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Uçar IA, Kale İ, Yalçınkaya C, Muhcu M. Investigation of serum spexin concentrations in pregnant women diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2024; 37:2398686. [PMID: 39239827 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2024.2398686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the serum concentration of the spexin, which has been shown to have an anorexic effect in animal models, in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). METHODS This case-control study was conducted with 80 pregnant women who applied to the Umraniye Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic between April 2022 and September 2022. The HG group consisted of 40 pregnant women who were diagnosed with HG in the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, and the control group consisted of 40 healthy pregnant women matched with the HG group in terms of age, BMI, and gestational week. RESULTS Both groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics and gestational age at blood sampling for spexin (p > 0.05). While maternal serum spexin concentration was 342.4 pg/ml in the HG group, it was 272.8 pg/ml in the control group (p = 0.003). ROC analysis was performed to determine the value of maternal serum spexin concentration in terms of predicting HG. AUC analysis of maternal serum spexin for HG estimation was 0.693 (p = 0.003, 95% CI =0.577 - 0.809). The optimal cutoff value for maternal serum spexin concentration was determined as 305.90 pg/ml with 65% sensitivity and 65% specificity. CONCLUSIONS High serum spexin concentration is thought to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of HG, and this should be supported by demonstrating changes in serum spexin concentrations in pregnant women with HG whose symptoms alleviated and weight regain started after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Ada Uçar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Yalçınkaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Muhcu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Unit, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ou W, Liu H, Chen C, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Huang S, Mo H, Lu W, Wang X, Chen A, Yan J, Song X. Spexin inhibits excessive autophagy-induced ferroptosis to alleviate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by upregulating Beclin 1. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:4195-4213. [PMID: 38961632 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Doxorubicin is widely used in the treatment of malignant tumours, but doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity severely limits its clinical application. Spexin is a neuropeptide that acts as a novel biomarker in cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of spexin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We established a model of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. Levels of cardiac damage in mice was assessed through cardiac function assessment, determination of serum cardiac troponin T and CKMB levels and histological examination. CCK8 and PI staining were used to assess the doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cultures of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Ferroptosis was assessed using FerroOrange staining, determination of MDA and 4-HNE content and ferroptosis-associated proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4. Mitochondrial membrane potential and lipid peroxidation levels were measured using TMRE and C11-BODIPY 581/591 probes, respectively. Myocardial autophagy was assessed by expression of P62 and Beclin1. KEY RESULTS Spexin treatment improved heart function of mice with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, and attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by decreasing iron accumulation, abnormal lipid metabolism and inhibiting ferroptosis. Interestingly, doxorubicin caused excessive autophagy in cardiomyocyte in culture, which could be alleviated by treatment with spexin. Knockdown of Beclin 1 eliminated the protective effects of spexin in mice with DIC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Spexin ameliorated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy-induced ferroptosis, suggesting that spexin could be a drug candidate against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Beclin 1 might be critical in mediating the protective effect of spexin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqiong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Chaobo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaqiang Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weizhe Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Song
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Turkel I, Ozerklig B, Yazgan B, Ozenc AE, Kubat GB, Simsek G, Atakan MM, Kosar SN. Systemic and tissue-specific spexin response to acute treadmill exercise in rats. Peptides 2024; 180:171281. [PMID: 39111593 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a 14-amino-acid peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis. It is well known that a variety of bioactive molecules released into the circulation by organs and tissues in response to acute and chronic exercise, known as exerkines, mediate the benefits of exercise by improving metabolic health. However, it is unclear whether acute exercise affects SPX levels in the circulation and peripheral tissues. This study aimed to determine whether acute treadmill exercise induces plasma SPX levels, as well as mRNA expression and immunostaining of SPX in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into sedentary and acute exercise groups. Plasma, soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), adipose tissue, and liver samples were collected at six time points (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) following 60 min of acute treadmill exercise at a speed of 25 m/min and 0 % grade. Acute exercise increased plasma SPX levels and induced mRNA expression of Spx in the SOL, EDL, and liver. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that acute exercise led to a decrease in SPX immunostaining in the liver. Taken together, these findings suggest that SPX increases in response to acute exercise as a potential exerkine candidate, and the liver may be one of the sources of acute exercise-induced plasma SPX levels in rats. However, a comprehensive analysis is needed to fully elucidate the systemic response of SPX to acute exercise, as well as the tissue from which SPX is secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Yazgan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Emrah Ozenc
- Department of Pathology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey; Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Simsek
- Department of Pathology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sukran Nazan Kosar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Mohamed ZI, Sivalingam M, Radhakrishnan AK, Jaafar F, Zainal Abidin SA. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) reduced phoenixin expression, induced abnormal sperm and testis morphology in male rats. Neuropeptides 2024; 107:102447. [PMID: 38870753 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Chronic stress caused by prolonged emotional pressure can lead to various physiological issues, including reproductive dysfunction. Although reproductive problems can also induce chronic stress, the impact of chronic stress-induced reproductive dysfunction remains contentious. This study investigates the effects of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) on reproductive neuropeptides, sperm quality, and testicular morphology. Sixteen twelve-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: a non-stress control group and a CUS-induced group. The CUS regimen involved various stressors over 28 days, with both groups undergoing behavioural assessments through sucrose-preference and forced-swim tests. Hypothalamic gene expression levels of CRH, PNX, GPR173, kisspeptin, GnRH, GnIH, and spexin neuropeptides were measured via qPCR, while plasma cortisol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone concentrations were quantified using ELISA. Seminal fluid and testis samples were collected for sperm analysis and histopathological evaluation, respectively. Results showed altered behaviours in CUS-induced rats, reflecting stress impacts. Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression and plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in CUS-induced rats compared to controls (p < 0.05). Conversely, phoenixin (PNX) expression decreased in the CUS group (p < 0.05), while kisspeptin, spexin, and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) levels showed no significant differences between groups. Despite a significant increase in GnRH expression (p < 0.05), plasma LH and testosterone concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in CUS-induced rats. Histopathological analysis revealed abnormal testis morphology in CUS-induced rats, including disrupted architecture, visible interstitial spaces between seminiferous tubules, and absence of spermatogenesis. In conclusion, CUS affects reproductive function by modulating PNX and GnRH expression, influencing cortisol levels, and subsequently reducing plasma LH and testosterone concentrations. This study highlights the complex interplay between chronic stress and reproductive health, emphasizing the significant impact of stress on reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Isnaini Mohamed
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mageswary Sivalingam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ammu K Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizul Jaafar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Dabouei A, Mishra I, Kapur K, Cao C, Bridges AA, Xu M. Deep Video Analysis for Bacteria Genotype Prediction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.16.613253. [PMID: 39345538 PMCID: PMC11429917 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.16.613253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Genetic modification of microbes is central to many biotechnology fields, such as industrial microbiology, bioproduction, and drug discovery. Understanding how specific genetic modifications influence observable bacterial behaviors is crucial for advancing these fields. In this study, we propose a supervised model to classify bacteria harboring single gene modifications to draw connections between phenotype and genotype. In particular, we demonstrate that the spatiotemporal patterns of Vibrio cholerae growth, recorded in terms of low-resolution bright-field microscopy videos, are highly predictive of the genotype class. Additionally, we introduce a weakly supervised approach to identify key moments in culture growth that significantly contribute to prediction accuracy. By focusing on the temporal expressions of bacterial behavior, our findings offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and developmental stages by which specific genes control observable phenotypes. This research opens new avenues for automating the analysis of phenotypes, with potential applications for drug discovery, disease management, etc. Furthermore, this work highlights the potential of using machine learning techniques to explore the functional roles of specific genes using a low-resolution light microscope.
