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Kostopoulou E, Katsa ME, Ioannidis A, Foti M, Dimopoulos I, Spiliotis BE, Rojas Gil AP. Association of the apoptotic markers Apo1/Fas and cCK-18 and the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 with Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:493. [PMID: 39095736 PMCID: PMC11295842 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by immune and metabolic dysregulation. Apo1/Fas is implicated in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system. Cytokeratin-18 (cCK-18) is a predictive marker of liver disorders in T2DM. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is considered to increase susceptibility to diabetes mellitus. All three markers are associated with endothelial function, apoptosis and diabetes-related complications. The possible role of Apo1/Fas, cCK-18 and ICAM-1 was investigated in children and adolescents with T1DM. METHOD Forty-nine (49) children and adolescents with T1DM and 49 controls were included in the study. Somatometric measurements were obtained and the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants was calculated. Biochemical parameters were measured by standard laboratory methods and Apo1/Fas, cCK-18 and ICAM-1 were measured using appropriate ELISA kits. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 program. RESULTS Apo1/Fas (p = 0.001), cCK-18 (p < 0.001) and ICAM-1 (p < 0.001) were higher in patients with T1DM compared to the controls. Apo1Fas was negatively correlated with glucose (p = 0.042), uric acid (p = 0.026), creatinine (p = 0.022), total cholesterol (p = 0.023) and LDL (p = 0.005) in the controls. In children and adolescents with T1DM, Apo1/Fas was positively correlated with total cholesterol (p = 0.013) and LDL (p = 0.003). ICAM-1 was negatively correlated with creatinine (p = 0.019) in the controls, whereas in patients with T1DM it was negatively correlated with HbA1c (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Apo1/Fas, cCK-18 and ICAM-1 may be useful as serological markers for immune and metabolic dysregulation in children and adolescents with T1DM. Also, Apo1/Fas may have a protective role against metabolic complications in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kostopoulou
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, 26504, Greece.
| | - Maria Efthymia Katsa
- Department of Nursing, Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Panarcadian Hospital Erythrou Stavrou End Administrative Services 2 Floor, Tripoli, 22100, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Panarcadian Hospital Erythrou Stavrou End Administrative Services 2 Floor, Tripoli, 22100, Greece
| | - Maria Foti
- Department of Nursing, Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Panarcadian Hospital Erythrou Stavrou End Administrative Services 2 Floor, Tripoli, 22100, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dimopoulos
- School of Management, University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, 24100, Greece
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Andrea Paola Rojas Gil
- Department of Nursing, Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Panarcadian Hospital Erythrou Stavrou End Administrative Services 2 Floor, Tripoli, 22100, Greece.
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Naseri M, Ranaei Pirmardan E, Melhorn MI, Zhang Y, Barakat A, Hafezi-Moghadam A. A translational model of chronic diabetic nephropathy in the Nile grass rat. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23789. [PMID: 39018098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major healthcare challenge for individuals with diabetes and associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The existing rodent models do not fully represent the complex course of the human disease. Hence, developing a translational model of diabetes that reproduces both the early and the advanced characteristics of DN and faithfully recapitulates the overall human pathology is an unmet need. Here, we introduce the Nile grass rat (NGR) as a novel model of DN and characterize key pathologies underlying DN. NGRs spontaneously developed insulin resistance, reactive hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia. Diabetic NGRs evolved DN and the key histopathological aspects of the human advanced DN, including glomerular hypertrophy, infiltration of mononuclear cells, tubular dilatation, and atrophy. Enlargement of the glomerular tufts and the Bowman's capsule areas accompanied the expansion of the Bowman's space. Glomerular sclerosis, renal arteriolar hyalinosis, Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodular lesions, and protein cast formations in the kidneys of diabetic NGR occurred with DN. Diabetic kidneys displayed interstitial and glomerular fibrosis, key characteristics of late human pathology as well as thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and podocyte effacement. Signs of injury included glomerular lipid accumulation, significantly more apoptotic cells, and expression of KIM-1. Diabetic NGRs became hypertensive, a known risk factor for kidney dysfunction, and showed decreased glomerular filtration rate. Diabetic NGRs recapitulate the breadth of human DN pathology and reproduce the consequences of chronic kidney disease, including injury and loss of function of the kidney. Hence, NGR represents a robust model for studying DN-related complications and provides a new foundation for more detailed mechanistic studies of the genesis of nephropathy, and the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Naseri
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ehsan Ranaei Pirmardan
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark I Melhorn
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanlin Zhang
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aliaa Barakat
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Interstitial Lung Disease Collaborative, Pulmonary Care and Research Collaborative, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hein M, Qambari H, An D, Balaratnasingam C. Current understanding of subclinical diabetic retinopathy informed by histology and high-resolution in vivo imaging. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:464-484. [PMID: 38363022 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The escalating incidence of diabetes mellitus has amplified the global impact of diabetic retinopathy. There are known structural and functional changes in the diabetic retina that precede the fundus photography abnormalities which currently are used to diagnose clinical diabetic retinopathy. Understanding these subclinical alterations is important for effective disease management. Histology and high-resolution clinical imaging reveal that the entire neurovascular unit, comprised of retinal vasculature, neurons and glial cells, is affected in subclinical disease. Early functional manifestations are seen in the form of blood flow and electroretinography disturbances. Structurally, there are alterations in the cellular components of vasculature, glia and the neuronal network. On clinical imaging, changes to vessel density and thickness of neuronal layers are observed. How these subclinical disturbances interact and ultimately manifest as clinical disease remains elusive. However, this knowledge reveals potential early therapeutic targets and the need for imaging modalities that can detect subclinical changes in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hein
- Physiology and Pharmacology Group, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hassanain Qambari
- Physiology and Pharmacology Group, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dong An
- Physiology and Pharmacology Group, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Physiology and Pharmacology Group, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Leow SS, Khoo JS, Ng SM, Lee WK, Hoh CC, Fairus S, Sambanthamurthi R, Hayes KC. Insulin and circadian rhythm genes of the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) are conserved and orthologous to those in the rat, mouse and human. Genetica 2024; 152:11-29. [PMID: 38099985 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-023-00202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The African grass or Nile rat (NR) (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a herbivorous diurnal rodent which is used as a biological model for research on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the circadian rhythm. Similar to humans, male NRs develop T2DM with high-carbohydrate diets. The NR thus provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional and underlying genetic factors that characterise human T2DM, as well as the effects of potential anti-diabetic phytochemicals such as Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) could help identify possible genetic causes why NRs spontaneously develop T2DM in captivity. In this study, we performed WGS on a hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sample isolated from a male NR using PacBio high-fidelity long-read sequencing. The WGS data obtained were then de novo assembled and annotated using PacBio HiFi isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) data as well as previous Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. Genes related to insulin and circadian rhythm pathways were present in the NR genome, similar to orthologues in the rat, mouse and human genomes. T2DM development in the NR is thus most likely not attributable to structural differences in these genes when compared to other biological models. Further studies are warranted to gain additional insights on the genetic-environmental factors which underlie the genetic permissiveness of NRs to develop T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Sen Leow
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jia-Shiun Khoo
