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Wagner TA, Tierney C, Huang S, Nichols S, Malee KM, Montañez NA, Coletti A, Spiegel HML, Krotje C, Bone F, Wilkins M, Abuogi L, Purswani M, Bearden A, Wiznia A, Agwu A, Chadwick EG, Richman D, Gandhi M, Mehta P, Macatangay B, Spector SA, Spudich S, Persaud D, Chahroudi A. Prevalence of detectable HIV-DNA and HIV-RNA in cerebrospinal fluid of youth with perinatal HIV and impaired cognition on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2024; 38:1494-1504. [PMID: 38814693 PMCID: PMC11239098 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection can impact cognition and may be an obstacle to cure in adolescents and young adults with perinatal HIV (AYAPHIV). IMPAACT2015 enrolled AYAPHIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) with cognitive impairment to detect and quantify HIV in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). DESIGN IMPAACT2015 was a U.S.-based multi-site, exploratory, observational study. METHODS Cognitive impairment was defined as NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite score (FCCS) more than 1 standard deviation below age-adjusted normative group mean. Cell-free HIV-RNA and cell-associated HIV pol/gag -DNA and 10 biomarkers of inflammation/neuronal injury were measured in paired CSF and blood. ART exposure concentrations were quantified in hair. RESULTS Among 24 participants, 20 had successful CSF collection and 18 also met viral suppression criteria. Nine of 18 (50%) were female sex-at-birth, and 14 of 18 (78%) were black. Median (range) age was 20 years (13-27), time on ART was 18.3 years (8.0-25.5), and FCCS was 68 (53-80). HIV-DNA was detected in PBMCs from all participants. In CSF, two of 18 (11%, 95% CI: 1.4-34.7%) participants had detectable cell-free HIV-RNA, while HIV gag or pol -DNA was detectable in 13 of 18 (72%, 95% confidence interval: 47-90). Detectable HIV-DNA in CSF was associated with male sex-at-birth ( P = 0.051), lower CD4 + cell count at enrollment ( P = 0.016), and higher PBMC HIV pol -DNA copies ( P = 0.058). Hair antiretroviral concentrations and biomarkers were not associated with CSF HIV-DNA detection. CONCLUSION We found that a high proportion of AYAPHIV with neurocognitive impairment had CSF cells harboring HIV-DNA during long-term virologic suppression. This evidence of persistent HIV-DNA in CSF suggests that the CNS should be considered in treatment and cure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor A Wagner
- University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Camlin Tierney
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon Huang
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen M Malee
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hans M L Spiegel
- Kelly Government Solutions, Contractor to NIAID/NIH/HHS, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Megan Wilkins
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Abuogi
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Allison Agwu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ellen G Chadwick
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Monica Gandhi
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Mehta
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephen A Spector
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Vallejo BÁ, Lobo AH, García IC, Pérez TB, Mino-Leon G, Pazmiño JRS, Lorenzana JWJ, Drummond T, Del Socorro Pavía Ruz NM, Del Rocío Muñoz Hernández M, Pérez DMM, Estripeaut D, Luciani K, Martínez KSE, Villatoro LGC, Madrigal OP, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Tato LMP, Gómez MLN. Follow-up for 3 years of a pediatric population diagnosed in 2018 with mother-to-child transmission of HIV in 8 Latin American countries in the PLANTAIDS cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:222. [PMID: 38374000 PMCID: PMC10877911 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The frequency of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Latin America has decreased considerably. However, new infections continue to be recorded, and the pediatric population remains one of the most vulnerable groups in this region. The main objective of the study was to describe the clinical, epidemiological and psychosocial characteristics of new diagnoses of HIV MTCT in 2018 in the PLANTAIDS network (Paediatric Network for Prevention, Early Detection and Treatment of HIV in Children) during the 3 years following diagnosis. METHODOLOGY Retrospective, multicenter, descriptive study based on a 3-year follow-up of patients diagnosed with HIV infection due to MTCT in 2018 in 10 hospitals in 8 Latin American countries (Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Guatemala and Venezuela). The hospitals belonged to the PLANTAIDS network, which is included in CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development). RESULTS The study population comprised 72 pediatric patients (38.9% male). The median age at diagnosis was 2.4 years (IQR: 0.8-5.4). There were 35 cases of opportunistic infections corresponding to 25 patients (34.7%), with tuberculosis being the most common. Adequate childhood vaccination coverage was achieved in 80.5%. There were 3 cases of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification, the most frequent clinical-immunological stage at all check-ups was C1. Three patients died from opportunistic infections and/or advanced HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS It is important to diagnose HIV infection early in pediatrics, since early initiation of ART is associated with a decrease in mortality. Despite this, HIV infection has a poor prognosis in children, necessitating adequate follow-up to ensure adherence to health care and ART, although it can sometimes prove difficult in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Álvarez Vallejo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department. Hospital Clínico, Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alicia Hernanz Lobo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Research Health Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- RITIP Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tomás Bruno Pérez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Greta Mino-Leon
- Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital del Niño Dr, Francisco de Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Judith Rosabel Soffe Pazmiño
- Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital del Niño Dr, Francisco de Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Julio Werner Juarez Lorenzana
- Unidad de Atención Integral del VIH e Infecciones Crónicas. Hospital Roosevelt, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Tatiana Drummond
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Service. Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas Capital District, Venezuela
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Noris Marlene Del Socorro Pavía Ruz
- Paediatric HIV/AIDS Clinic, UNAM/HGM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - María Del Rocío Muñoz Hernández
- Paediatric HIV/AIDS Clinic, UNAM/HGM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Dulce María Morales Pérez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, CLINDI, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, México
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Dora Estripeaut
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Service, Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Kathia Luciani
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Service, Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas Omar Torrijos Herrera, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Karen Sobeida Erazo Martínez
- Department of Paediatrics., Hospital Dr Mario Catarino Rivas, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Luis Guillermo Castaneda Villatoro
- Pediatric HIV/AIDS Clinic, Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom, San Salvador, El Salvador
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Oscar Porras Madrigal
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, San José, Costa Rica
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Gabriela Ivankovich-Escoto
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, San José, Costa Rica
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - Luis Manuel Prieto Tato
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
| | - María Luisa Navarro Gómez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Research Health Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- RITIP Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- CYTED (Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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Gie A, Davies C, Vaida F, Morrison J, Maree D, Otwombe K, Browne SH, van der Zalm MM, Cotton MF, Innes S, Goussard P. Lung function tracking in children with perinatally acquired HIV following early antiretroviral therapy initiation. Thorax 2023; 78:1233-1239. [PMID: 37479478 PMCID: PMC10715541 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-220197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung disease remains a frequent complication in children with perinatal HIV infection (CHIV) and exposure without infection (CHEU), resulting in diminished lung function. In CHIV, early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation improves survival and extrapulmonary outcomes. However, it is unknown if there is benefit to lung function. METHODS Cohorts of CHIV (ART initiated at median 4.0 months), CHEU and HIV-unexposed children (CHU) prospectively performed pulmonary function testing (PFT) consisting of spirometry, plethysmography and diffusing capacity from 2013 to 2020. We determined lung function trajectories for PFT outcomes comparing CHIV to CHU and CHEU to CHU, using linear mixed effects models with multiple imputation. Potential confounders included sex, age, height, weight, body mass index z-score, urine cotinine and Tanner stage. RESULTS 328 participants (122 CHIV, 126 CHEU, 80 CHU) performed PFT (ages 6.6-15.6 years). Spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC) outcomes were similar between groups. In plethysmography, the mean residual volume (RV) z-score was 17% greater in CHIV than CHU (95% CI 1% to 33%, p=0.042). There was no difference in total lung capacity (TLC) or RV/TLC z-scores between groups. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was similar in all groups, while alveolar volume (VA) differed between HIV groups by sex. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that early ART initiation can mitigate the loss of lung function in CHIV with lasting benefit through childhood; however, there remains concern of small airway disease. CHEU does not appear to disrupt childhood lung function trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Davies
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Florin Vaida
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie Morrison
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Netcare Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Maree
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sara H Browne
- School of Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marieke M van der Zalm
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Steve Innes
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Family Center for Research with Ubuntu, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Pierre Goussard
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zondo S. The cognitive remediation of attention in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): A meta-analysis and systematic review. F1000Res 2023; 12:1133. [PMID: 38778812 PMCID: PMC11109681 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132166.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite medical advances in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), patients living with HIV continue to be at risk for developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The optimization of non-HAART interventions, including cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT), shows promise in reversing the impact of HAND. No data exist indicating the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills following neuroHIV. This paper presents a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to remediate attention skills following HIV CRT. Methods: The database search included literature from Google Scholar, ERIC, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, PsycINFO, and grey literature published between 2013 and 2022. Inclusion criteria included studies with participants living with HIV who had undergone CRT intervention to remediate attention skills following neuroHIV. Exclusion criteria included case studies, non-human studies, and literature reviews. To assess study quality, including, randomisation, allocation concealment, participant and personnel blinding, the Cochrane Collaboration ratings system was applied. Results: A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 532). There were significant pre- to post-intervention between-group benefits due to CRT in the experimental group relative to control conditions for the remediation of attention skills following HIV acquisition (Hedges g = 0.251, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.497; p < 0.05). No significant effects (p > 0.05) were demonstrated for subgroup analysis. Conclusions: To the author's knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that exclusively analyses the remediation of attention skills in the era of HAART and neuroHIV, where all studies included participants diagnosed with HIV. The overall meta-analysis effect indicates the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills in HIV and HAND. It is recommended that future cognitive rehabilitation protocols to remediate attention skills should be context and population-specific and that they be supplemented by objective biomarkers indicating the efficacy of the CRT. Registration: Protocols.io (01/03/2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe Zondo
- Department of Psychology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Benki-Nugent S, Tamasha N, Mueni A, Laboso T, Wamalwa D, Njuguna I, Gómez L, Tapia K, Bangirana P, Maleche-Obimbo E, Boivin MJ, John-Stewart G. Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Severity but Does Not Eliminate Neurodevelopmental Compromise in Children With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2023; 93:7-14. [PMID: 36693138 PMCID: PMC10079595 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) during infancy reduces cognitive impairment due to HIV, but the extent of benefit is unclear. SETTING Children were recruited from hospital and health centers providing HIV care and treatment in Nairobi, Kenya. METHODS Cognitive, behavioral, and motor outcomes were assessed in children with HIV and early ART (<1 year), children with HIV and late ART (1.5-6 years), and children HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU). Domain z scores and odds neurobehavioral impairment (≤15th percentile in CHUU) were compared in adjusted analyses. RESULTS Children with HIV initiated ART at median ages 0.4 (early ART) and 3.5 years (late ART). Children were assessed at median ages 6.9 (CHUU, N = 61), 6.9 (early ART, N = 54), and 13.5 (late ART; N = 27) years. Children with late ART vs. children with early ART had significantly lower z scores in 7 domains, specifically global cognition, short-term memory, visuospatial processing, learning, nonverbal test performance, executive function, and motor skills (adjusted mean differences, -0.42 to -0.62, P values ≤ 0.05), and had higher odds impairment in 7 domains (adjusted odds ratios [aORs], 2.87 to 16.22, P values ≤ 0.05). Children with early ART vs. CHUU had lower z scores in 5 domains (global cognition, short-term memory, delayed memory, processing speed, and behavioral regulation [adjusted mean differences, -0.32 to -0.88, P values < 0.05]) and higher impairment for 2 domains (short-term memory [aOR, 3.88] and behavioral regulation [aOR 3.46], P values < 0.05). Children with late ART vs. CHUU had lower z scores in 8 domains (adjusted mean differences, -0.57 to -1.05, P values ≤ 0.05), and higher impairment in 7 domains (aORs 1.98 to 2.32, P values ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Early ART in the first year of life attenuates but does not eliminate the neurodevelopmental compromise of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Tamasha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Mueni
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tony Laboso
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Njuguna
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi Kenya
| | - Laurén Gómez
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kenneth Tapia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Paul Bangirana
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Michael J Boivin
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neurology & Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Epidemiology University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Comorbid disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection: A pilot study. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.5-2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. With the increased use of combination antiretroviral therapy, the mortality of people living with HIV has decreased significantly, which has led to an increase of comorbidity and secondary HIV-related pathology in both adults and also in children and adolescents living with HIV infection. The incidence of children and adolescents with HIV infection and those in the general population varies significantly.The aim. To assess the frequency and range of chronic comorbidities in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection Methods. We carried out an observational study. Data on the incidence of 161 children with perinatal HIV infection registered in the Irkutsk Regional AIDS Center were copied.Results. Overall incidence of tuberculosis (18633.5 per 100 000 children), diseases of the digestive system (24844.7 per 100 000 children), diseases of the eye and adnexa (28571.4 per 100 000 children), diseases of the nervous system (18012.4 per 100 000 children), mental and behavioral disorders (13,664.6 per 100 000 children) in children with perinatal HIV infection is the higher than in children of comparable age. The overall incidence values of the endocrine system diseases, eating and metabolic disorders, diseases of the ear and mastoid process, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the genitourinary system, as well as congenital disorders and chromosomal disorders in children and adolescents with and without perinatal HIV infection are comparable.Conclusion. The prevalence of diseases of the circulatory, respiratory and genitourinary systems in children with perinatal HIV infection is comparable to that in the corresponding population. Prevalence of tuberculosis, anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diseases of the eye and adnexa, diseases of the nervous system, mental and behavioral disorders is higher compared to children not exposed to HIV.
