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He P, Zhu L, Zhou X, Fu X, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Jiang B, Wang H, Xiao G. Gibberellic acid promotes single-celled fiber elongation through the activation of two signaling cascades in cotton. Dev Cell 2024; 59:723-739.e4. [PMID: 38359829 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The agricultural green revolution spectacularly enhanced crop yield through modification of gibberellin (GA) signaling. However, in cotton, the GA signaling cascades remain elusive, limiting our potential to cultivate new cotton varieties and improve yield and quality. Here, we identified that GA prominently stimulated fiber elongation through the degradation of DELLA protein GhSLR1, thereby disabling GhSLR1's physical interaction with two transcription factors, GhZFP8 and GhBLH1. Subsequently, the resultant free GhBLH1 binds to GhKCS12 promoter and activates its expression to enhance VLCFAs biosynthesis. With a similar mechanism, the free GhZFP8 binds to GhSDCP1 promoter and activates its expression. As a result, GhSDCP1 upregulates the expression of GhPIF3 gene associated with plant cell elongation. Ultimately, the two parallel signaling cascades synergistically promote cotton fiber elongation. Our findings outline the mechanistic framework that translates the GA signal into fiber cell elongation, thereby offering a roadmap to improve cotton fiber quality and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xuan Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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2
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Xian X, Zhang Z, Li C, Ding L, Guo H, Zhai J, Wang Y. Comprehensive analysis revealed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles could strengthen the resistance of apple rootstock B9 to saline-alkali stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 51:FP23126. [PMID: 38128527 DOI: 10.1071/fp23126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Apple growth and development can be adversely affected by saline-alkali stress, which has become a significant factor restricting the high yield of the apple industry. In recent years, nanomaterials have become a potential source for plant growth and development. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) play an important role in multiple plant development processes, including mitigating environmental stress. In this study, one-year-old apple rootstock B9 stem cuttings were used as research objects. Different concentrations of TiO2 NPs were applied to the roots before saline-alkali treatment. Principal component analysis showed that 1gkg-1 TiO2 NPs treatment had the best effect in alleviating the stress for B9. It significantly reduced the damage to B9 under salt-alkali stress, increased the content of photosynthetic pigment, enhanced the performance of Photosystem II, and promoted photosynthesis. At the same time, the content of K+ was increased, and the ion toxicity was alleviated. In addition, TiO2 NPs have also been shown to reduce B9 cell damage and lipid peroxidation, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, and regulate the accumulation of solutes. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for TiO2 NPs to mitigate the adverse effects of plants under saline-alkali stress and provides useful insights for managing other plants affected by global salinity and alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Xian
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhongxing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Cailong Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Liang Ding
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Haichao Guo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jietao Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Seleiman MF, Ahmad A, Tola E, Alhammad BA, Almutairi KF, Madugundu R, Al-Gaadi KA. Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Confers Saline Stress and Improves Photosynthetic Capacity, Antioxidant Defense, Mineral Uptake, and Yield in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3559. [PMID: 37896022 PMCID: PMC10609825 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses threatening crop production, the natural ecosystem, global food security, and the socioeconomic health of humans. Thus, the development of eco-friendly strategies to mitigate saline stress and/or enhance crop tolerance is an important issue worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted during the summer of 2022 to investigate the potential of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) for mitigating saline stress and improving photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant defense systems, mineral uptake, and yield in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under a controlled hydroponic system. Three saline stress levels-S1 (control/no added NaCl), S2 (60 mM NaCl), and S3 (120 mM NaCl)-were continuously applied with nutrient solution, whereas exogenous EBL (i.e., control, 0.1 µM and 0.2 µM) was applied as exogenous application three times (i.e., 40, 55, 70 days after sowing). The experiment was designed as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in which saline stress was the main factor and EBL treatment was the sub-factor. Results showed that saline stress significantly affected plant growth, physiological performance, biochemistry, antioxidant activity, and yield attributes. However, the exogenous application of EBL at 0.2 µM significantly mitigated the salt stress and thus improved plant performance even under 120 mM NaCl saline stress. For instance, as compared to untreated plants (control), 0.2 µM EBL application improved plant height (+18%), biomass (+19%), SPAD (+32%), Fv/Fm (+28%), rate of photosynthesis (+11%), carboxylation efficiency (+6%), superoxide dismutase (SOD +14%), catalase (CAT +18%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX +20%), K+ (+24%), 100-grain weight (+11%), and grain yield (+47%) of maize grown under salt stress. Additionally, it resulted in a 23% reduction in Na+ accumulation in leaves and a 25% reduction in for Na+/K+ ratio under saline stress as compared to control. Furthermore, the Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the significance of exogenous EBL as saline stress mitigator in maize. Overall, our results indicated the protective effects of EBL application to the alleviation of saline stress in crop plants. However, further exploration of its mechanism of action and crop-specific response is suggested prior to commercial use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - ElKamil Tola