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siuk-Mun Ng
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Kang Lee
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Level 20, West Wing, MATRADE Tower, Jalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Off Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K C Hayes
- Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
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Aihara K, Nakazawa Y, Takeda S, Hatsusaka N, Onouchi T, Hiramatsu N, Nagata M, Nagai N, Funakoshi-Tago M, Yamamoto N, Sasaki H. Aquaporins contribute to vacuoles formation in Nile grass type II diabetic rats. Med Mol Morphol 2023; 56:274-287. [PMID: 37493821 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-023-00365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of ion and water microcirculation within the lens is tightly controlled through aquaporin channels and connexin junctions. However, cataracts can occur when the lens becomes cloudy. Various factors can induce cataracts, including diabetes which is a well-known cause. The most common phenotype of diabetic cataracts is a cortical and/or posterior subcapsular opacity. In addition to the three main types and two subtypes of cataracts, a vacuole formation is frequently observed; however, their origin remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the aquaporins and connexins involved in diabetes-induced cataracts and vacuoles in Nile grass type II diabetes. The results showed that the expression of aquaporin 0 and aquaporin 5 increased, and that of connexin 43 decreased in diabetic rat lenses. Additionally, aquaporin 0 and 5 were strongly localized in peripheral of vacuoles, suggesting that aquaporins are involved in vacuoles formation. Transillumination photography revealed large vacuoles at the tip of the Y-suture in the anterior capsule of the diabetic lens, and several small vacuoles were observed in the posterior capsule. Within the vacuoles, cytoplasmic degradation and aggregation of fibrous material were observed. Our findings suggest that aquaporins are potential candidate proteins for preventing vacuole formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Aihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibako-en, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibako-en, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Shun Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Natsuko Hatsusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takanori Onouchi
- Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Noriko Hiramatsu
- Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nagata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsugagun, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Megumi Funakoshi-Tago
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibako-en, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
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Immunological consequences of compromised ocular immune privilege accelerate retinal degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:378. [PMID: 36253797 PMCID: PMC9575261 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary retinal disease which leads to visual impairment. The onset and progression of RP has physiological consequences that affects the ocular environment. Some of the key non-genetic factors which hasten the retinal degeneration in RP include oxidative stress, hypoxia and ocular inflammation. In this study, we investigated the status of the ocular immune privilege during retinal degeneration and the effect of ocular immune changes on the peripheral immune system in RP. We assessed the peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation by retinal antigens and their immune response status in RP patients. Subsequently, we examined alterations in ocular immune privilege machineries which may contribute to ocular inflammation and disease progression in rd1 mouse model. Results In RP patients, we observed a suppressed anti-inflammatory response to self-retinal antigens, thereby indicating a deviated response to self-antigens. The ocular milieu in rd1 mouse model indicated a significant decrease in immune suppressive ligands and cytokine TGF-B1, and higher pro-inflammatory ocular protein levels. Further, blood–retinal-barrier breakdown due to decrease in the expression of tight junction proteins was observed. The retinal breach potentiated pro-inflammatory peripheral immune activation against retinal antigens and caused infiltration of the peripheral immune cells into the ocular tissue. Conclusions Our studies with RP patients and rd1 mouse model suggest that immunological consequences in RP is a contributing factor in the progression of retinal degeneration. The ocular inflammation in the RP alters the ocular immune privilege mechanisms and peripheral immune response. These aberrations in turn create an auto-reactive immune environment and accelerate retinal degeneration.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02528-x.
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Balaratnasingam C, An D, Hein M, Yu P, Yu DY. Studies of the retinal microcirculation using human donor eyes and high-resolution clinical imaging: Insights gained to guide future research in diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101134. [PMID: 37154065 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The microcirculation plays a key role in delivering oxygen to and removing metabolic wastes from energy-intensive retinal neurons. Microvascular changes are a hallmark feature of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of irreversible vision loss globally. Early investigators have performed landmark studies characterising the pathologic manifestations of DR. Previous works have collectively informed us of the clinical stages of DR and the retinal manifestations associated with devastating vision loss. Since these reports, major advancements in histologic techniques coupled with three-dimensional image processing has facilitated a deeper understanding of the structural characteristics in the healthy and diseased retinal circulation. Furthermore, breakthroughs in high-resolution retinal imaging have facilitated clinical translation of histologic knowledge to detect and monitor progression of microcirculatory disturbances with greater precision. Isolated perfusion techniques have been applied to human donor eyes to further our understanding of the cytoarchitectural characteristics of the normal human retinal circulation as well as provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of DR. Histology has been used to validate emerging in vivo retinal imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography angiography. This report provides an overview of our research on the human retinal microcirculation in the context of the current ophthalmic literature. We commence by proposing a standardised histologic lexicon for characterising the human retinal microcirculation and subsequently discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying key manifestations of DR, with a focus on microaneurysms and retinal ischaemia. The advantages and limitations of current retinal imaging modalities as determined using histologic validation are also presented. We conclude with an overview of the implications of our research and provide a perspective on future directions in DR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Dong An
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Hein
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paula Yu
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Kaizu Y, Nakao S, Soda T, Horie J, Wada I, Yamaguchi M, Takeda A, Sonoda KH. Longer Interscan Times in OCT Angiography Detect Slower Capillary Flow in Diabetic Retinopathy. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100181. [PMID: 36245749 PMCID: PMC9560536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the detection of slower retinal capillary blood flow using commercial OCT angiography (OCTA) with a longer interscan time in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Design Observational, prospective, cross-sectional study. Participants A total of 62 eyes from 39 subjects with diabetes mellitus and 10 eyes from 9 healthy subjects. Methods Commercial spectral domain-OCT was used to obtain 3 × 3-mm fovea-centered OCTA images of all eyes with 3 different interscan times (4.3, 5.7, and 8.6 ms). For each interscan time, OCTA imaging was performed 5 consecutive times, and a ×5 averaged image was obtained. Capillary flow density and visualization of retinal capillaries in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCPs and DCPs, respectively) were compared between the 3 averaged images from the 3 different interscan times. Main Outcome Measures Capillary flow density and visualization of foveal capillaries in 3 images with different interscan times. Results Forty-five eyes of 34 patients were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the flow density of the SCP and DCP between the 3 images with different interscan times in all the DR stages. Some capillaries including microaneurysms that could not be observed at 4.3 ms could be observed at 5.7 or 8.6 ms. There were significantly more capillaries with difference points between the 3 images in the group with DR than in the group without DR (P < 0.01). The morphology of some microaneurysms also changed with longer interscan times. Conclusions OCTA with longer interscan times revealed slower flow points in capillaries and more accurate visualization and morphology of microaneurysms in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
- Correspondence: Shintaro Nakao, MD, PhD, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-Ku, Fukuoka 810-8563, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Soda