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Brummel SS, Van Dyke RB, Patel K, Purswani M, Seage GR, Yao TJ, Hazra R, Karalius B, Williams PL. Analyzing Longitudinally Collected Viral Load Measurements in Youth With Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection: Problems and Possible Remedies. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1820-1830. [PMID: 35872591 PMCID: PMC9767869 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (VL) is an important quantitative marker of disease progression and treatment response in people living with HIV infection, including children with perinatally acquired HIV. Measures of VL are often used to predict different outcomes of interest in this population, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. One popular approach to summarizing historical viral burden is the area under a time-VL curve (AUC). However, alternative historical VL summaries (HVS) may better answer the research question of interest. In this article, we discuss and contrast the AUC with alternative HVS, including the time-averaged AUC, duration of viremia, percentage of time with suppressed VL, peak VL, and age at peak VL. Using data on youth with perinatally acquired HIV infection from the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol, we show that HVS and their associations with full-scale intelligence quotient depend on when the VLs were measured. When VL measurements are incomplete, as can be the case in observational studies, analysis results may be subject to selection bias. To alleviate bias, we detail an imputation strategy, and we present a simulation study demonstrating that unbiased estimation of a historical VL summary is possible with a correctly specified imputation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Brummel
- Correspondence to Dr. Sean S. Brummel, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, François-Xavier Bagnoud Building, Room 507, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: )
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Khobo IL, Jankiewicz M, Holmes MJ, Little F, Cotton MF, Laughton B, van der Kouwe AJW, Moreau A, Nwosu E, Meintjes EM, Robertson FC. Multimodal magnetic resonance neuroimaging measures characteristic of early cART-treated pediatric HIV: A feature selection approach. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4128-4144. [PMID: 35575438 PMCID: PMC9374890 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with perinatally acquired HIV (CPHIV) have poor cognitive outcomes despite early combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). While CPHIV-related brain alterations can be investigated separately using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS), structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and functional MRI (fMRI), a set of multimodal MRI measures characteristic of children on cART has not been previously identified. We used the embedded feature selection of a logistic elastic-net (EN) regularization to select neuroimaging measures that distinguish CPHIV from controls and measured their classification performance via the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) using repeated cross validation. We also wished to establish whether combining MRI modalities improved the models. In single modality analysis, sMRI volumes performed best followed by DTI, whereas individual EN models on spectroscopic, gyrification, and cortical thickness measures showed no class discrimination capability. Adding DTI and 1 H-MRS in basal measures to sMRI volumes produced the highest classification performancevalidation accuracy = 85 % AUC = 0.80 . The best multimodal MRI set consisted of 22 DTI and sMRI volume features, which included reduced volumes of the bilateral globus pallidus and amygdala, as well as increased mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) in the right corticospinal tract in cART-treated CPHIV. Consistent with previous studies of CPHIV, select subcortical volumes obtained from sMRI provide reasonable discrimination between CPHIV and controls. This may give insight into neuroimaging measures that are relevant in understanding the effects of HIV on the brain, thereby providing a starting point for evaluating their link with cognitive performance in CPHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac L. Khobo
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Marcin Jankiewicz
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Martha J. Holmes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Mark F. Cotton
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Family Center for Research with Ubuntu, Tygerberg HospitalStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Family Center for Research with Ubuntu, Tygerberg HospitalStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Andre J. W. van der Kouwe
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- A.A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Emmanuel Nwosu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Frances C. Robertson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Cape Universities Body Imaging CenterUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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9
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Nichols SL. Central Nervous System Impact of Perinatally Acquired HIV in Adolescents and Adults: an Update. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:121-132. [PMID: 35107809 PMCID: PMC8904346 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Perinatally acquired HIV infection (PHIV) can confer neurodevelopmental risk. As children with PHIV increasingly survive through adolescence and into adulthood, understanding its long-term central nervous system (CNS) impacts is critical for maximizing adult outcomes and quality of life. Recent Findings Recently published neurocognitive and neuroimaging findings show impacts on the CNS associated with early HIV disease progression that endure into adolescence and young adulthood. Although developmental trajectories in adolescence largely appear stable, further research on maturational processes is indicated. Summary Although early antiretroviral therapy in infancy appears to be protective, it is not universally available and current youth largely developed without its benefit. The neurocognitive effects of HIV and the multiple other risks to neurodevelopment experienced by youth with PHIV call for further longitudinal research and a multifaceted approach to prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Nichols
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, #0935, CA, 92093, La Jolla, USA.
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10
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Attia EF, Moraa H, Maleche-Obimbo E, Wamalwa D, Gómez LA, Rylance S, Vundla R, Ferrand RA, Karr CJ, John-Stewart GC, Benki-Nugent SF. Most Early-Treated Children With Perinatally Acquired HIV Have Preserved Lung Function at School Age. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:69-76. [PMID: 34878436 PMCID: PMC8665226 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired lung function is common among older children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) late in childhood. We determined the prevalence of abnormal spirometry and cofactors for impaired lung function among school-age children with PHIV who initiated ART when aged 12 months or younger. SETTING Children who received early ART in the Optimizing Pediatric HIV-1 Therapy study in Kenya and underwent spirometry at school age. METHODS Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured. Abnormal spirometry was defined as follows: obstructive (FEV1/FVC <1.64 z score [zFEV1/FVC]) and restricted (zFVC <1.64 with zFEV1/FVC ≥1.64). Characteristics, including anthropometric and HIV-related data, were ascertained in infancy and at school age. Caregiver carbon monoxide exposure served as a proxy for school-age child exposure. Linear regression determined associations of cofactors with lung function. RESULTS Among 40 children, the median age was 5 months at ART initiation and 8.5 years at spirometry. The mean zFEV1, zFVC, and zFEV1/FVC (SD) were 0.21 (1.35), 0.31 (1.22), and -0.24 (0.82), respectively. Five (13%) children had abnormal spirometry. Spirometry z scores were significantly lower among children with pre-ART pneumonia, WHO HIV stage 3/4, higher HIV RNA at 6 months after ART initiation, low anthropometric z scores, and higher carbon monoxide exposure. CONCLUSIONS Most of the children with PHIV who initiated ART at age 12 months or younger had normal spirometry, suggesting that ART in infancy preserved lung function. However, 13% had abnormal spirometry despite early ART. Modifiable factors were associated with impaired lung function, providing potential targets for interventions to prevent chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engi F. Attia
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hellen Moraa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laurén A. Gómez
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah Rylance
- Department of Global Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rumbidzayi Vundla
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Karr
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Jonnalagadda S, Auld A, Jahn A, Saito S, Bello G, Sleeman K, Ogollah FM, Cuervo-Rojas J, Radin E, Kayira D, Kim E, Payne D, Burnett J, Hrapcak S, Patel H, Voetsch AC. Opportunities for Closing the Gap in HIV Diagnosis, Treatment, and Viral Load Suppression in Children in Malawi: Results From a 2015-2016 Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Survey. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:1011-1018. [PMID: 34382613 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the pediatric HIV epidemic is hampered by gaps in diagnosis and linkage to effective treatment. The 2015-2016 Malawi Population-based HIV impact assessment data were analyzed to identify gaps in pediatric HIV diagnosis, treatment, and viral load suppression. METHODS In half of the surveyed households, children ages ≥18 months to <15 years were tested using the national HIV rapid test algorithm. Children ≤18 months reactive by the initial rapid test underwent HIV total nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction confirmatory testing. Blood from HIV-positive children was tested for viral load (VL) and presence of antiretroviral drugs. HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) use were defined using guardian-reporting or antiretroviral detection. RESULTS Of the 6166 children tested, 99 were HIV-positive for a prevalence of 1.5% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.1-1.9) and 8.0% (95% CI: 5.6-10.5) among HIV-exposed children. The prevalence of 1.5% was extrapolated to a national estimate of 119,501 (95% CI: 89,028-149,974) children living with HIV (CLHIV), of whom, 30.7% (95% CI: 20.3-41.1) were previously undiagnosed. Of the 69.3% diagnosed CLHIV, 86.1% (95% CI: 76.8-95.6) were on ART and 57.9% (95% CI: 41.4-74.4) of those on ART had suppressed VL (<1000 HIV RNA copies/mL). Among all CLHIV, irrespective of HIV diagnosis or ART use, 57.7% (95% CI: 45.0-70.5) had unsuppressed VL. CONCLUSIONS Critical gaps in HIV diagnosis in children persist in Malawi. The large proportion of CLHIV with unsuppressed VL reflects gaps in diagnosis and need for more effective first- and second-line ART regimens and adherence interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Auld
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Andreas Jahn
- Ministry of Health, Government of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - George Bello
- Ministry of Health, Government of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Katrina Sleeman
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Juliana Cuervo-Rojas
- ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Dumbani Kayira
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Evelyn Kim
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Danielle Payne
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Janet Burnett
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Susan Hrapcak
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hetal Patel
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Andrew C Voetsch
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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12
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Rawat P, Brummel SS, Singh KK, Kim J, Frazer KA, Nichols S, Seage GR, Williams PL, Van Dyke RB, Harismendy O, Trout RN, Spector SA. Genomics Links Inflammation With Neurocognitive Impairment in Children Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:870-880. [PMID: 33373444 PMCID: PMC8408770 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified host single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 217 PHIV with cognitive score for age (CSA) < 70 and 247 CSA ≥ 70 (discovery cohort [DC]). SNVs identified in DC were evaluated in 2 validation cohorts (VC). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for NCI. A human microglia NLRP3 inflammasome assay characterized the role of identified genes. RESULTS Twenty-nine SNVs in 24 genes reaching P ≤ .002 and OR ≥ 1.5 comparing CSA < 70 to CSA ≥ 70 were identified in the DC, of which 3 SNVs were identified in VCs for further study. Combining the 3 cohorts, SNV in CCRL2 (rs3204849) was associated with decreased odds of NCI (P < .0001); RETREG1/FAM134B (rs61733811) and YWHAH (rs73884247) were associated with increased risk of NCI (P < .0001 and P < .001, respectively). Knockdown of CCRL2 led to decreased microglial release of IL-1β following exposure to ssRNA40 while knockdown of RETREG1 and YWHAH resulted in increased IL-1β release. CONCLUSIONS Using WES and 2 VCs, and gene silencing of microglia we identified 3 genetic variants associated with NCI and inflammation in HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean S Brummel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kumud K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sharon Nichols
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George R Seage
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell B Van Dyke
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rodney N Trout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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13
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Vishwanath, Hemal A, Nimesh M, Singh M, Agarwal S. Neurocognitive Lag in School-Aged Children Living With HIV in India and Its Relevance. Cureus 2021; 13:e16110. [PMID: 34374698 PMCID: PMC8325946 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Objective assessment of neurocognitive lags in pediatric HIV patients and its correlation with various clinical, social and familial factors. Methods Ninety-eight school-aged children living with HIV (CLHIV) (age 7-18 years) attending regional pediatric HIV clinic were observed for neurocognitive lag using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices by the same trained instructor. Sociodemographic data, mode of transmission, clinical staging, CD4 count, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) duration were recorded and analyzed in the well-performing group and under-performing group. Results 29.6% of children had definitive neurocognitive lag. The proportion of older children (11-18 years) in the under-performing group was significantly high (P = 0.007). The mean CD4 counts were low in the under-performing group (P = 0.001). Other socioeconomic factors could not be specifically correlated with neurocognitive lag in either of the groups. Conclusion CLHIV has a significant neurocognitive lag, which is accentuated in the upper age group. Findings point toward declining intellectual gains with increasing age in CLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath
- Pediatrics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Alok Hemal
- Pediatrics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Manju Nimesh
- Pediatrics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Meetu Singh
- Pediatrics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Sheetal Agarwal
- Pediatrics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, IND
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14
