolism is closely linked to hepatic steatosis and steroids are excreted as bile acids (BAs). Here, we demonstrated that feeding WKAH/HkmSlc inbred rats a diet supplemented with cholic acid (CA) at 0.5 g/kg for 13 weeks induced simple steatosis without obesity. Liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels were increased accompanied by mild elevation of aminotransferase activities. There were no signs of inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, or fibrosis. CA supplementation increased levels of CA and taurocholic acid (TCA) in enterohepatic circulation and deoxycholic acid (DCA) levels in cecum with an increased ratio of 12α-hydroxylated BAs to non-12α-hydroxylated BAs. Analyses of hepatic gene expression revealed no apparent feedback control of BA and cholesterol biosynthesis. CA feeding induced dysbiosis in cecal microbiota with enrichment of DCA producers, which underlines the increased cecal DCA levels. The mechanism of steatosis was increased expression of Srebp1 (positive regulator of liver lipogenesis) through activation of the liver X receptor by increased oxysterols in the CA-fed rats, especially 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βOH) formed by upregulated expression of hepatic Cyp3a2, responsible for 4βOH formation. Multiple regression analyses identified portal TCA and cecal DCA as positive predictors for liver 4βOH levels. The possible mechanisms linking these predictors and upregulated expression of Cyp3a2 are discussed. Overall, our observations highlight the role of 12α-hydroxylated BAs in triggering liver lipogenesis and allow us to explore the mechanisms of hepatic steatosis onset, focusing on cholesterol and BA metabolism.
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IL-13 as Target to Reduce Cholestasis and Dysbiosis in Abcb4 Knockout Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091949. [PMID: 32846954 PMCID: PMC7564366 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Th2 cytokine IL-13 is involved in biliary epithelial injury and liver fibrosis in patients as well as in animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-13 as a therapeutic target during short term and chronic intrahepatic cholestasis in an Abcb4-knockout mouse model (Abcb4-/-). Lack of IL-13 protected Abcb4-/- mice transiently from cholestasis. This decrease in serum bile acids was accompanied by an enhanced excretion of bile acids and a normalization of fecal bile acid composition. In Abcb4-/-/IL-13-/- double knockout mice, bacterial translocation to the liver was significantly reduced and the intestinal microbiome resembled the commensal composition in wild type animals. In addition, 52-week-old Abcb4-/-IL-13-/- mice showed significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis. Abcb4-/- mice devoid of IL-13 transiently improved cholestasis and converted the composition of the gut microbiota towards healthy conditions. This highlights IL-13 as a potential therapeutic target in biliary diseases.
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, drug target for bile acid related diseases and delivery target for prodrugs: Current and future challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107539. [PMID: 32201314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Transcriptomic analysis across liver diseases reveals disease-modulating activation of constitutive androstane receptor in cholestasis. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100140. [PMID: 32875282 PMCID: PMC7452294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver diseases are caused by many factors, such as genetics, nutrition, and viruses. Therefore, it is important to delineate transcriptomic changes that occur in various liver diseases. Methods We performed high-throughput sequencing of mouse livers with diverse types of injuries, including cholestasis, diet-induced steatosis, and partial hepatectomy. Comparative analysis of liver transcriptome from mice and human samples of viral infections (HBV and HCV), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and biliary atresia revealed distinct and overlapping gene profiles associated with liver diseases. We hypothesised that discrete molecular signatures could be utilised to assess therapeutic outcomes. We focused on cholestasis to test and validate the hypothesis using pharmacological approaches. Results Here, we report significant overlap in the expression of inflammatory and proliferation-related genes across liver diseases. However, cholestatic livers were unique and displayed robust induction of genes involved in drug metabolism. Consistently, we found that constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation is crucial for the induction of the drug metabolic gene programme in cholestasis. When challenged, cholestatic mice were protected against zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. These protective effects were diminished upon inhibition of CAR activity. Further, drug metabolic genes were also induced in the livers from a subset of biliary atresia patients, but not in HBV and HCV infections, AH, or NASH. We also found a higher expression of CYP2B6, a CAR target, in the livers of biliary atresia patients, underscoring the clinical importance of our findings. Conclusions Comparative transcriptome analysis of different liver disorders revealed specific induction of phase I and II metabolic genes in cholestasis. Our results demonstrate that CAR activation may lead to variations in drug metabolism and clinical outcomes in biliary atresia. Lay summary Transcriptomic analysis of diverse liver diseases revealed alterations in common and distinct pathways. Specifically, in cholestasis, we found that detoxification genes and their activity are increased. Thus, cholestatic patients may have an unintended consequence on drug metabolism and not only have a beneficial effect against liver toxicity, but also may require adjustments to their therapeutic dosage. Cell cycle, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis are some of the common pathways altered in a variety of liver disorders. Phase I and II metabolic genes are induced in Fxr−/−Shp−/− double knockouts (DKOs) and bile-acid-fed control mice. Activation of xeno-sensor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is observed in cholestasis. Inhibiting CAR activity in DKO mice exacerbates zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. A subset of patients with biliary atresia display increased expression of CAR target protein CYP2B6.
