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Sturla Irizarry SM, Cathey AL, Rosario Pabón ZY, Vélez Vega CM, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Watkins DJ, Meeker JD. Urinary phenol and paraben concentrations in association with markers of inflammation during pregnancy in Puerto Rico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170889. [PMID: 38360311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to phenols and parabens may contribute to increased maternal inflammation and adverse birth outcomes, but these effects are not well-studied in humans. This study aimed to investigate relationships between concentrations of 8 phenols and 4 parabens with 6 inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP); matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 2, and 9; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)) measured at two time points in pregnancy in the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico. Linear mixed models were used, adjusting for covariates of interest. Results are expressed as the percent change in outcome per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure. Particularly among phenols, numerous significant negative associations were found, for example, between benzophenone-3 and CRP (-11.21 %, 95 % CI: -17.82, -4.07) and triclocarban and MMP2 (-9.87 %, 95 % CI: -14.05, -5.5). However, significant positive associations were also detected, for instance, between bisphenol-A (BPA) and CRP (9.77 %, 95 % CI: 0.67, 19.68) and methyl-paraben and MMP1 (10.78 %, 95 % CI: 2.17, 20.11). Significant interactions with female fetal sex and the later study visit (at 24-28 weeks gestation) showed more positive associations compared to male fetal sex and the earlier study visit (16-20 weeks gestation). Our results suggest that phenols and parabens may disrupt inflammatory processes pertaining to uterine remodeling and endothelial function, with important implications for pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to further understand maternal inflammatory status in an effort to improve reproductive and developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Zaira Y Rosario Pabón
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Carmen M Vélez Vega
- Department of Social Sciences, Doctoral Program in Social Determinants of Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - José F Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Choi YH, Huh DA, Moon KW. Exposure to biocides and its association with atopic dermatitis among children and adolescents: A population-based cross-sectional study in South Korea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115926. [PMID: 38181603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocides have emerged as a contributor to the rising cases of atopic dermatitis among children and adolescents. Previous animal studies suggested that phenols, parabens, and pyrethroid insecticides present in these products might play a role in atopic dermatitis. However, there's limited epidemiological evidence confirming the individual or combined effects of exposure to these chemicals on atopic dermatitis in young populations. This study aimed to investigate the association between phenol, paraben, and pyrethroid metabolite levels in urine and atopic dermatitis among Korean children and adolescents METHODS: We analyzed 556 preschool children (3-5 years), 701 schoolchildren (6-11 years), and 731 adolescents (12-17 years) enrolled in the 4th Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) (2018-2020). We used logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression to evaluate the association between atopic dermatitis and individual or mixed exposure to urinary triclosan (TCS), parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) levels. RESULTS Urinary TCS levels were positively associated with atopic dermatitis in schoolchildren. When stratified by sex, male schoolchildren exhibited an increasing prevalence of atopic dermatitis as their urinary TCS and 3-PBA levels increased. The combined effect of biocide mixtures on atopic dermatitis was also significantly increased in male schoolchildren, with TCS as the main contributor. CONCLUSIONS These study findings suggest that biocides at levels found in Korean children and adolescents affect atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-An Huh
- Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Kyong Whan Moon
- School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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Baur R, Kashon M, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Anderson SE. Exposure to the anti-microbial chemical triclosan disrupts keratinocyte function and skin integrity in a model of reconstructed human epidermis. J Immunotoxicol 2023; 20:1-11. [PMID: 36524471 PMCID: PMC10364087 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2148781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an anti-microbial chemical incorporated into products that are applied to the skin of healthcare workers. Exposure to triclosan has previously been shown to be associated with allergic disease in humans and impact the immune responses in animal models. Additionally, studies have shown that exposure to triclosan dermally activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and disrupts the skin barrier integrity in mice. The skin is the largest organ of the body and plays an important role as a physical barrier and regulator of the immune system. Alterations in the barrier and immune regulatory functions of the skin have been demonstrated to increase the risk of sensitization and development of allergic disease. In this study, the impact of triclosan exposure on the skin barrier and keratinocyte function was investigated using a model of reconstructed human epidermis. The apical surface of reconstructed human epidermis was exposed to triclosan (0.05-0.2%) once for 6, 24, or 48 h or daily for 5 consecutive days. Exposure to triclosan increased epidermal permeability and altered the expression of genes involved in formation of the skin barrier. Additionally, exposure to triclosan altered the expression patterns of several cytokines and growth factors. Together, these results suggest that exposure to triclosan impacts skin barrier integrity and function of human keratinocytes and suggests that these alterations may impact immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lisa M. Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hillary L. Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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4
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Yarsky E, Banzon TM, Phipatanakul W. Effects of Allergen Exposure and Environmental Risk Factors in Schools on Childhood Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:613-620. [PMID: 37651001 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to assess the prevalence of common allergen exposures and environmental risk factors for asthma in schools, examine the underlying mechanisms of these environmental risk factors, and explore possible prevention strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Cockroach, mouse, dust mites, fungi, viral infections, ozone pollution, and cleaning products are common allergen exposures and environmental risk factors in schools which may affect asthma morbidity. Novel modifiable environmental risk factors in schools are also being investigated to identify potential associations with increased asthma morbidity. While several studies have investigated the benefit of environmental remediation strategies in schools and their impact on asthma morbidity, future studies are warranted to further define the effects of modifiable risk factors in schools and determine whether school mitigation strategies may help improve asthma symptoms in students with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Yarsky
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tina M Banzon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Tang N, Wang D, Chen X, Zhang M, Lv W, Wang X. Maternal bisphenol A and triclosan exposure and allergic diseases in childhood: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83389-83403. [PMID: 35764729 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are both endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pregnant women are usually exposed to them through daily consumption. This study aimed to explore the relationship between prenatal BPA and TCS exposure and allergic diseases in childhood by systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched the topic of prenatal BPA and TCS exposure and allergic diseases in childhood published before March 22, 2021, in four databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. Statistical analysis was completed using Stata software (version 16.0). Seven papers on BPA and four papers on TCS were included in this meta-analysis. The association between prenatal exposure to BPA and total allergic diseases in childhood showed a pooled effect estimate of 1.13 (95% CI, 1.04, 1.23), with I2 = 0.0% (P = 0.615). The effect estimates between BPA exposure and each allergic disease were 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02, 1.36) for wheezing, 1.23 (95% CI, 1.01, 1.50) for asthma, 1.03 (95% CI, 0.89, 1.18) for eczema/rashes or hives, and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.56) for aeroallergies. Prenatal exposure to TCS had no association with the four types of allergic disease in childhood. BPA exposure during the prenatal period was positively associated with allergic disease in childhood. Strengthening prenatal EDC exposure control is necessary for child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Healthcare Management Program, School of Business, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Zhang P, Zheng L, Duan Y, Gao Y, Gao H, Mao D, Luo Y. Gut microbiota exaggerates triclosan-induced liver injury via gut-liver axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126707. [PMID: 34315018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial ingredient that has been widely incorporated in consumer products. TCS can cause hepatic damage by disturbing lipid metabolism, which is often accompanied with gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, the effects of gut microbiota on the TCS-induced liver injury are still unknown. Therefore, we constructed a mouse model based on five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to investigate the effects of dietary TCS exposure (40 ppm) on liver injury. We found that TCS treatment for 4 weeks dramatically disturbed gut microbiota homeostasis, resulting in overproduction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and deficiency of secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA). In addition, TCS considerably increased intestinal permeability by reducing mucus excretion and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin and claudin 4), which facilitated translocation of LPS. The LPS accumulation in blood contributed to liver injury by triggering the inflammatory response via TLR4 pathway. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of TCS-associated liver injury induced by gut microbiota via the gut-liver axis, and contributes to better interpretation of the health impact of the environmentally emerging contaminant TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Liyang Zheng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yitao Duan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huihui Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Baur R, Shane HL, Weatherly LM, Lukomska E, Kashon M, Anderson SE. Exposure to the immunomodulatory chemical triclosan differentially impacts immune cell populations in the skin of haired (BALB/c) and hairless (SKH1) mice. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1766-1776. [PMID: 36518425 PMCID: PMC9742971 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers across every occupational sector have the potential to be exposed to a wide variety of chemicals, and the skin is a primary route of exposure. Furthermore, exposure to certain chemicals has been linked to inflammatory and allergic diseases. Thus, understanding the immune responses to chemical exposures on the skin and the potential for inflammation and sensitization is needed to improve worker safety and health. Responses in the skin microenvironment impact the potential for sensitization; these responses may include proinflammatory cytokines, inflammasome activation, barrier integrity, skin microbiota, and the presence of immune cells. Selection of specific mouse strains to evaluate skin effects, such as haired (BALB/c) or hairless (SKH1) mice, varies dependent on experimental design and needs of a study. However, dermal chemical exposure may impact reactions in the skin differently depending on the strain of mouse. Additionally, there is a need for established methods to evaluate immune responses in the skin. In this study, exposure to the immunomodulatory chemical triclosan was evaluated in two mouse models using immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. BALB/c mice exposed to triclosan (2%) had a higher number and frequency of neutrophils and lower number and frequency of dendritic cells in the skin compared to controls. Although these changes were not observed in SKH1 mice, SKH1 mice exposed to triclosan had a higher number and frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the skin. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exposure to an immunomodulatory chemical, triclosan, differentially impacts immune cell populations in the skin of haired and hairless mice. Additionally, the flow cytometry panel reported in this manuscript, in combination with gene expression analysis, may be useful in future studies to better evaluate the effect of chemical exposures on the skin immune response. These findings may be important to consider during strain selection, experimental design, and result interpretation of chemical exposures on the skin.