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gvazava IG, Karimova MV, Vasiliev AV, Vorotelyak EA. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pathogenic Features and Experimental Models in Rodents. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:57-68. [PMID: 36348712 PMCID: PMC9611859 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common endocrine disorder (90%) in the world; it has numerous clinical, immunological, and genetic differences from type 1 diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of T2DM is complex and not fully clear. To date, animal models remain the main tool by which to study the pathophysiology and therapy of T2DM. Rodents are considered the best choice among animal models, because they are characterized by a small size, short induction period, easy diabetes induction, and economic efficiency. This review summarizes data on experimental models of T2DM that are currently used, evaluates their advantages and disadvantages vis-a-vis research, and describes in detail the factors that should be taken into account when using these models. Selection of a suitable model for tackling a particular issue is not always trivial; it affects study results and their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. G. Gvazava
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - M. V. Karimova
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - A. V. Vasiliev
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - E. A. Vorotelyak
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234 Russia
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Ranaei Pirmardan E, Barakat A, Zhang Y, Naseri M, Hafezi-Moghadam A. Diabetic cataract in the Nile grass rat: A longitudinal phenotypic study of pathology formation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21593. [PMID: 33991133 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for cataract, the leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is an unmet need for a realistic model of diabetic cataract for mechanistic and longitudinal studies, as existing models do not reflect key aspects of the complex human disease. Here, we introduce and characterize diabetic cataract in the Nile grass rat (NGR, Arvicanthis niloticus), an established model of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a longitudinal study of cataract in over 88 NGRs in their non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic stages of metabolism. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results distinguished the metabolic stages. Diverse cataract types were observed in the course of diabetes, including cortical, posterior subcapsular (PSC), and anterior subcapsular (ASC), all of which succeeded a characteristic dotted ring stage in all animals. The onset ages of diabetes and cataract were 44 ± 3 vs 29 ± 1 (P < .001) and 66 ± 5 vs 58 ± 6 (not significant) weeks in females and males, respectively. Histological analysis revealed fiber disorganization, vacuolar structures, and cellular proliferation and migration in cataractous lenses. The lens epithelial cells (LECs) in non-diabetic young NGRs expressed the stress marker GRP78, as did LECs and migrated cells in the lenses of diabetic animals. Elucidating mechanisms underlying LEC proliferation and migration will be clinically valuable in prevention and treatment of posterior capsule opacification, a dreaded complication of cataract surgery. Marked changes in N-cadherin expression emphasized a role for LEC integrity in cataractogenesis. Apoptotic cells were dispersed in the equatorial areas in early cataractogenesis. Our study reveals diverse cataract types that spontaneously develop in the diabetic NGR, and which uniquely mirror the cataract and its chronic course of development in individuals with diabetes. We provide mechanistic insights into early stages of diabetic cataract. These unique characteristics make NGR highly suited for mechanistic studies, especially in the context of metabolism, diabetes, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ranaei Pirmardan
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aliaa Barakat
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuanlin Zhang
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzieh Naseri
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Blood-retinal barrier as a converging pivot in understanding the initiation and development of retinal diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2586-2594. [PMID: 32852382 PMCID: PMC7722606 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical ophthalmologists consider each retinal disease as a completely unique entity. However, various retinal diseases, such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and primary open-angle glaucoma, share a number of common pathogenetic pathways. Whether a retinal disease initiates from direct injury to the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) or a defect/injury to retinal neurons or glia that impairs the BRB secondarily, the BRB is a pivotal point in determining the prognosis as self-limiting and recovering, or developing and progressing to a clinical phenotype. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on the physiology and cellular and molecular pathology of the BRB, which underlies its pivotal role in the initiation and development of common retinal diseases.
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12
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Li L, Chen J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Chen L. Artesunate alleviates diabetic retinopathy by activating autophagy via the regulation of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021:1-8. [PMID: 33661722 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1887266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Artesunate (ART), an antimalarial drug, possesses the ability to induce autophagy and exhibits a protective effect on diabetes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ART on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Rats with streptozotocin-induced DR were given intravitreal injection of ART. RESULTS ART administration inhibited the increase in retinal thickness and prevented blood-retinal barrier in diabetic rats. Further, vascular leukocyte adherence, microglial activation, inflammatory cytokine, and ROS production in the retinas of diabetic rats were also inhibited by ART. Additionally, ART enhanced autophagy in the retinas of diabetic rats as demonstrated by up-regulated Beclin-1 expression and LC3II/I ratio and down-regulated p62. ART also activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sensor class III histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway. CONCLUSIONS ART, as an autophagy activator, has therapeutic potential in DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Abstract
Glaucoma remains the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness and though intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most prevalent risk factor and only reliable therapeutic target, a number of systemic disease associations have been reported. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of findings that includes systemic hypertension, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. MetS is becoming increasingly common worldwide, with prevalence up to 40% in some countries. Not only is MetS a significant cause of morbidity, but it is also associated with an increase in all-cause mortality. Reports have been conflicting regarding the association of individual components of MetS, including systemic hypertension and diabetes, with elevated IOP or glaucoma. However, though limitations in the existing literature are present, current evidence suggests that MetS is associated with IOP as well as glaucoma. Additional studies are needed to clarify this association by incorporating additional metrics including assessment of central corneal thickness as well as optic nerve structure and function. Future studies are also needed to determine whether lifestyle modification or systemic treatment of MetS could reduce the incidence or progression of glaucoma.
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14
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The innate immune system in diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100940. [PMID: 33429059 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has been rising steadily in the past half-century, along with the burden of its associated complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is currently the most common cause of vision loss in working-age adults in the United States. Historically, DR has been diagnosed and classified clinically based on what is visible by fundoscopy; that is vasculature alterations. However, recent technological advances have confirmed pathology of the neuroretina prior to any detectable vascular changes. These, coupled with molecular studies, and the positive impact of anti-inflammatory therapeutics in DR patients have highlighted the central involvement of the innate immune system. Reminiscent of the systemic impact of diabetes, immune dysregulation has become increasingly identified as a key element of the pathophysiology of DR by interfering with normal homeostatic systems. This review uses the growing body of literature across various model systems to demonstrate the clear involvement of all three pillars of the immune system: immune-competent cells, mediators, and the complement system. It also demonstrates how the relative contribution of each of these requires more extensive analysis, including in human tissues over the continuum of disease progression. Finally, although this review demonstrates how the complex interactions of the immune system pose many more questions than answers, the intimately connected nature of the three pillars of the immune system may also point to possible new targets to reverse or even halt reverse retinopathy.