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Key Words
- AH, alcoholic hepatitis
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- Cholestasis
- Cytochrome p450
- DKO, double knockout
- Drug metabolism
- FXRKO, FXR knockout
- Fxr, farnesoid X receptor
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- GSH, glutathione disulphide
- Liver diseases
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Nuclear receptors
- PCN, pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- SHPKO, SHP knockout
- Shp, small heterodimer partner
- Transcriptomics
- WT, wild type
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Feng H, Wu YQ, Xu YS, Wang KX, Qin XM, Lu YF. LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Study of Oleanolic Acid-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:747. [PMID: 32670053 PMCID: PMC7326119 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid, which has the development prospects in anti-tumor therapy is a widely used hepatoprotective drug in China. It has been reported that OA can cause liver toxicity after higher doses or longer-term use. Therefore, the study aims to explore the possible hepatotoxicity mechanism based on liver metabolic profiles. Liver metabolic profiles were obtained from untargeted ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) technique. It was found that altered bile acid, amino acid, and energy metabolism might be at least partly responsible for OA-induced hepatotoxicity. Bile acid metabolism, as the most important pathway, was verified by using UHPLC-TSQ-MS, indicating that conjugated bile acids were the main contributors to OA-induced liver toxicity. Our findings confirmed that increased bile acids were the key element of OA hepatotoxicity, which may open new insights for OA hepatotoxicity in-depth investigations, as well as provide a reference basis for more hepatotoxic drug mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ya-Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhang C, Gan Y, Lv JW, Qin MQ, Hu WR, Liu ZB, Ma L, Song BD, Li J, Jiang WY, Wang JQ, Wang H, Xu DX. The protective effect of obeticholic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced disorder of maternal bile acid metabolism in pregnant mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106442. [PMID: 32248018 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The disorder of bile acid metabolism is a common feature during pregnancy, which leads to adverse birth outcomes and maternal damage effects. However, the cause and therapy about the disorder of bile acid metabolism are still poor. Microbial infection often occurs in pregnant women, which can induce the disorder of bile acid metabolism in adult mice. Here, this study observed the acute effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on maternal bile acid of pregnant mice at gestational day 17 and the protective effect of obeticholic acid (OCA) pretreatment, a potent agonist of bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The results showed LPS significantly increased the level of maternal serum and disordered bile acids components of maternal serum and liver, which were ameliorated by OCA pretreatment with obviously reducing the contents of CA, TCA, DCA, TCDCA, CDCA, GCA and TDCA in maternal serum and DCA, TCA, TDCA, TUDCA, CDCA and TCDCA in maternal liver. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of OCA on LPS-disrupted bile acid metabolism in maternal liver. LPS disrupted maternal bile acid profile by decreasing transport and metabolism with hepatic tight junctions of bile acid in pregnant mice. OCA obviously increased the protein level of nuclear FXR and regulated its target genes involving in the metabolism of bile acid, which was characterized by the lower expression of bile acid synthase CYP7A1, the higher expression of CYP3A and the higher mRNA level of transporter Mdr1a/b. This study provided the evidences that LPS disrupted bile acid metabolism in the late stage of pregnant mice and OCA pretreatment played the protective role on it by activating FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jin-Wei Lv
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Qin
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wei-Rong Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bing-Dong Song
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei-Ying Jiang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jian-Qing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Schumacher JD, Kong B, Wu J, Rizzolo D, Armstrong LE, Chow MD, Goedken M, Lee YH, Guo GL. Direct and Indirect Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 15 and FGF19 on Liver Fibrosis Development. Hepatology 2020; 71:670-685. [PMID: 31206730 PMCID: PMC6918008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) induces fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15; human ortholog FGF19) in the gut to potently inhibit bile acid (BA) synthesis in the liver. FXR activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) reduces liver fibrosis (LF). Fgf15-/- mice develop attenuated LF, but the underlying mechanisms for this protection are unclear. We hypothesized that FGF15/19 functions as a profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs and increased BAs in Fgf15-/- mice leads to enhanced FXR activation in HSCs, subsequently reducing fibrogenesis. In this study, complimentary in vivo and in vitro approaches were used: (1) CCl4 -induced LF model in wild type (WT), Fgf15-/- , and Fgf15 transgenic (TG) mice with BA levels modulated by