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Nwosu EC, Holmes MJ, Cotton MF, Dobbels E, Little F, Laughton B, van der Kouwe A, Meintjes EM, Robertson F. Cortical structural changes related to early antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption in perinatally HIV-infected children at 5 years of age. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:161-170. [PMID: 34179869 PMCID: PMC8211921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ART interruption in children can occur especially in resource-limited settings for reasons including poor adherence, stock-outs, ART intolerance of non-pediatric formulas and pill size, as well as ultimately to test for HIV remission. Although early ART initiation is now standard of care in pediatric HIV management, very little is known on the effect of early ART initiation or subsequent interruption on brain development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ART interruption on brain cortical thickness (CT) and folding in a subset of children from the Children with HIV Early antiRetroviral therapy (CHER) trial cohort who all started ART before 18 months of age. CHER participants in the neuroimaging follow-up study had magnetic resonance (MRI) scans on a 3T Siemens Allegra brain scanner at age 5.44 ± 0.37 years. MR images were processed using the automated cross-sectional stream in FreeSurfer v6.0 and vertex wise comparisons of CT and local gyrification indices (LGIs) were performed between HIV+ children and HIV- controls, as well as between HIV+ children on interrupted or continuous ART and controls. HIV+ children (n = 46) showed thicker cortex than HIV- children (n = 29) in bilateral frontal and left temporo-insular regions but lower LGIs in left superior and bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex extending into rostral anterior cingulate. Children on interrupted ART (n = 21) had thicker cortex than HIV- controls in left frontal and right insular regions, but children on continuous treatment (n = 25) showed no difference from controls. Children on both interrupted and continuous ART showed region-specific alterations in LGI relative to controls. Cortical folding appears more sensitive than CT to early life events including early ART and interruption. However, immune health resilience in children can translate to long term preservation of morphometric brain development, especially for those on early and continuous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C. Nwosu
- UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martha J. Holmes
- UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F. Cotton
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Els Dobbels
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- A.A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Robertson
- UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Neurocognitive function among HIV-infected children on protease inhibitor -based versus non-protease inhibitor based antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: a pilot study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:198. [PMID: 33902506 PMCID: PMC8073947 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection is associated with significant neurocognitive deficits making maximization of cognitive function among children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) a public health imperative. Non-protease inhibitors (non-PIs) achieve higher drug levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) compared to PIs, potentially leading to better neurocognitive function by reducing CSF viral load and inflammation. ART that maximises children's neurodevelopment and school achievement could result in improved quality of life and productivity as adults, but little research to date has examined whether non-PI ART is associated with better neurocognitive outcomes. We compared the neurocognitive function between children living with HIV receiving PI-based and non PI-based ART. METHODS We recruited a consecutive sample of clinically stable Ugandan children living with HIV aged 5-12 years who received PI-based or non PI-based ART for ≥ 1 year (viral load < 1000 copies). Neurocognitive function was assessed using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, the Test of Variables of Attention, and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Age-adjusted neurocognitive z-scores for the two groups were compared using linear regression models in STATA version 13. The Hommel's method was used to adjust for multiple testing. RESULTS We enrolled 76 children living with HIV; 34 on PI ART and 42 on non-PI ART. Mean (±SD) age was greater in the non-PI vs. PI group (9.5 ± 1.9 vs. 8.5 ± 2.0) years (p = 0.03). Children in the non-PI group had lower socioeconomic scores (5.7 ± 3.3 vs. 7.4 ± 2.8, p = 0.02). There was no difference in neurocognitive function between the groups (adjusted p > 0.05) for KABC and TOVA. Children in the PI group had better total BOT scores than their counterparts (46.07 ± 1.40) vs. 40.51 (1.24), p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We detected no difference in neurocognitive function among children on PI and non PI-based ART therapy based on KABC and TOVA tests. Children on PI based ART had better motor function than their counterparts. We recommend a prospective study with a larger sample size.
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16
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Accelerated epigenetic aging in adolescents living with HIV is associated with altered development of brain structures. J Neurovirol 2021; 28:208-216. [PMID: 33554325 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that adolescents perinatally infected with HIV-1 (PHIV+) have accelerated aging as measured by a highly accurate epigenetic biomarker of aging known as the epigenetic clock. However, whether epigenetic age acceleration in PHIV+ impacts brain development at the macro- and microstructural levels of brain anatomy has not been studied. We report on a cross-sectional study of PHIV+ enrolled in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort (CTAAC). The Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC array was used to generate DNA methylation data from the blood samples of 180 PHIV+ aged 9 to 12 years. The epigenetic clock software and method was used to estimate two measures, epigenetic age acceleration (AgeAccelerationResidual) and extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA). Each participant underwent T1 structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In order to investigate the associations of chronological age, sex, epigenetic age acceleration and treatment variables (CNS penetration effectiveness score (CPE)) of antiretroviral regimen on brain structure in PHIV+, we developed stepwise multiple regression models in R (version 3.4.3, 2017) including grey and white matter volumes, cortical thickness, cortical surface area and DTI measures of white matter microstructural integrity. The mean DNAm age (16.01 years) of the participants was higher than their mean chronological age (10.77 years). Epigenetic age acceleration contributed more to regional alterations of brain volumes, cortical thickness, cortical surface areas and neuronal microstructure than chronological age, in a range of regions. CPE positively contributed to volume of the brain stem. Understanding the drivers of epigenetic age acceleration could lead to valuable insights into structural brain alterations, and the persistence of neurocognitive disorders in seen in PHIV+ .
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17
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Chiappini E, Larotonda F, Lisi C, Giacomet V, Erba P, Bernardi S, Zangari P, Di Biagio A, Taramasso L, Giaquinto C, Rampon O, Gabiano C, Garazzino S, Tagliabue C, Esposito S, Bruzzese E, Badolato R, Zanaboni D, Cellini M, Dedoni M, Mazza A, Pession A, Giannini AM, Salvini F, Dodi I, Carloni I, Cazzato S, Tovo PA, de Martino M, Galli L. Real-World Analysis of Survival and Clinical Events in a Cohort of Italian Perinatally HIV-1 Infected Children From 2001 to 2018. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:665764. [PMID: 34336735 PMCID: PMC8322739 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.665764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been associated with a steep decrease in mortality and morbidity in HIV-1 infected children. New antiretroviral molecules and drug classes have been developed and the management of HIV-infected children has improved, but recent data on survival are limited. Methods: An observational retrospective study investigating changes in mortality and morbidity was conducted on 1,091 perinatally HIV-1 infected children enrolled in the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and followed-up from 2001 to 2018. Results: Three hundred and fifty-four (32%) AIDS events and 26 (2%) deaths occurred overtime. Mortality rates decreased from 0.4/100 person-years in 2001-2006 to 0.27/100 person-years in 2007-2012 and 0.07/100 person-years in 2013-2018. Notably, 92% of the dead children were born in Italy, but only 50% were followed-up since birth or within three months of age. Seventy three percent of children had started cART at age ≥6 months; 23% were treated for <30 days before death. B and C clinical events progressively decreased (P < 0.0001). Opportunistic infections significantly decreased over time, but still were the most common events in all the periods (6.76/100 person-years in 2013-2018). In the last period, severe bacterial infections were the most common ones. Cancer rates were 0.07/100; 0.17/100; 0.07/100 person-years in the three periods, respectively. Conclusions: Progressive reductions both in mortality and in rates of class B and C clinical events and OIs have been observed during the cART era. However, deaths were still registered; more than half of dead children were enrolled after birth and had belatedly started cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Paediatric Medicine, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Larotonda
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Paediatric Medicine, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Catiuscia Lisi
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Paediatric Medicine, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vania Giacomet
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Erba
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Bernardi
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Stefania Bernardi Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Paola Zangari Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Women and Child Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Osvalda Rampon
- Department of Women and Child Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Clara Gabiano
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Garazzino
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Tagliabue
- Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Department, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Paediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Zanaboni
- Department on Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico "S. Matteo" Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Cellini
- Paediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Dedoni
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale Microcitemico, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazza
- Department of Paediatrics, "S. Chiara" Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Paediatric Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital Policlinico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Salvini
- Department of Paediatrics, Niguarda Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Icilio Dodi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ines Carloni
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Salesi Children's Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cazzato
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Salesi Children's Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pier Angelo Tovo
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Paediatric Medicine, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Paediatric Medicine, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Brown JA, Ringera I, Luoga E, Cheleboi M, Kimera N, Muhairwe J, Kayembe BP, Molapo Hlasoa M, Kabundi L, Yav CWD, Mothobi B, Thahane L, Amstutz A, Bachmann N, Mollel GJ, Bresser M, Glass TR, Paris DH, Klimkait T, Weisser M, Labhardt ND. Genotype-Informed Versus Empiric Management Of VirEmia (GIVE MOVE): study protocol of an open-label randomised clinical trial in children and adolescents living with HIV in Lesotho and Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:773. [PMID: 33076866 PMCID: PMC7574572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, the majority of people living with HIV have no or only limited access to HIV drug resistance testing to guide the selection of antiretroviral drugs. This is of particular concern for children and adolescents, who experience high rates of treatment failure. The GIVE MOVE trial assesses the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of routinely providing genotypic resistance testing (GRT) to children and adolescents living with HIV who have an unsuppressed viral load (VL) while taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods GIVE MOVE is an open-label randomised clinical trial enrolling children and adolescents (≥6 months to <19 years) living with HIV with a VL ≥400 copies/mL (c/mL) while taking first-line ART. Recruitment takes place at sites in Lesotho and Tanzania. Participants are randomised in a 1:1 allocation to a control arm receiving the standard of care (3 sessions of enhanced adherence counselling, a follow-up VL test, continuation of the same regimen upon viral resuppression or empiric selection of a new regimen upon sustained elevated viremia) and an intervention arm (GRT to inform onward treatment). The composite primary endpoint is the occurrence of any one or more of the following events during the 36 weeks of follow-up period: i) death due to any cause; ii) HIV- or ART-related hospital admission of ≥24 h duration; iii) new clinical World Health Organisation stage 4 event (excluding lymph node tuberculosis, stunting, oral or genital herpes simplex infection and oesophageal candidiasis); and iv) no documented VL <50 c/mL at 36 weeks follow-up. Secondary and exploratory endpoints assess additional health-related outcomes, and a nested study will assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Enrolment of a total of 276 participants is planned, with an interim analysis scheduled after the first 138 participants have completed follow-up. Discussion This randomised clinical trial will assess if the availability of resistance testing improves clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with elevated viremia while taking ART. Trial registration This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04233242; registered 18.01.2020). More information: www.givemove.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Anne Brown
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isaac Ringera
- SolidarMed, Partnerships for Health, Maseru, Lesotho
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mosa Molapo Hlasoa
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Lorraine Kabundi
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
| | | | | | - Lineo Thahane
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alain Amstutz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Bachmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Moniek Bresser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tracy Renée Glass
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Henry Paris
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Weisser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Daniel Labhardt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus that has a detrimental impact on the developing central nervous system (CNS) of children growing up with perinatal HIV (PHIV) due to a combination of pathophysiological processes related to direct viral cytopathic effects and immune activation. This leads to a spectrum of neurocognitive impairment ranging from severe encephalopathy to subtle domain-specific cognitive impairments, as well as psychological disorders that are compounded by HIV-related stigma and sociodemographic factors that disproportionately affect PHIV children. Early commencement and consistent use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has resulted in a dramatic improvement in neuropsychological outcomes for PHIV children; however, they remain vulnerable to cognitive impairment and psychological disorders, as evidenced by imaging findings, randomised clinical trials and observational studies. An optimal neuroprotective cART regimen remains elusive in children, but systemic viral suppression, regular neurocognitive and psychological screening and ready access to neuropsychological management strategies are key components for optimising neuropsychological outcomes. However, a lack of standardised and validated screening tools, particularly in resource-limited settings, hinders a precise understanding of the nature, prevalence and associations between neuropsychological symptomatology and HIV health. This article reviews the natural history, cellular pathophysiology and structural and functional imaging findings for children growing up with HIV, as well as summarising management strategies related to antiretroviral therapy, screening tools and specific interventions for neurocognitive impairments and psychological disorders.
