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Laulhé M, Kuhn E, Bouligand J, Amazit L, Perrot J, Lebigot E, Kamenickỷ P, Lombès M, Fagart J, Viengchareun S, Martinerie L. A novel mutation in the NR3C1 gene associated with reversible glucocorticoid resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:284-295. [PMID: 38584335 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoid resistance is a rare endocrine disease caused by variants of the NR3C1 gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We identified a novel heterozygous variant (GRR569Q) in a patient with uncommon reversible glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. METHODS We performed ex vivo functional characterization of the variant in patient fibroblasts and in vitro through transient transfection in undifferentiated HEK 293T cells to assess transcriptional activity, affinity, and nuclear translocation. We studied the impact of the variant on the tertiary structure of the ligand-binding domain through 3D modeling. RESULTS The patient presented initially with an adrenal adenoma with mild autonomous cortisol secretion and undetectable adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) levels. Six months after surgery, biological investigations showed elevated cortisol and ACTH (urinary free cortisol 114 µg/24 h, ACTH 10.9 pmol/L) without clinical symptoms, evoking glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. Functional characterization of the GRR569Q showed decreased expression of target genes (in response to 100 nM cortisol: SGK1 control +97% vs patient +20%, P < .0001) and impaired nuclear translocation in patient fibroblasts compared to control. Similar observations were made in transiently transfected cells, but higher cortisol concentrations overcame glucocorticoid resistance. GRR569Q showed lower ligand affinity (Kd GRWT: 1.73 nM vs GRR569Q: 4.61 nM). Tertiary structure modeling suggested a loss of hydrogen bonds between H3 and the H1-H3 loop. CONCLUSION This is the first description of a reversible glucocorticoid resistance syndrome with effective negative feedback on corticotroph cells regarding increased plasma cortisol concentrations due to the development of mild autonomous cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Laulhé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kuhn
- Unité Hypophyse, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Larbi Amazit
- UMS 44/Institut Biomédical du Val de Bièvre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Julie Perrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elise Lebigot
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Peter Kamenickỷ
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, BIOC, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré APHP Nord, Paris 75019, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
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Kolb KL, Mira ALS, Auer ED, Bucco ID, de Lima e Silva CE, dos Santos PI, Hoch VBB, Oliveira LC, Hauser AB, Hundt JE, Shuldiner AR, Lopes FL, Boysen TJ, Franke A, Pinto LFR, Soares-Lima SC, Kretzschmar GC, Boldt ABW. Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene ( NR3C1) Polymorphisms and Metabolic Syndrome: Insights from the Mennonite Population. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1805. [PMID: 37761945 PMCID: PMC10530687 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is associated with polymorphisms and the methylation degree of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and is potentially involved in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In order to evaluate the association between MetS with the polymorphisms, methylation, and gene expression of the NR3C1 in the genetically isolated Brazilian Mennonite population, we genotyped 20 NR3C1 polymorphisms in 74 affected (MetS) and 138 unaffected individuals without affected first-degree relatives (Co), using exome sequencing, as well as five variants from non-exonic regions, in 70 MetS and 166 Co, using mass spectrometry. The methylation levels of 11 1F CpG sites were quantified using pyrosequencing (66 MetS and 141 Co), and the NR3C1 expression was evaluated via RT-qPCR (14 MetS and 25 Co). Age, physical activity, and family environment during childhood were associated with MetS. Susceptibility to MetS, independent of these factors, was associated with homozygosity for rs10482605*C (OR = 4.74, pcorr = 0.024) and the haplotype containing TTCGTTGATT (rs3806855*T_ rs3806854*T_rs10482605*C_rs10482614*G_rs6188*T_rs258813*T_rs33944801*G_rs34176759*A_rs17209258*T_rs6196*T, OR = 4.74, pcorr = 0.048), as well as for the CCT haplotype (rs41423247*C_ rs6877893*C_rs258763*T), OR = 6.02, pcorr = 0.030), but not to the differences in methylation or gene expression. Thus, NR3C1 polymorphisms seem to modulate the susceptibility to MetS in Mennonites, independently of lifestyle and early childhood events, and their role seems to be unrelated to DNA methylation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Liedtke Kolb
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Sprotte Mira
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Delabio Auer
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabela Dall’Oglio Bucco
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
| | - Carla Eduarda de Lima e Silva
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
| | - Priscila Ianzen dos Santos
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
- Postgraduate Program in Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic Department, UFPR, Rua General Carneiro, 181, 11th Floor, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80210-170, PR, Brazil
| | - Valéria Bumiller-Bini Hoch
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
| | - Luana Caroline Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
| | - Aline Borsato Hauser
- Laboratory School of Clinical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba 80210-170, PR, Brazil;
| | - Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, 160, Haus 32, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Regeneron Genetics Center, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA;
| | - Fabiana Leão Lopes
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71, Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, RJ, Brazil
| | - Teide-Jens Boysen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.-J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.-J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.R.P.); (S.C.S.-L.)
| | - Sheila Coelho Soares-Lima
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.R.P.); (S.C.S.-L.)
| | - Gabriela Canalli Kretzschmar
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil; (K.L.K.); (A.L.S.M.); (E.D.A.); (I.D.B.); (C.E.d.L.e.S.); (P.I.d.S.); (V.B.-B.H.); (L.C.O.); (G.C.K.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil
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Role of glucocorticoid receptor mutations in hypertension and adrenal gland hyperplasia. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:829-840. [PMID: 35732960 PMCID: PMC9217122 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of premature death in humans and exhibits a complex aetiology including environmental and genetic factors. Mutations within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can cause glucocorticoid resistance, which is characterized by several clinical features like hypercortisolism, hypokalaemia, adrenal hyperplasia and hypertension. Altered glucocorticoid receptor signalling further affects sodium and potassium homeostasis as well as blood pressure regulation and cell proliferation and differentiation that influence organ development and function. In salt-sensitive hypertension, excessive renal salt transport and sympathetic nervous system stimulation may occur simultaneously, and, thus, both the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the GR-signalling may be implicated or even act interdependently. This review focuses on identified GR mutations in human primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance (PGGR) patients and their related clinical phenotype with specific emphasis on adrenal gland hyperplasia and hypertension. We compare these findings to mouse and rat mutants harbouring genetically engineered mutations to further dissect the cause and/or the consequence of clinical features which are common or different.