feeding cholestyramine- or cholic acid-containing diets; (2) analysis of primary HSCs isolated from WT and Fgf15-/- mice; and (3) treatment of a human HSC line, LX-2, with FXR activators and/or recombinant FGF19 protein. The results showed that Fgf15-/- mice had lower basal collagen expression, which was increased by BA sequestration. CCl4 induced fibrosis with similar severity in all genotypes; however, cholestyramine increased fibrosis severity only in Fgf15-/- mice. HSCs from Fgf15-/- mice showed increased FXR activity and reduced expression of profibrotic mediators. In LX-2 cells, FXR activation increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity and reduced proliferation. FGF19 activated both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and reduced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling without increasing fibrogenic gene expression or cell proliferation. Conclusion: FGF15/19 does not act as a direct profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs in our models, and the protection against fibrosis by FGF15 deficiency may be mediated through increased BA activation of FXR in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JD Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - B Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - J Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - D Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - LE Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - MD Chow
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - M Goedken
- Research pathology services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - YH Lee
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - GL Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Environmental and Occupational Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ,Corresponding author: Grace L. Guo, MBBS, PhD, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854; ; phone - 848-445-8186
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Fukui H. Role of Gut Dysbiosis in Liver Diseases: What Have We Learned So Far? Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7040058. [PMID: 31726747 PMCID: PMC6956030 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that gut dysbiosis may relate to various liver diseases. Alcoholics with high intestinal permeability had a decrease in the abundance of Ruminnococcus. Intestinal dysmotility, increased gastric pH, and altered immune responses in addition to environmental and genetic factors are likely to cause alcohol-associated gut microbial changes. Alcohol-induced dysbiosis may be associated with gut barrier dysfunction, as microbiota and their products modulate barrier function by affecting epithelial pro-inflammatory responses and mucosal repair functions. High levels of plasma endotoxin are detected in alcoholics, in moderate fatty liver to advanced cirrhosis. Decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, an anti-inflammatory commensal, stimulating IL-10 secretion and inhibiting IL-12 and interferon-γ expression. Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia were reported to be increased in NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) patients. Increased abundance of fecal Escherichia to elevated blood alcohol levels in these patients and gut microbiota enriched in alcohol-producing bacteria produce more alcohol (alcohol hypothesis). Some undetermined pathological sequences related to gut dysbiosis may facilitate energy-producing and proinflammatory conditions for the progression of NAFLD. A shortage of autochthonous non-pathogenic bacteria and an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria are common findings in cirrhotic patients. The ratio of the amounts of beneficial autochthonous taxa (Lachnospiraceae + Ruminococaceae + Veillonellaceae + Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XIV) to those of potentially pathogenic taxa (Enterobacteriaceae + Bacteroidaceae) was low in those with early death and organ failure. Cirrhotic patients with decreased microbial diversity before liver transplantation were more likely to develop post-transplant infections and cognitive impairment related to residual dysbiosis. Patients with PSC had marked reduction of bacterial diversity. Enterococcus and Lactobacillus were increased in PSC patients (without liver cirrhosis.) Treatment-naive PBC patients were associated with altered composition and function of gut microbiota, as well as a lower level of diversity. As serum anti-gp210 antibody has been considered as an index of disease progression, relatively lower species richness and lower abundance of Faecalibacterium spp. in gp210-positive patients are interesting. The dysbiosis-induced altered bacterial metabolites such as a hepatocarcinogenesis promotor DCA, together with a leaky gut and bacterial translocation. Gut protective Akkermansia and butyrate-producing genera were decreased, while genera producing-lipopolysaccharide were increased in early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
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Abstract