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20
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Cook AK, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. S-EQUOL: a neuroprotective therapeutic for chronic neurocognitive impairments in pediatric HIV. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:704-718. [PMID: 32870477 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neurocognitive impairments, commonly associated with pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (PHIV), are a detrimental consequence of early exposure to HIV-1 viral proteins. Strong evidence supports S-Equol (SE) as an efficacious adjunctive neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative therapeutic for neurocognitive impairments in adult ovariectomized female HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats. There remains, however, a critical need to assess the therapeutic efficacy of SE when treatment occurs at an earlier age (i.e., resembling a therapeutic for children with PHIV) and across the factor of biological sex. Utilization of a series of signal detection operant tasks revealed prominent, sex-dependent neurocognitive deficits in the HIV-1 Tg rat, characterized by alterations in stimulus-reinforcement learning, the response profile, and temporal processing. Early (i.e., postnatal day 28) initiation of SE treatment precluded the development of chronic neurocognitive impairments in all (i.e., 100%) HIV-1 Tg animals, albeit not for all neurocognitive domains. Most notably, the therapeutic effects of SE are generalized across the factor of biological sex, despite the presence of endogenous hormones. Results support, therefore, the efficacy of SE as a neuroprotective therapeutic for chronic neurocognitive impairments in the post-cART era; an adjunctive therapeutic that demonstrates high efficacy in both males and females. Optimizing treatment conditions by evaluating multiple factors (i.e., age, neurocognitive domains, and biological sex) associated with PHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affords a key opportunity to improve the therapeutic efficacy of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hailong Li
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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21
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Reif LK, Belizaire ME, Seo G, Rouzier V, Severe P, Joseph JM, Joseph B, Apollon S, Abrams EJ, Arpadi SM, Elul B, Pape JW, McNairy ML, Fitzgerald DW, Kuhn L. Point-of-care viral load testing among adolescents and youth living with HIV in Haiti: a protocol for a randomised trial to evaluate implementation and effect. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036147. [PMID: 32868354 PMCID: PMC7462242 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents living with HIV have poor antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and viral suppression outcomes. Viral load (VL) monitoring could reinforce adherence but standard VL testing requires strong laboratory capacity often only available in large central laboratories. Thus, coordinated transport of samples and results between the clinic and laboratory is required, presenting opportunities for delayed or misplaced results. Newly available point-of-care (POC) VL testing systems return test results the same day and could simplify VL monitoring so that adolescents receive test results faster which could strengthen adherence counselling and improve ART adherence and viral suppression. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This non-blinded randomised clinical trial is designed to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of POC VL testing compared with standard laboratory-based VL testing among adolescents and youth living with HIV in Haiti. A total of 150 participants ages 10-24 who have been on ART for >6 months are randomised 1:1 to intervention or standard arms. Intervention arm participants receive a POC VL test (Cepheid Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load system) with same-day result and immediate ART adherence counselling. Standard care participants receive a laboratory-based VL test (Abbott m2000sp/m2000rt) with the result available 1 month later, at which time they receive ART adherence counselling. VL testing is repeated 6 months later for both arms. The primary objective is to describe the implementation of POC VL testing compared with standard laboratory-based VL testing. The secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of POC VL testing on VL suppression at 6 months and participant comprehension of the correlation between VL and ART adherence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by GHESKIO, Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University ethics committees. This trial will provide critical data to understand if and how POC VL testing may impact adolescent ART adherence and viral suppression. If effective, POC VL testing could routinely supplement standard laboratory-based VL testing among high-risk populations living with HIV. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03288246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Reif
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Grace Seo
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa Rouzier
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Ouest, Haiti
| | | | | | | | | | - Elaine J Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen M Arpadi
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Batya Elul
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean W Pape
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Ouest, Haiti
| | - Margaret L McNairy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel W Fitzgerald
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louise Kuhn
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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22
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Munsamy AJ, Moodley AA, Brautaset RL. Recognising the threat of vision loss in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy without retinitis. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v79i1.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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23
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Okoko N, Kulzer JL, Ohe K, Mburu M, Muttai H, Abuogi LL, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Penner J. They are likely to be there: using a family-centered index testing approach to identify children living with HIV in Kenya. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:1028-1033. [PMID: 32693739 DOI: 10.1177/0956462420926344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Kenya, only half of children with a parent living with HIV have been tested for HIV. The effectiveness of family-centered index testing to identify children (0-14 years) living with HIV was examined. A retrospective record review was conducted among adult index patients newly enrolled in HIV care between May and July 2015; family testing, results, and linkage to treatment outcomes were followed through May 2016 at 60 high-volume clinics in Kenya. Chi square test compared yield (percentage of HIV tests positive) among children tested through family-centered index testing, outpatient and inpatient testing. Review of 1937 index client charts led to 3005 eligible children identified for testing. Of 2848 (94.8%) children tested through family-centered index testing, 127 (4.5%) had HIV diagnosed, 100 (78.7%) were linked to care, and 85 of those eligible (91.4%) initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART).Family testing resulted in higher yield compared to inpatient (1.8%, p < 0.001) or outpatient testing (1.6%, p < 0.001). The absolute number of children living with HIV identified was highest with outpatient testing. The relative contribution of testing approach to total children identified with HIV was outpatient testing (69%), family testing (26%), and inpatient testing (5%). The family testing approach demonstrated promise in achieving the first two "90s" (identification and ART initiation) of the 90-90-90 targets for children, with additional effort required to improve linkage from testing to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicollate Okoko
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jayne L Kulzer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Ohe
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Mburu
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hellen Muttai
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lisa L Abuogi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Bukusi
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Craig R Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Michaelis IA, Nielsen M, Carty C, Wolff M, Sabin CA, Lambert JS. Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection is linked to higher rates of epilepsy in children in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1047. [PMID: 32670626 PMCID: PMC7343945 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children may present with a wide range of neurological disorders. Among these, epilepsy is of key concern because of its lifelong impact and potential for damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Few studies in developing regions have investigated the prevalence and aetiology of epilepsy in HIV-infected children as a key population. OBJECTIVES We describe the prevalence of epilepsy, associated neurological disabilities, immunological status, clinical stage and history of CNS infection at epilepsy diagnosis in a cohort of HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study (2004-2014) at two major referral sites for HIV-infected children diagnosed with epilepsy aged 0-16 years. Eligible subjects were extracted from the electronic medicine bridging access to care in excellence (EMBRACE) Paediatric Cohort using the Paediatric ART Data Management Tool (PADMT). Fixed data fields were interrogated for exposures to antiepileptic drugs. Unstructured 'comments' fields were searched for the terms: epilepsy, seizures, fits and szs, as well as abbreviated versions of common antiepileptic drug names. Eligible subject folders were then retrieved to validate the digital data. RESULTS From 2139 children enrolled in the two sites, 53 children were diagnosed with epilepsy (2.48%). In these, the median CD4 count was 591 cells/mm3, and the mean viral load was 4.9 log copies/mL, with undetectable viral loads in only seven children (14.0%). World Health Organization (WHO) clinical HIV stage was available for 46 patients of the sample, with 3, 6, 26 and 11 children graded at stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Forty percent children had a history of CNS infection prior to the epilepsy diagnosis, and 55% children were reported to have school problems. CONCLUSIONS In this descriptive study, the prevalence of epilepsy among children with HIV was 2.48%, mostly diagnosed in advanced HIV-disease stages. Our findings support the usefulness of early detection and initiation of ART in HIV-infected children in order to reduce the risk of epilepsy. In addition, our study demonstrates that novel techniques are effective in accessing cohort-level data that allow interrogation of both structured and unstructured clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Michaelis
- Department of Health, Faculty of Paediatrics, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Maryke Nielsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Infectious Disease, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Facility, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Clinical Infection, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Craig Carty
- Department of Evidence-Based Social Intervention, Faculty of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Wolff
- Department of Neuropaediatrics and Social Paediatrics, Faculty of Paediatrics, Vivantes Klinikum Neukolln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline A Sabin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S Lambert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Infectious Diseases and Genitourinary Medicine, UCD School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Kalawan V, Naidoo K, Archary M. Impact of routine birth early infant diagnosis on neonatal HIV treatment cascade in eThekwini district, South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1084. [PMID: 32537251 PMCID: PMC7276481 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early infant diagnosis (EID) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected infants can reduce the risk of mortality and improve clinical outcomes. Infant testing guidelines in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, changed from targeted birth EID (T-EID) only in high-risk infants to a routine birth EID (R-EID) testing strategy in 2015. Objectives To describe the impact of the implementation of R-EID on the infant treatment cascade. Method A retrospective analysis of a facility-based clinical database for the eThekwini district and the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) was conducted. All data on neonates (< 4 weeks of age) diagnosed with HIV between January 2013 and December 2017 (T-EID [2013-2015] and R-EID [2016-2017]) were extracted including follow-up until 1 year post-diagnosis. Results A total of 503 neonates were diagnosed HIV-infected, with 468 (93.0%) initiated on ART within a median of 6 days. There was a significant increase in the estimated percentage of HIV-infected neonates diagnosed (21% vs. 86%, p < 0.001) and initiated on ART (90% vs. 94.3%, p < 0.001) between the T-EID and R-EID periods. Despite achieving over 90% of HIV-infected neonates diagnosed and initiated on ART in 2017, retention in care and viral suppression remained low. Conclusion Implementation of R-EID in eThekwini district improved diagnosis and initiation of ART in HIV-infected neonates and should be recommended as part of diagnostic guidelines. These gains are, however, lost because of poor retention in care and viral suppression rates and therefore required urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Kalawan
- Department of Paediatrics and Children Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,King Dinizulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kevindra Naidoo
- Maternal Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Moherndran Archary
- Department of Paediatrics and Children Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
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Ackermann C, Andronikou S, Saleh MG, Kidd M, Cotton MF, Meintjes EM, Laughton B. Diffusion tensor imaging point to ongoing functional impairment in HIV-infected children at age 5, undetectable using standard neurodevelopmental assessments. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:20. [PMID: 32430069 PMCID: PMC7236356 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perinatal HIV infection negatively impacts cognitive functioning of children, main domains affected are working memory, processing speed and executive function. Early ART, even when interrupted, improves neurodevelopmental outcomes. Diffusion tension imaging (DTI) is a sensitive tool assessing white matter damage. We hypothesised that white matter measures in regions showing HIV-related alterations will be associated with lower neurodevelopmental scores in specific domains related to the functionality of the affected tracts. Methods DTI was performed on children in a neurodevelopmental sub study from the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral (CHER) trial. Voxel-based group comparisons to determine regions where fractional anisotropy and mean diffusion differed between HIV+ and uninfected children were done. Locations of clusters showing group differences were identified using the Harvard–Oxford cortical and subcortical and John Hopkins University WM tractography atlases provided in FSL. This is a second review of DTI data in this cohort, which was reported in a previous study. Neurodevelopmental assessments including GMDS and Beery-Buktenica tests were performed and correlated with DTI parameters in abnormal white matter. Results 38 HIV+ children (14 male, mean age 64.7 months) and 11 controls (4 male, mean age 67.7 months) were imaged. Two clusters with lower fractional anisotropy and 7 clusters with increased mean diffusion were identified in the HIV+ group. The only neurodevelopmental domain with a trend of difference between the HIV+ children and controls (p = 0.08), was Personal Social Quotient which correlated to improved myelination of the forceps minor in the control group. As a combined group there was a negative correlation between visual perception and radial diffusion in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, which may be related to the fact that these tracts, forming part of the visual perception pathway, are at a crucial state of development at age 5. Conclusion Even directed neurodevelopmental tests will underestimate the degree of microstructural white matter damage detected by DTI. The visual perception deficit detected in the entire study population should be further examined in a larger study.