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Fang P, She Y, Yu M, Yan J, Yu X, Zhao J, Jin Y, Min W, Shang W, Zhang Z. Novel hypothalamic pathways for metabolic effects of spexin. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107399. [PMID: 39245191 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
One of the main underlying etiologies of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is insulin resistance, which is most frequently caused by obesity. Notably, the deregulation of adipokine secretion from visceral adiposity has been identified as a crucial characteristic of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Spexin is an adipokine that is released by many different tissues, including white adipocytes and the glandular stomach, and is negatively connected with the state of energy storage. This peptide acts through GALR2/3 receptors to control a wide range of metabolic processes, including inflammation, browning, lipolysis, energy expenditure, and eating behavior. Specifically, spexin can enter the hypothalamus and regulate the hypothalamic melanocortin system, which in turn balances energy expenditure and food intake. This review examines recent advances and the underlying mechanisms of spexin in obesity and T2DM. In particular, we address a range of topics from basic research to clinical findings, such as an analysis of the possible function of spexin in the hypothalamic melanocortin response, which involves reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure while also enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Gaining more insight into the mechanisms that underlie the spexin system's control over energy metabolism and homeostasis may facilitate the development of innovative treatment approaches that focus on combating obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Pukou People's Hospital, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xizhong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Min
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Tian Z, Yu Z, Xu Y, Cui A, Jiang Y, Huang H, Wang B. Spexin and its receptors in the yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi): identification, expression profiles and reproductive function. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01394-7. [PMID: 39207579 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX1) is a neuropeptide of 14 amino acids (aa), originally identified by bioinformatics, which has been implicated in various physiological functions in vertebrates via galanin receptors 2 and 3 (GALR2/3). To clarify the biological role of SPX1 in the control of reproduction in yellowtail kingfish, which is regarded as a promising species for offshore aquaculture worldwide, cDNA sequences of spx1 and six potential receptors were identified in the current study. The open reading frame of yellowtail kingfish spx1 was 363 nucleotides in size that encoded a 120-aa preprohormone, and its mature peptide was highly conserved among other species. The cDNA sequences of six GALRs (galr1a, galr1b, galr2a, galr2b, galr type 1, and galr type 2) were 1053 base pairs (bp), 1068 bp, 981 bp, 1137 bp, 1038 bp, 924 bp, which encoded G protein-coupled receptors of 350 aa, 355 aa, 326 aa, 378 aa, 345 aa, 307 aa, respectively. Tissue distribution analysis showed that spx1, galr1b, and galr2b transcripts were mainly detected in the brain. The highest mRNA levels of galr1a and galr2a were observed in the pituitary, followed by the brain and ovary. Both galr type 1 and galr type 2 were widely expressed in various tissues, with a peak level in the kidney. Moreover, all spx1 and galr genes significantly fluctuated during early ontogeny, exhibiting different expression patterns. Intraperitoneal injection of SPX1 significantly increased brain gnrh1, gnih, spx1, gal, and tac3 expression, while it inhibited gnrh2, kiss1r, and kiss2r mRNA levels. In the pituitary, SPX1 injection reduced transcript levels of gh, lhβ, and fshβ. Overall, our results have revealed the involvement of SPX1 in the reproductive functions in yellowtail kingfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Aijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Li D, Liu Y, Li C, Zhou Z, Gao K, Bao H, Yang J, Xue G, Yin D, Zhao X, Shen K, Zhang L, Li J, Li C, Song J, Zhao L, Pei Y, Xuan L, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Zhang ZR, Yang B, Li Y, Pan Z. Spexin Diminishes Atrial Fibrillation Vulnerability by Acting on Galanin Receptor 2. Circulation 2024; 150:111-127. [PMID: 38726666 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.067517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptors play a critical role in atrial fibrillation (AF). Spexin is a novel ligand of galanin receptors (GALRs). In this study, we investigated the regulation of spexin and GALRs on AF and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Global spexin knockout (SPX-KO) and cardiomyocyte-specific GALRs knockout (GALR-cKO) mice underwent burst pacing electrical stimulation. Optical mapping was used to determine atrial conduction velocity and action potential duration. Atrial myocyte action potential duration and inward rectifying K+ current (IK1) were recorded using whole-cell patch clamps. Isolated cardiomyocytes were stained with Fluo-3/AM dye, and intracellular Ca2+ handling was examined by CCD camera. A mouse model of AF was established by Ang-II (angiotensin II) infusion. RESULTS Spexin plasma levels in patients with AF were lower than those in subjects without AF, and knockout of spexin increased AF susceptibility in mice. In the atrium of SPX-KO mice, potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 2 (KCNJ2) and sarcolipin (SLN) were upregulated; meanwhile, IK1 current was increased and Ca2+ handling was impaired in isolated atrial myocytes of SPX-KO mice. GALR2-cKO mice, but not GALR1-cKO and GALR3-cKO mice, had a higher incidence of AF, which was associated with higher IK1 current and intracellular Ca2+ overload. The phosphorylation level of CREB (cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein 1) was upregulated in atrial tissues of SPX-KO and GALR2-cKO mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the recruitment of p-CREB to the proximal promoter regions of KCNJ2 and SLN. Finally, spexin treatment suppressed CREB signaling, decreased IK1 current and decreased intracellular Ca2+ overload, which thus reduced the inducibility of AF in Ang-II-infused mice. CONCLUSIONS Spexin reduces atrial fibrillation susceptibility by inhibiting CREB phosphorylation and thus downregulating KCNJ2 and SLN transcription by GALR2 receptor. The spexin/GALR2/CREB signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic avenue in the development of agents against atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology (Y. Liu, D.Y., X.Z., Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Kangyi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Hairong Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jiming Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Genlong Xue
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China (G.X.)
| | - Dechun Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology (Y. Liu, D.Y., X.Z., Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xinbo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology (Y. Liu, D.Y., X.Z., Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Kewei Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Lingmin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jialiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Chenhong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Lexin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yao Pei
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Lina Xuan
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yanjie Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology (Y. Liu, D.Y., X.Z., Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation (Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology (Y. Liu, D.Y., X.Z., Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation (Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, International Cooperation Base for Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Cold Regions, China) College of Pharmacy (D.L., Changzhu Li, Z.Z., K.G., H.B., J.Y., K.S., L. Zhang, J.L., Chenhong Li, J.S., L. Zhao, Y.P., L.X., Y.Z., Y. Lu, B.Y., Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology (Y. Liu, D.Y., X.Z., Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation (Z.-R.Z., Y. Li, Z.P.), First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019 Research Unit 070, Harbin, China (Z.P.)
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9
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Patel K, Smith NJ. Primary cilia, A-kinase anchoring proteins and constitutive activity at the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR161: A tale about a tail. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2182-2196. [PMID: 36772847 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile antennae-like structures responsible for sensing environmental changes in most mammalian cells. Ciliary signalling is largely mediated by the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway, which acts as a master regulator of ciliary protein transit and is essential for normal embryonic development. One particularly important player in primary cilia is the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR161. In this review, we introduce GPR161 in the context of Shh signalling and describe the unique features on its C-terminus such as PKA phosphorylation sites and an A-kinase anchoring protein motif, which may influence the function of the receptor, cAMP compartmentalisation and/or trafficking within primary cilia. We discuss the recent putative pairing of GPR161 and spexin-1, highlighting the additional steps needed before GPR161 could be considered 'deorphanised'. Finally, we speculate that the marked constitutive activity and unconventional regulation of GPR161 may indicate that the receptor may not require an endogenous ligand. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Patel
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Chen X, Feng Y, Dai S, Guo B, Yan L, Liu J, Zhu H. Advances in research on spexin-mediated regulation of reproductive function in vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1422711. [PMID: 38915898 PMCID: PMC11194384 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1422711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX, NPQ) is a 14-amino acid neuroactive peptide identified using bioinformatics. This amino acid sequence of the mature spexin peptide has been highly conserved during species evolution and is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and organs. Therefore, spexin may play a role in various biological functions. Spexin, the cognate ligand for GALR2/3, acting as a neuromodulator or endocrine signaling factor, can inhibit reproductive performance. However, controversies and gaps in knowledge persist regarding spexin-mediated regulation of animal reproductive functions. This review focuses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of spexin on reproduction. Through this review, we aim to enhance understanding and obtain in-depth insights into the regulation of reproduction by spexin peptides, thereby providing a scientific basis for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of spexin on reproductive function. Such investigations hold potential benefits for optimizing farming practices in livestock, poultry, and fish industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shudi Dai
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Binbin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing, China
| | - Leyan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing, China
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11
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Liu Y, Wu D, Zheng H, Ni Y, Zhu L, Jiang Y, Dai J, Sun Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Liu R. Serum Spexin Level Is Negatively Associated With Peripheral Neuropathy and Sensory Pain in Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2024; 2024:4538199. [PMID: 38919263 PMCID: PMC11199070 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4538199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Spexin is a novel peptide hormone and has shown antinociceptive effects in experimental mice. This study is aimed at evaluating the association of serum spexin level with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and related pain in a Chinese population. Methods: We enrolled 167 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) including 56 patients without DPN (non-DPN), 67 painless DPN, and 44 painful DPN. Serum spexin was measured using ELISA. Logistic regression models were performed to analyze the independent effects of spexin on prevalence of DPN and painful DPN. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, mechanical pain threshold was measured using electronic von Frey aesthesiometer. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and further stimulated with lipopolysaccharide without or with spexin. The gene expression was assayed by qPCR. Results: Compared with non-DPN, serum spexin level decreased in painless DPN and further decreased in painful DPN. The odds of DPN was associated with low spexin level in T2DM, which was similar by age, sex, BMI, and diabetes duration, but attenuated in smokers. The odds of having pain was associated with decreased spexin level in DPN, which was similar by age, sex, smoking status, and diabetes duration, but attenuated in normal weight. Furthermore, we observed that mechanical pain threshold increased in spexin-treated diabetic mice. We also found that lipopolysaccharide treatment increased the mRNA level of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in human PBMCs, while spexin treatment prevented this increase. Conclusions: These results suggested that spexin might serve as a protective factor for diabetes against neuropathology and pain-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hangping Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yunzhi Ni
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yaojing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiarong Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Quanya Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yehong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismHuashan HospitalFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and DiabetesFudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Yang L, Yan X, Qin C, Nie G. Spexin acts as a novel glucose-lowering factor in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 708:149810. [PMID: 38531222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
At present, the physiological roles of various hormones in fish glucose metabolism have been elucidated. Spexin, a 14-amino acids polypeptide, is highly conserved in many species and has functions such as reducing body weight and improving insulin resistance. In this paper, the open reading frame (ORF) of spx21 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was cloned, and the tissue distribution of spx1 and spx2, their direct and indirect regulatory effects on glucose metabolism of grass carp were investigated. The ORF of spx2 gene in grass carp was 279 bp in length. Moreover, spx1 was highly expressed in the adipose tissue, while spx2 was highly expressed in the brain. In vitro, SPX1 and SPX2 showed opposite effects on the glycolytic pathway in the primary hepatocytes. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of SPX1 and SPX2 significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased hepatopancreas glycogen contents. Meanwhile, SPX1 and SPX2 promoted the expression of key genes of glycolysis (pk) and glycogen synthesis (gys) in the hepatopancreas at 3 h post injection. As for indirect effects, 1000 nM SPX1 and SPX2 significantly increased insulin-mediated liver type phosphofructokinase (pfkla) mRNA expression and enhanced the inhibitory effects of insulin on glucose-6-phosphatase (g6pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck), glycogen phosphorylase L (pygl) mRNA expression. Our results show that SPX1 and SPX2 have similar indirect effects on the regulation of glucose metabolism that enhance insulin activity, but they exhibit opposite roles in terms of direct effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Junli Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Chaobin Qin