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8
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Lin MH, Chiu SY, Ho WC, Chi KH, Liu TY, Wang IJ. Effect of triclosan on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases among children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:60-68. [PMID: 33654271 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have assessed associations between allergic diseases and antibacterial agents in Taiwanese children. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association of triclosan (TCS) exposure with allergic diseases among preschoolers, disease-specific IgE titers, and a child's sex. METHODS Pediatric data were obtained from the Childhood Environment and Allergic Diseases Study (CEAS; 2010) cohort, and their urine and blood samples were used to analyze TCS and IgE concentrations (age 3 group). Three years later, clinical data were obtained again from the age 3 group (age 6 group). Correlations of TCS levels at ages 3 and 6 years with IgE levels and allergic diseases were evaluated. RESULTS The TCS levels were higher at age 3 than at age 6 (geometric mean, 1.05 ng/ml vs 0.37 ng/ml). TCS levels were positively correlated with serum IgE levels at ages 3 and 6 years. Asthma and atopic dermatitis were significantly associated with TCS (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.29; OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05-1.41). Sex-stratified analysis revealed that TCS levels were positively correlated with IgE levels among boys in the age 6 group and significantly associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among boys. SIGNIFICANCE TCS exposure is associated with IgE levels and a potentially high risk of pediatric atopic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hua Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No.100, Sec.1, Jingmao Road, Beitun Dist, Taichung, 4046040, Taiwan
- Department of Dietetics, Yunlin Christian Hospital, No.375, Shichang S Road, Xiluo Township, Yunlin, 648102, Taiwan
| | - She-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Township, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, No.100, Sec.1, Jingmao Road, Beitun Dist, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing & Graduate Institute of Nursing, Asia University, No.500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsien Chi
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - I-Jen Wang
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, No.100, Sec.1, Jingmao Road, Beitun Dist, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, 24213, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 350401, Taiwan.
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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9
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Baur R, Gandhi J, Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Hu G, Anderson SE. Dermal exposure to the immunomodulatory antimicrobial chemical triclosan alters the skin barrier integrity and microbiome in mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:223-235. [PMID: 34515797 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical used in healthcare settings that can be absorbed through the skin. Exposure to triclosan has been positively associated with food and aeroallergy and asthma exacerbation in humans and, although not directly sensitizing, has been demonstrated to augment the allergic response in a mouse model of asthma. The skin barrier and microbiome are thought to play important roles in regulating inflammation and allergy and disruptions may contribute to development of allergic disease. To investigate potential connections of the skin barrier and microbiome with immune responses to triclosan, SKH1 mice were exposed dermally to triclosan (0.5-2%) or vehicle for up to 7 consecutive days. Exposure to 2% triclosan for 5-7 days on the skin was shown to increase trans-epidermal water loss levels. Seven days of dermal exposure to triclosan decreased filaggrin 2 and keratin 10 expression, but increased filaggrin and keratin 14 protein along with the danger signal S100a8 and interleukin-4. Dermal exposure to triclosan for 7 days also altered the alpha and beta diversity of the skin and gut microbiome. Specifically, dermal triclosan exposure increased the relative abundance of the Firmicutes family, Lachnospiraceae on the skin but decreased the abundance of Firmicutes family, Ruminococcaceae in the gut. Collectively, these results demonstrate that repeated dermal exposure to the antimicrobial chemical triclosan alters the skin barrier integrity and microbiome in mice, suggesting that these changes may contribute to the increase in allergic immune responses following dermal exposure to triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Jasleen Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Lisa M Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.,WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
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10
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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Friend SA, Lukomska E, Baur R, Anderson SE. Topical Application of the Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:147-161. [PMID: 32321163 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) is an antimicrobial chemical widely used in consumer household and clinical healthcare products. Human and animal studies have associated triclosan exposure with allergic disease. Mechanistic studies have identified triclosan as a mitochondrial uncoupler; recent studies suggest that mitochondria play an important role in immune cell function and are involved in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, early immunological effects were evaluated via NLRP3 activation following dermal triclosan application in a BALB/c murine model. These investigations revealed rapid caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1β secretion in the skin and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) after 1.5% and 3% triclosan exposure. Correspondingly, pro-Il-1b and S100a8 gene expression increased along with extracellular ATP in the skin. Peak gene expression of chemokines associated with caspase-1 activation occurred after 2 days of exposure in both skin tissue and dLNs. Phenotypic analysis showed an increase in neutrophils and macrophages in the dLN and myeloid and inflammatory monocytes in the skin tissue. Triclosan also caused mitochondrial dysfunction shown through effects on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial morphology. These results indicate that following triclosan exposure, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome occurs in both the skin tissue and dLNs, providing a possible mechanism for triclosan's effects on allergic disease and further support a connection between mitochondrial involvements in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherri A Friend
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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11
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Anderson SE, Baur R, Kashon M, Lukomska E, Weatherly L, Shane HL. Potential classification of chemical immunologic response based on gene expression profiles. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 17:122-134. [PMID: 32449871 PMCID: PMC7673648 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2020.1758855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational immune diseases are a serious public health burden and are often a result of exposure to low molecular weight (LMW) chemicals. The complete immunological mechanisms driving these responses are not fully understood which has made the classification of chemical allergens difficult. Antimicrobials are a large group of immunologically-diverse LMW agents. In these studies, mice were dermally exposed to representative antimicrobial chemicals (sensitizers: didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), irritants: benzal-konium chloride (BAC), and adjuvant: triclosan (TCS)) and the mRNA expression of cytokines and cellular mediators was evaluated using real-time qPCR in various tissues over a 7-days period. All antimicrobials caused increases in the mRNA expression of the danger signals Tslp (skin), and S100a8 (skin, blood, lung). Expression of the TH2 cytokine Il4 peaked at different timepoints for the chemicals based on exposure duration. Unique expression profiles were identified for OPA (Il10 in lymph node, Il4 and Il13 in lung) and TCS (Tlr4 in skin). Additionally, all chemicals except OPA induced decreased expression of the cellular adhesion molecule Ecad. Overall, the results from these studies suggest that unique gene expression profiles are implicated following dermal exposure to various antimicrobial agents, warranting the need for additional studies. In order to advance the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies to combat immunological disease, underlying mechanisms of antimicrobial-induced immunomodulation must be fully understood. This understanding will aid in the development of more effective methods to screen for chemical toxicity, and may potentially lead to more effective treatment strategies for those suffering from immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lisa Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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12
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Zhang H, Sanidad KZ, Zhu L, Parsonnet J, Haggerty TD, Zhang G, Cai Z. Frequent occurrence of triclosan hydroxylation in mammals: A combined theoretical and experimental investigation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124803. [PMID: 33338815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widespread antimicrobial agent with many adverse health risks. Its hepatoxicity invariably points to the activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), which regulates cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes that are critical for oxidative metabolism. Here, we provide the theoretical and experimental evidences showing that metabolic activation of TCS frequently occurs through aromatic hydroxylation in mammals. CYP-mediated oxidation was predicted to take place at each aromatic C‒H bond. Molecular docking and in vitro approaches reveal oxidative reaction could be efficiently catalyzed by CAR-regulated CYP2B6 enzyme. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) high-resolution mass spectrometry was utilized to identify and profile TCS oxidative metabolites in paired mouse liver, bile, feces, plasma and urine. We found multiple hydroxylated isomers including the products generated via the NIH shift of chlorine, as well as their subsequent conjugates. These metabolites showed isomer-specific retention in mice. Glucuronide conjugates are more readily excreted than the sulfates. Moreover, for the first time, isomeric hydroxylated metabolites were detected in the urine and stool of human subjects used TCS-contained household and personal care products. Collectively, these findings suggest that hydroxylation is an important, yet often underestimated element that worth considering to fully evaluate the biological fates and health risks of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Katherine Z Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas D Haggerty
- Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077 Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Shane HL, Othumpangat S, Marshall NB, Blachere F, Lukomska E, Weatherly LM, Baur R, Noti JD, Anderson SE. Topical exposure to triclosan inhibits Th1 immune responses and reduces T cells responding to influenza infection in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244436. [PMID: 33373420 PMCID: PMC7771851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers concurrently may be at a higher risk of developing respiratory infections and allergic disease, such as asthma, than the general public. Increased incidence of allergic diseases is thought to be caused, in part, due to occupational exposure to chemicals that induce or augment Th2 immune responses. However, whether exposure to these chemical antimicrobials can influence immune responses to respiratory pathogens is unknown. Here, we use a BALB/c murine model to test if the Th2-promoting antimicrobial chemical triclosan influences immune responses to influenza A virus. Mice were dermally exposed to 2% triclosan for 7 days prior to infection with a sub-lethal dose of mouse adapted PR8 A(H1N1) virus (50 pfu); triclosan exposure continued until 10 days post infection (dpi). Infected mice exposed to triclosan did not show an increase in morbidity or mortality, and viral titers were unchanged. Assessment of T cell responses at 10 dpi showed a decrease in the number of total and activated (CD44hi) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the site of infection (BAL and lung) in triclosan exposed mice compared to controls. Influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were assessed using MHCI and MHCII tetramers, with reduced populations, although not reaching statistical significance at these sites following triclosan exposure. Reductions in the Th1 transcription factor T-bet were seen in both activated and tetramer+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs of triclosan exposed infected mice, indicating reduced Th1 polarization and providing a potential mechanism for numerical reduction in T cells. Overall, these results indicate that the immune environment induced by triclosan exposure has the potential to influence the developing immune response to a respiratory viral infection and may have implications for healthcare workers who may be at an increased risk for developing infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L. Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sreekumar Othumpangat
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Nikki B. Marshall
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Francoise Blachere
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - John D. Noti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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14
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Lehmann DM, Williams WC. Physiological responses to cisplatin using a mouse hypersensitivity model. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:68-78. [PMID: 32188332 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1737762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The physiological mechanisms underlying the development of respiratory hypersensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP) are not well-understood. It has been suggested that these reactions are likely the result of type I hypersensitivity, but other explanations are plausible and the potential for CDDP to induce type I hypersensitivity responses has not been directly evaluated in an animal model. Objectives and Methods: To investigate CDDP hypersensitivity, mice were topically sensitized through application of CDDP before being challenged by oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA) with CDDP. Before and immediately after OPA challenge, pulmonary responses were assessed using whole body plethysmography (WBP). Results: CDDP did not induce an immediate response or alter the respiratory rate in sensitized mice. Two days later, baseline enhanced pause (Penh) values were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in mice challenged with CDDP. When challenged with methacholine (Mch) aerosol, Penh values were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in sensitized mice and respiratory rate was reduced (p < 0.05). Lymph node cell counts and immunoglobulin E levels also indicated successful sensitization to CDDP. Irrespective of the sensitization state of the mice, the number of neutrophils increased significantly in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following CDDP challenge. BALF from sensitized mice also contained 2.46 (±0.8) × 104 eosinophils compared to less than 0.48 (±0.2) × 104 cells in non-sensitized mice (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that dermal exposure to CDDP induces immunological changes consistent with type I hypersensitivity and that a single respiratory challenge is enough to trigger pulmonary responses in dermally sensitized mice. These data provide previously unknown insights into the mechanisms of CDDP hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lehmann
- Center for Public Health & Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), US - Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wanda C Williams
- Center for Public Health & Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), US - Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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Nielsen SCA, Roskin KM, Jackson KJL, Joshi SA, Nejad P, Lee JY, Wagar LE, Pham TD, Hoh RA, Nguyen KD, Tsunemoto HY, Patel SB, Tibshirani R, Ley C, Davis MM, Parsonnet J, Boyd SD. Shaping of infant B cell receptor repertoires by environmental factors and infectious disease. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/481/eaat2004. [PMID: 30814336 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic exposures at epithelial sites in infancy and early childhood are thought to influence the maturation of humoral immunity and modulate the risk of developing immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic disease. How different kinds of environmental exposures influence B cell isotype switching to IgE, IgG, or IgA, and the somatic mutation maturation of these antibody pools, is not fully understood. We sequenced antibody repertoires in longitudinal blood samples in a birth cohort from infancy through the first 3 years of life and found that, whereas IgG and IgA show linear increases in mutational maturation with age, IgM and IgD mutations are more closely tied to pathogen exposure. IgE mutation frequencies are primarily increased in children with impaired skin barrier conditions such as eczema, suggesting that IgE affinity maturation could provide a mechanistic link between epithelial barrier failure and allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Katherine J L Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shilpa A Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Parastu Nejad
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Khoa D Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Sonal B Patel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine Ley
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Huang W, Xie P, Cai Z. Lipid metabolism disorders contribute to hepatotoxicity of triclosan in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121310. [PMID: 31586915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vivo exposure studies focused mainly on nuclear receptors involved in hepatotoxicity of triclosan (TCS). As liver plays a vital role in metabolic processes, dysregulations in lipid metabolism have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. Investigation of changes in lipid metabolism might widen our understanding of toxicological effects as well as the underlying mechanism occurring in the liver. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the effect of TCS exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Our results showed that TCS induced significant changes in hepatic free fatty acid pool by upregulation of fatty acid uptake and de novo fatty acid synthesis. Besides, hepatic levels of lipids, including acyl carnitine (AcCa), ceramide (Cer), triacylglycerols (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were also increased, together with upreguation of genes associated to TG synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and inflammation in TCS exposure group. These changes in lipid homeostasis could contribute to membrane instability, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results suggested that TCS exposure could induce hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in mice, which would further contribute to the liver damage effects of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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17
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Immunotoxicity and allergenic potential induced by topical application of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a murine model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111114. [PMID: 31904477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) once used as a surfactant in the polymerization of chemicals. Because of its ubiquitous nature and long half-life, PFOA is commonly detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans. While skin exposure to PFOA is of concern, studies evaluating the immunotoxicity of dermal exposure are lacking. These studies evaluated the immunotoxicity of PFOA (0.5-2% w/v, or 12.5-50 mg/kg/dose) following dermal exposure using a murine model. PFOA (0.5-2%) was not identified to be an irritant or sensitizer using the local lymph node assay. The IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cell. was significantly reduced in the spleen following 4-days of dermal exposure (2%). PFOA exposure produced a significant decrease in thymus (1 and 2%) and spleen (0.5-2%) weight along with an increase in liver weight (0.5-2%). Immune cell phenotyping identified a reduction in the frequency (1 and 2%) and number (0.5-2%) of splenic B-cells. To further define the mechanism of immunotoxicity, gene expression was also evaluated in the skin. The findings support a potential involvement of the nuclear receptor PPARα. These results demonstrate that dermal exposure to PFOA is immunotoxic and raise concern about potential adverse effects from dermal exposure.