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Increased Risk of Executive Function and Emotional Behavioral Problems Among Virologically Well-Controlled Perinatally HIV-Infected Adolescents in Thailand and Cambodia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 82:297-304. [PMID: 31335589 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large numbers of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children are aging into adolescence. We examined cognitive and behavioral outcomes in a longitudinal cohort of Asian youth. METHODS We followed up 231 PHIV, 125 perinatally HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU), and 138 HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) adolescents (aged 10 years and older), matched by age/sex, in Thailand and Cambodia for 3 years. Executive function was assessed with Children's Color Trails Tests 1 and 2 (CCTT-1 and -2), the design fluency test, and the verbal fluency test. Working memory (Freedom from Distractibility Index) and processing speed index were assessed using WISC-III. Visual memory was assessed by design memory and design recognition subtests of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML-2) and behavioral problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Generalized estimating equations examined adjusted odds ratios of cognitive impairment (Z-scores ≥2 SD below age-adjusted means of the HUU group) and CBCL T-scores in the borderline-clinical range (T-Scores ≥60) in PHIV and HEU versus HUU youth, adjusting for ethnicity, household income, and caregiver characteristics. RESULTS The median age at enrollment was 13.8 years, with 58% women and 63% Thai participants. PHIV youth had >86% virological suppression and significantly higher impairment rates on CCTT-1 and -2 tests, design fluency test, verbal fluency tests, design memory, and CBCL internalizing and externalizing problems. Results were mostly similar between HEU and HUU groups, apart from higher impairment rates on CCTT-1 and internalizing problems in HEU. CONCLUSION Asian adolescents with PHIV remain at risk of cognitive and mental health problems despite HIV treatment. Selective risks are observed among HEU youth.
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28
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García-Navarro C, Jimenez de Ory S, Velo Higueras C, Zamora B, Prieto L, Ramos JT, Navarro ML, Escosa-García L, Jurado-Barba R, Falcón D, Moreno D, González-Tomé MI. Significant differences between verbal and non-verbal intellectual scales on a perinatally HIV-infected cohort: from pediatrics to young adults. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03600. [PMID: 32368635 PMCID: PMC7184518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed neurodevelopment is a common outcome in perinatally HIV-infected children. Our aim was to assess the intellectual profile of our cohort, considering both the infection and socio-environmental related variables. A cross-sectional cohort study was undertaken at seven major hospitals in Spain belonging to the CoRISpeS cohort (n = 97). Patients were followed up according to a standard protocol. Intellectual measures, psychosocial profile and HIV infection-related data have been analysed. The average patient age was 15 years. The median CD4 cell percentage was 35% (1,59). Viral load was undetectable in 80% of the patients and 27% were on AIDS category; 38% of whom had encephalopathy. The average composite score of both crystallized intelligence (CI) and intelligence quotient (IQ) for the cohort was lower than that of the general population (p < 0.001). Results revealed a significant difference of 38% between crystallized and fluid intelligence. There was a clear association between IQ and age of diagnosis (p = 0.022); CI and CDC classification (p = 0.035), CD4 count (p = 0.011) and CD4 nadir (p = 0.001). Higher parental education was associated with better performance across all intelligence scales (p < 0.002). A regression model showed that CI was influenced by the academic level of caregivers (p = 0.002), age at start of cART (p = 0.050) and primary language (p = 0.058). Findings revealed significant differences in verbal and non-verbal intellectual scales resulting in a misleading IQ Composite score. Crystallized intelligence demonstrated the highest level of impairment despite adequate treatment and good immunovirological status, while fluid intelligence results were average. Caregiver level of education was the strongest factor across all intelligence measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Navarro
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Spain
| | - S Jimenez de Ory
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Spain
| | - C Velo Higueras
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Spain
| | - B Zamora
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Prieto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - J T Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Salud Pública y Materno-Infantil UCM, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - M L Navarro
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Spain.,Departamento de Salud Pública y Materno-Infantil UCM, Spain.,Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Spain
| | - L Escosa-García
- Department of Pediatric HIV and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Jurado-Barba
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Spain.,Department of Psychology, Facultad de Educación y Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Falcón
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectology & Immunodeficiency Unit, Regional University Children's Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,IBIMA Multidisciplinary Group for Pediatric Research of Malaga, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain
| | - M I González-Tomé
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Machine-learning classification of neurocognitive performance in children with perinatal HIV initiating de novo antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2020; 34:737-748. [PMID: 31895148 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a predictive model of neurocognitive trajectories in children with perinatal HIV (pHIV). DESIGN Machine learning analysis of baseline and longitudinal predictors derived from clinical measures utilized in pediatric HIV. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-five children (ages 2-14 years at baseline; Mage = 6.4 years) with pHIV in Southeast Asia underwent neurocognitive assessment at study enrollment and twice annually thereafter for an average of 5.4 years. Neurocognitive slopes were modeled to establish two subgroups [above (n = 145) and below average (n = 140) trajectories). Gradient-boosted multivariate regressions (GBM) with five-fold cross validation were conducted to examine baseline (pre-ART) and longitudinal predictive features derived from demographic, HIV disease, immune, mental health, and physical health indices (i.e. complete blood count [CBC]). RESULTS The baseline GBM established a classifier of neurocognitive group designation with an average AUC of 79% built from HIV disease severity and immune markers. GBM analysis of longitudinal predictors with and without interactions improved the average AUC to 87 and 90%, respectively. Mental health problems and hematocrit levels also emerged as salient features in the longitudinal models, with novel interactions between mental health problems and both CD4 cell count and hematocrit levels. Average AUCs derived from each GBM model were higher than results obtained using logistic regression. CONCLUSION Our findings support the feasibility of machine learning to identify children with pHIV at risk for suboptimal neurocognitive development. Results also suggest that interactions between HIV disease and mental health problems are early antecedents to neurocognitive difficulties in later childhood among youth with pHIV.
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Virological and immunological impact of integrase inhibitor-based regimens initiated during primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2020; 34:493-500. [PMID: 31764069 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DESIGN Current international guidelines recommend either boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r)-based or integrase inhibitors (INSTI)-based regimens during primary HIV infection (PHI), even though the latter have only demonstrated their superiority at the chronic stage. We compared the effectiveness of INSTI-based versus PI/r-based combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiated during PHI. METHODS This study was conducted among patients who initiated cART between 2013 and 2017, using data from the ANRS-PRIMO cohort and the Dat'AIDS study. Cumulative proportions of patients reaching viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml) were calculated using Turnbull's estimator for interval-censored data. CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio increases were estimated using mixed linear models. Results were adjusted for the data source. RESULTS Among the 712 study patients, 299 received an INSTI-based cART. Patients' baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Viral suppression was reached more rapidly in INSTI-treated versus PI/r-treated patients (P < 0.01), with cumulative proportions of 32 versus 6% at 4 weeks, 72 versus 31% at 12 weeks, 91 versus 78% at 24 weeks and about 95% in both groups at 48 weeks. At 4 weeks, INSTI-treated patients had gained on average 40 CD4 cells/μl (P = 0.05) over PI/r-treated ones; mean CD4 counts were similar in the two groups at 48 weeks. The CD4/CD8 ratio followed the same pattern. Results were similar when restricted to a comparison between dolutegravir-based versus darunavir-based cART. CONCLUSION On the basis of this study and available literature, we recommend the use of INSTI-based cART for treatment initiation during PHI, as it leads to faster viral suppression and immune restoration.