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Lu H, Lei X, Winkler R, John S, Kumar D, Li W, Alnouti Y. Crosstalk of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a and glucocorticoid receptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:46. [PMID: 35614477 PMCID: PMC9134643 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), master regulators of liver metabolism, are down-regulated in fatty liver diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of down-regulation of HNF4α and GR in fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Methods Adult mice with liver-specific heterozygote (HET) and knockout (KO) of HNF4α or GR were fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 15 days. Alterations in hepatic and circulating lipids were determined with analytical kits, and changes in hepatic mRNA and protein expression in these mice were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Serum and hepatic levels of bile acids were quantified by LC-MS/MS. The roles of HNF4α and GR in regulating hepatic gene expression were determined using luciferase reporter assays. Results Compared to HFHS-fed wildtype mice, HNF4α HET mice had down-regulation of lipid catabolic genes, induction of lipogenic genes, and increased hepatic and blood levels of lipids, whereas HNF4α KO mice had fatty liver but mild hypolipidemia, down-regulation of lipid-efflux genes, and induction of genes for uptake, synthesis, and storage of lipids. Serum levels of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid tended to be decreased in the HNF4α HET mice but dramatically increased in the HNF4α KO mice, which was associated with marked down-regulation of cytochrome P450 7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a master lipogenic regulator, was induced in HFHS-fed HNF4α HET mice. In reporter assays, HNF4α cooperated with the corepressor small heterodimer partner to potently inhibit the transactivation of mouse and human SREBP-1C promoter by liver X receptor. Hepatic nuclear GR proteins tended to be decreased in the HNF4α KO mice. HFHS-fed mice with liver-specific KO of GR had increased hepatic lipids and induction of SREBP-1C and PPARγ, which was associated with a marked decrease in hepatic levels of HNF4α proteins in these mice. In reporter assays, GR and HNF4α synergistically/additively induced lipid catabolic genes. Conclusions induction of lipid catabolic genes and suppression of lipogenic genes by HNF4α and GR may mediate the early resistance to HFHS-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Savio John
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wenkuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in GR +/- Rats Is Accompanied with Dysregulation in Adrenal Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413218. [PMID: 34948014 PMCID: PMC8708190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene locus lead to glucocorticoid resistance which is characterized by several clinical symptoms such as adrenal gland hyperplasia and salt-sensitive hypertension, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. We studied GR haploinsufficient (GR+/−) Sprague Dawley rats which, on a standard diet, showed significantly increased plasma aldosterone and corticosterone levels and an adrenocortex hyperplasia accompanied by a normal systolic blood pressure. Following a high salt diet, these rats developed salt-sensitive hypertension and maintained elevated enzyme-soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in adrenal glands, while sEH was significantly decreased in wild-type rats. Furthermore, GR+/− rats showed dysregulation of the equilibrated linoleic and arachidonic acid pathways, with a significant increase of less active metabolites such as 8,9-DiHETrE. In Sprague Dawley rats, GR haploinsufficiency induced steroid disturbances, which provoked hypertension only in combination with high salt intake, which was accompanied by disturbances in sEH and fatty acid metabolism. Our results suggest that sEH inhibition could be a potential target to treat hypertension in patients with GR haploinsufficiency.
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Domínguez-Vías G, Segarra AB, Ramírez-Sánchez M, Prieto I. The Type of Fat in the Diet Influences Regulatory Aminopeptidases of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Stress in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Adult Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113939. [PMID: 34836194 PMCID: PMC8625891 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Prolonged feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) acts as a stressor by activating the functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) stress axis, accompanied of hypertension by inducing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Angiotensinases enzymes are regulatory aminopeptidases of angiotensin metabolism, which together with the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), pyroglutamyl- and tyrosyl-aminopeptidase (pGluAP, TyrAP), participate in cognitive, stress, metabolic and cardiovascular functions. These functions appear to be modulated by the type of fat used in the diet. (2) Methods: To analyze a possible coordinated response of aminopeptidases, their activities were simultaneously determined in the hypothalamus, adenohypophysis and adrenal gland of adult male rats fed diets enriched with monounsaturated (standard diet (S diet) supplemented with 20% virgin olive oil; VOO diet) or saturated fatty acids (diet S supplemented with 20% butter and 0.1% cholesterol; Bch diet). Aminopeptidase activities were measured by fluorimetry using 2-Naphthylamine as substrates. (3) Results: the hypothalamus did not show differences in any of the experimental diets. In the pituitary, the Bch diet stimulated the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by increasing certain angiotensinase activities (alanyl-, arginyl- and cystinyl-aminopeptidase) with respect to the S and VOO diets. DPP-IV activity was increased with the Bch diet, and TyrAP activity decrease with the VOO diet, having both a crucial role on stress and eating behavior. In the adrenal gland, both HFDs showed an increase in angiotensinase aspartyl-aminopeptidase. The interrelation of angiotensinases activities in the tissues were depending on the type of diet. In addition, correlations were shown between angiotensinases and aminopeptidases that regulate stress and eating behavior. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, these results support that the source of fat in the diet affects several peptidases activities in the HPA axis, which could be related to alterations in RAS, stress and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Domínguez-Vías
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.B.S.); (M.R.-S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ceuta, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.D.-V.); (I.P.); Tel.: +34-953-212008 (I.P.)
| | - Ana Belén Segarra
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.B.S.); (M.R.-S.)
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Sánchez
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.B.S.); (M.R.-S.)
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.B.S.); (M.R.-S.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.-V.); (I.P.); Tel.: +34-953-212008 (I.P.)
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Ivy JR, Carter RN, Zhao JF, Buckley C, Urquijo H, Rog-Zielinska EA, Panting E, Hrabalkova L, Nicholson C, Agnew EJ, Kemp MW, Morton NM, Stock SJ, Wyrwoll C, Ganley IG, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoids regulate mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in fetal cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2021; 599:4901-4924. [PMID: 34505639 DOI: 10.1113/jp281860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The late gestational rise in glucocorticoids contributes to the structural and functional maturation of the perinatal heart. Here, we hypothesized that glucocorticoid action contributes to the metabolic switch in perinatal cardiomyocytes from carbohydrate to fatty acid oxidation. In primary mouse fetal cardiomyocytes, dexamethasone treatment induced expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and increased mitochondrial oxidation of palmitate, dependent upon a glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Dexamethasone did not, however, induce mitophagy or alter the morphology of the mitochondrial network. In vivo, in neonatal mice, dexamethasone treatment induced cardiac expression of fatty acid oxidation genes. However, dexamethasone treatment of pregnant C57Bl/6 mice at embryonic day (E)13.5 or E16.5 failed to induce fatty acid oxidation genes in fetal hearts assessed 24 h later. Instead, at E17.5, fatty acid oxidation genes were downregulated by dexamethasone, as was GR itself. PGC-1α, required for glucocorticoid-induced maturation of primary mouse fetal cardiomyocytes in vitro, was also downregulated in fetal hearts at E17.5, 24 h after dexamethasone administration. Similarly, following a course of antenatal corticosteroids in a translational sheep model of preterm birth, both GR and PGC-1α were downregulated in heart. These data suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids support the perinatal switch to fatty acid oxidation in cardiomyocytes through changes in gene expression rather than gross changes in mitochondrial volume or mitochondrial turnover. Moreover, our data suggest that treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids may interfere with normal fetal heart maturation, possibly by downregulating GR. This has implications for clinical use of antenatal corticosteroids when preterm birth is considered a possibility. KEY POINTS: Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that play a vital role in late pregnancy in maturing fetal organs, including the heart. In fetal cardiomyocytes in culture, glucocorticoids promote mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, suggesting they facilitate the perinatal switch from carbohydrates to fatty acids as the predominant energy substrate. Administration of a synthetic glucocorticoid in late pregnancy in mice downregulates the glucocorticoid receptor and interferes with the normal increase in genes involved in fatty acid metabolism in the heart. In a sheep model of preterm birth, antenatal corticosteroids (synthetic glucocorticoid) downregulates the glucocorticoid receptor and the gene encoding PGC-1α, a master regulator of energy metabolism. These experiments suggest that administration of antenatal corticosteroids in anticipation of preterm delivery may interfere with fetal heart maturation by downregulating the ability to respond to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roderic N Carter