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15
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Takeda A, Yanai R, Murakami Y, Arima M, Sonoda KH. New Insights Into Immunological Therapy for Retinal Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1431. [PMID: 32719682 PMCID: PMC7348236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the twentieth century, a conspicuous lack of effective treatment strategies existed for managing several retinal disorders, including age-related macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy (DR); retinopathy of prematurity (ROP); retinitis pigmentosa (RP); uveitis, including Behçet's disease; and vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL). However, in the first decade of this century, advances in biomedicine have provided new treatment strategies in the field of ophthalmology, particularly biologics that target vascular endothelial growth factor or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Furthermore, clinical trials on gene therapy specifically for patients with autosomal recessive or X-linked RP have commenced. The overall survival rates of patients with VRL have improved, owing to earlier diagnoses and better treatment strategies. However, some unresolved problems remain such as primary or secondary non-response to biologics or chemotherapy, and the lack of adequate strategies for treating most RP patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunological mechanisms of the eye under normal conditions and in several retinal disorders, including uveitis, DR, ROP, RP, and VRL. In addition, we discuss recent studies that describe the inflammatory responses that occur during the course of these retinal disorders to provide new insights into their diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Research Institute, Kyushu Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Wang LK, Wang H, Wu XL, Shi L, Yang RM, Wang YC. Relationships among resistin, adiponectin, and leptin and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519870407. [PMID: 31891278 PMCID: PMC7607287 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519870407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationships among serum resistin, adiponectin, and
leptin and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 120 patients with T2DM were divided into non-microangiopathy and
microangiopathy groups. Sixty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were
used as a normal control (NC) group. Body height, body mass, waist
circumference, and blood pressure were determined, and waist/hip ratio
(WHR), body mass index, blood glucose, lipids, resistin, leptin,
adiponectin, free fatty acids (FFA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
(hs-CRP), fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and homeostatic model assessment
of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were compared among the three groups. Results Serum levels of resistin, leptin, FFA, and hs-CRP were significantly higher
and levels of adiponectin were significantly lower in patients in the
non-microangiopathy (n = 60) and microangiopathy groups (n = 60) compared
with the NC group (n = 60). Serum resistin and leptin levels in patients
with T2DM were positively correlated with WHR, hs-CRP, FFA, HOMA-IR, and
triglycerides, but negatively correlated with high-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Serum adiponectin levels in patients with
T2DM were negatively correlated with WHR, hs-CRP, FFA, HOMA-IR, and
triglycerides, but positively correlated with HDL-C. Conclusion Serum resistin, adiponectin, and leptin levels correlate with the occurrence
of T2DM and microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Liang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Rui-Min Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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17
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Weinberg RP, Koledova VV, Subramaniam A, Schneider K, Artamonova A, Sambanthamurthi R, Hayes KC, Sinskey AJ, Rha C. Palm Fruit Bioactives augment expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Nile Grass Rat basal ganglia and alter the colonic microbiome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18625. [PMID: 31819070 PMCID: PMC6901528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA. This is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines - dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EP). Catecholamines (CA) play a key role as neurotransmitters and hormones. Aberrant levels of CA are associated with multiple medical conditions, including Parkinson's disease. Palm Fruit Bioactives (PFB) significantly increased the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the brain of the Nile Grass rat (NGR), a novel and potentially significant finding, unique to PFB among known botanical sources. Increases were most pronounced in the basal ganglia, including the caudate-putamen, striatum and substantia nigra. The NGR represents an animal model of diet-induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), exhibiting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance associated with hyperphagia and accelerated postweaning weight gain induced by a high-carbohydrate diet (hiCHO). The PFB-induced increase of TH in the basal ganglia of the NGR was documented by immuno-histochemical staining (IHC). This increase in TH occurred equally in both diabetes-susceptible and diabetes-resistant NGR fed a hiCHO. PFB also stimulated growth of the colon microbiota evidenced by an increase in cecal weight and altered microbiome. The metabolites of colon microbiota, e.g. short-chain fatty acids, may influence the brain and behavior significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Weinberg
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Vera V Koledova
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | | | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Anastasia Artamonova
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K C Hayes
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - ChoKyun Rha
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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18
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Toh H, Smolentsev A, Bozadjian RV, Keeley PW, Lockwood MD, Sadjadi R, Clegg DO, Blodi BA, Coffey PJ, Reese BE, Thomson JA. Vascular changes in diabetic retinopathy-a longitudinal study in the Nile rat. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1547-1560. [PMID: 31101854 PMCID: PMC6788790 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and is a major cause of blindness, but an understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease has been hampered by a lack of accurate animal models. Here, we explore the dynamics of retinal cellular changes in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), a carbohydrate-sensitive model for type 2 diabetes. The early retinal changes in diabetic Nile rats included increased acellular capillaries and loss of pericytes that correlated linearly with the duration of diabetes. These vascular changes occurred in the presence of microglial infiltration but in the absence of retinal ganglion cell loss. After a prolonged duration of diabetes, the Nile rat also exhibits a spectrum of retinal lesions commonly seen in the human condition including vascular leakage, capillary non-perfusion, and neovascularization. Our longitudinal study documents a range and progression of retinal lesions in the diabetic Nile rat remarkably similar to those observed in human diabetic retinopathy, and suggests that this model will be valuable in identifying new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishi Toh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Smolentsev
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Rachel V. Bozadjian
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Patrick W. Keeley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Madison D. Lockwood
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Ryan Sadjadi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Dennis O. Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Barbara A. Blodi
- University of Wisconsin Fundus Photograph Reading Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter J. Coffey
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK,The London Project to Cure Blindness, ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - James A. Thomson
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Appaji A, Nagendra B, Chako DM, Padmanabha A, Jacob A, Hiremath CV, Varambally S, Kesavan M, Venkatasubramanian G, Rao SV, Webers CAB, Berendschot TTJM, Rao NP. Retinal vascular tortuosity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:26-32. [PMID: 31466896 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The micro-vasculature of retina and brain share common morphological, physiological, and pathological properties. Retina being easily accessible, retinal vascular examination provides an indirect assessment of cerebral vasculature. Considering the high prevalence of vascular morbidity in SCZ and BD a few studies have examined retinal vascular caliber and have reported increased retinal venular caliber in schizophrenia (SCZ). Retinal vascular tortuosity could serve as a better structural measure than caliber as it is static and less susceptible to pulse period variations. However, to date, no study has examined retinal vascular tortuosity in SCZ and bipolar disorder (BD). Hence, we examined retinal vascular tortuosity in comparison with healthy volunteers (HV). We included 255 subjects (78 HV, 79 SCZ, and 86 BD) in the age range of 18 to 50 years. Trained personnel acquired images using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. To measure the average retinal arteriolar tortuosity index (RATI) and retinal venular tortuosity index (RVTI), we used a previously validated, semi-automatic algorithm. The results showed significant differences across the three groups in RATI but not in RVTI; both BD and SCZ had significantly increased RATI compared to HV. There was also a significant difference between SCZ and BD, with BD having higher RATI. If shown to be of predictive utility in future longitudinal studies, it has the potential to identify patients at risk of development of adverse vascular events. As retinal vascular imaging is non-invasive and inexpensive, it could serve as a proxy marker and window to cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Appaji
