1
|
Hu X, Fan G, Liao H, Fu Z, Ma C, Ni H, Li X. Optimized soluble expression of a novel endoglucanase from Burkholderia pyrrocinia in Escherichia coli. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:387. [PMID: 32832337 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pyrrocinia B1213, a novel microbe isolated from a Baijiu-producing environment, displayed strong cellulolytic activity on agar plates with glucan as the carbon source and had an activity of 674.5 U/mL after culturing with barley. Genome annotation of B. pyrrocinia identificated a single endoglucanase (EG)-encoding gene, designated as BpEG01790. The endoglucanase BpEG01790 shows 98.28% sequence similarity with an endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) from Burkholderia stabilis belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 8 (GH8). The gene BpEG01790 has an open reading frame of 1218 bp encoding a 406 amino acid (AA) residue protein (43.0 kDa) with a 40-AA signal peptide. BpEG01790 was successfully cloned into pET28a( +) with and without the signal peptide; however, attempts to overexpress this protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells using this expression system failed. BpEG01790 was also cloned into the pCold TF vector. Active BpEG01790 was successfully overexpressed with or without the signal peptide using the pCold TF vector expression system and E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Overexpression of recombinant BpEG01790 without the signal peptide was higher compared with the construct that included the signal peptide. Optimization of culture conditions improved the enzyme activity by 12.5-fold. This is the first report describing the heterologous soluble overexpression of an EG belonging to GH8 from B. pyrrocinia using TF as a molecular chaperone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Guangsen Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Hui Liao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Zhilei Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048 China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Souza AA, Kruger R, Schuster B, Maria de Freitas S, Kyaw CM. Environmental factors influence the Haloferax volcanii S-layer protein structure. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216863. [PMID: 31075115 PMCID: PMC6607943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S-layers commonly cover archaeal cell envelopes and are composed of proteins that self-assemble into a paracrystalline surface structure. Despite their detection in almost all archaea, there are few reports investigating the structural properties of these proteins, with no reports exploring this topic for halophilic S-layers. The objective of the present study was to investigate the secondary and tertiary organization of the Haloferax volcanii S-layer protein. Such investigations were performed using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The protein secondary structure is centered on β-sheets and is affected by environmental pH, with higher disorder in more alkaline conditions. The pH can also affect the protein's tertiary structure, with higher tryptophan side-chain exposure to the medium under the same conditions. The concentrations of Na, Mg and Ca ions in the environment also affect the protein structures, with small changes in α-helix and β-sheet content, as well as changes in tryptophan side chain exposure. These changes in turn influence the protein's functional properties, with cell envelope preparations revealing striking differences when in different salt conditions. Thermal denaturation assays revealed that the protein is stable. It has been reported that the S-layer protein N-glycosylation process is affected by external factors and the present study indicates for the first time changes in the protein structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rodrigues-Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University
of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amanda Araújo Souza
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University
of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Kruger
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University
of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic
Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna,
Austria
| | - Sonia Maria de Freitas
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University
of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Maria Kyaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University
of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu C, Guo G, Ma Q, Zhang F, Ma F, Liu J, Xiao D, Yang X, Sun M. Diversity in S-layers. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 123:1-15. [PMID: 27498171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface layers, referred simply as S-layers, are the two-dimensional crystalline arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits on cell surface. They are one of the most common outermost envelope components observed in prokaryotic organisms (Archaea and Bacteria). Over the past decades, S-layers have become an issue of increasing interest due to their ubiquitousness, special features and functions. Substantial work in this field provides evidences of an enormous diversity in S-layers. This paper reviews and illustrates the diversity from several different aspects, involving the S-layer-carrying strains, the structure of S-layers, the S-layer proteins and genes, as well as the functions of S-layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Zhu
- College of Environment and Plant protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China
| | - Funing Ma
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Dao Xiao
- Haikou Experimental Station/Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Environment and Plant protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, PR China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raff J, Matys S, Suhr M, Vogel M, Günther T, Pollmann K. S-Layer-Based Nanocomposites for Industrial Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:245-279. [PMID: 27677516 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This chapter covers the fundamental aspects of bacterial S-layers: what are S-layers, what is known about them, and what are their main features that makes them so interesting for the production of nanostructures. After a detailed introduction of the paracrystalline protein lattices formed by S-layer systems in nature the chapter explores the engineering of S-layer-based materials. How can S-layers be used to produce "industry-ready" nanoscale bio-composite materials, and which kinds of nanomaterials are possible (e.g., nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle immobilization, and multifunctional coatings)? What are the advantages and disadvantages of S-layer-based composite materials? Finally, the chapter highlights the potential of these innovative bacterial biomolecules for future technologies in the fields of metal filtration, catalysis, and bio-functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Raff
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sabine Matys
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Suhr
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Vogel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Günther
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Pollmann
- Department of Processing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ucisik MH, Küpcü S, Breitwieser A, Gelbmann N, Schuster B, Sleytr UB. S-layer fusion protein as a tool functionalizing emulsomes and CurcuEmulsomes for antibody binding and targeting. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:132-139. [PMID: 25734967 PMCID: PMC4406452 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective targeting of tumor cells by nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems is highly desirable because it maximizes the drug concentration at the desired target while simultaneously protecting the surrounding healthy tissues. Here, we show a design for smart nanocarriers based on a biomimetic approach that utilizes the building principle of virus envelope structures. Emulsomes and CurcuEmulsomes comprising a tripalmitin solid core surrounded by phospholipid layers are modified by S-layer proteins that self-assemble into a two-dimensional array to form a surface layer. One significant advantage of this nanoformulation is that it increases the solubility of the lipophilic anti-cancer agent curcumin in the CurcuEmulsomes by a factor of 2700. In order to make the emulsomes specific for IgG, the S-layer protein is fused with two protein G domains. This S-layer fusion protein preserves its recrystallization characteristics, forming an ordered surface layer (square lattice with 13 nm unit-by-unit distance). The GG domains are presented in a predicted orientation and exhibit a selective binding affinity for IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet H Ucisik
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. No. 19 Kavacık Kavşağı, Beykoz 34810, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Breitwieser
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B Sleytr
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer E, Pum D. S-layers: principles and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:823-64. [PMID: 24483139 PMCID: PMC4232325 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. S-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. The isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including functioning as protective coats, molecular sieves and ion traps, as structures involved in surface recognition and cell adhesion, and as antifouling layers. S-layers are also identified to contribute to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Archaea, most of which possess S-layers as exclusive wall component, they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. Studies on structure, chemistry, genetics, assembly, function, and evolutionary relationship of S-layers revealed considerable application potential in (nano)biotechnology, biomimetics, biomedicine, and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Egelseer