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jin-Feng Zhao
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helena Urquijo
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma Panting
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Lenka Hrabalkova
- The Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cara Nicholson
- The Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma J Agnew
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah J Stock
- The Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,The Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caitlin Wyrwoll
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ian G Ganley
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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8
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Kulhanek D, Rao RB, Paulsen ME. Excess sucrose intake during pregnancy programs fetal brain glucocorticoid receptor expression in female but not male C57Bl/6J mice. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:462-472. [PMID: 34401204 PMCID: PMC8346374 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific mechanisms explaining the association between mothers with obesity and the development of obesity in children are poorly characterized. Permanent changes in fetal brain glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression caused by exposure to overnutrition in utero may program aberrant energy homeostasis, thereby predisposing the offspring to obesity. This study explores sex differences in brain GR expression using an established mouse model of overnutrition during pregnancy. METHODS Female C57Bl/6J mice were fed control (CON) or high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diets. Dam cholesterol, insulin, and triglycerides were measured by colorimetric assays. Fetal corticosterone exposure was measured by placental Abca1, Hsd11β1, Hsd11β2, and brain Nr3c1 (GR); Pomc expression measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Female, but not male, HFHS fetuses had 46% decreased brain GR and twofold increased Pomc expression. There was decreased Abca1 and Hsd11β1 but not Hsd11β2 expression in HFHS placentas. Caloric and sucrose intake, but not fat intake, in dams inversely correlated with fetal GR expression in both sexes. Excess sucrose consumption by dams inversely correlated with female fetal GR and directly correlated with female fetal Pomc expression. CONCLUSIONS Excess sucrose consumption in pregnant dams caused lower GR and higher Pomc expression in the female fetal brain. Clinical investigation of excess sucrose intake during pregnancy and its subsequent effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and appetite in offspring may lead to novel, sex-specific obesity prevention strategies in the development of obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kulhanek
- Department of PediatricsDivision of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Raghavendra B. Rao
- Department of PediatricsDivision of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Megan E. Paulsen
- Department of PediatricsDivision of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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9
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Martins CS, de Castro M. Generalized and tissue specific glucocorticoid resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111277. [PMID: 33864884 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that influence several physiologic functions and are among the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. Resistance to GCs has been observed in the context of the familial generalized GC resistance (Chrousos' syndrome) or tissue specific GC resistance in chronic inflammatory states. In this review, we have summarized the major factors that influence individual glucocorticoid sensitivity/resistance. The fine-tuning of GC action is determined in a tissue-specific fashion that includes the combination of different GC receptor promoters, translation initiation sites, splice isoforms, interacting proteins, post-translational modifications, and alternative mechanisms of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Silva Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Ivy JR, Bailey MA. Nondipping Blood Pressure: Predictive or Reactive Failure of Renal Sodium Handling? Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:21-34. [PMID: 33325814 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure follows a daily rhythm, dipping during nocturnal sleep in humans. Attenuation of this dip (nondipping) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Renal control of sodium homeostasis is essential for long-term blood pressure control. Sodium reabsorption and excretion have rhythms that rely on predictive/circadian as well as reactive adaptations. We explore how these rhythms might contribute to blood pressure rhythm in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Dassonvalle J, Díaz-Castro F, Donoso-Barraza C, Sepúlveda C, Pino-de la Fuente F, Pino P, Espinosa A, Chiong M, Llanos M, Troncoso R. Moderate Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents the Augmented Hepatic Glucocorticoid Response Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207582. [PMID: 33066464 PMCID: PMC7590042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical regulators of energy balance. Their deregulation is associated with the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, it is not understood if obesity alters the tissue glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response, and moreover whether a moderate aerobic exercise prevents the alteration in GR response induced by obesity. Methods: To evaluate the GR response in obese mice, we fed C57BL6J mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Before mice were sacrificed, we injected them with dexamethasone. To assess the exercise role in GR response, we fed mice an HFD and subjected them to moderate aerobic exercise three times a week. Results: We found that mice fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks developed hepatic GC hypersensitivity without changes in the gastrocnemius or epididymal fat GR response. Therefore, moderate aerobic exercise improved glucose tolerance, increased the corticosterone plasma levels, and prevented hepatic GR hypersensitivity with an increase in epididymal fat GR response. Conclusion: Collectively, our results suggest that mice with HFD-induced obesity develop hepatic GR sensitivity, which could enhance the metabolic effects of HFD in the liver. Moreover, exercise was found to be a feasible non-pharmacological strategy to prevent the deregulation of GR response in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Dassonvalle
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Francisco Díaz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Camila Donoso-Barraza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Carlos Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Francisco Pino-de la Fuente
- Departamento de Tecnología Medica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (F.P.-d.l.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Pamela Pino
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Tecnología Medica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (F.P.-d.l.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Miguel Llanos
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Regulación Metabólica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (J.D.); (F.D.-C.); (C.D.-B.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-929-781-587
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12
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Gut microbiota modulates stress-induced hypertension through the HPA axis. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:49-58. [PMID: 32535221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and the incidence of stress-related hypertension has risen rapidly in recent years; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Gut dysbiosis has been demonstrated to contribute to hypertension and hyperactivation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Based on our previous findings showing the altered gut microbiota in the rats of stress-induced hypertension (SIH), the present study aims to investigate whether the stress-induced alteration in gut microbiota can lead to the dysfunction of the HPA axis which contributes to the development of SIH. SIH was developed in rats subjected to electric foot-shock combined with buzzer noise stressors. The gut microbiota of rats were deleted by administering an antibiotic cocktail containing ampicillin (1 g/L), vancomycin (500 mg/L), neomycin (1 g/L), and metronidazole (1 g/L) in drinking water. The serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), CRFR1 and CRFR2 was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The cellular protein expressions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), c-fos, and GR were examined by immunohistochemical staining. In the present study, SIH rats showed a hyperactive HPA axis as indicated by the increased CRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the elevated serum ACTH or CORT concentrations, and increased adrenal gland index. The decreased GR expression and increased CRFR1 in the hypothalamus might underlie the hyperactivation of the HPA axis. The microbial deletion by antibiotics mitigated the hyperactivation of the HPA axis and attenuated the stress-induced elevation of blood pressure, indicating that the causal link of gut microbiota to SIH is mediated, at least in part, by the HPA axis activity. Our findings shed new light on the mechanisms underlying SIH.