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, No. 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
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13
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Saneyasu T. Recent Research on Mechanisms of Feeding Regulation in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2024; 61:2024012. [PMID: 38681189 PMCID: PMC11039390 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Food intake affects poultry productivity. A complete understanding of these regulatory mechanisms provides new strategies to improve productivity. Food intake is regulated by complex mechanisms involving many factors, including the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, hormones, and nutrients. Although several studies have been conducted to elucidate regulatory mechanisms in chickens, the mechanisms remain unclear. To update the current knowledge on feeding regulation in chickens, this review focuses on recent findings that have not been summarized in previous reviews, including spexins, adipokines, neurosecretory proteins GL and GM, and central intracellular signaling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaoki Saneyasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501,
Japan
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14
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Pałasz A, Lipiec-Borowicz A, Suszka-Świtek A, Kistowska J, Horká P, Kaśkosz A, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A, Worthington JJ, Mordecka-Chamera K. Spexin and nesfatin-1-expressing neurons in the male human claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 136:102400. [PMID: 38342331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in numerous brain activities being responsible for a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The purpose of this concise, structural and qualitative investigation was to map the possible immunoreactivity of the novel regulatory peptides: spexin (SPX) and nesfatin-1 within the human claustrum. SPX is a newly identified peptide, a natural ligand for the galanin receptors (GALR) 2/3, with no molecular structure similarities to currently known regulatory factors. SPX seems to have multiple physiological functions, with an involvement in reproduction and food-intake regulation recently revealed in animal studies. Nesfatin-1, a second pleiotropic neuropeptide, which is a derivative of the nucleobindin-2 (NUCB-2) protein, is characterized by a wide distribution in the brain. Nesfatin-1 is a substance with a strong anorexigenic effect, playing an important role in the neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. On the other hand, nesfatin-1 may be involved in several important brain functions such as sleep, reproductive behaviour, cognitive processes, stress responses and anxiety. For the first time we detected and described a population of nesfatin-1 and SPX expressing neurons in the human claustrum using immunohistochemical and fluorescent methods. The study presents the novel identification of SPX and nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons in the human claustrum and their assemblies show similar patterns of distribution in the whole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Lipiec-Borowicz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Kistowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petra Horká
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801 Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrzej Kaśkosz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Kinga Mordecka-Chamera
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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15
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Wang C, He J, Chen C, Luo W, Dang X, Mao L. A potential role of human esophageal cancer-related gene-4 in cardiovascular homeostasis. Gene 2024; 894:147977. [PMID: 37956966 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Human esophageal cancer related gene-4 (ECRG-4) encodes a 148-aminoacid pre-pro-peptide that can be processed tissue-dependently into multiple small peptides possessing multiple functions distinct from, similar to, or opposite to the tumor suppressor function of the full-length Ecrg4. Ecrg-4 is covalently bound to the cell surface through its signal peptide, colocalized with the innate immunity complex (TLR4-CD14-MD2), and functions as a 'sentinel' molecule in the maintenance of epithelium and leukocyte homeostasis, meaning that the presence of Ecrg-4 on the cell surface signals the maintained homeostasis, whereas the loss of Ecrg-4 due to tissue injury activates pro-inflammatory and tissue proliferative responses, and the level of Ecrg-4 gradually returns to its pre-injury level upon wound healing. Interestingly, Ecrg-4 is also highly expressed in the heart and its conduction system, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Accumulating evidence has shown that Ecrg-4 is involved in cardiac rate/rhythm control, the development of atrial fibrillation, doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, the ischemic response of the heart and hypoxic response in the carotid body, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and likely the endemic incidence of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. These preliminary discoveries suggest that Ecrg-4 may function as a 'sentinel' molecule in cardiovascular system as well. Here, we briefly review the basic characteristics of ECRG-4 as a tumor suppressor gene and its regulatory functions on inflammation and apoptosis; summarize the discoveries about its distribution in cardiovascular system and involvement in the development of CVDs, and discuss its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the maintenance of cardiovascular system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Jianghui He
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Chunyue Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Xitong Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, China.
| | - Liang Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, China; Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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16
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Bufano A, Iraci Sareri G, Ciuoli C, Cantara S, Marzocchi C, Benenati N, Batzibal MS, Bombardieri A, Caprio S, Sannino I, Voglino C, Tirone A, Vuolo G, Dalmiglio C, Castagna MG. Normalization of Spexin Levels in Patients with Obesity Submitted to Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2024; 34:449-455. [PMID: 38072893 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spexin is expressed by white fat tissue and other endocrine organs. A negative correlation between spexin and gluco-lipidic metabolism, energy homeostasis, and food intake has been reported. The objectives of this study are (1) to compare spexin levels between patients with obesity (study group) and normal-weight subjects (control group); (2) to evaluate spexin levels after bariatric surgery; and (3) to identify a correlation between spexin and weight loss/metabolic profile of patients with obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 53 patients with obesity (mean BMI 48.5 ± 9.4 kg/m2) who underwent bariatric surgery, compared to 55 normal-weight subjects. Serum spexin levels were assessed at baseline (study and control group) and at 3 and 6 months after surgery in patients with obesity. RESULTS Spexin at baseline was significantly lower in the study group (p < 0.0001). At 3 and 6 months after bariatric surgery, spexin significantly increased compared to pre-surgical levels (p < 0.001) reaching control group levels (p = 0.08) at 6 months. In patients with obesity, pre-surgical spexin was similar in patients with and without comorbidities. No correlation between spexin and C-reactive protein (p = 0.8) and HOMA index (p = 0.5) was found. A significant negative correlation between age and pre-surgical spexin was observed (p = 0.03). At multivariable analysis, no correlation between Δ spexin and pre-surgery BMI, HOMA index, age, and 6-month TWL% was found. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that patients with obesity have significantly lower spexin levels than healthy subjects. After surgery, spexin levels of the study group become similar to those observed in the normal-weight group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bufano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Iraci Sareri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristina Ciuoli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Marzocchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Benenati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Simon Batzibal
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessio Bombardieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ida Sannino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Costantino Voglino
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Unit of Bariatric Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Tirone
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Unit of Bariatric Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vuolo
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Unit of Bariatric Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristina Dalmiglio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Castagna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, UOC Endocrinology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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17
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Gambaro SE, Zubiría MG, Giordano AP, Castro PF, Garraza C, Harnichar AE, Alzamendi A, Spinedi E, Giovambattista A. Role of Spexin in White Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis under Basal and Cold-Stimulated Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1767. [PMID: 38339044 PMCID: PMC10855774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel adipokine that plays an emerging role in metabolic diseases due to its involvement in carbohydrate homeostasis, weight loss, appetite control, and gastrointestinal movement, among others. In obese patients, SPX plasma levels are reduced. Little is known about the relationship between SPX and white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of SPX in this process. C57BL/6J male mice were treated or not with SPX for ten days. On day 3, mice were randomly divided into two groups: one kept at room temperature and the other kept at cold temperature (4 °C). Caloric intake and body weight were recorded daily. At the end of the protocol, plasma, abdominal (epididymal), subcutaneous (inguinal), and brown AT (EAT, IAT, and BAT, respectively) depots were collected for measurements. We found that SPX treatment reduced Uncoupling protein 1 levels in WAT under both basal and cold conditions. SPX also reduced cox8b and pgc1α mRNA levels and mitochondrial DNA, principally in IAT. SPX did not modulate the number of beige precursors. SPX decreased spx levels in IAT depots and galr2 in WAT depots. No differences were observed in the BAT depots. In conclusion, we showed, for the first time, that SPX treatment in vivo reduced the thermogenic process in subcutaneous and abdominal AT, being more evident under cold stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E. Gambaro
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - María G. Zubiría
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Alejandra P. Giordano
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Patricia F. Castro
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Carolina Garraza
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Alejandro E. Harnichar
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Alzamendi
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Eduardo Spinedi
- CENEXA (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata Medical School-UNLP, Calles 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina;
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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18
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Southey BR, Romanova EV, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Sweedler JV. Bioinformatics for Prohormone and Neuropeptide Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2758:151-178. [PMID: 38549013 PMCID: PMC11045269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3646-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are signaling molecules produced via complex posttranslational modifications of precursor proteins known as prohormones. Neuropeptides activate specific receptors and are associated with the regulation of physiological systems and behaviors. The identification of prohormones-and the neuropeptides created by these prohormones-from genomic assemblies has become essential to support the annotation and use of the rapidly growing number of sequenced genomes. Here we describe a well-validated methodology for identifying the prohormone complement from genomic assemblies that employs widely available public toolsets and databases. The uncovered prohormone sequences can then be screened for putative neuropeptides to enable accurate proteomic discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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19
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Gallagher DM, O'Harte FPM, Irwin N. An update on galanin and spexin and their potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Peptides 2024; 171:171096. [PMID: 37714335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) and galanin (GAL) are two neuropeptides widely expressed in the central nervous system as well as within peripheral tissues in humans and other species. SPX and GAL mediate their biological actions through binding and activation of galanin receptors (GALR), namely GALR1, GALR2 and GLAR3. GAL appears to trigger all three galanin receptors, whereas SPX interacts more specifically with GALR2 and GLAR3. Whilst the biological effects of GAL have been well-described over the years, in-depth knowledge of physiological action profile of SPX is still in its preliminary stages. However, it is recognised that both peptides play a significant role in modulating overall energy homeostasis, suggesting possible therapeutically exploitable benefits in diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, although both peptides activate GALR's, it appears GAL may be more useful for the treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, whereas SPX may find therapeutic application for obesity and obesity-driven forms of diabetes. This short narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date account of SPX and GAL biology together with putative approaches on exploiting these peptides for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Gallagher
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK.