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18
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Jackson-Browne MS, Henderson N, Patti M, Spanier A, Braun JM. The Impact of Early-Life Exposure to Antimicrobials on Asthma and Eczema Risk in Children. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:214-224. [PMID: 31745828 PMCID: PMC6923583 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We examined recent research on associations of prenatal and early-childhood exposure to the antimicrobial compounds, triclosan, and parabens, with the risk of asthma and eczema in children. We will discuss potential biological mechanisms of this association and highlight strengths and limitations of the study design and exposure assessment of current findings. RECENT FINDINGS Results of available toxicological and epidemiologic studies indicate a potential link of triclosan and paraben exposures with asthma and eczema in children, as well as changes in microbiome diversity and immune dysfunction, which could possibly mediate an association with the health outcomes. A small number of studies suggest that triclosan and paraben exposures could be related to the risk of asthma and eczema in children. Although current findings are far from conclusive, there is emerging evidence that changes in microbiome diversity and immune function from antimicrobial exposure may mediate these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina S Jackson-Browne
- Epidemiology Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, 100 Discovery Blvd, 7th floor, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Noelle Henderson
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marisa Patti
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam Spanier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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19
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Anderson SE, Weatherly L, Shane HL. Contribution of antimicrobials to the development of allergic disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:91-95. [PMID: 31185370 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials represent a broad class of chemicals with the intended purpose of eliminating or controlling the growth of harmful microorganisms. Exposure can occur occupationally or through the use or consumption of consumer products. The use of antimicrobial agents has been associated with an increased incidence of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and less commonly, anaphylaxis. Very diverse immunological mechanisms and mediators have been identified in the sensitization response to antimicrobial chemicals and the importance of the local microenviroment in the response is increasingly being recognized. A complete understanding of the mechanisms of allergic diseases resulting from antimicrobial exposure will help to ensure safe environments and exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States.
| | - Lisa Weatherly
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Hillary L Shane
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
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20
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Hirota R, Ohya Y, Yamamoto‐Hanada K, Fukutomi Y, Muto G, Ngatu NR, Nakamura T, Nakamura H. Triclosan-induced alteration of gut microbiome and aggravation of asthmatic airway response in aeroallergen-sensitized mice. Allergy 2019; 74:996-999. [PMID: 30353933 PMCID: PMC6590208 DOI: 10.1111/all.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Hirota
- Graduate School of Health Science Matsumoto University Matsumoto Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Division of General Allergy Allergy Center National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Kiwako Yamamoto‐Hanada
- Division of General Allergy Allergy Center National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuma Fukutomi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology Sagamihara National Hospital Sagamihara Japan
| | - Go Muto
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Juntendo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Nlandu Roger Ngatu
- Department of Public Health School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW) Chiba & Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa Japan
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21
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Shane HL, Long CM, Anderson SE. Novel cutaneous mediators of chemical allergy. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:13-27. [PMID: 30822179 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1515279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical allergy can manifest into allergic contact dermatitis and asthma and the importance of skin sensitization in both of these diseases is increasingly being recognized. Given the unique characteristics of chemical allergy, coupled with the distinct immunological microenvironment of the skin research is still unraveling the mechanisms through which sensitization and elicitation occur. This review first describes the features of chemical sensitization and the known steps that must occur to develop a chemical allergy. Next, the unique immunological properties of the skin - which may influence chemical sensitization - are highlighted. Additionally, mediators involved with the development of allergy are reviewed, starting with early ones - including the properties of haptens, skin integrity, the microbiome, the inflammasome, and toll-like receptors (TLR). Novel cellular mediators of chemical sensitization are highlighted, including innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, T-helper (TH) cell subsets, and skin intrinsic populations including γδ T-cells and resident memory T-cells. Finally, this review discusses two epigenetic mechanisms that can influence chemical sensitization, microRNAs and DNA methylation. Overall, this review highlights recent research investigating novel mediators of chemical allergy that are present in the skin. It also emphasizes the need to further explore these mediators to gain a better understanding of what makes a chemical an allergen, and how best to prevent the development of chemical-induced allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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22
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Aung MT, Ferguson KK, Cantonwine DE, Bakulski KM, Mukherjee B, Loch-Caruso R, McElrath TF, Meeker JD. Associations between maternal plasma measurements of inflammatory markers and urinary levels of phenols and parabens during pregnancy: A repeated measures study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1131-1140. [PMID: 30308801 PMCID: PMC6236678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal immune system regulation is critical for maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and fetal development. Exposure to phenols and parabens is widespread, and may be linked to systemic inflammation and alteration of circulating immunological biomarkers. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize associations between repeated measures of individual urinary phenols, parabens and plasma inflammatory markers across pregnancy. METHODS In the LIFECODES prospective birth cohort, we conducted a nested preterm birth case-control study, including 130 cases and 352 controls. In urine samples collected from each participant at up to four study visits during pregnancy, we measured concentrations of six phenols and four parabens, as well as five plasma inflammatory markers. We used multivariable linear mixed models to analyze repeated measures of exposures on inflammatory markers. We created and applied inverse probability weights to account for the sampling approach. RESULTS We observed bidirectional associations between select phenols and parabens and inflammatory markers. An interquartile range increase in triclosan (55.2 ng/mL) was associated with a 12.5% (95% CI: 3.67, 22.0) increase in C-reactive protein, a 7.95% (95% CI: 1.95, 14.3) increase in interleukin 10, and a 7.93% (95% CI: 3.82, 12,2) increase in tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, an interquartile range increase in 2,5-dichlorophenol (11.0 ng/mL) was associated with a 10% increase in C-reactive protein (95% CI: 1.92, 18.7). Conversely, an interquartile range increase in ethyl paraben (10.4 ng/mL) was associated with a 7.7% decrease in interleukin‑1β (95% CI: -14.1, -0.86). CONCLUSIONS Our findings can be organized into two thematic frameworks, one where concentrations of urinary phenols and parabens during pregnancy reflected a pro-inflammatory relationship with immunological biomarkers, and the other contrary theme - an anti-inflammatory relationship. These findings have implications for fetal development and reproductive outcomes, and emphasize the need for further research on immunological mechanisms of phenol and paraben action during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Aung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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23
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Berger KP, Kogut KR, Bradman A, She J, Gavin Q, Zahedi R, Parra KL, Harley KG. Personal care product use as a predictor of urinary concentrations of certain phthalates, parabens, and phenols in the HERMOSA study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:21-32. [PMID: 29317738 PMCID: PMC6037613 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-017-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Use of personal care products, such as makeup, soaps, and sunscreen, may expose adolescent girls to potential endocrine disruptors, including phthalates, parabens, and other phenols. We evaluated the relationship between recent self-reported personal care product use and concentrations for urinary metabolites of phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) in 100 Latina adolescents. Girls who reported using makeup every day vs. rarely/never had higher urinary concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) (102.2 ng/mL vs. 52.4 ng/mL, P-value: 0.04), methyl paraben (MP) (120.5 ng/mL vs. 13.4 ng/mL, P-value < 0.01), and propyl paraben (PP) (60.4 ng/mL vs. 2.9 ng/mL, P-value < 0.01). Girls who reported recent use of specific makeup products, including foundation, blush, and mascara, had higher urinary concentrations of MEP, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), MP, and PP. Use of Colgate Total toothpaste was associated with 86.7% higher urinary triclosan concentrations. Use of sunscreen was associated with 57.8% higher urinary concentrations of BP-3. Our findings suggest that personal care product use is associated with higher exposure to certain phthalates, parabens, and other phenols in urine. This may be especially relevant in adolescent girls who have high use of personal care products during a period of important reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Berger