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13
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Ivy JR, Jones NK, Costello HM, Mansley MK, Peltz TS, Flatman PW, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoid receptor activation stimulates the sodium-chloride cotransporter and influences the diurnal rhythm of its phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1536-F1548. [PMID: 31588796 PMCID: PMC6962506 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00372.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule contributes importantly to sodium balance and blood pressure (BP) regulation. NCC phosphorylation determines transport activity and has a diurnal rhythm influenced by glucocorticoids. Disturbing this rhythm induces “nondipping” BP, an abnormality that increases cardiovascular risk. The receptor through which glucocorticoids regulate NCC is not known. In this study, we found that acute administration of corticosterone to male C57BL6 mice doubled NCC phosphorylation without affecting total NCC abundance in both adrenalectomized and adrenal-intact mice. Corticosterone also increased the whole kidney expression of canonical clock genes: period circadian protein homolog 1 (Per1), Per2, cryptochrome 1, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1. In adrenal-intact mice, chronic blockade of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with RU486 did not change total NCC but prevented corticosterone-induced NCC phosphorylation and activation of clock genes. Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with spironolactone reduced the total pool of NCC but did not affect stimulation by corticosterone. The diurnal rhythm of NCC phosphorylation, measured at 6-h intervals, was blunted by chronic GR blockade, and a similar dampening of diurnal variation was seen in GR heterozygous null mice. These effects on NCC phosphorylation did not reflect altered rhythmicity of plasma corticosterone or serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 activity. Both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids emerge as regulators of NCC, acting via distinct receptor pathways. MR activation provides maintenance of the NCC protein pool; GR activation dynamically regulates NCC phosphorylation and establishes the diurnal rhythm of NCC activity. This study has implications for circadian BP homeostasis, particularly in individuals with abnormal glucocorticoid signaling as is found in chronic stress and corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ruth Ivy
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie K Jones
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Costello
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morag K Mansley
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa S Peltz
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Flatman
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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14
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Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP. Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and NR3C1 mutations causing glucocorticoid resistance: Is there an association? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:C1-C4. [PMID: 30006372 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids signal through their cognate, ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which influences the transcription of a large number of target genes. Several genetic defects, including point mutations, deletions or insertions in the NR3C1 gene that encodes the GR, have been associated with familial or sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance or Chrousos syndrome. One of the clinical manifestations of this rare endocrine condition is bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to compensatory elevations of plasma ACTH concentrations. In this commentary, we discuss the interesting findings of the recently published French MUTA-GR Study, and present our perspective on the evolving field of NR3C1 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Ivy JR, Evans LC, Moorhouse R, Richardson RV, Al-Dujaili EAS, Flatman PW, Kenyon CJ, Chapman KE, Bailey MA. Renal and Blood Pressure Response to a High-Salt Diet in Mice With Reduced Global Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Physiol 2018; 9:848. [PMID: 30038578 PMCID: PMC6046455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is common in glucocorticoid excess. Glucocorticoid resistance also presents with hypercortisolemia and hypertension but the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) is not well defined. GRβgeo/+ mice have global glucocorticoid receptor (GR) haploinsufficiency and increased BP. Here we examined the effect of high salt diet on BP, salt excretion and renal blood flow in GRβgeo/+mice. Basal BP was ∼10 mmHg higher in male GRβgeo/+ mice than in GR+/+ littermates. This modest increase was amplified by ∼10 mmHg following a high-salt diet in GRβgeo/+ mice. High salt reduced urinary aldosterone excretion but increased renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression in both genotypes. Corticosterone, and to a lesser extent deoxycorticosterone, excretion was increased in GRβgeo/+ mice following a high-salt challenge, consistent with enhanced 24 h production. GR+/+ mice increased fractional sodium excretion and reduced renal vascular resistance during the high salt challenge, retaining neutral sodium balance. In contrast, sodium excretion and renal vascular resistance did not adapt to high salt in GRβgeo/+ mice, resulting in transient sodium retention and sustained hypertension. With high-salt diet, Slc12a3 and Scnn1a mRNAs were higher in GRβgeo/+ than controls, and this was reflected in an exaggerated natriuretic response to thiazide and benzamil, inhibitors of NCC and ENaC, respectively. Reduction in GR expression causes salt-sensitivity and an adaptive failure of the renal vasculature and tubule, most likely reflecting sustained mineralocorticoid receptor activation. This provides a mechanistic basis to understand the hypertension associated with loss-of-function polymorphisms in GR in the context of habitually high salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C Evans
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Moorhouse
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V Richardson
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Flatman
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Kino T. Single Nucleotide Variations of the Human GR Gene Manifested as Pathologic Mutations or Polymorphisms. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2506-2519. [PMID: 29762667 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human genome contains numerous single nucleotide variations, and the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene harbors ∼450 of these genetic changes. Among them, extremely rare, nonsynonymous variants, known as pathologic GR gene mutations, develop a characteristic pathologic condition, familial/sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance syndrome, by replacing the amino acids critical for GR protein structure and functions, whereas others, known as pathologic polymorphisms, develop mild manifestations recognized mainly at population bases by changing the GR activities slightly. Recent progress on the structural analysis to the GR protein and subsequent computer-based structural simulation revealed details of the molecular defects caused by such pathologic GR gene mutations, including their impact on the receptor interaction to ligands, nuclear receptor coactivators (NCoAs) or DNA glucocorticoid response elements (GREs). Indeed, those found in the GR ligand-binding domain significantly damage protein structure of the ligand-binding pocket and/or the activation function-2 transactivation domain and change their molecular interaction to glucocorticoids or the LxxLL signature motif of NCoAs. Two mutations found in GR DNA-binding domain also affect interaction of the mutant receptors to GRE DNA by affecting the critical amino acid for the interaction or changing local hydrophobic circumstance. In this review, I discuss recent findings on the structural simulation of the pathologic GR mutants in connection to their functional and clinical impacts, along with a brief explanation to recent research achievement on the GR polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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17
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Vitellius G, Trabado S, Hoeffel C, Bouligand J, Bennet A, Castinetti F, Decoudier B, Guiochon-Mantel A, Lombes M, Delemer B. Significant prevalence of NR3C1 mutations in incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal hyperplasia: results of the French MUTA-GR Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:411-423. [PMID: 29444898 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently discovered mutations of NR3C1 gene, encoding for the GR, in patients with glucocorticoid resistance and bilateral adrenal incidentalomas prompted us to investigate whether GR mutations might be associated with adrenal hyperplasia. OBJECTIVE The multicenter French Clinical Research Program (Muta-GR) was set up to determine the prevalence of GR mutations and polymorphisms in patients harboring bilateral adrenal incidentalomas associated with hypertension and/or biological hypercortisolism without clinical Cushing's signs. RESULTS One hundred patients were included in whom NR3C1 sequencing revealed five original heterozygous GR mutations that impaired GR signaling in vitro. Mutated patients presented with mild glucocorticoid resistance defined as elevated urinary free cortisol (1.7 ± 0.7 vs 0.9 ± 0.8 upper limit of normal range, P = 0.006), incomplete 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test without suppressed 8-AM adrenocorticotrophin levels (30.9 ± 31.2 vs 16.2 ± 17.5 pg/mL) compared to the non-mutated patients. Potassium and aldosterone levels were lower in mutated patients (3.6 ± 0.2 vs 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.01, and 17.3 ± 9.9 vs 98.6 ± 115.4 pg/mL, P = 0.0011, respectively) without elevated renin levels, consistent with pseudohypermineralocorticism. Ex vivo characterization of mutated patients' fibroblasts demonstrated GR haploinsufficiency as revealed by below-normal glucocorticoid induction of FKBP5 gene expression. There was no association between GR polymorphisms and adrenal hyperplasia in this cohort, except an over-representation of BclI polymorphism. CONCLUSION The 5% prevalence of heterozygous NR3C1 mutations discovered in our series is higher than initially thought and encourages GR mutation screening in patients with adrenal incidentalomas to unambiguously differentiate from Cushing's states and to optimize personalized follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Vitellius