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20
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Cichoń L, Pałasz A, Wilczyński KM, Suszka-Świtek A, Żmijowska A, Jelonek I, Janas-Kozik M. Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Concentrations of Phoenixin, Spexin, Nesfatin-1 and Kisspeptin as Potential Biomarkers of Bipolar Disorder in the Pediatric Population. Biomedicines 2023; 12:84. [PMID: 38255190 PMCID: PMC10813295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
There are some initial suggestions in the literature that phoenixin, spexin, nesfatin-1 and kisspeptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Therefore, they may also be cautiously considered as potential diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of BD. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of the aforementioned neuropeptides in the peripheral blood of children and adolescents with bipolar. This study included 122 individuals: 67 persons with diagnosed bipolar disorder types I and II constituted the study group, and 55 healthy persons were included in the control group. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of neuropeptides between the control and study groups were noted in relation to nesfatin-1 and spexin (although spexin lost statistical significance after introducing the Bonferroni correction). In a logistic regression analysis, an increased risk of bipolar disorder was noted for a decrease in nesfatin-1 concentration. Lower levels of nesfatin-1 seemed to be a significant risk factor for the development of bipolar disorder types I and II. Furthermore, the occurrence of bipolar disorder was associated with significantly elevated levels of spexin. None of the analyzed neuropeptides was significantly correlated with the number of symptoms of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cichoń
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof M. Wilczyński
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Żmijowska
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Jelonek
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janas-Kozik
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
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21
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Dajnowska A, Osiak-Wicha C, Piech M, Muszyński S, Tomaszewska E, Ropka-Molik K, Krzysiak MK, Arciszewski MB. Immunoexpression of Spexin in Selected Segments of the Bovine ( Bos taurus taurus) Gastrointestinal Tract. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3789. [PMID: 38136826 PMCID: PMC10741206 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the expansive domain of neuropeptide investigation, spexin (SPX) has emerged as a captivating subject, exerting a significant impact on diverse physiological processes. Initially identified in mice, SPX's distribution transcends various organs, suggesting its potential regulatory roles. Despite extensive research in smaller species, a notable gap exists in our comprehension of SPX in larger mammals, particularly ruminants. Our study meticulously explores the immunolocalization of SPX within the gastrointestinal organs of bovines, with a specific focus on the abomasum, jejunum, and colon. Tissue samples from Holstein-Friesian cattle underwent careful processing, and gene mRNA expression levels, particularly GALR2 and SPX, were assessed. Intriguingly, our findings revealed that GALR2 expression was highest in the jejunum, signifying a potentially critical role in this digestive segment. Immunohistochemistry further unveiled distinct patterns of SPX immunoreactivity in each examined region-abomasum, jejunum, and colon-highlighting nuanced, region-specific responses. Notably, the abomasum and jejunum predominantly exhibited positive immunoreactivity in the submucosal plexus, while the colon, in contrast, demonstrated a higher degree of immunoreactivity in myenteric plexus neurons. Our investigation, grounded in the hypothesis of ubiquitous SPX distribution in ruminants, delves deeper into the intricate role of SPX within the enteric nervous system. This study meticulously explores the spatial distribution of SPX within the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, integral components of the enteric nervous system. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of SPX's potential roles in gastrointestinal regulation in bovines, providing a unique perspective on larger mammals and enriching our comprehension of this intriguing neuropeptide's significance in various physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dajnowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.D.); (C.O.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Cezary Osiak-Wicha
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.D.); (C.O.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Piech
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.D.); (C.O.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Michał K. Krzysiak
- Białowieża National Park, Park Pałacowy 11, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland;
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 E, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.D.); (C.O.-W.); (M.P.)
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22
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Kurowska P, Dawid M, Oprocha J, Respekta N, Serra L, Estienne A, Pawlicki P, Kotula-Balak M, Guérif F, Dupont J, Rak A. Spexin role in human granulosa cells physiology and PCOS: expression and negative impact on steroidogenesis and proliferation†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:705-719. [PMID: 37658762 PMCID: PMC10651070 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide and adipokine negatively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. A recent study investigated expression and regulatory function of SPX in the hypothalamus and pituitary; however, the effect on ovarian function is still unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of SPX and its receptors, galanin receptors 2 and 3 (GALR2/3), in the human ovary and to study its in vitro effect on granulosa cells (GC) function. Follicular fluid (FF) and GC were obtained from normal weight and obese healthy and diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women. Expression of SPX and GALR2/3 in the ovary was studied by qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The level of SPX in FF was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The in vitro effect of recombinant human SPX on GC proliferation, steroidogenesis, and signaling pathways (MAP3/1, STAT3, AKT, PKA) was analyzed. Moreover, GC proliferation and estradiol (E2) secretion were measured with and without an siRNA against GALR2/3 and pharmacological inhibition of the above kinases. The results showed that both the SPX concentration in FF and its gene expression were decreased in GC of obese and PCOS women, while the protein expression of GALR2/3 was increased. We noted that SPX reduced GC proliferation and steroidogenesis; these effects were mediated by GALR2/3 and kinases MAP3/1, AKT, and STAT3 for proliferation or kinases MAP3/1 and PKA for E2 secretion. The obtained data clearly documented that SPX is a novel regulator of human ovarian physiology and possibly plays a role in PCOS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Julia Oprocha
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Loïse Serra
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anthony Estienne
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Piotr Pawlicki
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fabrice Guérif
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Reproductive Medicine and Biology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joelle Dupont
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Said MA, Nafeh NY, Abdallah HA. Spexin alleviates hypertension, hyperuricaemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in high fructose diet induced metabolic syndrome in rats via enhancing PPAR-ɣ and AMPK and inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:1111-1116. [PMID: 33721543 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1899242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spexin is a novel peptide implicated in obesity and energy homeostasis. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of spexin on blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in rats with metabolic syndrome (MS) induced by high-fructose diet (HFD) and the possible underlying mechanism. Forty adult male rats were randomly assigned into four equal groups; Control, Spexin, HFD and HFD + spexin. Induction of the MS with HFD was associated with increased body mass index, elevated blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin, uric acid, advanced glycation end products and insulin resistance, interlekin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha together with dyslipidemia, low-serum spexin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPAR-ɣ) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Spexin attenuated MS-induced deleterious effects which can be attributed to activation of PPAR-ɣ and AMPK as well as inhibiting inflammation. These findings indicate that spexin could be a beneficial complementary agent for metabolic syndrome treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Said
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Y Nafeh
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hend A Abdallah
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Kaya MK, Arslan S. Exploring the Potential Link between Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Trimethylamine N-Oxide, Phoenixin, Spexin, and Alarin Molecules. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1459. [PMID: 37892139 PMCID: PMC10604309 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (ACSCR) is a condition characterized by decreased visual acuity, macular thickening, and edema under the retinal layer. Although the underlying mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood, oxidative stress is considered to be a critical risk factor. The aim of this study was to shed light on the pathophysiology of ACSCR by investigating the levels of circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), phoenixin (PNX), alarin (ALA), and spexin (SPX) molecules in ACSCR patients. METHODS The study included 30 ACSCR patients and 30 healthy individuals as controls. ACSCR was diagnosed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Five mL blood samples were collected from all participants following overnight fasting. The levels of TMAO, PNX, ALA, and SPX in the blood samples were measured using the ELISA method. RESULTS Visual acuity was found to be significantly reduced in ACSCR patients compared to the control group (<0.05), while macular thickness was increased (<0.05). Furthermore, TMAO, PNX, and ALA levels were significantly higher in ACSCR patients (<0.05), while SPX levels were significantly lower compared to the control group (<0.05). In ACSCR patients, there was a positive correlation between macular thickness and TMAO, PNX, and ALA; there was, however, a negative correlation with SPX. Additionally, visual acuity was negatively correlated with TMAO, PNX, and ALA, while SPX levels decreased as visual acuity decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a correlation between the TMAO, PNX, ALA, and SPX levels of ACSCR patients and their visual acuity and macular thickness. Given the role of these molecules in ACSCR's pathophysiology, they hold promise as potential diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up markers in the future.