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Qi Gavin
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Rana Zahedi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Berger K, Eskenazi B, Balmes J, Holland N, Calafat AM, Harley KG. Associations between prenatal maternal urinary concentrations of personal care product chemical biomarkers and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes in the CHAMACOS study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:538-549. [PMID: 30293015 PMCID: PMC6239199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal care product chemicals may be contributing to risk for asthma and other atopic illnesses. The existing literature is conflicting, and many studies do not control for multiple chemical exposures. METHODS We quantified concentrations of three phthalate metabolites, three parabens, and four other phenols in urine collected twice during pregnancy from 392 women. We measured T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells in their children's blood at ages two, five, and seven, and assessed probable asthma, aeroallergies, eczema, and lung function at age seven. We conducted linear and logistic regressions, controlling for additional biomarkers measured in this population as selected by Bayesian Model Averaging. RESULTS The majority of comparisons showed null associations. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was associated with higher Th2% (RR: 10.40, 95% CI: 3.37, 17.92), and methyl paraben was associated with lower Th1% (RR: -3.35, 95% CI: -6.58, -0.02) and Th2% at borderline significance (RR: -4.45, 95% CI: -8.77, 0.08). Monoethyl phthalate was associated with lower forced expiratory flow from 25 to 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%) (RR: -3.22 L/s, 95% CI: -6.02, -0.34). Propyl paraben (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.99) was associated with decreased odds of probable asthma. CONCLUSIONS While some biomarkers, particularly those from low molecular weight phthalates, were associated with an atopic cytokine profile and poorer lung function, no biomarkers were associated with a corresponding increase in atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Berger
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - John Balmes
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
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Relationship between the Use of Parabens and Allergic Diseases in Japanese Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study. J 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/j1010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It currently remains unclear whether parabens, which are preservatives added to cosmetics, shampoos, and personal care products that exhibit biocidal activities, exert allergic effects in adults. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the use of parabens and the prevalence of allergic diseases in Japanese adults. This population-based cross-sectional study comprised 2005 participants aged 40 years or older living in Shika Town in Japan who answered a self-administered questionnaire on allergic diseases and the daily use of household goods. The information obtained was then analyzed to assess the exposure to parabens (response rate: 77.9%). The prevalence of nasal allergies, atopic conjunctivitis, and total allergies was significantly higher in women who used parabens. These differences remained significant after adjustments for confounding factors including age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, exercise, sleep, income, education, and marital status. No relationship between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the use of parabens was observed in men or women. However, the present results demonstrated that the prevalence of nasal allergies and atopic conjunctivitis was associated with use of parabens in women, suggesting that parabens may induce allergic responses.
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Shane HL, Lukomska E, Stefaniak AB, Anderson SE. Divergent hypersensitivity responses following topical application of the quaternary ammonium compound, didecyldimethylammonium bromide. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 14:204-214. [PMID: 29124973 PMCID: PMC6391722 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1397826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) is a fourth generation dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that is used in numerous products for its antimicrobial properties. While many QACs have been associated with allergic disease, the toxicity and sensitization of DDAB have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the irritancy and sensitization potential of DDAB following dermal application in a murine model. DDAB induced significant irritancy (0.0625-2%), evaluated by ear swelling in female BALB/c mice. Initial evaluation of the sensitization potential was conducted using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations ranging from 0.0625% to 2%. A concentration-dependent increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed with a calculated EC3 value of 0.057%. Immune cell phenotyping along with local and systemic IgE levels were evaluated following 4 and 14 days of dermal application. Phenotypic analyses revealed significant and dose-responsive increases in the absolute number of B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, and dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes (DLNs) following 4 and 14 days of dermal exposure with significant increases in the number of activated B-cells and dendritic cells. However, increased activation of CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cells was only observed following four days of DDAB exposure. Exposure to DDAB also induced increased production of IgE as evaluated by phenotypic analysis of DLN B-cells (IgE+ B-cells) and measurement of total serum IgE levels following 14 days but not four days of dermal application. Significant increases in gene expression were observed in the DLN (Il-4, Il-10, and ox40l) and ear (tslp) following 4 and 14 days of DDAB exposure. These results demonstrate the potential for development of irritation and hypersensitivity responses to DDAB following dermal exposure and raise concerns about the effects of exposure duration on hypersensitivity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- b Respiratory Health Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Nayak AP, Long CM, Hettick JM, Anderson SE. Topical application of the anti-microbial chemical triclosan induces immunomodulatory responses through the S100A8/A9-TLR4 pathway. J Immunotoxicol 2017; 14:50-59. [PMID: 28121465 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1258094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-microbial compound triclosan is incorporated into numerous consumer products and is detectable in the urine of 75% of the general United States population. Recent epidemiological studies report positive associations with urinary triclosan levels and allergic disease. Although not sensitizing, earlier studies previously found that repeated topical application of triclosan augments the allergic response to ovalbumin (OVA) though a thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) pathway in mice. In the present study, early immunological effects following triclosan exposure were further evaluated following topical application in a murine model. These investigations revealed abundant expression of S100A8/A9, which reportedly acts as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), in skin tissues and in infiltrating leukocytes during topical application of 0.75-3.0% triclosan. Expression of Tlr4 along with Tlr1, Tlr2 and Tlr6 increased in skin tissues over time with triclosan exposure; high levels of TLR4 were expressed on skin-infiltrating leukocytes. In vivo antibody blockade of the TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex impaired local inflammatory responses after four days, as evidenced by decreased Il6, Tnfα, S100a8, S100a9, Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr4 and Tlr6 expression in the skin and decreased lymph node cellularity and production of IL-4 and IL-13 by lymph node T-cells. After nine days of triclosan exposure with TLR4/MD-2 blockade, impaired T-helper cell type 2 (TH2) cytokine responses were sustained, but other early effects on skin and lymph node cellularity were lost; this suggested alternative ligands/receptors compensated for the loss of TLR4 signaling. Taken together, these data suggest the S100A8/A9-TLR4 pathway plays an early role in augmenting immunomodulatory responses with triclosan exposure and support a role for the innate immune system in chemical adjuvancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ajay P Nayak
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA.,b Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program , West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Halden RU, Lindeman AE, Aiello AE, Andrews D, Arnold WA, Fair P, Fuoco RE, Geer LA, Johnson PI, Lohmann R, McNeill K, Sacks VP, Schettler T, Weber R, Zoeller RT, Blum A. The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:064501. [PMID: 28632490 PMCID: PMC5644973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as in building materials. Based on extensive peer-reviewed research, this statement concludes that triclosan and triclocarban are environmentally persistent endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in and are toxic to aquatic and other organisms. Evidence of other hazards to humans and ecosystems from triclosan and triclocarban is presented along with recommendations intended to prevent future harm from triclosan, triclocarban, and antimicrobial substances with similar properties and effects. Because antimicrobials can have unintended adverse health and environmental impacts, they should only be used when they provide an evidence-based health benefit. Greater transparency is needed in product formulations, and before an antimicrobial is incorporated into a product, the long-term health and ecological impacts should be evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Fair
- Medical University of South Carolina , Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fuoco