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra Ahmed Alhammad
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj Box 292, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid F. Almutairi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rangaswamy Madugundu
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Al-Gaadi
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Qu M, Kang C. Brassinosteroid catabolic enzyme CYP734A129 regulates the morphologies of leaves and floral organs in woodland strawberry. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111788. [PMID: 37421982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play critical roles in plant growth and development and regulate many important agronomic traits. However, the functions of BRs in strawberry are unclear. This study identified two mutants, named P6 and R87, in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) from EMS mutagenesis populations that exhibit narrow leaves, petals and sepals. Mapping by sequencing and genetic studies revealed that the F. vesca CYP734A129, encoding a putative BR catabolic enzyme, is the causative gene for both P6 and R87. Overexpression of CYP734A129 in both F. vesca and Arabidopsis causes a severe dwarf phenotype, and the BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) protein is less abundant in the CYP734A129-overexpressing Arabidopsis seedlings. This suggests that CYP734A129 is functionally conserved with CYP734A1, as a BR-inactivating enzyme. Transcriptome analysis of young leaves revealed that four BR biosynthetic genes were significantly downregulated in P6 (cyp734a129), and photosynthesis-related genes were highly enriched among the up-regulated genes in P6 compared to the wild type. This further supports that CYP734A129 inactivates BRs in F. vesca. Furthermore, we showed that mutations in CYP734A129 do not affect fruit shape and color during ripening in strawberry. Overall, our results suggest that F. vesca CYP734A129 is a BR catabolic enzyme, and provide insights into the roles of CYP734A129 in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yingxin Yuan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minghao Qu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunying Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Nakamura A, Hirota Y, Shigihara M, Watanabe M, Sato A, Tsuji H, Shimada Y. Molecular and cellular insights into auxin-regulated primary root growth: a comparative study of Arabidopsis and rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1145-1154. [PMID: 37385821 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulation of primary root growth in Arabidopsis and rice was compared by analyzing root growth in response to changes in auxin levels. A bell-shaped root-growth curve was identified in both Arabidopsis and rice in response to change in auxin levels. In Arabidopsis, cell division was the main regulator of root growth in response to auxin; in rice, auxin promoted root growth by regulating cell division and cell length. The expression levels of PLETHORA (PLT) genes in response to change in auxin level followed a bell-shaped curve and closely correlated with cell division in Arabidopsis but not in rice, implying that PLT gene expression plays key role to control root growth in Arabidopsis. The level of auxin in Arabidopsis was optimal for primary root elongation, while in rice it was higher than optimal. These differences may explain the species-dependent development of root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nakamura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuna Hirota
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Shigihara
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayu Watanabe
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Tong A, Liu W, Wang H, Liu X, Xia G, Zhu J. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the cell wall and aluminum toxicity related to rusty root syndrome of Panax ginseng. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142211. [PMID: 37384362 PMCID: PMC10293891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Rusty root syndrome is a common and serious disease in the process of Panax ginseng cultivation. This disease greatly decreases the production and quality of P. ginseng and causes a severe threat to the healthy development of the ginseng industry. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used for comparative transcriptome analysis of healthy and rusty root-affected ginseng. The roots of rusty ginseng showed 672 upregulated genes and 526 downregulated genes compared with the healthy ginseng roots. There were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction. Further analysis showed that the cell wall synthesis and modification of ginseng has a strong response to rusty root syndrome. Furthermore, the rusty ginseng increased aluminum tolerance by inhibiting Al entering cells through external chelating Al and cell wall-binding Al. The present study establishes a molecular model of the ginseng response to rusty roots. Our findings provide new insights into the occurrence of rusty root syndrome, which will reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of ginseng response to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Guangqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