- Department of Medical Electronics, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India; University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bhargavi Nagendra
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dona Maria Chako
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ananth Padmanabha
- Department of Medical Electronics, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Arpitha Jacob
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra V Hiremath
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Muralidharan Kesavan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Shyam Vasudeva Rao
- Department of Medical Electronics, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India; University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tos T J M Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Naren P Rao
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
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20
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Murakami Y, Ishikawa K, Nakao S, Sonoda KH. Innate immune response in retinal homeostasis and inflammatory disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100778. [PMID: 31505218 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as neutrophils, monocyte-macrophages and microglial cells are pivotal for the health and disease of the retina. For the maintenance of retinal homeostasis, these cells and immunosuppressive molecules in the eye actively regulate the induction and the expression of inflammation in order to prevent excessive activation and subsequent tissue damage. In the disease context, these regulatory mechanisms are modulated genetically and/or by environmental stimuli such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and a chronic innate immune response regulates or contributes to the formation of diverse retinal disorders such as uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal vascular diseases and retinal fibrosis. Here we summarize the recent knowledge regarding the innate immune response in both ocular immune regulation and inflammatory retinal diseases, and we describe the potential of the innate immune response as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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21
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Verra DM, Sajdak BS, Merriman DK, Hicks D. Diurnal rodents as pertinent animal models of human retinal physiology and pathology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100776. [PMID: 31499165 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This presentation will survey the retinal architecture, advantages, and limitations of several lesser-known rodent species that provide a useful diurnal complement to rats and mice. These diurnal rodents also possess unusually cone-rich photoreceptor mosaics that facilitate the study of cone cells and pathways. Species to be presented include principally the Sudanian Unstriped Grass Rat and Nile Rat (Arvicanthis spp.), the Fat Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus), the degu (Octodon degus) and the 13-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). The retina and optic nerve in several of these species demonstrate unusual resilience in the face of neuronal injury, itself an interesting phenomenon with potential translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Verra
- Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Dana K Merriman
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
| | - David Hicks
- Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Barakat A, Nakao S, Zandi S, Sun D, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Hayes KC, Hafezi-Moghadam A. In contrast to Western diet, a plant-based, high-fat, low-sugar diet does not exacerbate retinal endothelial injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 33:10327-10338. [PMID: 31264891 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900462r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Controversy remains about how diet affects the vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with disordered insulin-glucose homeostasis. It is postulated that the type and level of certain macronutrients contribute to endothelial dysfunction in vascular diabetes complications. However, it is not well understood how specific macronutrients affect the molecular inflammatory response under conditions of hyperglycemia. Here, we examined retinal microvascular endothelial injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats fed a laboratory Western diet (WD). WD, characterized by its high content of saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar, significantly increased retinal leukocyte accumulation and endothelial injury in the STZ-diabetic rats. Suppression of endothelial NF-κB signaling in the STZ model reduced the WD-induced increase in leukocyte accumulation. To isolate the effect of dietary fat, we generated high-fat diets with varying fatty acid balance and type. These diets contained moderate amounts of carbohydrates but no sugar. We found that neither high levels of saturated or unsaturated fats per se increased retinal leukocyte accumulation and endothelial injury in the STZ-diabetic rat model but that the combination of high levels of dietary cholesterol with specific saturated fatty acids that are abundant in WD exacerbated leukocyte accumulation and endothelial injury in the retinas of STZ-diabetic rats.-Barakat, A., Nakao, S., Zandi, S., Sun, D., Schmidt-Ullrich, R., Hayes, K. C., Hafezi-Moghadam, A. In contrast to Western diet, a plant-based, high-fat, low-sugar diet does not exacerbate retinal endothelial injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Barakat
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Souska Zandi
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Swiss Eye Institute, Rotkreuz and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dawei Sun
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - K C Hayes
- Department of Biology, Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Subramaniam A, Landstrom M, Hayes KC. Genetic Permissiveness and Dietary Glycemic Load Interact to Predict Type-II Diabetes in the Nile rat ( Arvicanthis niloticus). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071538. [PMID: 31284621 PMCID: PMC6683243 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a superior model for Type-II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) induced by diets with a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GLoad). To better define the age and gender attributes of diabetes in early stages of progression, weanling rats were fed a high carbohydrate (hiCHO) diet for between 2 to 10 weeks. Methods: Data from four experiments compared two diabetogenic semipurified diets (Diet 133 (60:20:20, as % energy from CHO, fat, protein with a high glycemic load (GLoad) of 224 per 2000 kcal) versus Diets 73 MBS or 73 MB (70:10:20 with or without sucrose and higher GLoads of 259 or 295, respectively). An epidemiological technique was used to stratify the diabetes into quintiles of blood glucose (Q1 to Q5), after 2–10 weeks of dietary induction in 654 rats. The related metagenetic physiological growth and metabolic outcomes were related to the degree of diabetes based on fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood glucose (RBG), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 30 min and 60 min. Results: Experiment 1 (Diet 73MBS) demonstrated that the diabetes begins aggressively in weanlings during the first 2 weeks of a hiCHO challenge, linking genetic permissiveness to diabetes susceptibility or resistance from an early age. In Experiment 2, ninety male Nile rats fed Diet 133 (60:20:20) for 10 weeks identified two quintiles of resistant rats (Q1,Q2) that lowered their RBG between 6 weeks and 10 weeks on diet, whereas Q3–Q5 became progressively more diabetic, suggesting an ongoing struggle for control over glucose metabolism, which either stabilized or not, depending on genetic permissiveness. Experiment 3 (32 males fed 70:10:20) and Experiment 4 (30 females fed 60:20:20) lasted 8 weeks and 3 weeks respectively, for gender and time comparisons. The most telling link between a quintile rank and diabetes risk was telegraphed by energy intake (kcal/day) that established the cumulative GLoad per rat for the entire trial, which was apparent from the first week of feeding. This genetic permissiveness associated with hyperphagia across quintiles was maintained throughout the study and was mirrored in body weight gain without appreciable differences in feed efficiency. This suggests that appetite and greater growth rate linked to a fiber-free high GLoad diet were the dominant factors driving the diabetes. Male rats fed the highest GLoad diet (Diet 73MB 70:10:20, GLoad 295 per 2000 kcal for 8 weeks in Experiment 3], ate more calories and developed diabetes even more aggressively, again emphasizing the Cumulative GLoad as a primary stressor for expressing the genetic permissiveness underlying the diabetes. Conclusion: Thus, the Nile rat model, unlike other rodents but similar to humans, represents a superior model for high GLoad, low-fiber diets that induce diabetes from an early age in a manner similar to the dietary paradigm underlying T2DM in humans, most likely originating in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K C Hayes
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA.