- Health Research Communication Strategies , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura A Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health , Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography , Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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Bolduc C, Sperling LC, Shapiro J. Primary cicatricial alopecia: Other lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecias and neutrophilic and mixed primary cicatricial alopecias. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 75:1101-1117. [PMID: 27846945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary cicatricial alopecias can be frustrating for both patients and physicians. Proper diagnosis guides more successful management of these challenging conditions. Part II will cover the remaining lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecias, which include pseudopelade of Brocq, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans. It will also discuss the neutrophilic and mixed primary cicatricial alopecias, namely folliculitis decalvans, dissecting cellulitis, folliculitis keloidalis, folliculitis (acne) necrotica, and erosive pustular dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bolduc
- Department of Dermatology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Leonard C Sperling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- Department of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, New York
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Sugawara K, Kuramitz H, Shinohara H. Fabrication of micromagnetic beads with molecular recognition/electron-transfer peptides for the sensing of ovalbumin. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 958:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Weatherly LM, Gosse JA. Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:447-469. [PMID: 29182464 PMCID: PMC6126357 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1399306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. TCS is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems, was also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julie A. Gosse
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Li S, Rodriguez MB, Aschner M. Is Triclosan a neurotoxic agent? JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:104-117. [PMID: 28339349 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1281181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent that has been used in many products since 1960s. Given its broad usage as an antiseptic TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Trace levels of TCS continue to be detected in many organisms, and it has been shown to be particularly toxic to aquatic species. The mechanisms underlying TCS-mediated toxicity include hormone dyshomeostasis, induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. Although TCS has been considered to be non-toxic to mammals, the adverse effects of continuous, long-term and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Epidemiological studies revealed that levels of TCS in human tissues, urine, plasma and breast milk correlate with the usage of this antimicrobial. This led to concerns regarding TCS safety and potential toxicity in humans, with special emphasis on early development. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued a directive banning the use of TCS in consumer soaps, justifying the move attributed to data gaps on its effectiveness and safety, indicating the need for more studies addressing this chemical-mediated effects on various tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this review was to (1) summarize the current findings on the neurotoxic effects of TCS and given the paucity of data, to (2) broaden the discussion to other effects of TCS, which might plausibly be related to neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - Shaojun Li
- b Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Guangxi , China
| | - Maliya B Rodriguez
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
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Potera C. An Informatics Approach to Reading the Label: Identifying Common Chemical Mixtures in Personal Care Products. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A149. [PMID: 27479446 PMCID: PMC4977037 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.124-a149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Gabb HA, Blake C. An Informatics Approach to Evaluating Combined Chemical Exposures from Consumer Products: A Case Study of Asthma-Associated Chemicals and Potential Endocrine Disruptors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1155-65. [PMID: 26955064 PMCID: PMC4977060 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous or sequential exposure to multiple environmental stressors can affect chemical toxicity. Cumulative risk assessments consider multiple stressors but it is impractical to test every chemical combination to which people are exposed. New methods are needed to prioritize chemical combinations based on their prevalence and possible health impacts. OBJECTIVES We introduce an informatics approach that uses publicly available data to identify chemicals that co-occur in consumer products, which account for a significant proportion of overall chemical load. METHODS Fifty-five asthma-associated and endocrine disrupting chemicals (target chemicals) were selected. A database of 38,975 distinct consumer products and 32,231 distinct ingredient names was created from online sources, and PubChem and the Unified Medical Language System were used to resolve synonymous ingredient names. Synonymous ingredient names are different names for the same chemical (e.g., vitamin E and tocopherol). RESULTS Nearly one-third of the products (11,688 products, 30%) contained ≥ 1 target chemical and 5,229 products (13%) contained > 1. Of the 55 target chemicals, 31 (56%) appear in ≥ 1 product and 19 (35%) appear under more than one name. The most frequent three-way chemical combination (2-phenoxyethanol, methyl paraben, and ethyl paraben) appears in 1,059 products. Further work is needed to assess combined chemical exposures related to the use of multiple products. CONCLUSIONS The informatics approach increased the number of products considered in a traditional analysis by two orders of magnitude, but missing/incomplete product labels can limit the effectiveness of this approach. Such an approach must resolve synonymy to ensure that chemicals of interest are not missed. Commonly occurring chemical combinations can be used to prioritize cumulative toxicology risk assessments. CITATION Gabb HA, Blake C. 2016. An informatics approach to evaluating combined chemical exposures from consumer products: a case study of asthma-associated chemicals and potential endocrine disruptors. Environ Health Perspect 124:1155-1165; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A. Gabb
- Address correspondence to H.A. Gabb, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 501 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Telephone: (217) 419-2625. E-mail:
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Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Marshall J. Prenatal triclosan exposure and cord blood immune system biomarkers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:454-7. [PMID: 27167448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is widely used as an antimicrobial agent and preservative that has been hypothesized to play a role in asthma and allergic disease. The limited body of literature regarding the allergenicity of triclosan has not evaluated prenatal exposure and subsequent potential effects on the developing immune system. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between prenatal urinary triclosan concentrations and cord blood immune system biomarker concentrations. Umbilical cord blood samples were obtained from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Biobank and were tested for three immune system biomarkers: immunoglobulin E (IgE), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and interleukin-33 (IL-33). Triclosan concentrations were measured in urine at 6-13 weeks gestation. No statistically significant associations were observed between prenatal triclosan concentrations and elevated concentrations of any immune system biomarker (n=1219 participants). Longitudinal studies are necessary to determine how the observed findings at birth translate into childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ashley-Martin
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Linda Dodds
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Jean Marshall
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Tobar S, Tordesillas L, Berin MC. Triclosan promotes epicutaneous sensitization to peanut in mice. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:13. [PMID: 27051518 PMCID: PMC4820960 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is increasing in prevalence due to unknown factors. A growing body of clinical evidence suggests sensitization to peanut occurs through the skin, supported by findings in mouse models. There is a need to identify environmental factors that promote epicutaneous sensitization to peanut. Triclosan is an antimicrobial found in household products that has been associated with food sensitization in humans. We tested the impact of triclosan on epicutaneous sensitization to peanut, as well as the milk allergen α-lactalbumin (ALA). RESULTS We observed that topical triclosan promoted epicutaneous sensitization to both peanut and ALA, and promoted anaphylaxis to peanut. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the mouse model of epicutaneous sensitization to foods is effective for demonstrating the clinically significant impact of environmental factors such as triclosan on food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tobar
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Leticia Tordesillas
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Consumer products are often overlooked as sources of children's exposures to toxic chemicals. Various regulatory bodies have developed lists of chemicals of concern that can be found in products contacted by children. However, this information has not been summarized for health practitioners. This review organizes such chemicals and products into four categories, with the antibacterial agent triclosan used to illustrate the potential risks to children from a common ingredient in consumer products. RECENT FINDINGS Biomonitoring, house dust, indoor air, and product testing document children's exposures to a wide variety of chemicals. An increasing number of epidemiology studies have shown associations between these exposures and health effects in children. Triclosan is an example of a chemical contained in high contact products (e.g., soaps, lotions, and toothpaste) not necessarily designed for children. Triclosan exposure in children has been associated with increased responsiveness to airway allergens, with it also capable of endocrine disruption. However, the utility and necessity of this chemical in consumer products has not been demonstrated in most cases. SUMMARY Triclosan and the other examples provided show that a changing marketplace with little regulatory oversight of chemical uses can lead to unanticipated exposures and potential health risks to children.