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Riekötter J, Oklestkova J, Muth J, Twyman RM, Epping J. Transcriptomic analysis of Chinese yam ( Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.) variants indicates brassinosteroid involvement in tuber development. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1112793. [PMID: 37215221 PMCID: PMC10196131 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea is an important but underutilized genus of flowering plants that grows predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions. Several species, known as yam, develop large underground tubers and aerial bulbils that are used as food. The Chinese yam (D. polystachya Turcz.) is one of the few Dioscorea species that grows well in temperate regions and has been proposed as a climate-resilient crop to enhance food security in Europe. However, the fragile, club-like tubers are unsuitable for mechanical harvesting, which is facilitated by shorter and thicker storage organs. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a key role in plant cell division, cell elongation and proliferation, as well as in the gravitropic response. We collected RNA-Seq data from the head, middle and tip of two tuber shape variants: F60 (long, thin) and F2000 (short, thick). Comparative transcriptome analysis of F60 vs. F2000 revealed 30,229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 1,393 of which were differentially expressed in the growing tip. Several DEGs are involved in steroid/BR biosynthesis or signaling, or may be regulated by BRs. The quantification of endogenous BRs revealed higher levels of castasterone (CS), 28-norCS, 28-homoCS and brassinolide in F2000 compared to F60 tubers. The highest BR levels were detected in the growing tip, and CS was the most abundant (439.6 ± 196.41 pmol/g in F2000 and 365.6 ± 112.78 pmol/g in F60). Exogenous 24-epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) treatment (20 nM) in an aeroponic system significantly increased the width-to-length ratio (0.045 ± 0.002) compared to the mock-treated plants (0.03 ± 0.002) after 7 weeks, indicating that exogenous epi-BL produces shorter and thicker tubers. In this study we demonstrate the role of BRs in D. polystachya tuber shape, providing insight into the role of plant hormones in yam storage organ development. We found that BRs can influence tuber shape in Chinese yam by regulating the expression of genes involved cell expansion. Our data can help to improve the efficiency of Chinese yam cultivation, which could provide an alternative food source and thus contribute to future food security in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Riekötter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jost Muth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Janina Epping
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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8
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Meena SK, Heidecker M, Engelmann S, Jaber A, de Vries T, Triller S, Baumann-Kaschig K, Abel S, Behrens SE, Gago-Zachert S. Altered expression levels of long non-coding natural antisense transcripts overlapping the UGT73C6 gene affect rosette size in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:460-477. [PMID: 36495314 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural antisense long non-coding RNAs (lncNATs) are involved in the regulation of gene expression in plants, modulating different relevant developmental processes and responses to various stimuli. We have identified and characterized two lncNATs (NAT1UGT73C6 and NAT2UGT73C6 , collectively NATsUGT73C6 ) from Arabidopsis thaliana that are transcribed from a gene fully overlapping UGT73C6, a member of the UGT73C subfamily of genes encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Expression of both NATsUGT73C6 is developmentally controlled and occurs independently of the transcription of UGT73C6 in cis. Downregulation of NATsUGT73C6 levels through artificial microRNAs results in a reduction of the rosette area, while constitutive overexpression of NAT1UGT73C6 or NAT2UGT73C6 leads to the opposite phenotype, an increase in rosette size. This activity of NATsUGT73C6 relies on its RNA sequence and, although modulation of UGT73C6 in cis cannot be excluded, the observed phenotypes are not a consequence of the regulation of UGT73C6 in trans. The NATsUGT73C6 levels were shown to affect cell proliferation and thus individual leaf size. Consistent with this concept, our data suggest that the NATsUGT73C6 influence the expression levels of key transcription factors involved in regulating leaf growth by modulating cell proliferation. These findings thus reveal an additional regulatory layer on the process of leaf growth. In this work, we characterized at the molecular level two long non-coding RNAs (NATsUGT73C6 ) that are transcribed in the opposite direction to UGT73C6, a gene encoding a glucosyltransferase involved in brassinosteroid homeostasis in A. thaliana. Our results indicate that NATsUGT73C6 expression influences leaf growth by acting in trans and by modulating the levels of transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Michel Heidecker
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Susanne Engelmann
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Ammar Jaber
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Tebbe de Vries
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Saskia Triller
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Katja Baumann-Kaschig
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Section Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
| | - Selma Gago-Zachert
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
- Section Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, D-06120, Germany
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9