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Wang M, Wang Y, Xie T, Zhan P, Zou J, Nie X, Shao J, Zhuang M, Tan C, Tan J, Dai Y, Sun J, Li J, Li Y, Shi Q, Leng J, Wang X, Yao Y. Prostaglandin E 2/EP 2 receptor signalling pathway promotes diabetic retinopathy in a rat model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:335-348. [PMID: 30411254 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and is initiated by inflammation and apoptosis-associated retinal endothelial cell damage. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has emerged as a critical regulator of these biological processes. We hypothesised that modulating PGE2 and its E-prostanoid receptor (EP2R) would prevent diabetes mellitus-induced inflammation and microvascular dysfunction. METHODS In a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of diabetes, rats received intravitreal injection of PGE2, butaprost (a PGE2/EP2R agonist) or AH6809 (an EP2R antagonist). Retinal histology, optical coherence tomography, ultrastructure of the retinal vascular and biochemical markers were assessed. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of PGE2 and butaprost significantly accelerated retinal vascular leakage, leucostasis and endothelial cell apoptosis in STZ-induced diabetic rats. This response was ameliorated in diabetic rats pre-treated with AH6809. In addition, pre-treatment of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells with AH6809 attenuated PGE2- and butaprost-induced activation of caspase 1, activation of the complex containing nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase-activation and recruitment domain (ASC), and activation of the EP2R-coupled cAMP/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The PGE2/EP2R signalling pathway is involved in STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy and could be considered as a potential target for diabetic retinopathy prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangningzhi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhua Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zou
- Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengye Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Tan
- Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youai Dai
- Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Shi
- Yixing Eye Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Leng
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Center of Clinical Research, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Aioanei CS, Ilies RF, Bala C, Petrisor MF, Porojan MD, Popp RA, Catana A. THE ROLE OF ADIPONECTIN AND TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 GENE POLYMORPHISMS ON NON-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS. A CASE-CONTROL STUDY IN ROMANIAN CAUCASIANS PATIENTS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2019; -5:32-38. [PMID: 31149057 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2019.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Context Persistent inflammation and impaired neovascularization are important contributors to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Gene polymorphisms of adiponectin (APN) were demonstrated to have an important role on the plasma level and activity of adiponectin. APN has anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic properties. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical mediator of innate immunity. Polymorphisms in TLR-4 gene were shown to be associated with impaired inflammatory response in diabetes. Objective The aim of the study was to analyze the association of +276G>T variant of APN gene and Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile of TLR-4 gene variants in relationship with T2DM and DR in an Eastern European population group. Design The distribution of the mutant alleles in 198 T2DM patients with DR and 200 non-T2DM controls was examined. Genomic DNA from T2DM patients and healthy controls genotyped through the use of PCR-RFPL assay. Results Genotype and allele frequencies of the Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms differed between T2DM patients and non diabetic subjects (P<0.001). Moreover, the presence of the minor alleles of these polymorphisms were significantly identified as protective factors against T2DM, under a dominant model of Fisher's exact test (χ2=4.988, phi=0.745, OR=0.767, 95% CI=0.602-0.867, P<0.001; respectively χ2=5.254, phi=0.820, OR=0.487, 95% CI=0.211-0.648, P<0.001). Genotype analysis for the adiponectin 276G>T gene polymorphism yielded no significant association with T2DM, but revealed a borderline significance for the association with DR (χ2=5.632, phi=0.423, OR =1.101, 95% CI=0.887-1.203, P=0.009). Conclusions We found an association between the TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms and protection for DR. The APN genetic polymorphism is not associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Aioanei
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Molecular Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - R F Ilies
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Molecular Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - C Bala
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Diabetes and Nutrition, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - M F Petrisor
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Molecular Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - M D Porojan
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Internal Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - R A Popp
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Molecular Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - A Catana
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Department of Molecular Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
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Ahmadieh H, Nourinia R, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Sabbaghi H, Nakao S, Zandi S, Yaseri M, Tofighi Z, Akbarian S. Intravitreal injection of a Rho-kinase inhibitor (fasudil) combined with bevacizumab versus bevacizumab monotherapy for diabetic macular oedema: a pilot randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:922-927. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Click here to listen to the PodcastBackground/aimsTo compare the efficacy of combined intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and a Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil (intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB)/intravitreal fasudil (IVF)), with IVB alone for centre-involving diabetic macular oedema (DME).MethodsIn this prospective randomised clinical trial, 44 eyes with centre-involving DME were randomised into two groups. The combined group received three consecutive injections of IVB (1.25 mg) and IVF (50 µM/L) monthly, while the monotherapy group received only one IVB (1.25 mg) injection per month for 3 months. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were compared between the two groups at months 3 and 6. The primary outcome measure was the mean change in BCVA at month 6.ResultsMean BCVA was significantly improved in both groups at month 3 (P<0.001), but it persisted up to month 6 only in the IVB/IVF group. Improvement of BCVA was greater in the IVB/IVF group at both time points (P=0.008, P<0.001). In the IVB/IVF and IVB groups, 54.5% versus 10% of the eyes gained≥15 ETDRS letters at month 6 (P=0.026). Between months 3 and 6, mean BCVA significantly decreased by 5±7 ETDRS letters in the IVB group (P=0.002), while no significant deterioration was observed in the IVB/IVF group. Corresponding with the BCVA changes, CMT was significantly reduced in both groups at month 3 (p=0.006, p<0.001) but this reduction sustained only in the IVB/IVF group up to month 6 (p<0.001).ConclusionAdjunctive intravitreal injection of a Rho-kinase inhibitor may enhance and prolong the therapeutic effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs for centre- involving DME.
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Singh J, Yousuf MS, Jones KE, Shelemey PTM, Joy T, Macandili H, Kerr BJ, Zochodne DW, Sauvé Y, Ballanyi K, Webber CA. Characterization of the Nile Grass Rat as a Unique Model for Type 2 Diabetic Polyneuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:469-478. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Twinkle Joy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haecy Macandili
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Yves Sauvé
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
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Subramaniam A, Landstrom M, Luu A, Hayes KC. The Nile Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) as a Superior Carbohydrate-Sensitive Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020235. [PMID: 29463026 PMCID: PMC5852811 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental interactions. No single animal model has so far mirrored all the characteristics or complications of diabetes in humans. Since this disease represents a chronic nutritional insult based on a diet bearing a high glycemic load, the ideal model should recapitulate the underlying dietary issues. Most rodent models have three shortcomings: (1) they are genetically or chemically modified to produce diabetes; (2) unlike humans, most require high-fat feeding; (3) and they take too long to develop diabetes. By contrast, Nile rats develop diabetes rapidly (8-10 weeks) with high-carbohydrate (hiCHO) diets, similar to humans, and are protected by high fat (with low glycemic load) intake. This review describes diabetes progression in the Nile rat, including various aspects of breeding, feeding, and handling for best experimental outcomes. The diabetes is characterized by a striking genetic permissiveness influencing hyperphagia and hyperinsulinemia; random blood glucose is the best index of disease progression; and kidney failure with chronic morbidity and death are outcomes, all of which mimic uncontrolled T2DM in humans. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also described in diabetic humans, results from hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation associated with rising blood glucose. Protection is afforded by low glycemic load diets rich in certain fibers or polyphenols. Accordingly, the Nile rat provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional factors and underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that characterize human T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Luu
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - K C Hayes
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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You ZP, Xiong B, Zhang YL, Shi L, Shi K. Forskolin attenuates retinal inflammation in diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2321-2326. [PMID: 29207063 PMCID: PMC5783468 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of forskolin on retinal inflammation under diabetic conditions. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control, diabetic control and forskolin treatment groups. The diabetic model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The forskolin treatment group received intragastrical administration of forskolin for 12 weeks, the other two groups received an equal amount of PBS. At 21 weeks following diabetic induction, an immunoblotting test was conducted to investigate the expression of two inflammatory factors: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM‑1) and tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α). Glucose concentration was additionally calculated. A leukostasis assay was utilized to compare microvasculature pathological alterations. It was demonstrated that retinal glucose concentration of diabetic control and forskolin treatment were both increased compared with normal control, however the forskolin treatment group was only ~68.06% of the diabetic control due to downregulated glucose transporter 1 expression. The expression of ICAM‑1 and TNF‑α were upregulated in the forskolin treatment and diabetic control groups compared with the normal control, however these two inflammatory factor expression levels in the forskolin treatment group were ~68.75 and 75.37% of diabetic control. It was additionally observed that there were less adherent leukocytes in retinal microvasculature in the forskolin treatment group compared with diabetic control. All the differences observed were significant. Overall, by means of limiting glucose transport into the retina via forskolin, the retinal environment with lower glucose concentration alleviates the inflammatory response under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng You
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Zhu D, Zhang X, Niu Y, Diao Z, Ren B, Li X, Liu Z, Liu X. Cichoric acid improved hyperglycaemia and restored muscle injury via activating antioxidant response in MLD-STZ-induced diabetic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:138-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rho-Kinase/ROCK as a Potential Drug Target for Vitreoretinal Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:8543592. [PMID: 28596919 PMCID: PMC5449758 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8543592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK) was originally identified as an effector protein of the G protein Rho. Its involvement in various diseases, particularly cancer and cardiovascular disease, has been elucidated, and ROCK inhibitors have already been applied clinically for cerebral vasospasm and glaucoma. Vitreoretinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and proliferative vitreoretinoapthy are still a major cause of blindness. While anti-VEGF therapy has recently been widely used for vitreoretinal disorders due to its efficacy, attention has been drawn to new unmet needs. The importance of ROCK in pathological vitreoretinal conditions has also been elucidated and is attracting attention as a potential therapeutic target. ROCK is involved in angiogenesis and hyperpermeability and also in the pathogenesis of various pathologies such as inflammation and fibrosis. It has been expected that ROCK inhibitors will become new molecular target drugs for vitreoretinal diseases. This review summarizes the recent progress on the mechanisms of action of ROCK and their applications in disease treatment.