Cholestasis results in blockage of bile flow whether the point of obstruction occurs extrahepatically or intrahepatically. Bile acids are a primary constituent of bile, and thus one of the primary outcomes is acute retention of bile acids in hepatocytes. Bile acids are normally secreted into the biliary tracts and then released into the small bowel before recirculating back to the liver. Retention of bile acids has long been hypothesized to be a primary cause of the associated liver injury that occurs during acute or chronic cholestasis. Despite this, a surge of papers in the last decade have reported a primary role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of cholestatic liver injury. Furthermore, it has increasingly been recognized that both the constituency of individual bile acids that make up the greater pool, as well as their conjugation status, is intimately involved in their toxicity, and this varies between species. Finally, the role of bile acids in drug-induced cholestatic liver injury remains an area of increasing interest. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate current proposed mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury, with a focus on the evolving role of bile acids in cell death and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- †Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Kong JY, Yeon SC, Lee HJ, Kang C, Park JK, Jeong KS, Hong IH. Protective Effects of Nutria Bile against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:6059317. [PMID: 31341496 PMCID: PMC6614960 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6059317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several eradication programs have been developed and executed to curb alien invasive species that tend to damage the ecological environments they colonize; however, only few studies have evaluated the utilization of carcasses of these species after eradication. Nutria (Myocastor coypus) is an invasive rodent species targeted by eradication programs in many countries. We noted that nutria produce large amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in their bile. UDCA is a unique component responsible for the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects exerted by bear bile. Therefore, we sought to examine the medicinal utility of nutria carcasses by investigating the hepatoprotective effect of their bile in mice. C57BL/6 mice were injected with thioacetamide (TAA), which induced liver damage by increasing Kupffer cell infiltration. Administration of nutria bile reduced hepatic inflammation, improved hepatic function, and increased the levels of senescence marker protein 30 (an indicator of hepatocyte viability). Our results show that nutria bile exerts protective effects against TAA-induced liver injury in mice, suggesting that nutria carcasses may be used for the treatment of liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeon Kong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Chan Yeon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkeun Kang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hwa Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Yoshitsugu R, Kikuchi K, Iwaya H, Fujii N, Hori S, Lee DG, Ishizuka S. Alteration of Bile Acid Metabolism by a High-Fat Diet Is Associated with Plasma Transaminase Activities and Glucose Intolerance in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:45-51. [PMID: 30814411 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of a high-fat (HF) diet is known to enhance bile acid (BA) secretion, but precise information about the BA molecular species is lacking, especially information on the conjugated BAs in enterohepatic circulation. As cholesterol is the precursor of BAs, we analyzed alterations of the entire BA metabolic pathway in response to a HF diet without the addition of cholesterol and BA in the diet. Additionally, we evaluated the relationships between BA metabolism and some disorders, such as plasma transaminase activities and glucose intolerance induced by the HF diet. Acclimated WKAH/HkmSlc male rats (3 wk old) were divided into two groups fed a control or the HF diet for 22 wk. Fasting blood glucose was measured during the experimental period, and an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed at week 21. As a result, ingestion of the HF diet selectively increased the concentration of taurocholic acid in the bile and small intestinal contents as well as deoxycholic acid in the large intestinal contents and feces. These results indicated a selective increase of 12α-hydroxylated BA concentrations in response to the HF diet. Moreover, fecal 12α-hydroxylated BA concentration was positively correlated with cumulative energy intake, visceral adipose tissue weight, and glucose intolerance. The present study suggests that fecal 12α-hydroxylated BA is a non-invasive marker that can detect the early phase of glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Yoshitsugu
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Keidai Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Hitoshi Iwaya
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Shota Hori
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Dong Geun Lee
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