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Yamazaki C, Yamazaki T, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Uheda E, Oka M, Kamada M, Shimazu T, Kasahara H, Sano H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Miyamoto K, Ueda J. Comprehensive analyses of plant hormones in etiolated pea and maize seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment "Auxin Transport". LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 36:138-146. [PMID: 36682823 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional relationships between endogenous levels of plant hormones in the growth and development of shoots in etiolated Alaska pea and etiolated Golden Cross Bantam maize seedlings under different gravities were investigated in the "Auxin Transport" experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Comprehensive analyses of 31 species of plant hormones of pea and maize seedlings grown under microgravity (μg) in space and 1 g conditions were conducted. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression analysis with the dataset from the plant hormone analysis of the etiolated pea seedlings grown under μg and 1 g conditions in the presence and absence of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) revealed endogenous levels of auxin correlated positively with bending and length of epicotyls. Endogenous cytokinins correlated negatively with them. These results suggest an interaction of auxin and cytokinins in automorphogenesis and growth inhibition of etiolated Alaska pea epicotyls grown under μg conditions in space. Less polar auxin transport with reduced endogenous levels of auxin increased endogenous levels of cytokinins, resulting in changing the growth direction of epicotyls and inhibiting growth. On the other hand, almost no close relationship between endogenous plant hormone levels and growth and development in etiolated maize seedlings grown was observed under μg conditions in space, as per Schulze et al. (1992). However, endogenous levels of IAA in the seedlings grown under μg conditions in space were significantly higher than those grown on Earth, similar to the cases of polar auxin transport already reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yamazaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Yamazaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Eiji Uheda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mariko Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Motoshi Kamada
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan.
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg. 7F, 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Akira Higashibata
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Miyamoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Junichi Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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10
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Boter M, Pozas J, Jarillo JA, Piñeiro M, Pernas M. Brassica napus Roots Use Different Strategies to Respond to Warm Temperatures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021143. [PMID: 36674684 PMCID: PMC9863162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated growth temperatures are negatively affecting crop productivity by increasing yield losses. The modulation of root traits associated with improved response to rising temperatures is a promising approach to generate new varieties better suited to face the environmental constraints caused by climate change. In this study, we identified several Brassica napus root traits altered in response to warm ambient temperatures. Different combinations of changes in specific root traits result in an extended and deeper root system. This overall root growth expansion facilitates root response by maximizing root-soil surface interaction and increasing roots' ability to explore extended soil areas. We associated these traits with coordinated cellular events, including changes in cell division and elongation rates that drive root growth increases triggered by warm temperatures. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed the main genetic determinants of these root system architecture (RSA) changes and uncovered the necessity of a tight regulation of the heat-shock stress response to adjusting root growth to warm temperatures. Our work provides a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic framework of root response to warming temperatures that will help to harness root response mechanisms for crop yield improvement under the future climatic scenario.
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11
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Zhan H, Lu M, Luo Q, Tan F, Zhao Z, Liu M, He Y. OsCPD1 and OsCPD2 are functional brassinosteroid biosynthesis genes in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111482. [PMID: 36191635 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF (CPD), member of the CYP90A family of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenase, is an essential component of brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis pathway. Compared with a single CPD/CYP90A1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, two highly homologous CPD genes, OsCPD1/CYP90A3 and OsCPD2/CYP90A4, are present in rice genome. There is still no genetic evidence so far about the requirement of OsCPD1 and OsCPD2 in rice BR biosynthesis. In this study, we reported the functional characterization of OsCPD genes using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. The overall growth and development of oscpd1 and oscpd2 single knock-out mutants was indistinguishable from the wild-type, whereas, the oscpd1 oscpd2 double mutant displayed multiple and obvious BR-related defects. Cytological analyses further indicated the defective cell elongation in oscpd1 oscpd2 double mutant. The oscpd double mutants had a lower endogenous BR level and could be restored by the application of the brassinolide (BL). Moreover, overexpression of OsCPD1 and OsCPD2 led to a typical BR enhanced phenotype, with enlarged leaf angle and increased grain size. Taken together, our results provide direct genetic evidence that OsCPD1 and OsCPD2 play essential and redundant roles in maintenance of plant architecture by modulating BR biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mingmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Tan
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yubing He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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12