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert Debré, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Hoeffel
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, CRESTIC, CHU Reims-URCA, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Antoine Bennet
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Decoudier
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert Debré, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombes
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert Debré, CHU Reims, Reims, France
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18
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Richardson RV, Batchen EJ, Thomson AJW, Darroch R, Pan X, Rog-Zielinska EA, Wyrzykowska W, Scullion K, Al-Dujaili EAS, Diaz ME, Moran CM, Kenyon CJ, Gray GA, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoid receptor alters isovolumetric contraction and restrains cardiac fibrosis. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:437-450. [PMID: 28057868 PMCID: PMC5292999 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids directly affect the heart and vasculature and are implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Attention is focussed upon the role of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in mediating pro-fibrotic and other adverse effects of corticosteroids upon the heart. In contrast, the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the heart and vasculature is less well understood. We addressed this in mice with cardiomyocyte and vascular smooth muscle deletion of GR (SMGRKO mice). Survival of SMGRKO mice to weaning was reduced compared with that of littermate controls. Doppler measurements of blood flow across the mitral valve showed an elongated isovolumetric contraction time in surviving adult SMGRKO mice, indicating impairment of the initial left ventricular contractile phase. Although heart weight was elevated in both genders, only male SMGRKO mice showed evidence of pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, associated with increased myosin heavy chain-β expression. Left ventricular fibrosis, evident in both genders, was associated with elevated levels of mRNA encoding MR as well as proteins involved in cardiac remodelling and fibrosis. However, MR antagonism with spironolactone from birth only modestly attenuated the increase in pro-fibrotic gene expression in SMGRKO mice, suggesting that elevated MR signalling is not the primary driver of cardiac fibrosis in SMGRKO mice, and cardiac fibrosis can be dissociated from MR activation. Thus, GR contributes to systolic function and restrains normal cardiac growth, the latter through gender-specific mechanisms. Our findings suggest the GR:MR balance is critical in corticosteroid signalling in specific cardiac cell types.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corticosterone/blood
- Female
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Fibrosis/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocardial Contraction/genetics
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/genetics
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Sex Factors
- Spironolactone/pharmacology
- Ventricular Function, Left/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Richardson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma J Batchen
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Rowan Darroch
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xinlu Pan
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wiktoria Wyrzykowska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathleen Scullion
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- DieteticsNutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, UK
| | - Mary E Diaz
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carmel M Moran
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Preclinical ImagingUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian A Gray
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Long-Term Effects of the Periconception Period on Embryo Epigenetic Profile and Phenotype: The Role of Stress and How This Effect Is Mediated. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1014:117-135. [PMID: 28864988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62414-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress represents an unavoidable aspect of human life, and pathologies associated with dysregulation of stress mechanisms - particularly psychiatric disorders - represent a significant global health problem. While it has long been observed that levels of stress experienced in the periconception period may greatly affect the offspring's risk of psychiatric disorders, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet comprehensively understood. In order to address this question, this chapter will take a 'top-down' approach, by first defining stress and associated concepts, before exploring the mechanistic basis of the stress response in the form of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and how dysregulation of the HPA axis can impede our mental and physical health, primarily via imbalances in glucocorticoids (GCs) and their corresponding receptors (GRs) in the brain. The current extent of knowledge pertaining to the impact of stress on developmental programming and epigenetic inheritance is then extensively discussed, including the role of chromatin remodelling associated with specific HPA axis-related genes and the possible role of regulatory RNAs as messengers of environmental stress both in the intrauterine environment and across the germ line. Furthering our understanding of the role of stress on embryonic development is crucial if we are to increase our predictive power of disease risk and devise-effective treatments and intervention strategies.
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Laresgoiti U, Nikolić MZ, Rao C, Brady JL, Richardson RV, Batchen EJ, Chapman KE, Rawlins EL. Lung epithelial tip progenitors integrate glucocorticoid- and STAT3-mediated signals to control progeny fate. Development 2016; 143:3686-3699. [PMID: 27578791 PMCID: PMC5087639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient alveolar gas exchange capacity is a major contributor to lung disease. During lung development, a population of distal epithelial progenitors first produce bronchiolar-fated and subsequently alveolar-fated progeny. The mechanisms controlling this bronchiolar-to-alveolar developmental transition remain largely unknown. We developed a novel grafting assay to test if lung epithelial progenitors are intrinsically programmed or if alveolar cell identity is determined by environmental factors. These experiments revealed that embryonic lung epithelial identity is extrinsically determined. We show that both glucocorticoid and STAT3 signalling can control the timing of alveolar initiation, but that neither pathway is absolutely required for alveolar fate specification; rather, glucocorticoid receptor and STAT3 work in parallel to promote alveolar differentiation. Thus, developmental acquisition of lung alveolar fate is a robust process controlled by at least two independent extrinsic signalling inputs. Further elucidation of these pathways might provide therapeutic opportunities for restoring alveolar capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usua Laresgoiti
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Marko Z Nikolić
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Chandrika Rao
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jane L Brady
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Rachel V Richardson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Emma J Batchen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Emma L Rawlins
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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21
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Vitellius G, Fagart J, Delemer B, Amazit L, Ramos N, Bouligand J, Le Billan F, Castinetti F, Guiochon-Mantel A, Trabado S, Lombès M. Three Novel Heterozygous Point Mutations ofNR3C1Causing Glucocorticoid Resistance. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:794-803. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Vitellius
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Service d'Endocrinologie; Hôpital Robert Debré; CHU Reims; Reims F-51100 France
| | - Larbi Amazit
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- INSERM UMS-32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre; Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Nelly Ramos
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire; Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Florian Le Billan
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Service d'Endocrinologie; Hôpital de la Timone; CHU Marseille; Marseille F-13385 France
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire; Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire; Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Marc Lombès
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275 France
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22