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140232. [PMID: 24812051 PMCID: PMC4032536 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biophysics, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The outer surface of many archaea and bacteria is coated with a proteinaceous surface layer (known as an S-layer), which is formed by the self-assembly of monomeric proteins into a regularly spaced, two-dimensional array. Bacteria possess dedicated pathways for the secretion and anchoring of the S-layer to the cell wall, and some Gram-positive species have large S-layer-associated gene families. S-layers have important roles in growth and survival, and their many functions include the maintenance of cell integrity, enzyme display and, in pathogens and commensals, interaction with the host and its immune system. In this Review, we discuss our current knowledge of S-layer and related proteins, including their structures, mechanisms of secretion and anchoring and their diverse functions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferner-Ortner-Bleckmann J, Gelbmann N, Tesarz M, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB. Surface-layer lattices as patterning element for multimeric extremozymes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3887-3894. [PMID: 23757161 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A promising new approach for the production of biocatalysts comprises the use of surface-layer (S-layer) lattices that present functional multimeric enzymes on their surface, thereby guaranteeing most accurate spatial distribution and orientation, as well as maximal effectiveness and stability of these enzymes. For proof of concept, a tetrameric and a trimeric extremozyme are chosen for the construction of S-layer/extremozyme fusion proteins. By using a flexible peptide linker, either one monomer of the tetrameric xylose isomerase XylA from the thermophilic Thermoanaerobacterium strain JW/SL-YS 489 or, in another approach, one monomer of the trimeric carbonic anhydrase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila are genetically linked to one monomer of the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177. After isolation and purification, the self-assembly properties of both S-layer fusion proteins as well as the specific activity of the fused enzymes are confirmed, thus indicating that the S-layer protein moiety does not influence the nature of the multimeric enzymes and vice versa. By recrystallization of the S-layer/extremozyme fusion proteins on solid supports, the active enzyme multimers are exposed on the surface of the square S-layer lattice with 13.1 nm spacing.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pleschberger M, Hildner F, Rünzler D, Gelbmann N, Mayer HF, Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM. Identification of a novel gene cluster in the upstream region of the S-layer gene sbpA involved in cell wall metabolism of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 and characterization of the recombinantly produced autolysin and pyruvyl transferase. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:323-37. [PMID: 23443476 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 assembles into a square (p4) lattice structure and recognizes a pyruvylated secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) as the proper anchoring structure to the rigid cell wall layer. Sequencing of 8,004 bp in the 5'-upstream region of the S-layer gene sbpA led to five ORFs-encoding proteins involved in cell wall metabolism. After cloning and heterologous expression of ORF1 and ORF5 in Escherichia coli, the recombinant autolysin rAbpA and the recombinant pyruvyl transferase rCsaB were isolated, purified, and correct folding was confirmed by circular dichroism. Although rAbpA encoded by ORF1 showed amidase activity, it could attack whole cells of Ly. sphaericus CCM 2177 only after complete extraction of the S-layer lattice. Despite the presence of three S-layer-homology motifs on the N-terminal part, rAbpA did not show detectable affinity to peptidoglycan-containing sacculi, nor to isolated SCWP. As the molecular mass of the autolysin lies above the molecular exclusion limit of the S-layer, AbpA is obviously trapped within the rigid cell wall layer by the isoporous protein lattice. Immunogold-labeling of ultrathin-sectioned whole cells of Ly. sphaericus CCM 2177 with a polyclonal rabbit antiserum raised against rCsaB encoded by ORF5, and cell fractionation experiments demonstrated that the pyruvyl transferase was located in the cytoplasm, but not associated with cell envelope components including the plasma membrane. In enzymatic assays, rCsaB clearly showed pyruvyl transferase activity. By using RT-PCR, specific transcripts for each ORF could be detected. Cotranscription could be confirmed for ORF2 and ORF3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pleschberger
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Đordić A, Egelseer EM, Tesarz M, Sleytr UB, Keller W, Pavkov-Keller T. Crystallization of domains involved in self-assembly of the S-layer protein SbsC. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1511-4. [PMID: 23192035 PMCID: PMC3509976 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112042650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 is completely covered with a two-dimensional crystalline monolayer composed of the S-layer protein SbsC. In order to complete the structure of the full-length protein, additional soluble constructs containing the crucial domains for self-assembly have been successfully cloned, expressed and purified. Crystals obtained from three different recombinant constructs yielded diffraction to 3.4, 2.8 and 1.5 Å resolution. Native data have been collected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anđela Đordić
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M. Egelseer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Tesarz
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology) GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Production, secretion, and cell surface display of recombinant Sporosarcina ureae S-layer fusion proteins in Bacillus megaterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:560-7. [PMID: 22101038 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06127-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomolecular crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) have broad application potential in nanobiotechnology due to their ability to generate functional supramolecular structures. Here, we report that Bacillus megaterium is an excellent host organism for the heterologous expression and efficient secretion of hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged versions of the S-layer protein SslA from Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881. Three chimeric proteins were constructed, comprising the precursor, C-terminally truncated, and N- and C-terminally truncated forms of the S-layer SslA protein tagged with the human influenza hemagglutinin epitope. For secretion of fusion proteins, the open reading frames were cloned into the Escherichia coli-Bacillus megaterium shuttle vector pHIS1525. After transformation of the respective plasmids into Bacillus megaterium protoplasts, the recombinant genes were successfully expressed and the proteins were secreted into the growth medium. The isolated S-layer proteins are able to assemble in vitro into highly ordered, crystalline, sheetlike structures with the fused HA tag accessible to antibody. We further show by fluorescent labeling that the secreted S-layer fusion proteins are also clustered on the cell envelope of Bacillus megaterium, indicating that the cell surface can serve in vivo as a nucleation point for crystallization. Thus, this system can be used as a display system that allows the dense and periodic presentation of S-layer proteins or the fused tags.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen S, Hickey WJ. Development of Tools for Genetic Analysis of Phenanthrene Degradation and Nanopod Production by Delftia sp. Cs1-4. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:187. [PMID: 22016746 PMCID: PMC3191457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Delftia sp. Cs1-4 produces novel extracellular structures (nanopods) in conjunction with its growth on phenanthrene. While a full genome sequence is available for strain Cs1-4, genetic tools that could be applied to study phenanthrene degradation/nanopod production have not been reported. Thus, the objectives of this study were to establish such tools, and apply them for molecular analysis of nanopod formation or phenanthrene degradation. Three types of tools were developed or validated. First, we developed a new expression system based on a strong promoter controlling expression of a surface layer protein (NpdA) from Delftia sp. Cs1-4, which was ca. 2,500-fold stronger than the widely used lactose promoter. Second, the Cre-loxP system was validated for generation of markerless, in-frame, gene deletions, and for in-frame gene insertions. The gene deletion function was applied to examine potential roles in nanopod formation of three genes (omp32, lasI, and hcp), while the gene insertion function was used for reporter gene tagging of npdA. Lastly, pMiniHimar was modified to enhance gene recovery and mutant analysis in genome-wide transposon mutagenesis. Application of the latter to strain Cs1-4, revealed several new genes with potential roles in phenanthrene degradation or npdA expression. Collectively, the availability of these tools has opened new avenues of investigation in Delftia sp. Cs1-4 and other related genera/species with importance in environmental toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- O.N. Allen Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ilk N, Schumi CT, Bohle B, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB. Expression of an endotoxin-free S-layer/allergen fusion protein in gram-positive Bacillus subtilis 1012 for the potential application as vaccines for immunotherapy of atopic allergy. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:6. [PMID: 21310062 PMCID: PMC3048495 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic fusion of the major birch pollen allergen (Bet v1) to bacterial surface-(S)-layer proteins resulted in recombinant proteins exhibiting reduced allergenicity as well as immunomodulatory capacity. Thus, S-layer/allergen fusion proteins were considered as suitable carriers for new immunotherapeutical vaccines for treatment of Type I hypersensitivity. Up to now, endotoxin contamination of the fusion protein which occurred after isolation from the gram-negative expression host E. coli had to be removed by an expensive and time consuming procedure. In the present study, in order to achieve expression of pyrogen-free, recombinant S-layer/allergen fusion protein and to study the secretion of a protein capable to self-assemble, the S-layer/allergen fusion protein rSbpA/Bet v1 was produced in the gram-positive organism Bacillus subtilis 1012. Results The chimaeric gene encoding the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 as well as Bet v1 was cloned and expressed in B. subtilis 1012. For that purpose, the E. coli-B. subtilis shuttle vectors pHT01 for expression in the B. subtilis cytoplasm and pHT43 for secretion of the recombinant fusion protein into the culture medium were used. As shown by western blot analysis, immediately after induction of expression, B. subtilis 1012 was able to secret rSbpA/Bet v1 mediated by the signal peptide amyQ of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Electron microscopical investigation of the culture medium revealed that the secreted fusion protein was able to form self-assembly products in suspension but did not recrystallize on the surface of the B. subtilis cells. The specific binding mechanism between the N-terminus of the S-layer protein and a secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP), located in the peptidoglycan-containing sacculi of Ly. sphaericus CCM 2177, could be used for isolation and purification of the secreted fusion protein from the culture medium. Immune reactivity of rSbpA/Bet v1 could be demonstrated in immunoblotting experiments with Bet v1 specific IgE containing serum samples from patients suffering birch pollen allergy. Conclusions The impact of this study can be seen in the usage of a gram-positive organism for the production of pyrogen-free self-assembling recombinant S-layer/allergen fusion protein with great relevance for the development of vaccines for immunotherapy of atopic allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ilk
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer EM, Pum D, Horejs CM, Tscheliessnig R, Ilk N. Nanobiotechnology with S-layer proteins as building blocks. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:277-352. [PMID: 21999999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in nanobiotechnology is the utilization of self- assembly systems, wherein molecules spontaneously associate into reproducible aggregates and supramolecular structures. In this contribution, we describe the basic principles of crystalline bacterial surface layers (S-layers) and their use as patterning elements. The broad application potential of S-layers in nanobiotechnology is based on the specific intrinsic features of the monomolecular arrays composed of identical protein or glycoprotein subunits. Most important, physicochemical properties and functional groups on the protein lattice are arranged in well-defined positions and orientations. Many applications of S-layers depend on the capability of isolated subunits to recrystallize into monomolecular arrays in suspension or on suitable surfaces (e.g., polymers, metals, silicon wafers) or interfaces (e.g., lipid films, liposomes, emulsomes). S-layers also represent a unique structural basis and patterning element for generating more complex supramolecular structures involving all major classes of biological molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, or combinations of these). Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements as building blocks for the production of new supramolecular materials and nanoscale devices as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, biomimetics, and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Structure of Bacterial S-Layer Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:73-130. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
17
|
Badelt-Lichtblau H, Kainz B, Völlenkle C, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB, Pum D, Ilk N. Genetic engineering of the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 for the generation of functionalized nanoarrays. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:895-903. [PMID: 19402706 DOI: 10.1021/bc800445r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mesophilic organism Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 produces the surface (S)-layer protein SbpA, which after secretion completely covers the cell surface with a crystalline array exhibiting square lattice symmetry. Because of its excellent in vitro recrystallization properties on solid supports, SbpA represents a suitable candidate for genetically engineering to create a versatile self-assembly system for the development of a molecular construction kit for nanobiotechnological applications. The first goal of this study was to investigate the surface location of 3 different C-terminal amino acid positions within the S-layer lattice formed by SbpA. Therefore, three derivatives of SbpA were constructed, in which 90, 173, or 200 C-terminal amino acids were deleted, and the sequence encoding the short affinity tag Strep-tag II as well as a single cysteine residue were fused to their C-terminal end. Recrystallization studies of the rSbpA/STII/Cys fusion proteins indicated that C-terminal truncation and functionalization of the S-layer protein did not interfere with the self-assembly capability. Fluorescent labeling demonstrated that the orientation of the crystalline rSbpA(31-1178)/STII/Cys lattice on solid supports was the same, like the orientation of wild-type S-layer protein SbpA on the bacterial cell. In soluble and recrystallized rSbpA/STII/Cys fusion proteins, Strep-tag II was used for prescreening of the surface accessibility, whereas the thiol group of the end-standing cysteine residue was exploited for site-directed chemical linkage of differently sized preactivated macromolecules via heterobifunctional cross-linkers. Finally, functionalized two-dimensional S-layer lattices formed by rSbpA(31-1178)/STII/Cys exhibiting highly accessible cysteine residues in a well-defined arrangement on the surface were utilized for the template-assisted patterning of gold nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Badelt-Lichtblau
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
The s-layer glycome-adding to the sugar coat of bacteria. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20871840 PMCID: PMC2943079 DOI: 10.1155/2011/127870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The amazing repertoire of glycoconjugates present on bacterial cell surfaces includes lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, lipooligosaccharides, exopolysaccharides, and glycoproteins. While the former are constituents of Gram-negative cells, we review here the cell surface S-layer glycoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria. S-layer glycoproteins have the unique feature of self-assembling into 2D lattices providing a display matrix for glycans with periodicity at the nanometer scale. Typically, bacterial S-layer glycans are O-glycosidically linked to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues, and they rely on a much wider variety of constituents, glycosidic linkage types, and structures than their eukaryotic counterparts. As the S-layer glycome of several bacteria is unravelling, a picture of how S-layer glycoproteins are biosynthesized is evolving. X-ray crystallography experiments allowed first insights into the catalysis mechanism of selected enzymes. In the future, it will be exciting to fully exploit the S-layer glycome for glycoengineering purposes and to link it to the bacterial interactome.
Collapse
|
19
|
Characterization and separate activities of the two promoters of the Lactobacillus brevis S-layer protein gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:657-68. [PMID: 20229202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 8287 possesses a surface (S)-layer protein SlpA, the gene of which is very efficiently expressed. To study the expression signals of the slpA gene, several different reporter plasmids, based on the low-copy-number vector pKTH2121 derived from pGK12, were constructed. In the reporter plasmids, only one of the two consecutive slpA promoters (P1, P2) was placed upstream of the Lactobacillus helveticus proline iminopeptidase (pepI) gene, and defined parts of the sequences upstream of the promoter were deleted. As indicated by reporter enzyme activities, both promoters were efficiently recognized at different growth stages in L. brevis. An upstream region important for the full activity of P1 was identified. The quantification of pepI-specific mRNA in L. brevis and SDS-PAGE indicated that slpA expression is not regulated at the post-transcriptional level and revealed no regulation of slpA promoters under the conditions tested. The high expression levels of both slpA and the reporter gene in L. brevis were found to remain at a high level after the addition of bile or pancreatin in the growth medium or after a change of the carbon source, which is advantageous for the potential use of SlpA as a carrier in live oral vaccines.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kroutil M, Pavkov T, Birner-Gruenberger R, Tesarz M, Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM, Keller W. Towards the structure of the C-terminal part of the S-layer protein SbsC. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:1042-7. [PMID: 19851018 PMCID: PMC2765897 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109035386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The S-layer protein SbsC from Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 is the most prevalent single protein produced by the bacterium and covers the complete bacterial surface in the form of a two-dimensional crystalline monolayer. In order to elucidate the structural features of the assembly domains, several N-terminally truncated fragments of SbsC have been crystallized. Crystals obtained from recombinant fragments showed anisotropic diffraction to a maximum of 3.5 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The best diffracting crystals were obtained from rSbsC(755-1099), an unintentional in situ proteolytic degradation product of rSbsC(447-1099). Crystals were obtained in two different space groups, P2(1) and P4(1)2(1)2, and diffracted to 2.6 and 3 A resolution, respectively. Native and heavy-atom derivative data have been collected. The structure of the C-terminal part will yield atomic resolution information for the domains that are crucial for the assembly of the two-dimensional lattice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kroutil
- Karl-Franzens University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov
- Karl-Franzens University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Medical University of Graz, Center for Medical Research, Proteomics Core Facility, Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Tesarz