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Dinse GE, Jusko TA, Whitt IZ, Co CA, Parks CG, Satoh M, Chan EK, Rose KM, Walker NJ, Birnbaum LS, Zeldin DC, Weinberg CR, Miller FW. Associations Between Selected Xenobiotics and Antinuclear Antibodies in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:426-36. [PMID: 26252071 PMCID: PMC4829978 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential associations between background environmental chemical exposures and autoimmunity are understudied. OBJECTIVES Our exploratory study investigated exposure to individual environmental chemicals and selected mixtures in relation to the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), a widely used biomarker of autoimmunity, in a representative sample of the U.S. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis used data on 4,340 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004), of whom 14% were ANA positive, to explore associations between ANA and concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorines, organophosphates, phenols, metals, and other environmental exposures and metabolites measured in participants' serum, whole blood, or urine. For dioxin-like compounds with toxic equivalency factors, we developed and applied a new statistical approach to study selected mixtures. Lognormal models and censored-data methods produced estimates of chemical associations with ANA in males, nulliparous females, and parous females; these estimates were adjusted for confounders and accommodated concentrations below detectable levels. RESULTS Several associations between chemical concentration and ANA positivity were observed, but only the association in males exposed to triclosan remained statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (mean concentration ratio = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.8, 4.5; p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that background levels of most xenobiotic exposures typical in the U.S. population are not strongly associated with ANA. Future studies should ideally reduce exposure misclassification by including prospective measurement of the chemicals of concern and should track changes in ANA and other autoantibodies over time. CITATION Dinse GE, Jusko TA, Whitt IZ, Co CA, Parks CG, Satoh M, Chan EKL, Rose KM, Walker NJ, Birnbaum LS, Zeldin DC, Weinberg CR, Miller FW. 2016. Associations between selected xenobiotics and antinuclear antibodies in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Environ Health Perspect 124:426-436; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg E. Dinse
- Biostatistics Center, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd A. Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Irene Z. Whitt
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroll A. Co
- Biostatistics Center, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Edward K.L. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Rose
- Biostatistics Center, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Clarice R. Weinberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Long CM, Kashon ML, Sharpnack DD, Nayak AP, Anderson KL, Jean Meade B, Anderson SE. Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:127-39. [PMID: 26048654 PMCID: PMC4734116 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical incorporated into many personal, medical and household products. Approximately, 75% of the U.S. population has detectable levels of triclosan in their urine, and although it is not typically considered a contact sensitizer, recent studies have begun to link triclosan exposure with augmented allergic disease. We examined the effects of dermal triclosan exposure on the skin and lymph nodes of mice and in a human skin model to identify mechanisms for augmenting allergic responses. Triclosan (0%-3%) was applied topically at 24-h intervals to the ear pinnae of OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice. Skin and draining lymph nodes were evaluated for cellular responses and cytokine expression over time. The effects of triclosan (0%-0.75%) on cytokine expression in a human skin tissue model were also examined. Exposure to triclosan increased the expression of TSLP, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the skin with concomitant decreases in IL-25, IL-33, and IL-1α. Similar changes in TSLP, IL1B, and IL33 expression occurred in human skin. Topical application of triclosan also increased draining lymph node cellularity consisting of activated CD86(+)GL-7(+) B cells, CD80(+)CD86(+) dendritic cells, GATA-3(+)OX-40(+)IL-4(+)IL-13(+) Th2 cells and IL-17 A(+) CD4 T cells. In vivo antibody blockade of TSLP reduced skin irritation, IL-1β expression, lymph node cellularity, and Th2 responses augmented by triclosan. Repeated dermal exposure to triclosan induces TSLP expression in skin tissue as a potential mechanism for augmenting allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505;Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 andVet Path Services, Inc., Mason 45040, Ohio
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Carrie M Long
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 and
| | | | - Ajay P Nayak
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Katie L Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - B Jean Meade
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ, Long CM, Lukomska E, Marshall NB. Investigations of immunotoxicity and allergic potential induced by topical application of triclosan in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:165-72. [PMID: 25812624 PMCID: PMC4720145 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1029146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical commonly used occupationally and by the general public. Using select immune function assays, the purpose of these studies was to evaluate the immunotoxicity of triclosan following dermal exposure using a murine model. Triclosan was not identified to be a sensitizer in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) when tested at concentrations ranging from 0.75-3.0%. Following a 28-day exposure, triclosan produced a significant increase in liver weight at concentrations of ≥ 1.5%. Exposure to the high dose (3.0%) also produced a significant increase in spleen weights and number of platelets. The absolute number of B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells and NK cells were significantly increased in the skin draining lymph node, but not the spleen. An increase in the frequency of dendritic cells was also observed in the lymph node following exposure to 3.0% triclosan. The IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was significantly increased at 0.75% - but not at the higher concentrations - in the spleen and serum. These results demonstrate that dermal exposure to triclosan induces stimulation of the immune system in a murine model and raise concerns about potential human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Carrie M Long
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Anderson SE, Meade BJ. Potential health effects associated with dermal exposure to occupational chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:51-62. [PMID: 25574139 PMCID: PMC4270264 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of workers in the United States, spanning a variety of occupational industries and sectors, who are potentially exposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin. Occupational skin exposures can result in numerous diseases that can adversely affect an individual's health and capacity to perform at work. In general, there are three types of chemical-skin interactions of concern: direct skin effects, immune-mediated skin effects, and systemic effects. While hundreds of chemicals (metals, epoxy and acrylic resins, rubber additives, and chemical intermediates) present in virtually every industry have been identified to cause direct and immune-mediated effects such as contact dermatitis or urticaria, less is known about the number and types of chemicals contributing to systemic effects. In an attempt to raise awareness, skin notation assignments communicate the potential for dermal absorption; however, there is a need for standardization among agencies to communicate an accurate description of occupational hazards. Studies have suggested that exposure to complex mixtures, excessive hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, high frequency of wet work, and environmental or other factors may enhance penetration and stimulate other biological responses altering the outcomes of dermal chemical exposure. Understanding the hazards of dermal exposure is essential for the proper implementation of protective measures to ensure worker safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Jean Meade
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Pejman L, Omrani H, Mirzamohammadi Z, Keyhanmanesh R. Thymoquinone, the main constituent of Nigella sativa, affects adenosine receptors in asthmatic guinea pigs. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:1012-9. [PMID: 25859306 PMCID: PMC4387224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For determining the mechanism of anti-asthmatic effect of thymoquinone, this investigation evaluated the effect of thymoquinone in the presence of selective A2A and A2B adenosine receptor antagonists (ZM241385 and MRS1706, respectively). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy guinea pigs were randomly divided to 7 groups; control (C), sensitized with ovalbumin (S), sensitized groups pretreated with thymoquinone (S+TQ), ZM241385 (S+Anta A2A), MRS1706 (S+Anta A2B), thymoquinone and antagonists (S+Anta A2A+TQ and S+Anta A2B+TQ). Thymoquinone and each of these antagonists with 3 mg/kg dose were injected i.p. on 10(th) day of sensitization protocol. Tracheal responsiveness (TR) to methacholine and ovalbumin (OA), and total and differential cell count in lung lavage fluid (LLF) in different groups were measured. RESULTS Increased EC50 and LLF neutrophil count and decreased TR to methacholine and OA, LLF eosinophil and basophil counts were observed in S+TQ group compared to S group (P<0.001 to P<0.05). Significant decrease in EC50 (P<0.01), LLF neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte count (P<0.001 for all) and significant increase in TR to OA (P<0.01), LLF total WBC (P<0.01) and eosinophil count (P<0.001) were observed in S+A2A group compared to S+TQ group. There was significant increase in LLF eosinophil and monocyte counts in S+Anta A2B group compared with S+TQ group (P<0.001 for both). In S+TQ+Anta A2A group, there was significant increase in LLF eosinophil (P<0.001) and significant decrease in LLF neutrophil (P<0.01) and monocyte (P<0.001) counts compared with S+TQ group. CONCLUSION Thymoquinone affects adenosine receptors, which suggest that some of its anti-inflammatory effects may be mediated by these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Pejman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hasan Omrani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirzamohammadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,*Corresponding author: RanaKeyhanmanesh. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tel: +98-41-33364664; , ,
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Bibi H, Reany O, Waisman D, Keinan E. Prophylactic treatment of asthma by an ozone scavenger in a mouse model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:342-6. [PMID: 25499435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our hypothesis that inflammation in asthma involves production of ozone by white blood cells and that ozone could be an inflammatory mediator suggests that scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example, electron-rich olefins, could serve for prophylactic treatment of asthma. Olefins could provide chemical protection against either exogenous or endogenous ozone and other ROS. BALB/c mice pretreated by inhalation of d-limonene before an ovalbumin challenge exhibited significant attenuation of the allergic asthma symptoms. Diminution of the inflammatory process was evident by reduced levels of aldehydes, reduced counts of neutrophils in the BAL fluid and by histological tests. A surprising systemic effect was observed by decreased levels of aldehydes in the spleen, suggesting that the examination of tissues and organs that are remote from the inflammation foci could provide valuable information on the distribution of the oxidative stress and may serve as guide for targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Bibi