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Wojciechowska M, Kolodziejski PA, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Leciejewska N, Krauss H, Checinska-Maciejewska Z, Sassek M, Rekas-Dudziak A, Bernatek M, Skrzypski M, Wilczak M. Cord Blood Spexin Level in Mothers with Obesity-Forecast of Future Obesity? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1517. [PMID: 37761477 PMCID: PMC10530094 DOI: 10.3390/children10091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight (BW) by the effect on carbohydrate-lipid metabolism. However, the role of SPX in fetal life, in children, and in adolescent metabolism is limited. Therefore, we decided to check whether obesity affects the concentration of SPX in the mother's peripheral blood (MB) and umbilical cord blood (UCB). Using MB and UCB sera on the day of delivery obtained from 48 women (24 non-obese and 24 obese) and commercially available Elisa kits and colorimetric assays, we determined changes in SPX and the relationship between SPX concentration and other metabolic and anthropometric markers (body weight and BMI) on the day of delivery and in children at the age of 36 months. We found lower concentrations of SPX in MB (p < 0.05) and UCB (p < 0.01) derived from obese women (BMI > 30) and a moderate linear correlation (r = 0.4429; p < 0.01) between SPX concentrations in MB and UCB. We also noted that the concentration of SPX is not correlated with the child's body weight on the day of birth (r = -0.0128). However, there is a relationship between SPX at birth and body weight at 3 years of age (r = -0.3219; p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, it can be assumed that spexin is one of the factors modulating the child's metabolism already in the fetal period and can be considered a potential marker of future predisposition to obesity. However, confirmation of this thesis requires additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wojciechowska
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Pawel A. Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Hanna Krauss
- Department of Medicine, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; (H.K.); (Z.C.-M.)
| | - Zuzanna Checinska-Maciejewska
- Department of Medicine, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; (H.K.); (Z.C.-M.)
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna Rekas-Dudziak
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs and Administration, 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Wilczak
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
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26
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Çiftçi Y, Gurger M, Gul E, Yilmaz M, Telo S, Atescelik M, Cagri GM, Ali KM. Spexin level in acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department. J Med Biochem 2023; 42:407-411. [PMID: 37814620 PMCID: PMC10560499 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-39485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine the serum spexin level in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted to the emergency department. Methods A total of 100 patients with AMI (50 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 50 with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)) and 50 control group patients with non-cardiac chest pain were included in the study. A detailed anamnesis was taken, a physical examination was performed, and 12-lead electrocardiograms and venous blood samples were taken at the time of admission. Spexin levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Serum spexin levels were significantly lower in the AMI group than in the non-cardiac chest pain group (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in serum spexin levels between STEMI and NSTEMI patients (p=0.83). In receiver operating curve analysis, we detected 58% sensitivity, 76% specificity, 82.9% positive predictive value, and 47.5% negative predictive value with an optimal cutoff value of 532 pg/mL for the diagnosis of AMI. Conclusions In this study, serum spexin levels were significantly lower in AMI patients compared to patients with non-cardiac chest pain. The decrease in spexin levels suggests that it has the potential to be used as a diagnostic marker in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Çiftçi
- Gaziantep Sehitkamil State Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Gurger
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Evrim Gul
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yilmaz
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Selda Telo
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Metin Atescelik
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Goktekin Mehmet Cagri
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kobat Mehmet Ali
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Elazig, Turkey
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Onat E, Kocaman N, Hancer S. The protective effects of humanin in rats with experimental myocardial infarction: The role of asprosin and spexin. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18739. [PMID: 37576267 PMCID: PMC10412837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, by applying humanin (HN) before myocardial infarction (MI) in rats, its protection in MI and the possible roles in asprosin and spexin were investigated. Materials and methods The rats were divided into 7 groups each with 6 rats (group I (control), group II (HN 48th hour), group III (HN 7th day), group IV (MI 48th hour), group V (MI 7th day), group VI (MI + HN 48th hour), group VII (MI + HN 7th day). To create MI, 200 mg/kg isoproterenol (ISO) was administered subcutaneously to the rats. 2 mg/kg HN was given intraperitoneally (ip) to rats alone and before MI. Molecular parameters asprosin and spexin were examined by immunohistochemical in heart tissue. Biochemical parameters (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), Troponin I) were studied in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results It was found in the study that the levels of spexin elevated especially towards the 7th day after MI and decreased more significantly towards the 7th day, after HN application before MI. Asprosin elevated significantly towards the 7th day after MI and decreased especially on the 7th day after HN application before MI. Also, serum AST, LDH, CK-MB, and Troponin I levels tended to decrease and a significant decrease was detected in congested veins in the heart tissue at the 48th hour of MI and erythrocyte extravasation, congested veins and necrotic muscle fibers at the 7th day of MI in rats given HN before MI. Conclusion It was concluded that HN has a cardioprotective effect in MI and asprosin and spexin might mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, 02040, Turkey
| | - Nevin Kocaman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Serhat Hancer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
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San Juan JA, Chakarawet K, He Z, Fernandez RL, Stevenson MJ, Harder NHO, Janisse SE, Wang LP, Britt RD, Heffern MC. Copper(II) Affects the Biochemical Behavior of Proinsulin C-peptide by Forming Ternary Complexes with Serum Albumin. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones are essential signaling molecules with therapeutic importance. Identifying regulatory factors that drive their activity gives important insight into their mode of action and clinical development. In this work, we demonstrate the combined impact of Cu(II) and the serum protein albumin on the activity of C-peptide, a 31-mer peptide derived from the same prohormone as insulin. C-peptide exhibits beneficial effects, particularly in diabetic patients, but its clinical use has been hampered by a lack of mechanistic understanding. We show that Cu(II) mediates the formation of ternary complexes between albumin and C-peptide and that the resulting species depend on the order of addition. These ternary complexes notably alter peptide activity, showing differences from the peptide or Cu(II)/peptide complexes alone in redox protection as well as in cellular internalization of the peptide. In standard clinical immunoassays for measuring C-peptide levels, the complexes inflate the quantitation of the peptide, suggesting that such adducts may affect biomarker quantitation. Altogether, our work points to the potential relevance of Cu(II)-linked C-peptide/albumin complexes in the peptide's mechanism of action and application as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A San Juan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhecheng He
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rebeca L Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael J Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Nathaniel H O Harder
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Samuel E Janisse
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Ruiz-Cruz M, Torres-Granados C, Tena-Sempere M, Roa J. Central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the control of GnRH neuronal function by metabolic factors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 71:102382. [PMID: 37307655 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are the final output pathway for the brain control of reproduction. The activity of this neuronal population, mainly located at the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, is controlled by a plethora of metabolic signals. However, it has been documented that most of these signal impact on GnRH neurons through indirect neuronal circuits, Kiss1, proopiomelanocortin, and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurons being some of the most prominent mediators. In this context, compelling evidence has been gathered in recent years on the role of a large range of neuropeptides and energy sensors in the regulation of GnRH neuronal activity through both direct and indirect mechanisms. The present review summarizes some of the most prominent recent advances in our understanding of the peripheral factors and central mechanisms involved in the metabolic control of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ruiz-Cruz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (IMIBIC/HURS), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres-Granados
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (IMIBIC/HURS), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (IMIBIC/HURS), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Roa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (IMIBIC/HURS), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Richter M, Lalli E, Ruggiero C. Complex and pleiotropic signaling pathways regulated by the secreted protein augurin. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:69. [PMID: 37041625 PMCID: PMC10088197 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The secreted protein augurin, the product of the tumor suppressor gene Ecrg4, has been identified as a peptide hormone in the human proteome in 2007. Since then, a number of studies have been carried out to highlight its structure and processing and its potential roles in physiopathology. Although augurin has been shown to be implicated in a variety of processes, ranging from tumorigenesis, inflammation and infection to neural stem cell proliferation, hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis regulation and osteoblast differentiation, the molecular mechanisms of its biological effects and the signaling pathways it regulates are still poorly characterized. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of augurin-dependent signal transduction pathways. Because of their secreted nature and the potential to be manipulated pharmacologically, augurin and its derived peptides represent attractive targets for diagnostic development and discovery of new therapeutic agents for the human diseases resulting from the deregulation of the signaling cascades they modulate. From this perspective, the characterization of the precise nature of augurin derived peptides and the identification of the receptor(s) on the cell surface conveying augurin signaling to downstream effectors are crucial to develop agonists and antagonists for this protein. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Richter
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
- Universite Cote d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France
- Universite Cote d'Azur, Valbonne, France
- Inserm, Valbonne, France
| | - Carmen Ruggiero
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Valbonne, France.
- Universite Cote d'Azur, Valbonne, France.