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Hocaoglu-Emre FS, Saribal D, Yenmis G, Guvenen G. Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, and Cluster of Differentiation 146 Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes with Complications. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2017; 32:99-105. [PMID: 28345319 PMCID: PMC5368129 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2017.32.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multisystemic, chronic disease accompanied by microvascular complications involving various complicated mechanisms. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and cluster of differentiation-146 (CD146) are mainly expressed by endothelial cells, and facilitate the adhesion and transmigration of immune cells, leading to inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the levels of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with microvascular complications of T2DM. METHODS Serum and whole blood samples were collected from 58 T2DM patients with microvascular complications and 20 age-matched healthy subjects. Levels of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while flow cytometry was used to determine CD146 levels. RESULTS Serum sICAM-1 levels were lower in T2DM patients with microvascular complications than in healthy controls (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in sVCAM-1 and CD146 levels between the study and the control group. Although patients were subdivided into groups according to the type of microvascular complications that they experienced, cell adhesion molecule levels were not correlated with the complication type. CONCLUSION In the study group, most of the patients were on insulin therapy (76%), and 95% of them were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor agents. Insulin and ACE-inhibitors have been shown to decrease soluble adhesion molecule levels via various mechanisms, so we suggest that the decreased or unchanged levels of soluble forms of cellular adhesion molecules in our study group may have resulted from insulin and ACE-inhibitor therapy, as well as tissue-localized inflammation in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devrim Saribal
- Department of Biophysics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guven Yenmis
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guvenc Guvenen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bezmi Alem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bolsinger J, Landstrom M, Pronczuk A, Auerbach A, Hayes KC. Low glycemic load diets protect against metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the male Nile rat. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:134-148. [PMID: 28187365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary modification helps prevent and manage Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in humans and Nile rats. Specifically fibrous legumes, like lentils, benefit humans, but whether this reflects a specific change in the Glycemic Load (GLoad) remains controversial. Accordingly, low-GLoad foods were tested in the glucose-sensitive Nile rat. METHODS 131 male Nile rats aged 3 weeks to 15 months were challenged during four experiments with 15 dietary exposures that varied Glycemic Index (GI, 36-88), GLoad (102-305/2000 kcal), and cumulative GLoad (Cum GLoad=days×GLoad, 181-537g total glucose). RESULTS Lentil diets with low GLoads (102, 202) prevented, delayed, reduced, even reversed the progress of MetS and T2DM as measured by blood glucose (fasting, random, and oral glucose tolerance test) and plasma lipid parameters (plasma cholesterol and triglycerides) plus necropsy findings (liver and kidney pathology plus adipose reserves). The benefit from lentils exceeded dietary factors such as macronutrient composition (%Energy from carbohydrate:fat:protein, between 70:10:20 to 40:40:20), total fiber (0-24%), or dietary caloric density (2.9-4.7 kcal/g). The benefit of a low GLoad applied equally to rats inherently susceptible or resistant to T2DM, based on random glucose above or below 75 mg/dl, respectively, during interventions of 7-17 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Measuring total food intake and the novel concept of Cum GLoad during growth generated strong correlations (up to r=0.93) between Cum GLoad and parameters of MetS and T2DM, especially during sexual maturation. The present experiments confirm the applicability of male Nile rats to diet-induced human T2DM, and suggest dietary compositions to deter MetS and T2DM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bolsinger
- Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Michelle Landstrom
- Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Andrzej Pronczuk
- Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Andrew Auerbach
- Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - K C Hayes
- Foster Biomedical Research Laboratory, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Nasiri AA, Kohan F. Toll-like receptor 2 and type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 21:2. [PMID: 28536605 PMCID: PMC5415836 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-016-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and related complications. Since the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to innate immunity, it appears that they are important participants in the development and pathogenesis of the disease. Previous investigations demonstrated that TLR2 homodimers and TLR2 heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 activate innate immunity upon recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several DAMPs are released during type 2 diabetes, so it may be hypothesized that TLR2 is significantly involved in its progression. Here, we review recent data on the important roles and status of TLR2 in type 2 diabetes and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zohre Kiani
- Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
- Department of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Nasiri
- Department of Internal Anesthesiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Farhad Kohan
- General Physician, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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35
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Rajagopal R, Bligard GW, Zhang S, Yin L, Lukasiewicz P, Semenkovich CF. Functional Deficits Precede Structural Lesions in Mice With High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 2016; 65:1072-84. [PMID: 26740595 PMCID: PMC5166563 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity predisposes to human type 2 diabetes, the most common cause of diabetic retinopathy. To determine if high-fat diet-induced diabetes in mice can model retinal disease, we weaned mice to chow or a high-fat diet and tested the hypothesis that diet-induced metabolic disease promotes retinopathy. Compared with controls, mice fed a diet providing 42% of energy as fat developed obesity-related glucose intolerance by 6 months. There was no evidence of microvascular disease until 12 months, when trypsin digests and dye leakage assays showed high fat-fed mice had greater atrophic capillaries, pericyte ghosts, and permeability than controls. However, electroretinographic dysfunction began at 6 months in high fat-fed mice, manifested by increased latencies and reduced amplitudes of oscillatory potentials compared with controls. These electroretinographic abnormalities were correlated with glucose intolerance. Unexpectedly, retinas from high fat-fed mice manifested striking induction of stress kinase and neural inflammasome activation at 3 months, before the development of systemic glucose intolerance, electroretinographic defects, or microvascular disease. These results suggest that retinal disease in the diabetic milieu may progress through inflammatory and neuroretinal stages long before the development of vascular lesions representing the classic hallmark of diabetic retinopathy, establishing a model for assessing novel interventions to treat eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwick Rajagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gregory W Bligard
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Li Yin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Peter Lukasiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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36