- Department of Pediatrics, Barzilai Medical Center, Hahistadrout St. 2, Ashkelon 78278, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofer Reany
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, PO Box 808, Ra'anana 43537, Israel
| | - Dan Waisman
- Department of Neonatology, Carmel Medical Center, Michal St. 7, Haifa 3436212, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ehud Keinan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Buhl T, Fuchs T, Geier J. Contact hypersensitivity to triclosan. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:119-20. [PMID: 24950850 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Buhl
- Clinics of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Clinics of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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46
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Pycke BFG, Roll IB, Brownawell BJ, Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Halden RU. Transformation products and human metabolites of triclocarban and triclosan in sewage sludge across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 24932693 DOI: 10.1021/es50l06362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Removal of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) from wastewater is a function of adsorption, abiotic degradation, and microbial mineralization or transformation, reactions that are not currently controlled or optimized in the pollution control infrastructure of standard wastewater treatment. Here, we report on the levels of eight transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in raw and treated sewage sludge. Two sample sets were studied: samples collected once from 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing nine states, and multiple samples collected from one WWTP monitored for 12 months. Time-course analysis of significant mass fluxes (α=0.01) indicate that transformation of TCC (dechlorination) and TCS (methylation) occurred during sewage conveyance and treatment. Strong linear correlations were found between TCC and the human metabolite 2'-hydroxy-TCC (r=0.84), and between the TCC-dechlorination products dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) and monochlorocarbanilide (r=0.99). Mass ratios of DCC-to-TCC and of methyl-triclosan (MeTCS)-to-TCS, serving as indicators of transformation activity, revealed that transformation was widespread under different treatment regimes across the WWTPs sampled, though the degree of transformation varied significantly among study sites (α=0.01). The analysis of sludge sampled before and after different unit operation steps (i.e., anaerobic digestion, sludge heat treatment, and sludge drying) yielded insights into the extent and location of TCC and TCS transformation. Results showed anaerobic digestion to be important for MeTCS transformation (37-74%), whereas its contribution to partial TCC dechlorination was limited (0.4-2.1%). This longitudinal and nationwide survey is the first to report the occurrence of transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny F G Pycke
- Center for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense Systems Initiative, Arizona State University , 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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47
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Pycke BG, Roll IB, Brownawell BJ, Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Halden RU. Transformation products and human metabolites of triclocarban and triclosan in sewage sludge across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7881-90. [PMID: 24932693 PMCID: PMC4215897 DOI: 10.1021/es5006362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) from wastewater is a function of adsorption, abiotic degradation, and microbial mineralization or transformation, reactions that are not currently controlled or optimized in the pollution control infrastructure of standard wastewater treatment. Here, we report on the levels of eight transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in raw and treated sewage sludge. Two sample sets were studied: samples collected once from 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing nine states, and multiple samples collected from one WWTP monitored for 12 months. Time-course analysis of significant mass fluxes (α=0.01) indicate that transformation of TCC (dechlorination) and TCS (methylation) occurred during sewage conveyance and treatment. Strong linear correlations were found between TCC and the human metabolite 2'-hydroxy-TCC (r=0.84), and between the TCC-dechlorination products dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) and monochlorocarbanilide (r=0.99). Mass ratios of DCC-to-TCC and of methyl-triclosan (MeTCS)-to-TCS, serving as indicators of transformation activity, revealed that transformation was widespread under different treatment regimes across the WWTPs sampled, though the degree of transformation varied significantly among study sites (α=0.01). The analysis of sludge sampled before and after different unit operation steps (i.e., anaerobic digestion, sludge heat treatment, and sludge drying) yielded insights into the extent and location of TCC and TCS transformation. Results showed anaerobic digestion to be important for MeTCS transformation (37-74%), whereas its contribution to partial TCC dechlorination was limited (0.4-2.1%). This longitudinal and nationwide survey is the first to report the occurrence of transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny
F. G. Pycke
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Isaac B. Roll
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bruce J. Brownawell
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Chad A. Kinney
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University-Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25585, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological
Survey, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52244, United States
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Phone: (480) 727-0893; e-mail:
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Savage JH, Johns CB, Hauser R, Litonjua AA. Urinary triclosan levels and recent asthma exacerbations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 112:179-181.e2. [PMID: 24468262 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Savage
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Christina B Johns
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Walline CC, Sehra S, Fisher AJ, Guindon LM, Kratzke IM, Montgomery JB, Lipking KP, Glosson NL, Benson HL, Sandusky GE, Wilkes DS, Brutkiewicz RR, Kaplan MH, Blum JS. Allergic airway disease in mice alters T and B cell responses during an acute respiratory poxvirus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62222. [PMID: 23620814 PMCID: PMC3631162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary viral infections can exacerbate or trigger the development of allergic airway diseases via multiple mechanisms depending upon the infectious agent. Respiratory vaccinia virus transmission is well established, yet the effects of allergic airway disease on the host response to intra-pulmonary vaccinia virus infection remain poorly defined. As shown here BALB/c mice with preexisting airway disease infected with vaccinia virus developed more severe pulmonary inflammation, higher lung virus titers and greater weight loss compared with mice inoculated with virus alone. This enhanced viremia was observed despite increased pulmonary recruitment of CD8+ T effectors, greater IFNγ production in the lung, and high serum levels of anti-viral antibodies. Notably, flow cytometric analyses of lung CD8+ T cells revealed a shift in the hierarchy of immunodominant viral epitopes in virus inoculated mice with allergic airway disease compared to mice treated with virus only. Pulmonary IL-10 production by T cells and antigen presenting cells was detected following virus inoculation of animals and increased dramatically in allergic mice exposed to virus. IL-10 modulation of host responses to this respiratory virus infection was greatly influenced by the localized pulmonary microenvironment. Thus, blocking IL-10 signaling in virus-infected mice with allergic airway disease enhanced pulmonary CD4+ T cell production of IFNγ and increased serum anti-viral IgG1 levels. In contrast, pulmonary IFNγ and virus-specific IgG1 levels were reduced in vaccinia virus-treated mice with IL-10 receptor blockade. These observations demonstrate that pre-existing allergic lung disease alters the quality and magnitude of immune responses to respiratory poxviruses through an IL-10-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal C. Walline
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Fisher
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lynette M. Guindon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Kratzke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jessica B. Montgomery
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kelsey P. Lipking
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Glosson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Benson
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David S. Wilkes
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Randy R. Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Janice S. Blum
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aghili H, Ardekani MD, Meybodi SARF, Toodehzaeim MH, Modaresi J, Mansouri R, Momeni E. The effect of ovalbumin on orthodontic induced root resorption. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10:630-5. [PMID: 24348621 PMCID: PMC3858738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This randomized trial was undertaken to investigate the effect of experimentally induced allergy on orthodontic induced root resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 Wistar rats were divided randomly into test and control groups. Starting from the first 3 days, the rats in the test group were injected intra-peritoneally by 2 mg ovalbumin as allergen and 0.5 mg Alume as adjuvant. Afterward only allergen was injected once a week. The control group was injected by normal saline. After 21 days, Wistar immunoglobulin E was measured and peripheral matured eosinophil was counted. A total of 50 g nickel-titanium closed coil spring was ligated between right incisor and first molar. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days. The mesial root of the right and left first molar was dissected in a horizontal plane. The specimens were divided into four groups considering whether force and/or ovalbumin was applied or not. Root resorption was measured and compared among these groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Bonferoni tests were used to analyze the data. The level of significance was determined at 0.05. RESULTS In general, the differences were insignificant (P < 0.05). As the only exception, the group in which both ovalbumin and force were applied had significantly more root resorption than the group in which neither force nor ovalbumin was applied (P > 0.001). CONCLUSION Allergy may increase the susceptibility to root resorption. Application of light force, periodical monitoring of root resorption and control of allergy are advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosseinagha Aghili
- Department of Orthodontics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Hosseinagha Aghili, Department of Orthodontics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Jalil Modaresi
- Department of Endodontics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunologist, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Momeni
- Department of Oral Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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