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva M. Egelseer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Karl-Franzens University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Novotny R, Berger H, Schinko T, Messner P, Schäffer C, Strauss J. A temperature-sensitive expression system based on the Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a sgsE surface-layer gene promoter. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 49:35-40. [PMID: 17576197 PMCID: PMC4389859 DOI: 10.1042/ba20070083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The sgsE gene coding for the S-layer (surface layer) protein in the thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a is strongly induced when the culture is shifted from optimal (55 degrees C) to maximally tolerable growth temperature (67 degrees C). Here, we investigated the regulation of the sgsE promoter in G. stearothermophilus and tested the function of this promoter in Bacillus subtilis. We used EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) reporter constructs and found that the sgsE promoter has very low basal activity at 28 degrees C, but is approx. 20-fold induced by elevated growth temperatures (37 and 45 degrees C). The promoter confers high expression levels, as EGFP mRNA levels at 45 degrees C were approx. 120-fold more abundant than mRNA levels of the cat (chloramphenicol resistance) gene, which was transcribed from a constitutive promoter on the same plasmid. In fluorescence-microscopic and Western-blot analysis, the EGFP protein was barely detectable at 28 degrees C, whereas intermediate and high levels were detected at 37 and 45 degrees C respectively. The potential to tune expression levels of genes driven by the sgsE promoter in B. subtilis by simple temperature adjustments presents a considerable potential for its future use as high-yield protein expression system for B. subtilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Novotny
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
- Microbial Genomics Unit, Austrian Research Centers and University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Berger
- Microbial Genomics Unit, Austrian Research Centers and University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Schinko
- Microbial Genomics Unit, Austrian Research Centers and University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Microbial Genomics Unit, Austrian Research Centers and University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed ()
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ferner-Ortner-Bleckmann J, Huber-Gries C, Pavkov T, Keller W, Mader C, Ilk N, Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM. The high-molecular-mass amylase (HMMA) of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 interacts with the cell wall components by virtue of three specific binding regions. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:1448-61. [PMID: 19460092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence encoding the high-molecular-mass amylase (HMMA) of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 was established by PCR techniques. Based on the hmma gene sequence, the full-length rHMMA, four N- or C-terminal rHMMA truncations as well as three C-terminal rHMMA fragments were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified rHMMA forms were used either for affinity studies with the recombinant (r) S-layer protein SbsC (rSbsC), peptidoglycan-containing sacculi (PGS) and pure peptidoglycan (PG) devoid of the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP), or for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies using rSbsC and isolated SCWP. In the C-terminal part of the HMMA, three specific binding regions, one for each cell wall component (rSbsC, SCWP and PG), could be identified. The functionality of the PG-binding domain could be confirmed by replacing the main part of the SCWP-binding domain of an S-layer protein by the PG-binding domain of the HMMA. The present work describes a completely new and highly economic strategy for cell adhesion of an exoenzyme.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pavkov T, Egelseer EM, Tesarz M, Svergun DI, Sleytr UB, Keller W. The structure and binding behavior of the bacterial cell surface layer protein SbsC. Structure 2008; 16:1226-37. [PMID: 18682224 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface layers (S-layers) comprise the outermost cell envelope component of most archaea and many bacteria. Here we present the structure of the bacterial S-layer protein SbsC from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, showing a very elongated and flexible molecule, with strong and specific binding to the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP). The crystal structure of rSbsC((31-844)) revealed a novel fold, consisting of six separate domains, which are connected by short flexible linkers. The N-terminal domain exhibits positively charged residues regularly spaced along the putative ligand binding site matching the distance of the negative charges on the extended SCWP. Upon SCWP binding, a considerable stabilization of the N-terminal domain occurs. These findings provide insight into the processes of S-layer attachment to the underlying cell wall and self-assembly, and also accommodate the observed mechanical strength, the polarity of the S-layer, and the pronounced requirement for surface flexibility inherent to cell growth and division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Pavkov
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Structural Biology, University of Graz, Humboldtsrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Petersen BO, Sára M, Mader C, Mayer HF, Sleytr UB, Pabst M, Puchberger M, Krause E, Hofinger A, Duus JØ, Kosma P. Structural characterization of the acid-degraded secondary cell wall polymer of Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1346-58. [PMID: 18420185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2, which is involved in the anchoring of the surface-layer protein to the bacterial cell wall layer, is composed of 2-amino-2-deoxy- and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannuronic acid. The primary structure of the acid-degraded polysaccharide--liberated by HF-treatment from the cell wall--was determined by high-field NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry using N-acetylated and hydrolyzed polysaccharide derivatives as well as Smith-degradation. The polysaccharide was shown to consist of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit containing a pyruvic acid acetal at a side-chain 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residue. Substoichiometric substitutions of the repeating unit were observed concerning the degree of N-acetylation of glucosamine residues and the presence of side-chain linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl units: [Formula: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bent O Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ferner-Ortner J, Mader C, Ilk N, Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM. High-affinity interaction between the S-layer protein SbsC and the secondary cell wall polymer of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 determined by surface plasmon resonance technology. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7154-8. [PMID: 17644609 PMCID: PMC2045234 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00294-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance studies using C-terminal truncation forms of the S-layer protein SbsC (recombinant SbsC consisting of amino acids 31 to 270 [rSbsC(31-270)] and rSbsC(31-443)) and the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) isolated from Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 confirmed the exclusive responsibility of the N-terminal region comprising amino acids 31 to 270 for SCWP binding. Quantitative analyses indicated binding behavior demonstrating low, medium, and high affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ferner-Ortner
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sleytr UB, Huber C, Ilk N, Pum D, Schuster B, Egelseer EM. S-layers as a tool kit for nanobiotechnological applications. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 267:131-44. [PMID: 17328112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) have been identified in a great number of different species of bacteria and represent an almost universal feature of archaea. Isolated native S-layer proteins and S-layer fusion proteins incorporating functional sequences self-assemble into monomolecular crystalline arrays in suspension, on a great variety of solid substrates and on various lipid structures including planar membranes and liposomes. S-layers have proven to be particularly suited as building blocks and patterning elements in a biomolecular construction kit involving all major classes of biological molecules (proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids and combinations of them) enabling innovative approaches for the controlled 'bottom-up' assembly of functional supramolecular structures and devices. Here, we review the basic principles of S-layer proteins and the application potential of S-layers in nanobiotechnology and biomimetics including life and nonlife sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B Sleytr
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ryzhkov PM, Ostermann K, Rödel G. Isolation, gene structure, and comparative analysis of the S-layer gene sslA of Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881. Genetica 2007; 131:255-65. [PMID: 17242964 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The surface (S)-layer of Sporosarcina ureae strain ATCC 13881, a periodic ordered structure with p4 square type symmetry, was recently reported to be an excellent biotemplate for the formation of highly ordered metal clusters. The S-layer is formed by self-assembly of a single subunit, the 116 kDa SslA protein. Here we report on the isolation and sequence analysis of the sslA gene. The protein sequence reveals a high degree of similarity to the sequences of other S-layer proteins that form self-assembly lattices with the p4 square type symmetry, especially to those of Bacillus sphaericus. Two conserved surface layer homology (SLH) domains in the extreme aminoterminal portion are likely to mediate attachment of the protein to secondary cell wall polymers. A central HisXXXHis motif and a cysteine residue in the carboxyl-terminal part of the protein, both extremely rare in S-layer proteins, may contribute to the high affinity for metal ions. The strong bias in the codon usage may explain that heterologous expression of SslA in E. coli is not very intense. With respect to the regulatory region we notice several features that are also present in other S-layer genes. The distance between the -35/-10 region and the ATG initiation codon is unusually long, and a 41 bp palindromic sequence is present in the immediate vicinity of the -35/-10 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel M Ryzhkov