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Funder JW. The Potential of ACTH in the Genesis of Primary Aldosteronism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:40. [PMID: 27242664 PMCID: PMC4876424 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a homeostatic hormone, rising in volume depletion, sodium deficiency, and potassium loading, in response to angiotensin11 and elevation of plasma potassium. Pathophysiologically, in primary aldosteronism (PA) aldosterone levels are inappropriate for the patient's sodium and potassium status, and thus outside the normal feedback loop. ACTH is equivalent with A11 and [K(+)] in elevating aldosterone: its effects differ from those of the other secretagogues in four ways. First, it is not sustained; second, it raises aldosterone and cortisol secretion with equal potency; third, it is outside the normal feedback loops, reflecting the epithelial action of aldosterone; and finally its possible role in driving inappropriate aldosterone secretion (aka PA) is not widely recognized. Thirty years ago, it was shown that on a fixed sodium intake of 175 meq/day 36 of 100 unselected hypertensives, in whom PA has been excluded on contemporary criteria, had 24 h urinary aldosterone levels above the upper limit of normotensive controls. More recently, the dexamethasone enhanced fludrocortisone suppression test (FDST) showed 29% of unselected hypertensives to have plasma aldosterone concentrations above the upper limit of normotensive controls. In subjects negative for PA on the FDST, 27% were extremely hyper-responsive to ultra-low dose ACTH infusion; the remaining 73% showed minimal aldosterone elevation, as did normotensive controls: all three groups had negligible cortisol responses. On treadmill testing, no differences were found between groups in (minimally altered) ACTH and cortisol levels: hyper-responders to ultra-low ACTH, however, showed a major elevation in PAC. The implications of these studies, when validated, are substantial for PA, in that approximately half of hypertensive patients appear to show inappropriate aldosterone levels for their sodium status. The physiological role(s) of ACTH as an acute aldosterone secretagogue, and the mechanisms whereby its continuous secretion is curtailed, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Funder
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: John W. Funder,
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23
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Woods CP, Hazlehurst JM, Tomlinson JW. Glucocorticoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:94-103. [PMID: 26241028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the global obesity and metabolic disease epidemic and is rapidly becoming the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and indication for liver transplantation worldwide. The hallmark pathological finding in NAFLD is excess lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, but it is a spectrum of disease ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis through to fibrosis, cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The exact pathophysiology remains unclear with a multi-hit hypothesis generally accepted as being required for inflammation and fibrosis to develop after initial steatosis. Glucocorticoids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD across all stages. They have a diverse array of metabolic functions that have the potential to drive NAFLD acting on both liver and adipose tissue. In the fasting state, they are able to mobilize lipid, increasing fatty acid delivery and in the fed state can promote lipid accumulation. Their action is controlled at multiple levels and in this review will outline the evidence base for the role of GCs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from cell systems, rodent models and clinical studies and describe interventional strategies that have been employed to modulate glucocorticoid action as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor P Woods
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jonathon M Hazlehurst
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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24
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Paugh SW, Bonten EJ, Savic D, Ramsey LB, Thierfelder WE, Gurung P, Malireddi RKS, Actis M, Mayasundari A, Min J, Coss DR, Laudermilk LT, Panetta JC, McCorkle JR, Fan Y, Crews KR, Stocco G, Wilkinson MR, Ferreira AM, Cheng C, Yang W, Karol SE, Fernandez CA, Diouf B, Smith C, Hicks JK, Zanut A, Giordanengo A, Crona D, Bianchi JJ, Holmfeldt L, Mullighan CG, den Boer ML, Pieters R, Jeha S, Dunwell TL, Latif F, Bhojwani D, Carroll WL, Pui CH, Myers RM, Guy RK, Kanneganti TD, Relling MV, Evans WE. NALP3 inflammasome upregulation and CASP1 cleavage of the glucocorticoid receptor cause glucocorticoid resistance in leukemia cells. Nat Genet 2015; 47:607-14. [PMID: 25938942 PMCID: PMC4449308 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are universally used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and leukemia cell resistant to glucocorticoids confers a poor prognosis. To elucidate mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance, we determined the sensitivity to prednisolone of primary leukemia cells from 444 newly diagnosed ALL patients, revealing significantly higher expression of caspase 1 (CASP1) and its activator NLRP3 in glucocorticoid resistant leukemia cells, due to significantly lower somatic methylation of CASP1 and NLRP3 promoters. Over-expression of CASP1 resulted in cleavage of the glucocorticoid receptor, diminished glucocorticoid-induced transcriptional response and increased glucocorticoid resistance. Knockdown or inhibition of CASP1 significantly increased glucocorticoid receptor levels and mitigated glucocorticoid resistance in CASP1 overexpressing ALL. Our findings establish a new mechanism by which the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome modulates cellular levels of the glucocorticoid receptor and diminishes cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids. The broad impact on glucocorticoid transcriptional response suggests this mechanism could also modify glucocorticoid effects in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Paugh
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik J Bonten
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Savic
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Laura B Ramsey
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Thierfelder
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcelo Actis
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anand Mayasundari
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David R Coss
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lucas T Laudermilk
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John C Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Robert McCorkle
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristine R Crews
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio M Ferreira
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seth E Karol
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [3] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christian A Fernandez
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barthelemy Diouf
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colton Smith
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Kevin Hicks
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Audrey Giordanengo
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Crona
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joy J Bianchi
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Linda Holmfeldt
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Division of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- 1] Division of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sima Jeha
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas L Dunwell
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farida Latif
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mary V Relling
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Evans
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Animal Models of Altered Glucocorticoid Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Asser L, Hescot S, Viengchareun S, Delemer B, Trabado S, Lombès M. Autocrine positive regulatory feedback of glucocorticoid secretion: glucocorticoid receptor directly impacts H295R human adrenocortical cell function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 395:1-9. [PMID: 25058354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ubiquitous transcriptional factor, regulates target gene expression upon activation by glucocorticoids, notably cortisol, a corticosteroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex. We thus hypothesized that both GR and cortisol might be involved in the regulation of adrenal physiology and steroidogenesis in an autocrine manner. In a cortisol-secreting human adrenocortical cell line (H295R), the GR-dependent signaling pathway was pharmacologically modulated either by dexamethasone (DEX), a GR agonist or by RU486, a GR antagonist, or was knocked-down by small interfering RNA strategy (SiRNA). We showed that GR activation, elicited by 48 h exposure to DEX, exerts a global positive regulatory effect on adrenal steroidogenesis as revealed by a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone secretion associated with a significant enhanced expression of steroidogenesis factors such as StAR, CYP11A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1. In sharp contrast, RU486 treatment exerted opposite effects by decreasing both steroid production and expression of these steroidogenic factors. Likewise, GR repression by SiRNA also significantly reduced StAR, CYP11A1, and CYP11B1 mRNA levels. Interestingly, RU486 resulted in a significant CYP21A2 enzymatic blockade as demonstrated by a massive increase in 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in RU486-treated H295R cell supernatants, while cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol secretions were reduced by more than 60%. Consistently, we also demonstrated that metabolic conversion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone into 11-deoxycortisol onto H295R cells was drastically blunted in the presence of RU 486. Finally, steady state levels of MC2R transcripts encoding for the ACTH receptor were significantly induced by DEX, unlikely through a direct GR-mediated transcriptional activation as opposed to CYP11A1 and FKBP5 target genes. These results could account for a higher glucocorticoid-elicited ACTH sensitivity of adrenocortical cells. Our study identifies a positive ultra-short regulatory loop exerted by GR on steroidogenesis in H295R cells, thus supporting a complex intra-adrenal GR-mediated feedback, likely relevant for human adrenocortical pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Asser
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Ségolène Hescot
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier de Reims, F-51092, France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique, Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France.