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Sun X, Yu Z, Xu Y, Pu S, Gao X. The role of spexin in energy metabolism. Peptides 2023; 164:170991. [PMID: 36914115 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Spexin, also identified as neuropeptide Q (NPQ), is a 14 amino acid peptide discovered by bioinformatic methods. It has a conserved structure in many species and is widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It has an associated receptor, galanin receptor 2/3 (GALR2/3). Mature spexin peptides can exert various functions by activating GALR2/3, such as inhibiting food intake, inhibiting lipid absorption, reducing body weight, and improving insulin resistance. Spexin is expressed in the adrenal gland, pancreas, visceral fat, and thyroid, with the highest expression in the adrenal gland, followed by the pancreas. Physiologically, spexin and insulin interact in pancreatic islets. Spexin may be one of the regulators of endocrine function in the pancreas. Spexin is a possible indicator of insulin resistance and it has a variety of functional properties, here we review its role in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziwei Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengdan Pu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
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Circulating Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Spexin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during Growth Hormone Treatment and Dietary Intervention. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051240. [PMID: 36904239 PMCID: PMC10005720 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite observable improvement in the treatment outcomes of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), adequate weight control is still a clinical problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the profiles of neuroendocrine peptides regulating appetite-mainly nesfatin-1 and spexin-in children with PWS undergoing growth hormone treatment and reduced energy intake. METHODS Twenty-five non-obese children (aged 2-12 years) with PWS and 30 healthy children of the same age following an unrestricted age-appropriate diet were examined. Serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, spexin, leptin, leptin receptor, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin, proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and total and functional IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations were determined using immunoenzymatic methods. RESULTS The daily energy intake in children with PWS was lower by about 30% (p < 0.001) compared with the controls. Daily protein intake was similar in both groups, but carbohydrate and fat intakes were significantly lower in the patient group than the controls (p < 0.001). Similar values for nesfatin-1 in the PWS subgroup with BMI Z-score < -0.5 and the control group, while higher values in the PWS subgroup with BMI Z-score ≥ -0.5 (p < 0.001) were found. Spexin concentrations were significantly lower in both subgroups with PWS than the controls (p < 0.001; p = 0.005). Significant differences in the lipid profile between the PWS subgroups and the controls were also observed. Nesfatin-1 and leptin were positively related with BMI (p = 0.018; p = 0.001, respectively) and BMI Z-score (p = 0.031; p = 0.027, respectively) in the whole group with PWS. Both neuropeptides also correlated positively in these patients (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Altered profiles of anorexigenic peptides-especially nesfatin-1 and spexin-in non-obese children with Prader-Willi syndrome during growth hormone treatment and reduced energy intake were found. These differences may play a role in the etiology of metabolic disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome despite the applied therapy.
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Assefa F. The role of sensory and sympathetic nerves in craniofacial bone regeneration. Neuropeptides 2023; 99:102328. [PMID: 36827755 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors regulate the regeneration of craniofacial bone defects. The nervous system is recognized as one of the critical regulators of bone mass, thereby suggesting a role for neuronal pathways in bone regeneration. However, in the context of craniofacial bone regeneration, little is known about the interplay between the nervous system and craniofacial bone. Sensory and sympathetic nerves interact with the bone through their neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, proteins, peptides, and amino acid derivates. The neuron-derived factors, such as semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), possess a remarkable role in craniofacial regeneration. This review summarizes the roles of these factors and recently published factors such as secretoneurin (SN) and spexin (SPX) in the osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, bone metabolism, growth, remodeling and discusses the novel application of nerve-based craniofacial bone regeneration. Moreover, the review will facilitate understanding the mechanism of action and provide potential treatment direction for the craniofacial bone defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freshet Assefa
- Department of Biochemistry, Collage of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
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Wucher V, Sodaei R, Amador R, Irimia M, Guigó R. Day-night and seasonal variation of human gene expression across tissues. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001986. [PMID: 36745672 PMCID: PMC9934459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian and circannual cycles trigger physiological changes whose reflection on human transcriptomes remains largely uncharted. We used the time and season of death of 932 individuals from GTEx to jointly investigate transcriptomic changes associated with those cycles across multiple tissues. Overall, most variation across tissues during day-night and among seasons was unique to each cycle. Although all tissues remodeled their transcriptomes, brain and gonadal tissues exhibited the highest seasonality, whereas those in the thoracic cavity showed stronger day-night regulation. Core clock genes displayed marked day-night differences across multiple tissues, which were largely conserved in baboon and mouse, but adapted to their nocturnal or diurnal habits. Seasonal variation of expression affected multiple pathways, and it was enriched among genes associated with the immune response, consistent with the seasonality of viral infections. Furthermore, they unveiled cytoarchitectural changes in brain regions. Altogether, our results provide the first combined atlas of how transcriptomes from human tissues adapt to major cycling environmental conditions. This atlas may have multiple applications; for example, drug targets with day-night or seasonal variation in gene expression may benefit from temporally adjusted doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wucher
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- MeLiS, SynatAc Team, UCBL1—CNRS UMR5284—Inserm U1314, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Reza Sodaei
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raziel Amador
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MI); (RG)
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MI); (RG)
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Dai J, Ni Y, Wu D, Jiang Y, Jin S, Zhang S, Yu X, Liu R. Circulating spexin levels are influenced by the glycemic status and correlated with pancreatic β-cell function in Chinese subjects. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:305-313. [PMID: 36459200 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-02010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Spexin plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism. This study investigated the spexin levels in different glycemic status and its association with insulin secretion in humans. METHODS A total of 462 subjects were recruited in this study, including 52 healthy subjects, 106 first-degree relatives (FDRs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 115 impaired glucose regulation (IGR), 80 newly diagnosed T2DM, and 106 established T2DM. Serum spexin was measured using ELISA. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA2-β), and Stumvoll index estimating first- and second-phase insulin secretion were calculated. RESULTS Spexin levels were higher in FDRs [235.53 pg/ml (185.28, 293.95)] and IGR [239.79 pg/ml (191.52, 301.69)], comparable in newly diagnosed T2DM [224.68 pg/ml (187.37, 279.74)], and lower in established T2DM [100.11 pg/ml (78.50, 137.34)], compared with healthy subjects [200.23 pg/ml (160.32, 275.65)]. Spexin levels were negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (r = - 0.355, P < 0.001), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (r = - 0.379, P < 0.001), and HOMA2-IR (r = - 0.225, P < 0.001), and positively correlated with HOMA2-β (r = 0.245, P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that established T2DM and HOMA2-β were independently associated with serum spexin levels. CONCLUSIONS Serum spexin levels represented as a bell-shaped curve along the glycemic continuum and is closely related with insulin secretion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yunzhi Ni
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yaojing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shuoshuo Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Ward, Fengxian Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xuemei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Ward, Fengxian Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Paullada-Salmerón JA, Wang B, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Spexin in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax: Characterization, brain distribution, and interaction with Gnrh and Gnih neurons. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:314-335. [PMID: 36273249 PMCID: PMC10092896 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spexin (Spx) is a recently characterized neuropeptide implicated in multiple physiological processes in vertebrates, including reproduction, food intake, and regulation of anxiety and stress. Two orthologs (Spx1 and Spx2) are present in some nonmammalian vertebrates, including teleosts. However, information on the distribution of Spx in the brain and its interactions with other neuroendocrine systems in fish is still scarce. In this work, we cloned and sequenced the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Spx1, which included a 27 aa signal peptide and a mature peptide of 14 aa that is C-terminal amidated. spx1 transcripts were higher in the diencephalon/caudal preoptic area/hypothalamus and medulla but were also detected in the olfactory bulbs, telencephalon/rostral preoptic area, optic tectum/tegmentum, cerebellum/pons, and pituitary. The immunohistochemical study revealed Spx1-immunoreactive (ir) cells in different nuclei of the preoptic area, habenula, prethalamus, mesencephalic tegmentum and in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) and pars intermedia of the pituitary. Spx1-ir fibers were widely distributed throughout the brain being particularly abundant in the midbrain and hindbrain, in close contact with tegmental gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 (Gnrh2) cells and isthmic gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (Gnih) cells of the secondary gustatory nucleus. Moreover, Gnih fibers were observed innervating Spx1-ir cells lying in several subdivisions of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and in the lateral nucleus of the valvula, whereas ventrolateral prethalamic Spx1-ir cells received immunopositive Gnrh2 fibers. In the pituitary, Gnrh1-ir fibers were observed closely associated with Spx1-ir cells of the PPD. These results suggest that Spx1 could be involved in both reproductive and nonreproductive (i.e., food intake, behavior) functions in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, You X, Wu J. A potential link between aberrant expression of ECRG4 and atrial fibrillation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1031128. [PMID: 36910669 PMCID: PMC9992723 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1031128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4), a 148-amino acid propertied and new tumor suppressor, is initially cloned from the normal esophageal epithelium. ECRG4 was found to be expressed not only in esophageal tissues but also in cardiomyocytes. Previous studies demonstrated that ECRG4 is constitutively expressed in esophageal epithelial cells, and its degree of downregulation is directly proportional to prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. In the heart, ECRG4 shows greater expression in the atria than in the ventricles, which accounts for its heterogeneity. Downregulation of ECRG4 expression level correlates with esophageal cancer, as well as myocardial injuries and arrhythmias. As a result, this review summarizes the possible susceptibility gene, ECRG4 and its associated molecular mechanisms in cancer patients with atrial fibrillation and myocardial injury. The review begins by describing ECRG4's biological background, discusses its expression in the cardiovascular system, lists the clinical and animal research related to the downregulation of ECRG4 in atrial fibrillation, and focuses on its potential role in atrial fibrillation. Downregulation of ECRG4 may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation by affecting ion channels, MMPs expression and inflammatory response. We will then discuss how ECRG4 can be used in the treatment of tumors and arrhythmias, and provide a novel possible strategy to reduce the occurrence of perioperative cardiovascular adverse events in patients with tumors such as esophageal cancer and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingji You