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huber C, Liu J, Egelseer EM, Moll D, Knoll W, Sleytr UB, Sára M. Heterotetramers formed by an S-layer-streptavidin fusion protein and core-streptavidin as a nanoarrayed template for biochip development. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2006; 2:142-50. [PMID: 17193570 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on the S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177, an S-layer-streptavidin fusion protein was constructed. After heterologous expression, isolation of the fusion protein, and refolding, functional heterotetramers were obtained that had retained the ability to recrystallize into the square-lattice structure on plain gold chips and on gold chips precoated with secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP), which is the natural anchoring molecule for the S-layer protein in the bacterial cell wall. Monolayers generated by recrystallization of heterotetramers on plain gold chips or on gold chips precoated with thiolated SCWP were exploited for the binding of biotinylated oligonucleotides (30-mers). Hybridization experiments with complementary fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides carrying one mismatch or no mismatch (both 15-mers) were performed and evaluated with surface-plasmon-field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy. For surfaces generated by the recrystallization of heterotetramers on SCWP-coated gold chips, a detection limit of 1.57 pM could be determined, whereas for surfaces obtained by direct recrystallization of heterotetramers on plain gold chips, a detection limit of 8.2 pM was found. Measuring the association and dissociation processes of oligonucleotides carrying no mismatch led to a dissociation constant of K(D)=6.3 x 10(-10) m, whereas for oligonucleotides carrying one mismatch a dissociation constant of K(D)=7.9 x 10(-9) m was determined. This finding was confirmed by measuring the whole Langmuir isotherm, which resulted in a dissociation constant of K(D)=2.6 x 10(-8) m.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Huber
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Blecha A, Zarschler K, Sjollema KA, Veenhuis M, Rödel G. Expression and cytosolic assembly of the S-layer fusion protein mSbsC-EGFP in eukaryotic cells. Microb Cell Fact 2005; 4:28. [PMID: 16202167 PMCID: PMC1262761 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Native as well as recombinant bacterial cell surface layer (S-layer) protein of Geobacillus (G.) stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 assembles to supramolecular structures with an oblique symmetry. Upon expression in E. coli, S-layer self assembly products are formed in the cytosol. We tested the expression and assembly of a fusion protein, consisting of the mature part (aa 31–1099) of the S-layer protein and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), in eukaryotic host cells, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human HeLa cells. Results Upon expression in E. coli the recombinant mSbsC-EGFP fusion protein was recovered from the insoluble fraction. After denaturation by Guanidine (Gua)-HCl treatment and subsequent dialysis the fusion protein assembled in solution and yielded green fluorescent cylindric structures with regular symmetry comparable to that of the authentic SbsC. For expression in the eukaryotic host Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae mSbsC-EGFP was cloned in a multi-copy expression vector bearing the strong constitutive GPD1 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosophate-dehydrogenase) promoter. The respective yeast transfomants were only slightly impaired in growth and exhibited a needle-like green fluorescent pattern. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed the presence of closely packed cylindrical structures in the cytosol with regular symmetry comparable to those obtained after in vitro recrystallization. Similar structures are observed in HeLa cells expressing mSbsC-EGFP from the Cytomegalovirus (CMV IE) promoter. Conclusion The mSbsC-EGFP fusion protein is stably expressed both in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in HeLa cells. Recombinant mSbsC-EGFP combines properties of both fusion partners: it assembles both in vitro and in vivo to cylindrical structures that show an intensive green fluorescence. Fusion of proteins to S-layer proteins may be a useful tool for high level expression in yeast and HeLa cells of otherwise instable proteins in their native conformation. In addition the self assembly properties of the fusion proteins allow their simple purification. Moreover the binding properties of the S-layer part can be used to immobilize the fusion proteins to various surfaces. Arrays of highly ordered and densely structured proteins either immobilized on surfaces or within living cells may be advantageous over the respective soluble variants with respect to stability and their potential interference with cellular metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blecha
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristof Zarschler
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaas A Sjollema
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, PO Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Veenhuis
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, PO Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Schäffer C, Messner P. The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:643-651. [PMID: 15758211 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has been a subject of detailed chemical study over the past five decades. Outside the cytoplasmic membrane of these organisms the fundamental polymer is peptidoglycan (PG), which is responsible for the maintenance of cell shape and osmotic stability. In addition, typical essential cell wall polymers such as teichoic or teichuronic acids are linked to some of the peptidoglycan chains. In this review these compounds are considered as 'classical' cell wall polymers. In the course of recent investigations of bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) a different class of 'non-classical' secondary cell wall polymers (SCWPs) has been identified, which is involved in anchoring of S-layers to the bacterial cell surface. Comparative analyses have shown considerable differences in chemical composition, overall structure and charge behaviour of these SCWPs. This review discusses the progress that has been made in understanding the structural principles of SCWPs, which may have useful applications in S-layer-based 'supramolecular construction kits' in nanobiotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Zentrum für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Zentrum für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Candela T, Mignot T, Hagnerelle X, Haustant M, Fouet A. Genetic analysis of Bacillus anthracis Sap S-layer protein crystallization domain. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:1485-1490. [PMID: 15870458 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the aetiological agent of anthrax, synthesizes two surface-layer (S-layer) proteins. S-layers are two-dimensional crystalline arrays that completely cover bacteria. In rich medium, the B. anthracis S-layer consists of Sap during the exponential growth phase. Sap is a modular protein composed of an SLH (S-layer homology)-anchoring domain followed by a putative crystallization domain (Sapc). A projection map of the two-dimensional Sap array has been established on deflated bacteria. In this work, the authors used two approaches to investigate whether Sapc is the crystallization domain. The purified Sapc polypeptide (604 aa) was sufficient to form a crystalline structure, as illustrated by electron microscopy. Consistent with this result, the entire Sapc domain promoted auto-interaction in a bacterial two-hybrid screen developed for the present study. The screen was derived from a system that takes advantage of the Bordetella pertussis cyclase subdomain structure to enable one to identify peptides that interact. A screening strategy was then employed to study Sapc subdomains that mediate interaction. A random library, derived from the Sapc domain, was constructed and screened. The selected polypeptides interacting with the complete Sapc were all larger (155 aa and above) than the mean size of the randomly cloned peptides (approx. 60 residues). This result suggests that, in contrast with observations for other interactions studied with this two-hybrid system, large fragments were required to ensure efficient interaction. It was noteworthy that only one polypeptide, which spanned aa 148–358, was able to interact with less than the complete Sapc, in fact, with itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Candela
- Unité Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne (CNRS, URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Tâm Mignot
- Unité Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne (CNRS, URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Xavier Hagnerelle
- Unité de Biochimie Structurale (CNRS, URA 2185), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Michel Haustant
- Unité Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne (CNRS, URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Agnès Fouet
- Unité Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne (CNRS, URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huber C, Ilk N, Rünzler D, Egelseer EM, Weigert S, Sleytr UB, Sára M. The three S-layer-like homology motifs of the S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 are not sufficient for binding to the pyruvylated secondary cell wall polymer. Mol Microbiol 2004; 55:197-205. [PMID: 15612928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 recognizes a pyruvylated secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) as anchoring structure to the peptidoglycan-containing layer. Data analysis from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy revealed the existence of three different binding sites with high, medium and low affinity for rSbpA on SCWP immobilized to the sensor chip. The shortest C-terminal truncation with specific affinity to SCWP was rSbpA(31-318). Surprisingly, rSbpA(31-202) comprising the three S-layer-like homology (SLH) motifs did not bind at all. Analysis of the SbpA sequence revealed a 58-amino-acid-long SLH-like motif starting 11 amino acids after the third SLH motif. The importance of this motif for reconstituting the functional SCWP-binding domain was further demonstrated by construction of a chimaeric protein consisting of the SLH domain of SbsB, the S-layer protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2 and the C-terminal part of SbpA. In contrast to SbsB or its SLH domain which did not recognize SCWP of B. sphaericus CCM 2177 as binding site, the chimaeric protein showed specific affinity. Deletion of 213 C-terminal amino acids of SbpA had no impact on the square (p4) lattice structure, whereas deletion of 350 amino acids was linked to a change in lattice type from square to oblique (p1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Huber