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor balance in control of HPA axis and behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:648-58. [PMID: 22980941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between central glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors is proposed to underlie the HPA axis dysregulation that associates with susceptibility to psychopathology (anxiety, PTSD). To test this 'balance hypothesis' we examined whether the impact of MR levels upon HPA-axis control and behaviour depended on the relative levels of GR and vice versa. Avoiding antenatal maternal 'programming' effects by using littermates, we generated mice with forebrain MR over-expression (MR(hi)) and/or simultaneous global GR under-expression (GR(lo)). We found a significant interaction between MR and GR in control of the HPA-axis under stressed but not basal conditions. With reduced GR levels, HPA-axis activity in response to restraint stress was enhanced, likely due to impaired negative feedback. However, high MR in concert with reduced GR minimised this HPA-axis overshoot in response to stress. MR:GR balance also played a role in determining strategies of spatial memory during a watermaze probe trial: when coupled with GR under-expression, MR(hi) show enhanced perseveration, suggesting enhanced spatial recall or reduced exploratory flexibility. Other alterations in cognitive functions were specific to a single receptor without interaction, with both MR(hi) and GR(lo) manipulations independently impairing reversal learning in spatial and fear memory tasks. Thus, MR and GR interact in specific domains of neuroendocrine and cognitive control, but for other limbic-associated behaviours each receptor mediates its own repertoire of responses. Since modulation of HPA-axis and behavioural dysfunction associated with high levels of MR, selective ligands or transcriptional regulators may afford novel therapeutic approaches to affective psychopathologies.
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Rog-Zielinska EA, Thomson A, Kenyon CJ, Brownstein DG, Moran CM, Szumska D, Michailidou Z, Richardson J, Owen E, Watt A, Morrison H, Forrester LM, Bhattacharya S, Holmes MC, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoid receptor is required for foetal heart maturation. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3269-82. [PMID: 23595884 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are vital for the structural and functional maturation of foetal organs, yet excessive foetal exposure is detrimental to adult cardiovascular health. To elucidate the role of glucocorticoid signalling in late-gestation cardiovascular maturation, we have generated mice with conditional disruption of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells using smooth muscle protein 22-driven Cre recombinase (SMGRKO mice) and compared them with mice with global deficiency in GR (GR(-/-)). Echocardiography shows impaired heart function in both SMGRKO and GR(-/-) mice at embryonic day (E)17.5, associated with generalized oedema. Cardiac ultrastructure is markedly disrupted in both SMGRKO and GR(-/-) mice at E17.5, with short, disorganized myofibrils and cardiomyocytes that fail to align in the compact myocardium. Failure to induce critical genes involved in contractile function, calcium handling and energy metabolism underpins this common phenotype. However, although hearts of GR(-/-) mice are smaller, with 22% reduced ventricular volume at E17.5, SMGRKO hearts are normally sized. Moreover, while levels of mRNA encoding atrial natriuretic peptide are reduced in E17.5 GR(-/-) hearts, they are normal in foetal SMGRKO hearts. These data demonstrate that structural, functional and biochemical maturation of the foetal heart is dependent on glucocorticoid signalling within cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle, though some aspects of heart maturation (size, ANP expression) are independent of GR at these key sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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30
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Abstract
Adverse environments during the fetal and neonatal development period may permanently program physiology and metabolism, and lead to increased risk of diseases in later life. Programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the key mechanisms that contribute to altered metabolism and response to stress. Programming of the HPA axis often involves epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene promoter, which influences tissue-specific GR expression patterns and response to stimuli. This review summarizes the current state of research on the HPA axis and programming of health and disease in the adult, focusing on the epigenetic regulation of GR gene expression patterns in response to fetal and neonatal stress. Aberrant GR gene expression patterns in the developing brain may have a significant negative impact on protection of the immature brain against hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the critical period of development during and immediately after birth.
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Michaelson JJ, Trump S, Rudzok S, Gräbsch C, Madureira DJ, Dautel F, Mai J, Attinger S, Schirmer K, von Bergen M, Lehmann I, Beyer A. Transcriptional signatures of regulatory and toxic responses to benzo-[a]-pyrene exposure. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:502. [PMID: 21995607 PMCID: PMC3215681 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small molecule ligands often have multiple effects on the transcriptional program of a cell: they trigger a receptor specific response and additional, indirect responses ("side effects"). Distinguishing those responses is important for understanding side effects of drugs and for elucidating molecular mechanisms of toxic chemicals. Results We explored this problem by exposing cells to the environmental contaminant benzo-[a]-pyrene (B[a]P). B[a]P exposure activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) and causes toxic stress resulting in transcriptional changes that are not regulated through Ahr. We sought to distinguish these two types of responses based on a time course of expression changes measured after B[a]P exposure. Using Random Forest machine learning we classified 81 primary Ahr responders and 1,308 genes regulated as side effects. Subsequent weighted clustering gave further insight into the connection between expression pattern, mode of regulation, and biological function. Finally, the accuracy of the predictions was supported through extensive experimental validation. Conclusion Using a combination of machine learning followed by extensive experimental validation, we have further expanded the known catalog of genes regulated by the environmentally sensitive transcription factor Ahr. More broadly, this study presents a strategy for distinguishing receptor-dependent responses and side effects based on expression time courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Michaelson
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Grace CE, Kim SJ, Rogers JM. Maternal influences on epigenetic programming of the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:797-805. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chaolu H, Asakawa A, Ushikai M, Li YX, Cheng KC, Li JB, Zoshiki T, Terashi M, Tanaka C, Atsuchi K, Sakoguchi T, Tsai M, Amitani H, Horiuchi M, Takeuchi T, Inui A. Effect of exercise and high-fat diet on plasma adiponectin and nesfatin levels in mice. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:369-373. [PMID: 22977512 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle-related diseases are associated with overeating and lack of exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and high-fat diet on plasma adiponectin and nesfatin levels. Mice were housed for 4 weeks in 4 groups, which included the non-exercise and normal diet (SN), exercise and normal diet (EN), non-exercise and high-fat diet (SF) and the exercise and high-fat diet (EF) group. The mice in the exercise groups were housed in cages with a running wheel and were subjected to voluntary exercise. The food intake (Kcal) of the mice in the exercise groups increased compared to that of the mice in the non-exercise groups (P<0.01). Body weight and visceral fat decreased in the mice in the EF group compared to the mice in the SF group (P<0.01 and P<0.05). The temperature of the mice in the EF group increased compared to that of the mice in the SN group (P<0.05). Blood glucose, insulin (P<0.01), cholesterol (P<0.01) and triglyceride concentrations (P<0.01) increased in the SF group compared to the normal diet groups. Furthermore, plasma insulin and cholesterol concentrations increased in the SF group compared to the exercise groups (P<0.01). Plasma adiponectin and nesfatin-1 levels in the SF group decreased compared to the SN group (P<0.05). Exercise under a high-fat diet antagonized the significant decrease in the nesfatin-1 level. Exercise together with a high-fat diet affected the plasma levels of adiponectin and nesfatin. It is therefore suggested that exercise together with a high-fat diet can affect various diseases via adiponectin and nesfatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhe Chaolu
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine
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Zhang Y, Schyvens CG, Cole TJ, McKenzie KUS, Vickers JJ, Whitworth JA. The glucocorticoid receptor is required for experimental adrenocorticotrophic hormone-induced hypertension in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:1044-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Familial glucocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency by non-sense mediated mRNA decay, adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13563. [PMID: 21042587 PMCID: PMC2962642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary glucocorticoid resistance (OMIM 138040) is a rare hereditary disease that causes a generalized partial insensitivity to glucocorticoid action, due to genetic alterations of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Investigation of adrenal incidentalomas led to the discovery of a family (eight affected individuals spanning three generations), prone to cortisol resistance, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, arterial hypertension and hypokalemia. This phenotype exacerbated over time, cosegregates with the first heterozygous nonsense mutation p.R469[R,X] reported to date for the GR, replacing an arginine (CGA) by a stop (TGA) at amino-acid 469 in the second zinc finger of the DNA-binding domain of the receptor. In vitro, this mutation leads to a truncated 50-kDa GR lacking hormone and DNA binding capacity, devoid of hormone-dependent nuclear translocation and transactivation properties. In the proband's fibroblasts, we provided evidence for the lack of expression of the defective allele in vivo. The absence of detectable mutated GR mRNA was accompanied by a 50% reduction in wild type GR transcript and protein. This reduced GR expression leads to a significantly below-normal induction of glucocorticoid-induced target genes, FKBP5 in fibroblasts. We demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid signaling dysfunction involved GR haploinsufficiency due to the selective degradation of the mutated GR transcript through a nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay that was experimentally validated on emetine-treated propositus' fibroblasts. GR haploinsufficiency leads to hypertension due to illicit occupation of renal mineralocorticoid receptor by elevated cortisol rather than to increased mineralocorticoid production reported in primary glucocorticoid resistance. Indeed, apparent mineralocorticoid excess was demonstrated by a decrease in urinary tetrahydrocortisone-tetrahydrocortisol ratio in affected patients, revealing reduced glucocorticoid degradation by renal activity of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, a GR regulated gene. We propose thus that GR haploinsufficiency compromises glucocorticoid sensitivity and may represent a novel genetic cause of subclinical hypercortisolism, incidentally revealed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and mineralocorticoid-independent hypertension.