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García-Navarro C, Martín-Bejarano M, Jimenez de Ory S, Zamora B, Ruiz-Saez B, Velo C, Cuéllar-Flores I, Garcia Lopez-Hortelano M, Guillen-Martin S, Navarro-Gómez ML, Ramos JT, González-Tomé MI. Neurocognitive and quality of life study in perinatally HIV-infected young people and their peers. NeuroCoRISpeS study. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 38:417-424. [PMID: 32113706 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the role of HIV and non-HIV related factors is essential for a better understanding of the neurocognitive outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) young people. The aim of our study was to assess cognition and quality of life (QoL) of a PHIV+ cohort of young people and to compare it with a control group. METHODS Thirty PHIV+ and 30 HIV(-) healthy young adults matched by age, sex and socioeconomic status completed a protocol that included neurocognitive tests, a psychosocial semi-structured interview and a QoL questionnaire (PedsQL). Neurocognitive domain-specific and domain-general (NPZ-5) Z-scores were calculated. CDC AIDS-defining category C or not C (PHIV+/C, PHIV+/noC) was considered to evaluate differences within the PHIV+ group. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS Sixty patients were included; 67% were female; median age (IQR) 19 years (18-21). Regarding PHIV+ young people, 27% showed CDC C category (none encephalopathy), 93% were on ART and 77% had undetectable viral load. No differences regarding occupation were found, although the HIV(-) group repeated less grades (p=0.028) and had a higher education level (p=0.021). No differences were found between PHIV+/noC and HIV(-) participants. However, the PHIV+/C group showed poorer performance than PHIV+/noC (NPZ-5, p=0.037) and HIV(-) subjects (crystallised intelligence, p=0.025; intelligence quotient, p=0.016). Higher nadir CD4+ T-cell count was related to better Z-score in memory (p=0.007) and NPZ-5 (p=0.025). Earlier and longer exposure to ART resulted in better performance in memory (p=0.004) and executive functions (p=0.015), respectively. CONCLUSIONS No significant differences were found in the neurocognitive profile nor QoL between PHIV+/noC and HIV(-) adolescents; however, PHIV+/C participants obtained lower scores. The use of longer and earlier ART seems to have a beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García-Navarro
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Martín-Bejarano
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Jimenez de Ory
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Zamora
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Saez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Velo
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuéllar-Flores
- Department of Psychology/Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Garcia Lopez-Hortelano
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Guillen-Martin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Navarro-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Complutense University (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomás Ramos
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Salud Pública y Materno-Infantil (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with perinatal HIV (pHIV) may display distinct long-term cognitive phenotypes. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify clusters of children with pHIV after similar developmental trajectories and predictors of belonging to select cognitive trajectory groups. METHODS Participants included children, 4-17 years of age, with pHIV in Thailand and Cambodia. Cognitive measures included translated versions of Intelligence Quotient tests, Color Trails Tests and Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration conducted semiannually over 3-6 years. The best fit of trajectory groups was determined using maximum likelihood estimation. Multivariate logistic regression identified baseline factors associated with belonging to the lowest scoring trajectory group. RESULTS Group-based trajectory analyses revealed a 3-cluster classification for each cognitive test, labeled as high, medium and low scoring groups. Most trajectory group scores remained stable across age. Verbal IQ declined in all 3 trajectory groups and the high scoring group for Children's Color Trails Test 1 and 2 showed an increase in scores across age. Children in the lowest scoring trajectory group were more likely to present at an older age and report lower household income. CONCLUSIONS Group-based trajectory modeling succinctly classifies cohort heterogeneity in cognitive outcomes in pHIV. Most trajectories remained stable across age suggesting that cognitive potential is likely determined at an early age with the exception of a small subgroup of children who displayed developmental gains in select cognitive domains and may represent those with better cognitive reserve. Poverty and longer duration of untreated HIV may predispose children with pHIV to suboptimal cognitive development.
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33
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Mebrahtu H, Simms V, Mupambireyi Z, Rehman AM, Chingono R, Matsikire E, Malaba R, Weiss HA, Ndlovu P, Cowan FM, Sherr L. Effects of parenting classes and economic strengthening for caregivers on the cognition of HIV-exposed infants: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in rural Zimbabwe. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001651. [PMID: 31565411 PMCID: PMC6747895 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV-exposed children show signs of developmental delay. We assessed the impact of a pragmatic multicomponent intervention for caregivers of HIV-exposed children aged 0–2 years in Zimbabwe. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomised trial from 2016 to 2018. Clusters were catchments surrounding clinics, allocated (1:1) to either National HIV guidelines standard of care or standard care plus an 18-session group intervention comprising i) early childhood stimulation (ECS) and parenting training with home visits to reinforce skills and retention in HIV care; ii) economic strengthening. Primary outcomes measured 12 months after baseline (4.5 months postintervention completion) included: i) global child development measured using the Mullen early learning composite score; ii) retention in HIV care. Analysis used mixed effects regression to account for clustering and adjusted minimally for baseline prognostic factors and was by intention to treat. Results Thirty clusters, 15 in each arm, were randomised. 574 dyads were recruited with 89.5% retained at follow-up. Ninety one of 281 (32.4%) were recorded as having received the complete intervention package, with 161/281 (57.3%) attending ≥14 ECS sessions. There was no evidence of an intervention effect on global child development (intervention mean 88.1 vs standard of care mean 87.6; adjusted mean difference=0.06; 95% CI −2.68 to 2.80; p=0.97) or infant retention in care (proportion of children who had missed their most recent HIV test: intervention 21.8% vs standard of care 16.9%, p=0.18). There was weak evidence that the proportion of caregivers with parental stress was reduced in the intervention arm (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.69; 95% CI 0.45 to 1.05; p=0.08) and stronger evidence that parental distress specifically was reduced (intervention arm 17.4% vs standard of care 29.1% scoring above the cut-off; aOR=0.56; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.89; p=0.01). Conclusion This multicomponent intervention had no impact on child development outcomes within 4.5 months of completion, but had an impact on parental distress. Maternal mental health remains a high priority. Trial registration number PACTR201701001387209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mebrahtu
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Simms
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zivai Mupambireyi
- Centre for Sexual Health HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrea M Rehman
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rudo Chingono
- Centre for Sexual Health HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Edward Matsikire
- Centre for Sexual Health HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rickie Malaba
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, World Education Inc./Bantwana, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Patience Ndlovu
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, World Education Inc./Bantwana, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Frances M Cowan
- Centre for Sexual Health HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.,International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Eckard AR, Rosebush JC, O'Riordan MA, Graves CC, Alexander A, Grover AK, Lee ST, Habib JG, Ruff JH, Chahroudi A, McComsey GA. Neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected youth: investigating the relationship with immune activation. Antivir Ther 2019; 22:669-680. [PMID: 28327462 DOI: 10.3851/imp3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of neurocognitive impairment compared to the general population. Studies suggest that, despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV infection causes immune activation which results in neural damage; however, few data exist in HIV-infected youth. METHODS HIV-infected youth 8-26-years-old on cART with virological suppression were prospectively enrolled along with healthy controls. Neurocognitive performance was assessed by age-appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Soluble and cellular markers of T-lymphocyte and monocyte activation were measured by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS 45 HIV-infected subjects and 21 controls were enrolled. Markers of T-cell and monocyte activation were higher in the HIV-infected subjects compared to controls, but proportions of inflammatory and patrolling monocytes were similar. Although there were no significant differences in neurocognitive scores between the HIV-infected and control groups, scores were low-average for four of five testing domains for the HIV-infected subjects and average for all five in the controls, and % of HIV-infected subjects with scores classified as 'low average' or below was higher than in the controls. Variables most associated with neurocognitive performance among HIV-infected subjects included activated CD4+ T-cells (% CD4+CD38+HLA-DR), monocyte activation (soluble CD14), HIV duration, age and sex. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected youth on cART with virological suppression show subtle evidence of neurocognitive impairment compared to healthy controls, and increased immune activation appears to play a role. Additional studies are needed to develop strategic interventions beyond cART to potentially improve neurocognitive performance and/or minimize further impairment in this vulnerable population. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01523496.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ross Eckard
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Julia C Rosebush
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary Ann O'Riordan
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chanda C Graves
- Department of Psychology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anita K Grover
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Thera Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jakob G Habib
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua H Ruff
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Chahroudi A, Wagner TA, Persaud D. CNS Persistence of HIV-1 in Children: the Untapped Reservoir. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 15:382-387. [PMID: 30159813 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The central nervous system (CNS) represents a potential HIV-1 reservoir that may need to be specifically targeted by remission strategies. Perinatally HIV-1-infected children and youth are exposed to HIV-1 at a critical period of brain development. This review summarizes the current literature regarding HIV-1 and the CNS in perinatal infection. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1-associated encephalopathy is prevalent with perinatal infection and neurocognitive impairment persists even following antiretroviral treatment (ART)-mediated suppression of viremia. Compartmentalization of HIV-1 between plasma and CSF of ART-naïve, perinatally infected children suggests the presence of a CNS reservoir; however, similar studies have not yet been conducted with ART suppression. CSF viral escape where CSF and plasma virus concentrations are discordant has been reported in this population, but larger studies with well-defined virologic and immunologic parameters are needed. A better understanding of HIV-1 persistence in the CNS with perinatal infection is essential for improving long-term neurocognitive outcomes and for designing strategies to induce HIV-1 remission in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chahroudi
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thor A Wagner
- Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building 1170, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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36
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Laughton B, Cornell M, Kidd M, Springer PE, Dobbels EFMT, Rensburg AJV, Otwombe K, Babiker A, Gibb DM, Violari A, Kruger M, Cotton MF. Five year neurodevelopment outcomes of perinatally HIV-infected children on early limited or deferred continuous antiretroviral therapy. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 21:e25106. [PMID: 29722482 PMCID: PMC5932637 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved neurodevelopmental outcomes of HIV-infected (HIV-positive) children; however, little is known about the longer term outcomes in infants commencing early ART or whether temporary ART interruption might have long-term consequences. In the children with HIV early antiretroviral treatment (CHER) trial, HIV-infected infants ≤12 weeks of age with CD4 ≥25% were randomized to deferred ART (ART-Def); immediate time-limited ART for 40 weeks (ART-40W) or 96 weeks (ART-96W). ART was restarted in the time-limited arms for immunologic/clinical progression. Our objective was to compare the neurodevelopmental profiles in all three arms of Cape Town CHER participants. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal observational study was used. The Griffiths mental development scales (GMDS), which includes six subscales and a global score, were performed at 11, 20, 30, 42 and 60 months, and the Beery-Buktenica developmental tests for visual motor integration at 60 months. HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HU) children were enrolled for comparison. Mixed model repeated measures were used to compare groups over time, using quotients derived from standardized British norms. RESULTS In this study, 28 ART-Def, 35 ART-40W, 33 ART-96W CHER children, and 34 HEU and 39 HU controls were enrolled. GMDS scores over five years were similar between the five groups in all subscales except locomotor and general Griffiths (interaction p < 0.001 and p = 0.02 respectively), driven by early lower scores in the ART-Def arm. At 60 months, scores for all groups were similar in each GMDS scale. However, Beery visual perception scores were significantly lower in HIV-infected children (mean standard scores: 75.8 ART-Def, 79.8 ART-40W, 75.9 ART-96W) versus 84.4 in HEU and 90.5 in HU (p < 0.01)). CONCLUSIONS Early locomotor delay in the ART-Def arm resolved by five years. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at five years in HIV-infected children on early time-limited ART were similar to uninfected controls, apart from visual perception where HIV-infected children scored lower. Poorer visual perception performance warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Morna Cornell
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Priscilla Estelle Springer
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Els Françoise Marie-Thérèse Dobbels
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anita Janse Van Rensburg
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdel Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana M Gibb
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avy Violari