- BMT-Biomolecular Therapeutics GmbH, Brunner Strasse 59, A-1235 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ilk N, Küpcü S, Moncayo G, Klimt S, Ecker RC, Hofer-Warbinek R, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB, Sára M. A functional chimaeric S-layer-enhanced green fluorescent protein to follow the uptake of S-layer-coated liposomes into eukaryotic cells. Biochem J 2004; 379:441-8. [PMID: 14725506 PMCID: PMC1224085 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chimaeric gene encoding a C-terminally truncated form of the S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 and the EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) was ligated into plasmid pET28a and cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Just 1 h after induction of expression an intense EGFP fluorescence was detected in the cytoplasm of the host cells. Expression at 28 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C resulted in clearly increased fluorescence intensity, indicating that the folding process of the EGFP moiety was temperature sensitive. To maintain the EGFP fluorescence, isolation of the fusion protein from the host cells had to be performed in the presence of reducing agents. SDS/PAGE analysis, immunoblotting and N-terminal sequencing of the isolated and purified fusion protein confirmed the presence of both the S-layer protein and the EGFP moiety. The fusion protein had maintained the ability to self-assemble in suspension and to recrystallize on peptidoglycan-containing sacculi or on positively charged liposomes, as well as to fluoresce. Comparison of fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of recombinant EGFP and rSbpA(31-1068)/EGFP revealed identical maxima at 488 and 507 nm respectively. The uptake of liposomes coated with a fluorescent monomolecular protein lattice of rSbpA(31-1068)/EGFP into HeLa cells was studied by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The major part of the liposomes was internalized within 2 h of incubation and entered the HeLa cells by endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ilk
- Center for Ultrastructural Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Novotny R, Schäffer C, Strauss J, Messner P. S-layer glycan-specific loci on the chromosome of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a and dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis potential of G. stearothermophilus strains. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:953-965. [PMID: 15073305 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The approximately 16.5 kb surface layer (S-layer) glycan biosynthesis (slg) gene cluster of the Gram-positive thermophile Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a has been sequenced. The cluster is located immediately downstream of the S-layer structural gene sgsE and consists of 13 ORFs that have been identified by database sequence comparisons. The cluster encodes dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis (rml operon), required for building up the polyrhamnan S-layer glycan, as well as for assembly and export of the elongated glycan chain, and its transfer to the S-layer protein. This is the first report of a gene cluster likely to be involved in the glycosylation of an S-layer protein. There is evidence that this cluster is transcribed as a polycistronic unit, whereas sgsE is transcribed monocistronically. To get insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying glycosylation of the S-layer protein, the influence of growth temperature on the S-layer was investigated in seven closely related G. stearothermophilus strains, of which only strain NRS 2004/3a possessed a glycosylated S-layer. Chromosomal DNA preparations of these strains were screened for the presence of the rml operon, because L-rhamnose is a frequent constituent of S-layer glycans. From rml-positive strains, flanking regions of the operon were sequenced. Comparison with the slg gene cluster of G. stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a revealed sequence homologies between adjacent genes. The temperature inducibility of S-layer protein glycosylation was investigated in those strains by raising the growth temperature from 55 degrees C to 67 degrees C; no change of either the protein banding pattern or the glycan staining behaviour was observed on SDS-PAGE gels, although the sgsE transcript was several-fold more abundant at 67 degrees C. Cell-free extracts of the strains were capable of converting dTDP-D-glucose to dtdp-L-rhamnose. Taken together, the results indicate that the rml locus is highly conserved among G. stearothermophilus strains, and that in the investigated rml-containing strains, dTDP-L-rhamnose is actively synthesized in vitro. However, in contrast to previous reports for G. stearothermophilus wild-type strains, an increase in growth temperature did not switch an S-layer protein phenotype to an S-layer glycoprotein phenotype, via the de novo generation of a new S-layer gene sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Novotny
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Applied Life Sciences and Natural Resources, A-1180 Wien, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Applied Life Sciences and Natural Resources, A-1180 Wien, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Center of Applied Genetics, University of Applied Life Sciences and Natural Resources, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Applied Life Sciences and Natural Resources, A-1180 Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bohle B, Breitwieser A, Zwölfer B, Jahn-Schmid B, Sára M, Sleytr UB, Ebner C. A Novel Approach to Specific Allergy Treatment: The Recombinant Fusion Protein of a Bacterial Cell Surface (S-Layer) Protein and the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1 (rSbsC-Bet v 1) Combines Reduced Allergenicity with Immunomodulating Capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6642-8. [PMID: 15153479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Counterregulating the disease-eliciting Th2-like immune response of allergen-specific Th lymphocytes by fostering an allergen-specific Th1-like response is a promising concept for future immunotherapy of type I allergy. The use of recombinant allergens combined with more functional adjuvants has been proposed. In this respect, we present a novel approach. The gene sequence encoding the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, was fused with the gene encoding the bacterial cell surface (S-layer) protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus, resulting in the recombinant protein, rSbsC-Bet v 1. rSbsC-Bet v 1 contained all relevant Bet v 1-specific B and T cell epitopes, but was significantly less efficient to release histamine than rBet v 1. In cells of birch pollen-allergic individuals, rSbsC-Bet v 1 induced IFN-gamma along with IL-10, but no Th2-like response, as observed after stimulation with Bet v 1. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that rSbsC-Bet v 1 promoted IFN-gamma-producing Th cells. Moreover, rSbsC-Bet v 1 induced IFN-gamma synthesis in Bet v 1-specific Th2 cell clones, and importantly, increased IL-10 production in these cells. In conclusion, genetic fusion of an allergen to S-layer proteins combined reduced allergenicity with immunomodulatory capacity. The strategy described in this work may be generally applied to design vaccines for specific immunotherapy of type I allergy with improved efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Völlenkle C, Weigert S, Ilk N, Egelseer E, Weber V, Loth F, Falkenhagen D, Sleytr UB, Sára M. Construction of a functional S-layer fusion protein comprising an immunoglobulin G-binding domain for development of specific adsorbents for extracorporeal blood purification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1514-21. [PMID: 15006773 PMCID: PMC368406 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.3.1514-1521.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric gene encoding a C-terminally-truncated form of the S-layer protein SbpA from Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 and two copies of the Fc-binding Z-domain was constructed, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli HMS174(DE3). The Z-domain is a synthetic analogue of the B-domain of protein A, capable of binding the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (IgG). The S-layer fusion protein rSbpA(31-1068)/ZZ retained the specific properties of the S-layer protein moiety to self-assemble in suspension and to recrystallize on supports precoated with secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP), which is the natural anchoring molecule for the S-layer protein in the bacterial cell wall. Due to the construction principle of the S-layer fusion protein, the ZZ-domains remained exposed on the outermost surface of the protein lattice. The binding capacity of the native or cross-linked monolayer for human IgG was determined by surface plasmon resonance measurements. For batch adsorption experiments, 3-microm-diameter, biocompatible cellulose-based, SCWP-coated microbeads were used for recrystallization of the S-layer fusion protein. In the case of the native monolayer, the binding capacity for human IgG was 5.1 ng/mm(2), whereas after cross-linking with dimethyl pimelimidate, 4.4 ng of IgG/mm(2) was bound. This corresponded to 78 and 65% of the theoretical saturation capacity of a planar surface for IgGs aligned in the upright position, respectively. Compared to commercial particles used as immunoadsorbents to remove autoantibodies from sera of patients suffering from an autoimmune disease, the IgG binding capacity of the S-layer fusion protein-coated microbeads was at least 20 times higher. For that reason, this novel type of microbeads should find application in the microsphere-based detoxification system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Völlenkle
- Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Riedmann EM, Kyd JM, Smith AM, Gomez-Gallego S, Jalava K, Cripps AW, Lubitz W. Construction of recombinant S-layer proteins (rSbsA) and their expression in bacterial ghosts--a delivery system for the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae antigen Omp26. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 37:185-92. [PMID: 12832124 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study has investigated the feasibility of a combination of recombinant surface layer (S-layer) proteins and empty bacterial cell envelopes (ghosts) to deliver candidate antigens for a vaccine against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) infections. The S-layer gene sbsA from Bacillus stearothermophilus PV72 was used for the construction of fusion proteins. Fusion of maltose binding protein (MBP) to the N-terminus of SbsA allowed expression of the S-layer in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. The outer membrane protein (Omp) 26 of NTHi was inserted into the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of SbsA. The presence of the fused antigen Omp26 was demonstrated by Western blot experiments using anti-Omp26 antisera. Electron microscopy showed that the recombinant SbsA maintained the ability to self-assemble into sheet-like and cylindrical structures. Recombinant E. coli cell envelopes (ghosts) were produced by the expression of SbsA/Omp26 fusion proteins prior to gene E-mediated lysis. Intraperitoneal immunization with these recombinant bacterial ghosts induced an Omp26-specific antibody response in BALB/c mice. These results demonstrate that the NTHi antigen, Omp26, was expressed in the S-layer self-assembly product and this construct was immunogenic for Omp26 when administered to mice in bacterial cell envelopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Riedmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocentre, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Pum D. Nanotechnology and biomimetics with 2-D protein crystals. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE : THE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF THE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY 2003; 22:140-50. [PMID: 12845830 DOI: 10.1109/memb.2003.1213637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U B Sleytr
- Center for Ultrastructure Research, Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Messner P, Schäffer C. Prokaryotic glycoproteins. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 85:51-124. [PMID: 12602037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6051-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Steindl C, Schäffer C, Wugeditsch T, Graninger M, Matecko I, Müller N, Messner P. The first biantennary bacterial secondary cell wall polymer and its influence on S-layer glycoprotein assembly. Biochem J 2002; 368:483-94. [PMID: 12201818 PMCID: PMC1223010 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2002] [Revised: 08/28/2002] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface of Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus DSM 10155 is covered with a square surface (S)-layer glycoprotein lattice. This S-layer glycoprotein, which was extracted with aqueous buffers after a freeze-thaw cycle of the bacterial cells, is the only completely water-soluble S-layer glycoprotein to be reported to date. The purified S-layer glycoprotein preparation had an overall carbohydrate content of 19%. Detailed chemical investigations indicated that the S-layer O-glycans of previously established structure accounted for 13% of total glycosylation. The remainder could be attributed to a peptidoglycan-associated secondary cell wall polymer. Structure analysis was performed using purified secondary cell wall polymer-peptidoglycan complexes. NMR spectroscopy revealed the first biantennary secondary cell wall polymer from the domain Bacteria, with the structure alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Man p NAc-(1-->4)-beta-L-Gal p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Man p NAc-(1-->4)-beta-L-Gal p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Man p NAc-(1-->4)-beta-L-Gal p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Man p NAc-(1-->4)-beta-L-Gal p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)]-beta-L-Man p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-beta-L-Man p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Glc p NAc-(1-->O)-PO(2)(-)-O-PO(2)(-)-(O-->6)-MurNAc- (where MurNAc is N -acetylmuramic acid). The neutral polysaccharide is linked via a pyrophosphate bond to the C-6 atom of every fourth N -acetylmuramic acid residue, in average, of the A1gamma-type peptidoglycan. In vivo, the biantennary polymer anchored the S-layer glycoprotein very effectively to the cell wall, probably due to the doubling of motifs for a proposed lectin-like binding between the polymer and the N-terminus of the S-layer protein. When the cellular support was removed during S-layer glycoprotein isolation, the co-purified polymer mediated the solubility of the S-layer glycoprotein in vitro. Initial crystallization experiments performed with the soluble S-layer glycoprotein revealed that the assembly property could be restored upon dissociation of the polymer by the addition of poly(ethylene glycols). The formed two-dimensional crystalline S-layer self-assembly products exhibited the same lattice symmetry as observed on intact bacterial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steindl
- Institut für Chemie, Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smit E, Pouwels PH. One repeat of the cell wall binding domain is sufficient for anchoring the Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:4617-9. [PMID: 12142432 PMCID: PMC135259 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.16.4617-4619.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal repeat (SAC1) of the S-protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus bound efficiently and specifically to cell wall fragments (CWFs) when fused to green fluorescent protein, whereas the C-terminal repeat (SAC2) did not. Treatment of CWFs with hydrofluoric acid, but not phenol, prevented binding. Apparently, SAC1 is necessary and sufficient for cell wall binding. Our data suggest that SAC anchors the S-protein to a cell wall teichoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Smit
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ilk N, Völlenkle C, Egelseer EM, Breitwieser A, Sleytr UB, Sára M. Molecular characterization of the S-layer gene, sbpA, of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 and production of a functional S-layer fusion protein with the ability to recrystallize in a defined orientation while presenting the fused allergen. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3251-60. [PMID: 12089001 PMCID: PMC126809 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.7.3251-3260.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence encoding the crystalline bacterial cell surface (S-layer) protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 was determined by a PCR-based technique using four overlapping fragments. The entire sbpA sequence indicated one open reading frame of 3,804 bp encoding a protein of 1,268 amino acids with a theoretical molecular mass of 132,062 Da and a calculated isoelectric point of 4.69. The N-terminal part of SbpA, which is involved in anchoring the S-layer subunits via a distinct type of secondary cell wall polymer to the rigid cell wall layer, comprises three S-layer-homologous motifs. For screening of amino acid positions located on the outer surface of the square S-layer lattice, the sequence encoding Strep-tag I, showing affinity to streptavidin, was linked to the 5' end of the sequence encoding the recombinant S-layer protein (rSbpA) or a C-terminally truncated form (rSbpA(31-1068)). The deletion of 200 C-terminal amino acids did not interfere with the self-assembly properties of the S-layer protein but significantly increased the accessibility of Strep-tag I. Thus, the sequence encoding the major birch pollen allergen (Bet v1) was fused via a short linker to the sequence encoding the C-terminally truncated form rSpbA(31-1068). Labeling of the square S-layer lattice formed by recrystallization of rSbpA(31-1068)/Bet v1 on peptidoglycan-containing sacculi with a Bet v1-specific monoclonal mouse antibody demonstrated the functionality of the fused protein sequence and its location on the outer surface of the S-layer lattice. The specific interactions between the N-terminal part of SbpA and the secondary cell wall polymer will be exploited for an oriented binding of the S-layer fusion protein on solid supports to generate regularly structured functional protein lattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ilk
- Center for Ultrastructure Research, Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gregor Mendelstrasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Breitwieser A, Egelseer EM, Moll D, Ilk N, Hotzy C, Bohle B, Ebner C, Sleytr UB, Sára M. A recombinant bacterial cell surface (S-layer)-major birch pollen allergen-fusion protein (rSbsC/Bet v1) maintains the ability to self-assemble into regularly structured monomolecular lattices and the functionality of the allergen. Protein Eng Des Sel 2002; 15:243-9. [PMID: 11932495 DOI: 10.1093/protein/15.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mature crystalline bacterial cell surface (S-layer) protein SbsC of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 comprises amino acids 31-1099 and assembles into an oblique lattice type. As the deletion of up to 179 C-terminal amino acids did not interfere with the self-assembly properties of SbsC, the sequence encoding the major birch pollen allergen (Bet v1) was fused to the sequence encoding the truncated form rSbsC(31-920). The S-layer fusion protein, termed rSbsC/Bet v1, maintained the ability to self-assemble into flat sheets and open-ended cylinders. The presence and the functionality of the fused Bet v1 sequence was proved by blot experiments using BIP1, a monoclonal antibody against Bet v1 and Bet v1-specific IgE-containing serum samples from birch pollen allergic patients. The location and accessibility of the allergen moiety on the outer surface of the S-layer lattice were demonstrated by immunogold labeling of the rSbsC/Bet v1 monolayer, which was obtained by oriented recrystallization of the S-layer fusion protein on native cell wall sacculi. Thereby, the specific interactions between the N-terminal part of SbsC and a distinct type of secondary cell wall polymer were exploited. This is the first S-layer fusion protein described that had retained the specific properties of the S-layer protein moiety in addition to those of the fused functional peptide sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breitwieser
- Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gregor Mendelstrasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schäffer C, Wugeditsch T, Kählig H, Scheberl A, Zayni S, Messner P. The surface layer (S-layer) glycoprotein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. Analysis of its glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6230-9. [PMID: 11741945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a possesses an oblique surface layer (S-layer) composed of glycoprotein subunits as the outermost component of its cell wall. In addition to the elucidation of the complete S-layer glycan primary structure and the determination of the glycosylation sites, the structural gene sgsE encoding the S-layer protein was isolated by polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. The open reading frame codes for a protein of 903 amino acids, including a leader sequence of 30 amino acids. The mature S-layer protein has a calculated molecular mass of 93,684 Da and an isoelectric point of 6.1. Glycosylation of SgsE was investigated by means of chemical analyses, 600-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Glycopeptides obtained after Pronase digestion revealed the glycan structure [-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-beta-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->](n = 13-18), with a 2-O-methyl group capping the terminal trisaccharide repeating unit at the non-reducing end of the glycan chains. The glycan chains are bound via the disaccharide core -->3)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(L--> and the linkage glycose beta-D-Galp in O-glycosidic linkages to the S-layer protein SgsE at positions threonine 620 and serine 794. This S-layer glycoprotein contains novel linkage regions and is the first one among eubacteria whose glycosylation sites have been characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Jarosch M, Egelseer EM, Huber C, Moll D, Mattanovich D, Sleytr UB, Sára M. Analysis of the structure-function relationship of the S-layer protein SbsC of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 by producing truncated forms. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1353-1363. [PMID: 11320138 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-5-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mature surface layer (S-layer) protein SbsC of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 comprises amino acids 31-1099 and self-assembles into an oblique lattice type which functions as an adhesion site for a cell-associated high-molecular-mass exoamylase. To elucidate the structure-function relationship of distinct segments of SbsC, three N- and seven C-terminal truncations were produced in a heterologous expression system, isolated, purified and their properties compared with those of the recombinant mature S-layer protein rSbsC(31-1099). With the various truncated forms it could be demonstrated that the N-terminal part (aa 31-257) is responsible for anchoring the S-layer subunits via a distinct type of secondary cell wall polymer to the rigid cell wall layer, but this positively charged segment is not required for the self-assembly of SbsC, nor for generating the oblique lattice structure. If present, the N-terminal part leads to the formation of in vitro double-layer self-assembly products. Affinity studies further showed that the N-terminal part includes an exoamylase-binding site. Interestingly, the N-terminal part carries two sequences of 6 and 7 aa (AKAALD and KAAYEAA) that were also identified on the amylase-binding protein AbpA of Streptococcus gordonii. In contrast to the self-assembling N-terminal truncation rSbsC(258-1099), two further N-terminal truncations (rSbsC(343-1099), rSbsC(447-1099)) and three C-terminal truncations (rSbsC(31-713), rSbsC(31-844), rSbsC(31-860)) had lost the ability to self-assemble and stayed in the water-soluble state. Studies with the self-assembling C-terminal truncations rSbsC(31-880), rSbsC(31-900) and rSbsC(31-920) revealed that the C-terminal 219 aa can be deleted without interfering with the self-assembly process, while the C-terminal 179 aa are not required for the formation of the oblique lattice structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jarosch
- Centre for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Eva M Egelseer
- Centre for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Carina Huber
- Centre for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Dieter Moll
- Centre for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria2
| | - Uwe B Sleytr
- Centre for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Margit Sára
- Centre for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria1
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mesnage S, Haustant M, Fouet A. A general strategy for identification of S-layer genes in the Bacillus cereus group: molecular characterization of such a gene in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae NRRL 4045. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1343-1351. [PMID: 11320137 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-5-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its possible role in virulence, there has been little molecular characterization of members of the S-layer protein family of the Bacillus cereus group. It is hypothesized that the components of the S-layers are likely to display similar anchoring structures in Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. Based on inferred sequence similarities, a DNA fragment encoding the cell-wall-anchoring domain of an S-layer component of BAC: thuringiensis subsp. galleriae NRRL 4045 was isolated. The complete gene was identified and sequenced. An ORF of 2463 nt was identified, which was predicted to encode a protein of 821 aa, SlpA. The mature SlpA protein (792 residues) carries three S-layer homology (SLH) motifs towards its amino terminus, each about 50 aa long. These motifs were sufficient to bind Bac. thuringiensis and Bac. anthracis cell walls in vitro by interacting with peptidoglycan-associated polymers, confirming a common wall-anchoring mechanism. The slpA null-allele mutant was constructed and shown to possess no other abundant surface protein. It is proposed that the method described in this paper could be applied to the identification and deletion of any Bac. cereus S-layer gene and is of great value for the molecular and functional characterization of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mesnage
- Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes (URA 2172, CNRS), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris cédex 15, France1
| | - Michel Haustant
- Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes (URA 2172, CNRS), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris cédex 15, France1
| | - Agnès Fouet
- Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes (URA 2172, CNRS), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris cédex 15, France1
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sára M. Conserved anchoring mechanisms between crystalline cell surface S-layer proteins and secondary cell wall polymers in Gram-positive bacteria? Trends Microbiol 2001; 9:47-9; discussion 49-50. [PMID: 11173224 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sára
- Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig Boltzmann, Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gregor-Mendelstrasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Egelseer EM, Idris R, Jarosch M, Danhorn T, Sleytr UB, Sára M. ISBst12, a novel type of insertion-sequence element causing loss of S-layer-gene expression in Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 9):2175-2183. [PMID: 10974105 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-9-2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface of the surface layer (S-layer)-carrying strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 is completely covered with an oblique lattice composed of the S-layer protein SbsC. In the S-layer-deficient strain, theS-layer gene sbsC was still present but was interrupted by a novel type of insertion sequence (IS) element designated ISBst12. The insertion site was found to be located within the coding region of the sbsC gene, 199 bp downstream from the translation start of SbsC. ISBst12 is 1612 bp long, bounded by 16 bp imperfect inverted repeats and flanked by a directly repeated 8 bp target sequence. ISBst12 contains an ORF of 1446 bp and is predicted to encode a putative transposase of 482 aa with a calculated theoretical molecular mass of 55562 Da and an isoelectric point of 9.13. The putative transposase does not exhibit a typical DDE motif but displays aHis-Arg-Tyr triad characteristic of the active site of integrases from the bacteriophage lambda Int family. Furthermore, two overlapping leucine-zipper motifs were identified at the N-terminal part of the putative transposase. As revealed by Southern blotting, ISBst12 was present in multiple copies in the S-layer-deficient strain as well as in the S-layer-carrying strain. Northern blotting indicated that S-layer gene expression is already inhibited at the transcriptional level, since no sbsC-specific transcript could be identified in the S-layer-deficient strain. By using PCR, ISBst12 was also detected in B. stearothermophilus PV72/p6, in its oxygen-induced strain variant PV72/p2 and in the S-layer-deficient strain PV72/T5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Egelseer
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Bolzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Rughia Idris
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Bolzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Marina Jarosch
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Bolzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Bolzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Uwe B Sleytr
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Bolzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Vienna, Austria1
| | - Margit Sára
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Bolzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Vienna, Austria1
| |
Collapse
|