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Rose AJ, Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Role of glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor in metabolism: insights from genetic manipulations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:10-20. [PMID: 20170729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor have been characterized as critical checkpoints in the delicate hormonal control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of glucocorticoids are required for proper metabolic control, aberrant glucocorticoid action has been linked to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Based on its importance for human health, studies of the molecular mechanisms of within the glucocorticoid signaling axis have become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the development of novel therapies in the treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the consequences of endogenous and experimental modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, particularly emphasizing tissue-specific contributions of the glucocorticoid pathway to the control of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rose
- Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dunbar DR, Khaled H, Evans LC, Al-Dujaili EAS, Mullins LJ, Mullins JJ, Kenyon CJ, Bailey MA. Transcriptional and physiological responses to chronic ACTH treatment by the mouse kidney. Physiol Genomics 2009; 40:158-66. [PMID: 19920212 PMCID: PMC2825763 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00088.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects on urinary steroid and electrolyte excretion and renal gene expression of chronic infusions of ACTH in the mouse. ACTH caused a sustained increase in corticosteroid excretion; aldosterone excretion was only transiently elevated. There was an increase in the excretion of deoxycorticosterone, a weak mineralocorticoid, to levels of physiological significance. Nevertheless, we observed neither antinatriuresis nor kaliuresis in ACTH-treated mice, and plasma renin activity was not suppressed. We identified no changes in expression of mineralocorticoid target genes. Water turnover was increased in chronic ACTH-treated mice, as were hematocrit and hypertonicity: volume contraction is consistent with high levels of glucocorticoid. ACTH-treated mice exhibited other signs of glucocorticoid excess, such as enhanced weight gain and involution of the thymus. We identified novel ACTH-induced changes in 1) genes involved in vitamin D (Cyp27b1, Cyp24a1, Gc) and calcium (Sgk, Calb1, Trpv5) metabolism associated with calciuria and phosphaturia; 2) genes that would be predicted to desensitize the kidney to glucocorticoid action (Nr3c1, Hsd11b1, Fkbp5); and 3) genes encoding transporters of enzyme systems associated with xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress. Although there is evidence that ACTH-induced hypertension is a function of physiological cross talk between glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the present study suggests that the major changes in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis and renal function are attributable to glucocorticoids. The calcium and organic anion metabolism pathways that are affected by ACTH may explain some of the known adverse effects associated with glucocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Dunbar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Cottrell EC, Seckl JR. Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids and the programming of adult disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3:19. [PMID: 19826624 PMCID: PMC2759372 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.019.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies associate an adverse prenatal environment with the development of cardio-metabolic disorders and neuroendocrine dysfunction, as well as an increased risk of psychiatric diseases in later life. Experimentally, prenatal exposure to stress or excess glucocorticoids in a variety of animal models can malprogram offspring physiology, resulting in a reduction in birth weight and subsequently increasing the likelihood of disorders of cardiovascular function, glucose homeostasis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity and anxiety-related behaviours in adulthood. During fetal development, placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) provides a barrier to maternal glucocorticoids. Reduced placental 11β-HSD2 in human pregnancy correlates with lower birth weight and higher blood pressure in later life. Similarly, in animal models, inhibition or knockout of placental 11β-HSD2 lowers offspring birth weight, in part by reducing glucose delivery to the developing fetus in late gestation. Molecular mechanisms thought to underlie the programming effects of early life stress and glucocorticoids include epigenetic changes in target chromatin, notably affecting tissue-specific expression of the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR). As such, excess glucocorticoids in early life can permanently alter tissue glucocorticoid signalling, effects which may have short-term adaptive benefits but increase the risk of later disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Cottrell
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, Scotland
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de Vries A, Hazlewood L, Fitch PM, Seckl JR, Foster P, Howie SEM. High-fat feeding redirects cytokine responses and decreases allergic airway eosinophilia. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:731-9. [PMID: 19178536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fat intake has been associated with obesity and obesity in its turn with attenuated airway function and asthma, but it is unclear whether or how high-fat intake per se alters immune function relevant to development of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE To use a non-obese mouse model of mild to moderate allergic asthma to compare effects of high-fat with isocaloric control-diet on allergic immune responses. METHODS C57BL/6 mice weaned and maintained on control (11% fat calories) or isocaloric high-fat diet (58% fat calories) were systemically sensitized with ovalbumin and challenged in the lungs. Allergic airway inflammation was assessed by measuring lung inflammation; serum antibodies; and, cytokines in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and in supernatants of in vitro stimulated lung draining lymph node and spleen lymphocytes. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in lung eosinophilia and IL-5 in high-fat fed mice. Lung draining lymph node cells from these mice showed reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine (MCP-1 and TNF-alpha) release after ovalbumin re-stimulation and reduced release of IL-13 after concanavalin-A stimulation, indicating a general rather than just an antigen-specific change. There was no difference in IFN-gamma release. In contrast, pro-inflammatory cytokine release was increased from splenocytes. Decreased eosinophilia was not due to increased regulatory T cell or IL-10 induction in draining lymph nodes or spleen, nor to changes in antibody response to ovalbumin. However, decreased levels of serum and BAL eotaxin were found in high-fat fed animals. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that high-fat dietary content redirects local immune responses to allergen in the lungs and systemic responses in the spleen and serum. These effects are not due to changes in regulatory T cell populations but may reflect a failure to mobilize eosinophils in response to allergic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Vries
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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