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Fredric Cotton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Hoare J, Heany SJ, Fouche JP, Phillips N, Joska JA, Myer L, Zar HJ, Stein DJ. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy after the critical neuronal developmental period of the second postnatal year affects white matter microstructure in adolescents living with HIV. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:254-262. [PMID: 30617850 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid maturation of major white matter pathways occurs in the first 2 years of life, indicating a critical neuronal developmental period. The impact of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children perinatally infected with HIV-1, after the age of 2 years on neurocognitive functioning and white matter development in adolescence has not been studied. Forty-six adolescents who initiated ART during the first 2 years of life (< 2 years) and 79 adolescents who initiated ART after 2 years of age (> 2 years), with perinatally acquired HIV were enrolled in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort. Adolescents completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery testing a number of cognitive domains. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was done to determine fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusion (AD), and radial diffusion (RD) in a region of interest analysis. Neurocognitive performance was similar between adolescents who initiated ART < 2 years or > 2 years. There was a trend towards attention (p = .07) and working memory (p = .05) being poorer in the group who initiated ART > 2 years. FA was lower in the > 2-year group in the superior corona radiata (p = .03), and the external capsule (p = .04). MD was higher in the > 2-year group in the cerebral peduncle (p = .02), the superior corona radiata (p = .01), and the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (p = .03). RD was higher in the > 2-year group in the superior corona radiata (p = .02), the cerebral peduncle (p = .01), and the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (p = .01). However, the higher AD in the > 2-year group in the superior corona radiata was not in the expected direction (p = .01). Initiation of ART after the neuronal development period of the second postnatal year is associated with white matter alterations on neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Sarah J Heany
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicole Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - John A Joska
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital, UCT, Cape Town, South Africa.,SA Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lentoor AG. The Association of Home Environment and Caregiver Factors With Neurocognitive Function in Pre-school- and School-Aged Perinatally Acquired HIV-Positive Children on cART in South Africa. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:77. [PMID: 30972309 PMCID: PMC6443980 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Children with perinatally acquired HIV in low resource settings are at risk for neurocognitive impairments not only due to the direct effects of HIV on the brain and in utero ART exposure but also due to factors associated with their environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the association between home environment and caregiver factors and the neurocognitive function of pre-school- and-school-aged HIV-positive South African children from low resource rural communities. Materials and Methods: The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III was administered to assess the neurocognitive functioning of 152 purposively sampled perinatally acquired HIV-positive children on cART, aged 3 years to 7 years 6 months (mean age 63.13 months). The primary caregivers (n = 152) completed the Home Screening Questionnaire to assess the quality of the home-environment of the children. Results :The results showed that unfavorable environment, caregiver type, and quality of stimulation in the home were negatively associated with the neurocognitive development of perinatally HIV-positive children on cART. Most of the HIV-positive children (n = 95) were under the care of an extended relative. Older HIV-positive boys, reared by biological mothers, who also lived in suboptimal and poor quality home-environments had poorer neurocognitive function when compared to HIV-positive children reared by non-biological (extended relatives) caregivers, [F (2,149) = 14.42, p < 0.001]. Conclusion: The child's early home environment is associated with general neurocognitive development, which highlights the need for early psychosocial interventions that can promote better cognitive outcomes among children living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Lentoor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Kadima J, Patterson E, Mburu M, Blat C, Nyanduko M, Bukusi EA, Cohen C, Oyaro P, Abuogi L. Adoption of routine virologic testing and predictors of virologic failure among HIV-infected children on antiretroviral treatment in western Kenya. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200242. [PMID: 30412576 PMCID: PMC6226151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to routine virologic monitoring, critical to ensuring treatment success, remains limited in low- and middle-income countries. We report on implementation of routine viral load (VL) monitoring and risk factors for virologic failure among HIV-infected children on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Western Kenya. METHODS Routine VL testing was introduced in western Kenya in November 2013. We performed a case-control study among 1190 HIV-infected children ≤15 years on ART who underwent routine VL testing June 2014-May 2015. A random sample of 98 cases (virologic failure define as VL >1000 cps/mL) and 201 controls (VL <1000 cps/mL) from five facilities in three high HIV prevalence counties in Kenya were followed for a minimum of 12 months. Data from patient charts were analyzed using logistic regression to determine factors associated with failure to attain virologic suppression at initial routine and subsequent VL testing among cases. RESULTS Overall, 1190 (94%) children with a median age of 8 years underwent routine VL testing of whom (37%) had virological failure. Among the 299 cases and controls, WHO stage, baseline CD4 count and time since ART initiation were not associated with virologic failure during the follow-up period. In multivariable analysis, unsuppressed children at initial test were more likely to be male (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 2.1, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.1-3.6) and have had an ART regimen change (aOR 2.0, CI 1.0-3.7) than controls. Of the two-thirds of children 201/299 who had a subsequent VL performed, VL suppression was greater among those suppressed at initial test 126/135 (93.3%) compared to children with virologic failure 15/66 (22.7%, p<0.0001). Among those failing at first test who achieved viral suppression in follow up, 12/15 (80%) were on a protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen. In the multivariable analysis of children with subsequent VL testing, children on PI-based 2nd line regimens were 10-fold more likely to achieve viral suppression than children on first-line NNRTI-based ART (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 0.1; 95%CI 0.0-0.4). CONCLUSION Coverage of initial routine viral load testing among children on ART in western Kenya is high. However, subsequent testing and virologic suppression are low in children with virologic failure on initial routine viral load test. There is an urgent need to improve management and viral load monitoring of children living with HIV experiencing treatment failure to ensure improved long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kadima
- Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Patterson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret Mburu
- Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Cinthia Blat
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabeth Anne Bukusi
- Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Craig Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Oyaro
- Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lisa Abuogi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Therapeutic contact lenses vs. tight bandage patching and pain following pterygium excision: a prospective randomized controlled study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:2143-2148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gómez LA, Crowell CS, Njuguna I, Cranmer LM, Wamalwa D, Chebet D, Otieno V, Maleche-Obimbo E, Gladstone M, John-Stewart G, Benki-Nugent S. Improved Neurodevelopment After Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:916-922. [PMID: 29438131 PMCID: PMC6087680 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis after severe co-morbidity remains common in resource-limited settings. Neurodevelopmental recovery during antiretroviral therapy (ART) for late-diagnosed children is understudied. We determined 6-month neurodevelopmental trajectories in HIV-infected children initiating ART during hospitalization. METHODS HIV-infected children initiated ART after HIV diagnosis during hospitalization in Kenya. The Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool was administered after clinical stabilization within 1 month and at 6 months post-ART initiation. Baseline versus 6-month Z scores for each developmental domain were compared; cofactors for change in Z scores were evaluated using linear regression. RESULTS Among 74 children, median age was 1.7 years (interquartile range, 0.8-2.4) and median Z scores for gross motor, fine motor, social and language domains were -1.34, -1.04, -0.53 and -0.95, respectively. At baseline, children with higher plasma viremia had lower social Z scores (P = 0.008). Better nourished (weight-for-age Z score [WAZ] ≥-2) children had higher Z scores in all developmental domains (all P values ≤0.05). After 6 months on ART (n = 58), gross and fine motor Z scores improved significantly (mean change 0.39; P = 0.007 and 0.43; P = 0.001, respectively), but social and language did not. Children with better immune and growth response to ART had higher gains in gross motor (0.05 per unit-gain CD4%; P = 0.04; 0.34 per unit-gain WAZ; P = 0.006 and 0.44 per unit-gain height-for-age Z score; P = 0.005), social (0.37 per unit-gain WAZ; P = 0.002) and language (0.25 per unit-gain height-for-age Z score; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Children had significant neurodevelopmental gains during 6 months of ART, and children with better growth and immune recovery had greater improvement. Prompt commencement of ART may improve neurodevelopment in addition to immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurén A. Gómez
- Dept. of Global Health, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claudia S. Crowell
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Div. of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Univ. of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Irene Njuguna
- Dept. of Paediatrics & Child Health, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lisa M. Cranmer
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory Univ. and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Dept. of Paediatrics & Child Health, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Chebet
- Dept. of Paediatrics & Child Health, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Otieno
- Dept. of Paediatrics & Child Health, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Melissa Gladstone
- Dept. Of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Wang P, Li J, Wang X, Thapa D, Wu GY. Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vertical Transmitted Adolescents' Brain Functional Changes: Based on Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:699-704. [PMID: 29737186 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal HIV-infected (PHIV+) adolescents survive longer with the use of readily found combination antiretroviral therapy (cART); however, they still have the risk of developing cognitive deficits. The article aims to explore the brain functional changes in asymptomatic PHIV+ adolescents with cART based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). rs-fMRI was performed on 20 PHIV+ adolescents and 28 PHIV- controls to evaluate the regional homogeneity (ReHo) in different brain regions by calculating the Kendall harmonious coefficient. Montreal cognitive assessment and laboratory studies (nadir CD4+ T cell counts) were also performed on all the subjects to evaluate their cognitive and immune status. Thirteen PHIV+ adolescents and 22 PHIV- controls were enrolled. There was a significant difference of ReHo values in PHIV+ adolescents compared to PHIV- controls, the areas with increased ReHo values include bilateral precentral/postcentral gyrus and right middle temporal pole. Also, the areas with decreased ReHo values locate in right putamen/pallidum/insula, left caudate/putamen/insula, right superior temporal pole/insula, right caudate/putamen, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, and left inferior temporal pole. Furthermore, age, cognitive scores, and laboratory studies (nadir CD4+ T cell counts) did not show any significant correlation with altered ReHo values of brain regions neither in PHIV+ groups nor in PHIV- control groups. Among PHIV+ adolescents, brain areas with increased ReHo values were mainly located in the central somatic motor-sensory cortex, which might be related to the compensatory mechanism, whereas brain areas with decreased ReHo values were mainly focused on corticostriatal pathway, which might be associated with abnormal dopamine consumption. Thus, rs-fMRI could demonstrate the brain functional changes in resting state of asymptomatic PHIV+ adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panying Wang
- Radiology Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Radiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jielan Li
- Radiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Radiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Deepa Thapa
- Radiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yao Wu
- Radiology Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Radiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Robertson FC, Holmes MJ, Cotton MF, Dobbels E, Little F, Laughton B, van der Kouwe AJW, Meintjes EM. Perinatal HIV Infection or Exposure Is Associated With Low N-Acetylaspartate and Glutamate in Basal Ganglia at Age 9 but Not 7 Years. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:145. [PMID: 29867401 PMCID: PMC5949349 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of the basal ganglia are frequently seen in HIV-infected (HIV+) children despite antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation during childhood. Assessment of metabolites associated with neuronal integrity or with glial proliferation can present a sensitive description of metabolic events underlying basal ganglia structural changes. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine differences in creatine, choline, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate, and myo-inositol between HIV+ children and HIV-unexposed controls, as well as between HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children and HIV-unexposed controls at age 7 and at age 9. No differences in metabolites relative to the HIV-unexposed control group were found at age 7. However, at 9 years, both HIV+ and HEU had lower NAA and glutamate than unexposed control children. HEU children also had lower creatine and choline than control children. At age 7, lower CD4/CD8 ratio at enrollment was associated with lower choline levels. At age 9 lower CD4/CD8 at enrollment was associated with lower myo-inositol. Low NAA and glutamate at age 9, but not 7, suggest that basal ganglia neurons may be particularly affected by perinatal HIV/ART and that neuronal damage may be ongoing despite early ART and viral suppression. Reduced basal ganglia metabolite levels in HEU children suggest an effect of HIV exposure on childhood brain development that merits further investigation using neuroimaging and neurocognitive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Robertson
- Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martha J Holmes
- Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Els Dobbels
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - André J W van der Kouwe