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gök S, Gök BC, Enli Y. Evaluation of the adipokine levels of pregnant women with preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:154-163. [PMID: 36226842 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare maternal blood and umbilical-cord leptin, spexin and visfatin levels during delivery in severe preeclampsia (PE) with controls, and to evaluate whether any clinical or demographic variables had independent associations with them. METHODS This is a case-controlled observational study consisting of 45 pregnant women with severe PE and a control group consisting of gestational age-matched 45 healthy pregnant women. We examined the leptin, spexin, and visfatin levels in serum samples taken from maternal blood and umbilical cords during cesarean section in both groups. Leptin, spexin, and visfatin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The maternal leptin and visfatin levels were significantly higher and the maternal spexin levels were significantly lower in the PE group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Similar to the maternal adipokine levels, the umbilical-cord leptin and visfatin levels were significantly higher and the spexin levels were significantly lower in the PE group (p < 0.001). We found a significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index and maternal blood and umbilical-cord serum leptin and visfatin levels in both groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The leptin, spexin and visfatin levels were significantly altered in the nondiabetic preeclamptic women in our study. We believe that the main reason for these changes may be the hypoxic placenta to protect the fetus and maintain its nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Gök
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pamukkale University Hospital, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Berfin Can Gök
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Denizli State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Enli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Pekal Y, Özhan B, Enli Y, Özdemir ÖM, Ergin H. Cord Blood Levels of Spexin, Leptin, and Visfatin in Term Infants Born Small, Appropriate, and Large for Gestational Age and Their Association with Newborn Anthropometric Measurements. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:444-452. [PMID: 35859814 PMCID: PMC9724059 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2022-4-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are at risk of future obesity and associated comorbidities. Therefore the identification of risk factors and novel biomarkers which are associated with this risk are needed for early detection and to improve preventive strategies. Spexin (SPX), a novel neuropeptide that is involved in the regulation of obesity and fat metabolism, is a candidate biomarker for predicting obesity and related comorbidities at an early age. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of SPX in term infants born small, appropriate, and large for gestational age (LGA) and its association with newborn anthropometric measurements. METHODS One hundred and twenty term newborn babies classified as SGA, appropriate for gestational age (AGA), or LGA and their mothers were included. SPX, leptin and visfatin were measured in cord blood and maternal serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Fifty-six (46.7%) neonates were girls and 64 (53.3%) were boys. The mean birth weight was 3170.70±663 g, birth length was 48.9±2.79 cm, and head circumference was 34.5±1.67 cm. Birth weights, lengths, and head circumferences of the neonates in the SGA, AGA, and LGA groups were significantly different. Cord blood SPX and leptin levels in the SGA groups were significantly lower than those of both the LGA and AGA groups. Cord blood visfatin levels were significantly lower in the AGA group than the LGA and SGA groups. Maternal SPX levels of SGA babies were significantly lower than those of the mothers in both the LGA and AGA groups, but no significant difference was observed between the SGA and LGA groups. Maternal visfatin levels of the AGA babies were significantly higher than the maternal levels of SGA and LGA groups. There was no difference in terms of maternal leptin levels. Cord blood SPX and leptin levels were positively correlated with birth weight, length and head circumference. Birth weight increased significantly in line with maternal pregestational body mass index. CONCLUSION The lowest SPX levels were found in the SGA babies and cord SPX level was significantly correlated with newborn length, weight, and head circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yücel Pekal
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Bayram Özhan
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Denizli, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Denizli, Turkey Phone: +90 505 265 62 83 E-mail:
| | - Yaşar Enli
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Özmert M.A. Özdemir
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hacer Ergin
- Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Denizli, Turkey
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Meng F, Yu Y, Li J, Han X, Du X, Cao X, Liang Q, Huang A, Kong F, Huang L, Zeng X, Bu G. Characterization of spexin (SPX) in chickens: molecular cloning, functional analysis, tissue expression and its involvement in appetite regulation. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102279. [PMID: 36402041 PMCID: PMC9673105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a conservative tetradecapeptide which has been proven to participate in multiple physiological processes, including anxiety, feed intake, and energy metabolism in fish and mammals. However, whether SPX exists and functions in birds remain largely unknown. Using chicken (c-) as a model, the full-length cDNA encoding cSPX precursor was cloned, and it was predicted to generate a mature peptide with 14 amino acids conserved across vertebrates. The pGL4-SRE-luciferase reporter system-based functional analysis demonstrated that cSPX was effective in activating chicken galanin type Ⅱ receptor (cGALR2), cGALR2-like receptor (cGALR2L) and galanin type Ⅲ receptor (cGALR3), thus to stimulate intracellular MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that SPX was widely expressed in chicken tissues, especially abundant in the central nervous system, pituitary, testes, and pancreas. Interestingly, it was noted that chicken hypothalamic SPX mRNA could be up-regulated by 24-h and 36-h fasting, heralding its latent capacity in appetite regulation. In accordance with this speculation, peripheral injection of cSPX was proved to be functional in reducing feed intake of 3-wk-old chicks. Furthermore, we found that cSPX could reduce the expression of AgRP and MCH, with a concurrent rise in CART1 mRNA level in the hypothalamic of chicks. Collectively, our findings not only provide the evidences that SPX can act as a satiety factor by orchestrating the expression of key feeding regulators in the chicken hypothalamus but also help to facilitate a better understanding of its functional evolution across vertebrates.
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Respekta N, Maślanka A, Mlyczyńska E, Billert M, Szlaga A, Sambak P, Pawlicki P, Płachno B, Skrzypski M, Kotula – Balak M, Błasiak A, Rak A. Levels of spexin and its receptors GALR2 and GALR3 in the hypothalamus and ovary of letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 627:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Liu J, Dai S, Shao X, Wei C, Dai Z, Yang P, Lei M, Chen R, Zhu H. Spexin mRNA profile and its response to different photoperiods in Chinese Yangzhou geese (Anas cygnoides). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:961431. [PMID: 36118333 PMCID: PMC9479540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.961431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX, NPQ), a novel neuropeptide composed of 14 amino acid residues, is evolutionarily conserved among different species. Spexin has been suggested to have pleiotropic functions in mammals. However, reports on spexin in birds are limited. To clarify the role of spexin in goose reproduction, the spexin gene was cloned and analyzed. Analysis of tissue distribution by RT-PCR showed that the expression of spexin and its two receptors was widespread. During the long photoperiod, the expression levels of spexin in the pituitary and hypothalamus and of GALR2/3 in the pituitary decreased, and the GnRH, LHβ, and FSHβ expression levels increased significantly. This suggests that a long photoperiod regulates reproductive activities by activating the gonadotrope-axis, which is modulated by decreased spexin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shudi Dai
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xibing Shao
- Anhui Tianzhi-jiao Goose Industry Co., Ltd., Chuzhou, China
| | - Chuankun Wei
- Anhui Tianzhi-jiao Goose Industry Co., Ltd., Chuzhou, China
| | - Zichun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Huanxi Zhu
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Circulating Spexin Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Fat Mass but Not with Physical Activity and Psychological Parameters in Women across a Broad Body Weight Spectrum. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175107. [PMID: 36079049 PMCID: PMC9457358 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel, widely expressed peptide, with anorexigenic effects demonstrated in animal models and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. It increases locomotor activity in rodents and is elevated in human plasma following exercise. Studies have also shown an effect of stress and anxiety on SPX’s expression in different brain structures in animals. The relationships between plasma SPX and physical activity, body composition, and patient-reported outcomes such as perceived stress, depressiveness, anxiety, and eating behaviors are unknown and were examined in this study over a wide BMI range. A total of 219 female (n = 68 with anorexia nervosa; n = 79 with obesity; n = 72 with normal weight) inpatients were enrolled. Perceived stress (PSQ 20), anxiety (GAD 7), depressiveness (PHQ 9), and eating disorder pathology (EDI 2), as well as BMI, bioimpedance analysis, and accelerometry, were measured cross-sectionally at the beginning of treatment and correlated with plasma SPX levels (measured by ELISA) obtained at the same time. Plasma SPX levels were negatively associated with BMI (r = −0.149, p = 0.027) and body fat mass (r = −0.149, p = 0.04), but did not correlate with perceived stress, anxiety, depressiveness, eating behavior, energy expenditure, and physical activity (p > 0.05). The results replicate the negative correlation of SPX with BMI and fat mass, but do not support the hypothesis that peripheral SPX plays a role in the regulation of stress, depressiveness, anxiety, eating behavior, or physical activity.