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Bansal S, Lau AJ. Inhibition of Human Sulfotransferase 2A1-Catalyzed Sulfonation of Lithocholic Acid, Glycolithocholic Acid, and Taurolithocholic Acid by Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Various Analogs and Metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:389-405. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.256255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wang S, Dong W, Liu L, Xu M, Wang Y, Liu T, Zhang Y, Wang B, Cao H. Interplay between bile acids and the gut microbiota promotes intestinal carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1155-1167. [PMID: 30828892 PMCID: PMC6593857 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota and the bile acid pool play pivotal roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and metabolized in the intestine by the gut microbiota. Gut dysbiosis has been reported to be associated with colorectal cancer. However, the interplay between bile acid metabolism and the gut microbiota during intestinal carcinogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential roles of bile acids and the gut microbiota in the cholic acid (CA; a primary bile acid)‐induced intestinal adenoma‐adenocarcinoma sequence. Apcmin/+ mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal adenomas, were fed a diet supplemented with 0.4% CA for 12 weeks. Mice that were fed a normal diet were regarded as untreated controls. In CA‐treated Apcmin/+ mice, the composition of the gut microbiota was significantly altered, and CA was efficiently transformed into deoxycholic acid (a secondary bile acid) by the bacterial 7α‐dehydroxylation reaction. The intestinal adenoma‐adenocarcinoma sequence was observed in CA‐treated Apcmin/+ mice and was accompanied by an impaired intestinal barrier function and IL‐6/STAT3‐related low‐grade inflammation. More importantly, microbiota depletion using an antibiotic cocktail globally compromised CA‐induced intestinal carcinogenesis, suggesting a leading role for the microbiota during this process. Overall, our data suggested that the crosstalk between bile acids and the gut microbiota mediated intestinal carcinogenesis, which might provide novel therapeutic strategies against intestinal tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxiao Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengque Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Liu J, Lu YF, Wu Q, Xu SF, Shi FG, Klaassen CD. Oleanolic acid reprograms the liver to protect against hepatotoxicants, but is hepatotoxic at high doses. Liver Int 2019; 39:427-439. [PMID: 30079536 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoid that exists widely in fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs. OA is included in some dietary supplements and is used as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in China, India, Asia, the USA and European countries. OA is effective in protecting against various hepatotoxicants, and one of the protective mechanisms is reprogramming the liver to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). OA derivatives, such as CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me, are even more potent Nrf2 activators. OA has recently been shown to also activate the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor (TGR5). However, whereas a low dose of OA is hepatoprotective, higher doses and long-term use of OA can produce liver injury, characterized by cholestasis. This paradoxical hepatotoxic effect occurs not only for OA, but also for other OA-type triterpenoids. Dose and length of time of OA exposure differentiate the ability of OA to produce hepatoprotection vs hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity produced by herbs is increasingly recognized and is of global concern. Given the appealing nature of OA in dietary supplements and its use as an alternative medicine around the world, as well as the development of OA derivatives (CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me) as therapeutics, it is important to understand not only that they program the liver to protect against hepatotoxic chemicals, but also how they produce hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fu-Guo Shi
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
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Abstract
Cholestasis can be induced by obstruction of bile ducts or intrahepatic toxicity of drugs and chemicals. However, the mode of cell death during cholestasis, i.e., apoptosis or necrosis, has been controversial. There are fundamental reasons for the controversies, both of which are discussed here, namely the design of experiments and the use of parameters with limited specificity for a certain mode of cell death. Based on the assumption that cholestatic liver injury is caused by accumulation of bile acids, rodent (mainly rat) hepatocytes have been exposed to hydrophobic, glycine-conjugated bile acids, which resulted in apoptotic cell death. The problems with this experimental design are that in rodents bile acids are predominantly taurine conjugated and rodent hepatocytes are never exposed to these levels of glycine-conjugated bile acids. In contrast, taurine-conjugated bile acids trigger inflammatory gene activation in rodent hepatocytes and a necro-inflammatory injury in vivo. On the other hand, human hepatocytes are more resistant to glycine-conjugated bile acids and die by necrosis when exposed to high biliary levels of these bile acids. In this chapter, we describe multiple assays including the caspase activity assay, which is specific for apoptosis, and the general cell death assays alanine aminotransferase or lactate dehydrogenase activities in cell culture medium or plasma. An increase in these enzyme activities without caspase activity indicates necrotic cell death. Thus, both the experimental design and the selection of cell death parameters are critical for the relevance of the experiments for the human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Lai W, Cao A, Li J, Zhang W, Zhang L. Effect of High Dose of Bile Acids Supplementation in Broiler Feed on Growth Performance, Clinical Blood Metabolites, and Organ Development. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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