- A. A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Nwosu EC, Robertson FC, Holmes MJ, Cotton MF, Dobbels E, Little F, Laughton B, van der Kouwe A, Meintjes EM. Altered brain morphometry in 7-year old HIV-infected children on early ART. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:523-535. [PMID: 29209922 PMCID: PMC5866746 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Even with the increased roll out of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), paediatric HIV infection is associated with neurodevelopmental delays and neurocognitive deficits that may be accompanied by alterations in brain structure. Few neuroimaging studies have been done in children initiating ART before 2 years of age, and even fewer in children within the critical stage of brain development between 5 and 11 years. We hypothesized that early ART would limit HIV-related brain morphometric deficits at age 7. Study participants were 7-year old HIV-infected (HIV+) children from the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) trial whose viral loads were supressed at a young age, and age-matched uninfected controls. We used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and FreeSurfer ( http://www.freesurfer.net/ ) software to investigate effects of HIV and age at ART initiation on cortical thickness, gyrification and regional brain volumes. HIV+ children showed reduced gyrification compared to controls in bilateral medial parietal regions, as well as reduced volumes of the right putamen, left hippocampus, and global white and gray matter and thicker cortex in small lateral occipital region. Earlier ART initiation was associated with lower gyrification and thicker cortex in medial frontal regions. Although early ART appears to preserve cortical thickness and volumes of certain brain structures, HIV infection is nevertheless associated with reduced gyrification in the parietal cortex, and lower putamen and hippocampus volumes. Our results indicate that in early childhood gyrification is more sensitive than cortical thickness to timing of ART initiation. Future work will clarify the implications of these morphometric effects for neuropsychological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Nwosu
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Frances C Robertson
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martha J Holmes
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Els Dobbels
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- A.A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Thomas A, Dobbels EFM, Springer PE, Ackermann C, Cotton MF, Laughton B. Favourable outcome in a child with symptomatic diagnosis of Glutaric aciduria type 1 despite vertical HIV infection and minor head trauma. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:537-544. [PMID: 29427049 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first case of Glutaric aciduria Type 1(GA1) in an African child was reported in 2001. GA1 has a prevalence of 1:5000 in black South Africans. Although early diagnosis is essential for a favourable outcome, newborn screening is not routine in South Africa where an estimated 320,000 children have HIV infection. Neurodevelopmental delay and encephalopathy are complications of both HIV and GA1. In such a setting it is important to recognise that HIV and GA1 can occur simultaneously. We present an HIV-infected South African male child of Xhosa descent with macrocephaly who commenced combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) at 8 weeks of age in a clinical trial which included a neurodevelopmental sub-study. He developed short-lived focal seizures at 16 months after minor head trauma. Neurological examination was normal. Neuroimaging showed temporal lobe atrophy, subtle hyperintense signal change in the globus pallidus, and focal haemosiderosis in the right Sylvian fissure region. As findings were not in keeping with HIV encephalopathy, a urine metabolic screen was undertaken which suggested GA1. Genetic testing confirmed Arg293Trp mutation. He began L-carnitine and a low protein diet as a restricted diet was not practicable. At 21 months he developed pulmonary tuberculosis, requiring 6 months treatment. He did not develop any neurologic motor symptoms. Serial neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological test scores until 9 years were similar to healthy neighbourhood controls, except for mild language delay at 3½ years. Detection of GA1, probably facilitated through participation in a clinical trial, was pivotal for a favourable outcome. The concomitant use of ART and anti-tuberculous therapy in a child with GA1 appears safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Thomas
- Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Els F M Dobbels
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Priscilla E Springer
- Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christelle Ackermann
- Department of Radiology, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Musindo O, Bangirana P, Kigamwa P, Okoth R, Kumar M. Neurocognitive functioning of HIV positive children attending the comprehensive care clinic at Kenyatta national hospital: exploring neurocognitive deficits and psychosocial risk factors. AIDS Care 2018; 30:618-622. [PMID: 29353495 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1426829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are affected in different ways by HIV/AIDS. Neurocognitive deficits are one of the most significant long term effects on HIV infected children and adolescents. Several factors are thought to influence cognitive outcomes and this include immune status, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), education and social support. The aim of the study was to assess the neurocognitive function of HIV infected children and adolescents and correlate it with psychosocial factors. A cross sectional study was carried out involving a sample of 90 children living with HIV between 8 and 15 years (M = 11.38, SD = 2.06) attending Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). Samples were selected by using purposive sample technique. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition was used to assess cognitive function and psychosocial issues were assessed using HEADS-ED. Data was analyzed using SPSS v23 and independent T-tests, Pearson's correlation and linear regression were used. The prevalence of neurocognitive deficits among HIV positive children attending CCC at KNH was 60% with neurocognitive performance of 54 children being at least 2SD below the mean based on the KABC-II scores. There was no significant correlation between mental processing index and CD4 count (Pearson's rho = -0.01, p = 0.39). There was no significant association between Mental Processing Index and viral load (p = 0.056) and early ARV initiation (0.27). Using the HEADS-ED, risks factors related to education (β = -5.67, p = 0.02) and activities and peer support (β = -9.1, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with poor neurocognitive performance. Neurocognitive deficits are prevalent among HIV positive children attending CCC-KNH. This extent of the deficits was not associated with low CD4 count, high viral load or early initiation in HIV care. However, poor school performance and problem with peers was associated with poor neurocognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otsetswe Musindo
- a Department of Psychiatry , College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Paul Bangirana
- b Department of Psychiatry , College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - Pius Kigamwa
- a Department of Psychiatry , College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Roselyne Okoth
- a Department of Psychiatry , College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Manasi Kumar
- a Department of Psychiatry , College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
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Implications of Combined Exposure to Household Air Pollution and HIV on Neurocognition in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010163. [PMID: 29361707 PMCID: PMC5800262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure and HIV infection can each cause neurocognitive insult in children. The purpose of this study was to test whether children with combined high air pollution exposure and perinatal HIV infection have even greater risk of neurocognitive impairment. This was a cross-sectional study of HIV-uninfected unexposed (HUU) and HIV-infected children and their caregivers in Nairobi, Kenya. We used a detailed neuropsychological battery to evaluate neurocognitive functioning in several domains. We measured caregiver 24-h personal CO exposure as a proxy for child CO exposure and child urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Median 24-h caregiver CO exposure was 6.1 and 3.7 ppm for 45 HIV-infected (mean age 6.6 years) and 49 HUU (mean age 6.7 years), respectively; 48.5% of HIV-infected and 38.6% of HUU had caregiver 24-h CO levels exceeding the WHO recommended level. Median 1-OHP exposure was 0.6 and 0.7 µmol/mol creatinine among HIV-infected and HUU children, respectively. HIV-infected children with high urinary 1-OHP (exceeding 0.68 µmol/mol creatinine) had significantly lower global cognition (p = 0.04), delayed memory (p = 0.01), and attention scores (p = 0.003). Among HUU children, urinary 1-OHP and caregiver 24-h caregiver CO were not significantly associated with neurocognitive function. Our findings suggest that combined chronic exposure to air pollutants and perinatal HIV infection may be associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes. High prevalence of air pollution exposure highlights the need to reduce these exposures.
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Wilmshurst JM, Hammond CK, Donald K, Hoare J, Cohen K, Eley B. NeuroAIDS in children. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 152:99-116. [PMID: 29604987 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63849-6.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters the central nervous system compartment within the first few weeks of systemic HIV infection and may cause a spectrum of neurologic complications. Without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), 50-90% of all HIV-infected infants and children develop some form of neuroAIDS. Of the estimated 2.3 million children less than 15 years of age who were living in sub-Saharan Africa at the end of 2014, only 30% were receiving cART, suggesting that there is a large burden of neuroAIDS among HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa. There is complex interplay between the disease process itself, the child's immune reaction to the disease, the secondary complications, the side-effects of antiretroviral drugs, and inadequate antiretroviral drug uptake into the central nervous system. In addition there is the layering effect from the multiple socioeconomic challenges for children living in low- and middle-income countries. Adolescents may manifest with a range of neurocognitive sequelae from mild neurocognitive disorder through to severe neurocognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies on white-matter tracts have identified dysfunction, especially in the frontostriatal networks needed for executive function. Psychiatric symptoms of depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and behavioral problems are also commonly reported in this age group. Antiretroviral drugs may cause treatment-limiting neurologic and neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The following chapter addresses the neurologic complications known to be, and suspected of being, associated with HIV infection in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo M Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatrics, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Charles K Hammond
- Department of Paediatrics, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsty Donald
- Department of Paediatrics, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Eley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Impact of Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease Upon Longitudinal Changes in Memory and Executive Functioning. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:455-464. [PMID: 28481783 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding effects of perinatally acquired HIV infection (PHIV) on longitudinal change in memory and executive functioning (EF) during adolescence despite the importance of these skills for independence in adulthood. METHODS PHIV (n = 144) and perinatally HIV-exposed uninfected youth (PHEU, n = 79), ages 12-17, completed standardized tests of memory and EF at baseline and 2 years later. Changes from baseline for each memory and EF outcome were compared between PHEU and PHIV youth with (PHIV/C, n = 39) and without (PHIV/non-C, n = 105) history of CDC class C (AIDS-defining) diagnoses. Among PHIV youth, associations of baseline and past disease severity with memory and EF performance at follow-up were evaluated using adjusted linear regression models. RESULTS Participants were primarily black (79%); 16% were Hispanic; 55% were female. Mean memory and EF scores at follow-up generally fell in the low-average to average range. Pairwise comparison of adjusted mean change from baseline to follow-up revealed significantly greater change for PHIV/non-C compared with PHEU youth in only one verbal recognition task, with a difference in mean changes for PHIV/non-C versus PHEU of -0.99 (95% CI: -1.80 to -0.19; P = 0.02). Among youth with PHIV, better immunologic status at baseline was positively associated with follow-up measures of verbal recall and recognition and cognitive inhibition/flexibility. Past AIDS-defining diagnoses and higher peak viral load were associated with lower performance across multiple EF tasks at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Youth with PHIV demonstrated stable memory and EF during a 2-year period of adolescence, allowing cautious optimism regarding long-term outcomes.
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Hermetet-Lindsay KD, Correia KF, Williams PL, Smith R, Malee KM, Mellins CA, Rutstein RM. Contributions of Disease Severity, Psychosocial Factors, and Cognition to Behavioral Functioning in US Youth Perinatally Exposed to HIV. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:2703-2715. [PMID: 27475941 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) and perinatally HIV-exposed, uninfected (PHEU) youth, we evaluated the contributions of home environment, psychosocial, and demographic factors and, among PHIV only, HIV disease severity and antiretroviral treatment (ART), to cognitive functioning (CF) and behavioral functioning (BF). A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was utilized. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce predictor variables to major latent factors. SEMs were developed to measure associations between the latent factors and CF and BF outcomes. Participants included 231 PHIV and 151 PHEU youth (mean age = 10.9 years) enrolled in the PHACS adolescent master protocol. Youth and caregivers completed assessments of CF, BF, psychosocial factors and HIV health. Medical data were also collected. Clusters of predictors were identified, establishing four parsimonious SEMs: child-assessed and caregiver-assessed BF in PHIV and PHEU youth. Among both groups, higher caregiver-child stress predicted worse BF. Caregiver resources and two disease severity variables, late presenter and better past HIV health, were significant predictors of CF in PHIV youth. Higher youth CF was associated with better caregiver-reported BF in both groups. Caregiver resources predicted caregiver-reported BF in PHEU youth, which was mediated via youth CF. Among PHIV youth, better past HIV health and caregiver resources mediated the effects of CF on caregiver-assessed BF. Using SEMs, we found a deleterious impact of caregiver and child stress on BF in both groups and of HIV disease factors on the CF of PHIV youth, reinforcing the importance of early comprehensive intervention to reduce risks for impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina D Hermetet-Lindsay
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lehigh University School Psychology Program, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
- Division of Neurobehavioral Health, Akron Children's Hospital, 215 W. Bowery St. Suite 4500, Akron, OH, 44308-1062, USA.
| | - Katharine F Correia
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard. T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard. T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renee Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen M Malee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claude A Mellins
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Richard M Rutstein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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