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Abstract
Cilia are sensory and secretory organelles that both receive information from the environment and transmit signals. Cilia-derived vesicles (ectosomes), formed by outward budding of the ciliary membrane, carry enzymes and other bioactive products; this process represents an ancient mode of regulated secretion. Peptidergic intercellular communication controls a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses and occurs throughout eukaryotes. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome encodes what appear to be numerous prepropeptides and enzymes homologous to those used to convert metazoan prepropeptides into bioactive peptide products. Since C. reinhardtii, a green alga, lack the dense core vesicles in which metazoan peptides are processed and stored, we explored the hypothesis that propeptide processing and secretion occur through the regulated release of ciliary ectosomes. A synthetic peptide (GATI-amide) that could be generated from a 91-kDa peptide precursor (proGATI) serves as a chemotactic modulator, attracting minus gametes while repelling plus gametes. Here we dissect the processing pathway that leads to formation of an amidated peptidergic sexual signal specifically on the ciliary ectosomes of plus gametes. Unlike metazoan propeptides, modeling studies identified stable domains in proGATI. Mass spectrometric analysis of a potential prohormone convertase and the amidated proGATI-derived products found in cilia and mating ectosomes link endoproteolytic cleavage to ectosome entry. Extensive posttranslational modification of proGATI confers stability to its amidated product. Analysis of this pathway affords insight into the evolution of peptidergic signaling; this will facilitate studies of the secretory functions of metazoan cilia.
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Mechanisms for Bile Acids CDCA- and DCA-Stimulated Hepatic Spexin Expression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142159. [PMID: 35883602 PMCID: PMC9316865 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and suppresses hepatic total bile acid levels by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 expression. As important mediators for glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism, the effects of bile acids on SPX expression is yet to be understood. By using SMMC7721 and BEL-7402 cell lines, we screened the effects of bile acids and found that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) can stimulate SPX gene transcription. Both CDCA and DCA were able to stimulate SPX mRNA expression in the liver but not colon and ileum in mice. In SMMC7721 and BEL-7402 cells, CDCA- and DCA-induced SPX promoter activity was mimicked by bile acid receptor FXR and TGR5 activation and suppressed by FXR and TGR5 silencing. Adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activators significantly increased SPX promoter activity whereas the inhibitors for AC/CAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway attenuated CDCA- and DCA-induced SPX transcription. Thus, CDCA and DCA stimulate SPX expression at the hepatic level through FXR and TGR5 mediated AC/cAMP/PKA and MAPK cascades.
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Yu M, Ju M, Fang P, Zhang Z. Emerging central and peripheral actions of spexin in feeding behavior, leptin resistance and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115121. [PMID: 35679893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a high calorie diet with irregular eating and sedentary behavior habits is typical of the current suboptimal lifestyle, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most notably, the disorder of adipokine secretion in visceral adiposity is a major contributor to metabolic diseases with advancing age. In this regard, spexin and leptin are established as anorexigenic adipokines that can modulate adipogenesis and glucose metabolism by suppressing food intake or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. Emerging evidence points out that spexin levels are lower in the serum and adipose tissue of patients with obesity and/or insulin resistance, whereas circulating levels of leptin are higher in obesity and comorbidities. In turn, spexin and leptin pharmacologically induce beneficial effects on the brain's modulation of food intake and energy expenditure. On the other hand, endocrine crosstalk via spexin and leptin has also been reported in patients suffering from obesity and diabetes. Spexin plays a crucial role in the regulation of leptin secretion and leptin resistance. It should therefore be taken into account that studying the role of spexin in leptin regulation will help us combat the pathologies of obesity caused by leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Mengxian Ju
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Türkel İ, Memi G, Yazgan B. Impact of spexin on metabolic diseases and inflammation: An updated minireview. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:567-573. [PMID: 35068225 PMCID: PMC9014522 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211072443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a 14 amino acid length peptide hormone which was discovered using bioinformatic tools. It is extensively expressed in central and peripheral tissues and secreted into circulation in response to metabolic stress. Recent studies revealed that SPX acts as a multifunctional peptide in various metabolic processes such as body weight, food intake, energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, lipid storage, salt-water balance, and arterial blood pressure. Endogenous SPX is sensitive to metabolic changes, and circulating levels of SPX have been shown to be reduced in chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Moreover, in fish and rodent models, systemic SPX treatment has positive effects on metabolism including reduced food intake, fat mass, lipid accumulation, and inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and organ functions which are underlying mechanisms in diseases. Taken together, these findings suggest that SPX is a potential drug target for the development of new pharmacological strategies to cure metabolic diseases. This review focuses on metabolo-protective properties of SPX and discusses novel insights into the biology and mechanism of SPX in the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney diseases, which are considerable global health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Türkel
- Division of Exercise and Sport
Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800,
Turkey
| | - Gülsün Memi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman 02040, Turkey
| | - Burak Yazgan
- Department of Medical Services and
Techniques, Sabuncuoğlu Serefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Amasya
University, Amasya 05100, Turkey
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Celik F, Aydin S. Blood and aqueous humor phoenixin, endocan and spexin in patients with diabetes mellitus and cataract with and without diabetic retinopathy. Peptides 2022; 150:170728. [PMID: 34971675 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide phoenixin (PNX), endocan (EDC), and spexin (SPX) are associated with diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of PNX, EDC and SPX in the blood and aqueous humor (AH) of patient with type 2 diabetes with and without DRP and cataract. 30 type 2 diabetes patients with cataract (DM + C), 30 DRP patient with cataract (DRP + C), 30 non-diabetic patient with only cataract and 30 control participants were enrolled into this study. PNX, EDC, and SPX were measured in blood and AH by ELISA. In patients with DRP + C, the levels of PNX and EDC were significantly higher in both AH and blood samples compared with the group of patients without DRP + C (<0.05). Also, in patients with DM + C, the levels of PNX and EDC were higher in both AH and blood samples compared with the group of patients without DM + C. However, in patients with DRP + C, the levels of SPX were significantly lower in both AH and blood samples compared with the group of patients without DRP + C (<0.05). Also, in patients with DM + C, the levels of SPX were also lower in both AH and blood samples compared with the group of patients without DM + C. These findings suggest that increased PNX, EDC, and decreased SPX amounts in blood and AH of DM + C and DRP + C groups when compared with control and cataract groups show that they might have a role in the pathophysiology of DM + C, especially in the DRP + C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Celik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Health Science University, Elazig Campus, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
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Farzin M, Hassanpour S, Zendehdel M, Vazir B, Asghari A. Effects of Intracerebroventricular Injection of Spexin and its Interaction with NPY, GalR 2 and GalR 3 Receptors on the Central Food Intake Regulation and Nutritional Behavior in Broiler Chickens. Neurosci Lett 2022; 777:136589. [PMID: 35346778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Food intake and appetite in birds can be adjusted by the complex homeostatic control mechanisms. There seem to be many similarities between mammalian and avian species in terms of the regulatory feeding systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ICV injection of spexin and its interaction with GalR and NPY receptors on central food intake regulation and nutritional behavior in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, chicken received ICV injection of saline, spexin (2.5nmol), spexin (5nmol) and spexin (10nmol). In experiment 2, birds received ICV injection of saline, B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist 1.25µg), spexin (10nmol) and B5063+spexin. In experiments 3-6, SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist ,1.25µg), ML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist ,1.25µg), M871 (GalR2 receptor antagonist ,10nmol) and SNAP37889 (GalR3 receptor antagonist,10nmol) were injected in chickens instead of B5063. Then food intake was measured until 120 minutes after the injection and nutritional behavior was monitored at 30 minutes after the injection. Based on the data, a dose-dependent hypophagia was observed by the injection of spexin (P<0.05). Concomitant injection of B5063+spexin enhanced spexin-induced hypophagia (P<0.05). Co-injection of SNAP37889+spexin (10nmol) attenuated -induced hypophagia (P<0.05). Spexin (5 and 10 nmol) decreased number of steps, jumps, the exploratory food and pecks at 15 minutes after the injection (P<0.05). Spexin (5 and 10nmol) decreased standing time while siting time and rest time increased at 10 minutes after injection (P<0.05). Based on observations, spexin-induced hypophagia could be mediated by NPY1 and GalR3 receptors in neonatal broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaya Farzin
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Vazir
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asghari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao T, Ye Z, Liu Y, Lin H, Li S, Zhang Y. Mutation of spexin2 promotes feeding, somatic growth, adiposity and insulin resistance in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R454-R465. [PMID: 35293264 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spexin2 (spx2) is a newly identified gene in vertebrates, but its biological functions remain unclear. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA of spx2 in zebrafish. The 288 bp open reading frame encodes a protein of 95 amino acids (aa) that contains a 14 aa mature peptide. Spx2 is highly expressed in brain and testis. Its expression was significantly down-regulated in the hypothalamus after a 1 h feeding treatment and 7 days of food deprivation. Using a zebrafish spx2-/- mutant line, we observed a greater amount of food intake and changes in mRNA levels of feeding factors. We found that, SPX2 acts as a satiety factor that inhibits food intake by downregulating the expression of agouti related neuropeptide (agrp). Moreover, spx2 mutant fish exhibited a larger body size, excessive lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance. Taken together, our results revealed that SPX2 functions as a satiety factor involved in energy metabolic regulation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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