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Poh S, Mohamed Abdul RBB, Lamoureux EL, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Metabolic syndrome and eye diseases. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 113:86-100. [PMID: 26838669 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is becoming a worldwide medical and public health challenge as it has been seen increasing in prevalence over the years. Age-related eye diseases, the leading cause of blindness globally and visual impairment in developed countries, are also on the rise due to aging of the population. Many of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome have been shown to be associated with these eye diseases. However, the association of metabolic syndrome with eye diseases is not clear. In this review, we reviewed the evidence for associations between metabolic syndrome and certain ocular diseases in populations. We also reviewed the association of individual metabolic syndrome components with ocular diseases due to a paucity of research in this area. Besides, we also summarised the current understanding of etiological mechanisms of how metabolic syndrome or the individual components lead to these ocular diseases. With increasing evidence of such associations, it may be important to identify patients who are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome as prompt treatment and intervention may potentially decrease the risk of developing certain ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Poh
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ecosse L Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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37
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Murugesan N, Üstunkaya T, Feener EP. Thrombosis and Hemorrhage in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Perspective from an Inflammatory Standpoint. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41:659-64. [PMID: 26305236 PMCID: PMC4765320 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia and hemorrhage are hallmarks of worsening diabetic retinopathy, which can lead to neovascularization, macular edema, and severe vision loss. Although diabetes alters expression of clotting factors and their activities, and increases retinal microthromboses, the effects of thrombotic processes on the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy are not fully understood. In addition to the roles of coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades in thrombosis and hemostasis, components in these systems also mediate multiple effects on the vasculature that promote inflammation. Plasma kallikrein, thrombin, and urokinase are increased in diabetic retinopathy, and exert proinflammatory effects that contribute to retinal vascular dysfunction. The accumulation and activation of these and additional coagulation factors in the vitreous due to hemorrhage and chronic retinal injury in the diabetic retina may contribute to worsening of retinal inflammation and capillary dysfunction, which lead to retinal ischemia and edema. Further understanding of the role for specific coagulation factors in diabetic retinopathy may suggest new therapeutic opportunities for this vision-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Murugesan
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Edward P. Feener
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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38
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β-Glucans (Saccharomyces cereviseae) Reduce Glucose Levels and Attenuate Alveolar Bone Loss in Diabetic Rats with Periodontal Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134742. [PMID: 26291983 PMCID: PMC4546386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of oral ingestion of β-glucans isolated from Saccharomyces cereviseae on the metabolic profile, expression of gingival inflammatory markers and amount of alveolar bone loss in diabetic rats with periodontal disease. Diabetes mellitus was induced in 48 Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg). After confirming the diabetes diagnosis, the animals were treated with β-glucans (by gavage) for 28 days. On the 14th day of this period, periodontal disease was induced using a ligature protocol. β-glucans reduced the amount of alveolar bone loss in animals with periodontal disease in both the diabetic and non-diabetic groups (p < 0.05). β-glucans reduced blood glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in diabetic animals, both with and without periodontal disease (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with β-glucans reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and increased osteoprotegerin expression in animals with diabetes and periodontal disease (p < 0.05). It was concluded that treatment with β-glucans has beneficial metabolic and periodontal effects in diabetic rats with periodontal disease.
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39
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Hill J, Rom S, Ramirez SH, Persidsky Y. Emerging roles of pericytes in the regulation of the neurovascular unit in health and disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:591-605. [PMID: 25119834 PMCID: PMC4209199 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes of the central nervous system (CNS) are uniquely positioned within a multicellular structure termed the neurovascular unit (NVU) to provide crucial support to blood brain barrier (BBB) formation, maintenance, and stability. Numerous CNS diseases are associated with some aspect of BBB dysfunction. A dysfunction can manifest as one or multiple disruptions to any of the following barriers: physical, metabolic, immunological and transport barrier. A breach in the BBB can notably result in BBB hyper-permeability, endothelial activation and enhanced immune-endothelial interaction. How the BBB is regulated within this integrated unit remains largely unknown, especially as it relates to pericyte-endothelial interaction. We summarize the latest findings on pericyte origin, possible marker expression, and availability within different organ systems. We highlight pericyte-endothelial cell interactions, concentrating on extra- and intra- cellular signaling mechanisms linked to platelet derived growth factor-B, transforming growth factor -β, angiopoietins, Notch, and gap junctions. We discuss the role of pericytes in the NVU under inflammatory insult, focusing on how pericytes may indirectly affect leukocyte CNS infiltration, the direct role of pericyte-mediated basement membrane modifications, and immune responses. We review new findings of pericyte actions in CNS pathologies including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, and HIV-1 infection. The uncovering of the regulatory role of pericytes on the BBB will provide key insight into how barrier integrity can be re-established during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Servio H. Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
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40
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Sun D, Nakao S, Xie F, Zandi S, Bagheri A, Kanavi MR, Samiei S, Soheili ZS, Frimmel S, Zhang Z, Ablonczy Z, Ahmadieh H, Hafezi-Moghadam A. Molecular imaging reveals elevated VEGFR-2 expression in retinal capillaries in diabetes: a novel biomarker for early diagnosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:3942-51. [PMID: 24903276 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of vision loss. Biomarkers and methods for early diagnosis of DR are urgently needed. Using a new molecular imaging approach, we show up to 94% higher accumulation of custom designed imaging probes against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in retinal and choroidal vessels of diabetic animals (P<0.01), compared to normal controls. More than 80% of the VEGFR-2 in the diabetic retina was in the capillaries, compared to 47% in normal controls (P<0.01). Angiography in rabbit retinas revealed microvascular capillaries to be the location for VEGF-A-induced leakage, as expressed by significantly higher rate of fluorophore spreading with VEGF-A injection when compared to vehicle control (26±2 vs. 3±1 μm/s, P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed VEGFR-2 expression in capillaries of diabetic animals but not in normal controls. Macular vessels from diabetic patients (n=7) showed significantly more VEGFR-2 compared to nondiabetic controls (n=5) or peripheral retinal regions of the same retinas (P<0.01 in both cases). Here we introduce a new approach for early diagnosis of DR and VEGFR-2 as a molecular marker. VEGFR-2 could become a key diagnostic target, one that might help to prevent retinal vascular leakage and proliferation in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Souska Zandi
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Samiei
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sonja Frimmel
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhongyu Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and
| | - Zsolt Ablonczy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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