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Zheng B, Bai Q, Li C, Wang L, Wei Q, Ali K, Li W, Huang S, Xu H, Li G, Ren H, Wu G. Pan-brassinosteroid signaling revealed by functional analysis of NILR1 in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1455-1469. [PMID: 35570834 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling has been identified from the ligand BRs sensed by the receptor Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1) to the final activation of Brassinozole Resistant 1/bri1 EMS-Suppressor 1 through a series of transduction events. Extensive studies have been conducted to characterize the role of BR signaling in various biological processes. Our previous study has shown that Excess Microsporocytes 1 (EMS1) and BRI1 control different aspects of plant growth and development via conserved intracellular signaling. Here, we reveal that another receptor, NILR1, can complement the bri1 mutant in the absence of BRs, indicating a pathway that resembles BR signaling activated by NILR1. Genetic analysis confirms the intracellular domains of NILR1, BRI1 and EMS1 have a common signal output. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NILR1 and BRI1 share the coreceptor BRI1 Associated Kinase 1 and substrate BSKs. Notably, the NILR1-mediated downstream pathway is conserved across land plants. In summary, we provide evidence for the signaling cascade of NILR1, suggesting pan-brassinosteroid signaling initiated by a group of distant receptor-ligand pairs in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lihaitian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shengdi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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13
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Xie Y, Sun P, Li Z, Zhang F, You C, Zhang Z. FERONIA Receptor Kinase Integrates with Hormone Signaling to Regulate Plant Growth, Development, and Responses to Environmental Stimuli. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073730. [PMID: 35409090 PMCID: PMC8998941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones are critical chemicals that participate in almost all aspects of plant life by triggering cellular response cascades. FERONIA is one of the most well studied members in the subfamily of Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase1-like (CrRLK1Ls) hormones. It has been proved to be involved in many different processes with the discovery of its ligands, interacting partners, and downstream signaling components. A growing body of evidence shows that FERONIA serves as a hub to integrate inter- and intracellular signals in response to internal and external cues. Here, we summarize the recent advances of FERONIA in regulating plant growth, development, and immunity through interactions with multiple plant hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Chunxiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.Z.)
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14
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Liu P, Jin Z, Dai C, Guo L, Cui X, Yang Y. Potassium enhances cadmium resistance ability of Panax notoginseng by brassinolide signaling pathway-regulated cell wall pectin metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112906. [PMID: 34673418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of how potassium (K) attenuates cadmium (Cd)-induced demethylation and anabolism of cell wall (CW) pectin through the brassinolide (BR) signaling pathway was verified in Panax notoginseng (Burk.). The P. notoginseng pectin methylesterase gene (PnPME1) was cloned and functionally verified in tobacco. Pectin and BR metabolism, Cd content and the pectin methylation degree (PMD) were detected in response to K, 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL), and brassinazole treatments of P. notoginseng and tobacco under Cd stress. Activity of the main root pectin methylesterase enzyme (PME) was promoted by 22.29% under the EBL treatment, and Cd content increased by 29.03% under Cd stress. Potassium reduced PME activity and Cd content in main root pectin by 61.03% and 50.73%, respectively, under the EBL and Cd co-treatment. Potassium inhibited the promoting effects of Cd stress on the expression of PnPME1 by 57.04%. Potassium also inhibited expression of BR synthesis genes PnDET2, PnROT3, PnCYP90A1, and PnBR6OX1 by 65.61%, 52.02%, 47.36%, and 55.16%, respectively, and reduced the accumulation of Cd. The PnPME1 was located in the CW. The activity of transgenic tobacco root PME was higher than that of the wild-type, while the PMD was significantly lower. The regulatory effects of K and EBL on tobacco root pectin metabolism were consistent with those in P. notoginseng. In conclusion, K downregulated the expression of BR synthesis genes in P. notoginseng roots under Cd stress and reduced the production of BRs, which inhibited PnPME1 expression. The reduction in PME activity increased the PMD, which reduced the accumulation of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Based Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening and Utilization of Targeted Drugs, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jin
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Based Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening and Utilization of Targeted Drugs, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chunyan Dai
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Based Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening and Utilization of Targeted Drugs, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- Chinese Medica Resources Center, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Based Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening and Utilization of Targeted Drugs, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University Based Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening and Utilization of Targeted Drugs, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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15
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Groszyk J, Szechyńska-Hebda M. Brassinazole Resistant 1 Activity Is Organ-Specific and Genotype-Dependent in Barley Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413572. [PMID: 34948366 PMCID: PMC8706524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) control many plant developmental processes by regulating different groups of transcription factors, and consequently gene expressions. The most known is BZR1, the main member of the BES1 family. However, to date, it is poorly characterized in crop species. The main goal of the presented study was to identify HvBZR1 and determine its activity in 5-day-old barley (the stage is related to one leaf on the main shoot and a few seminal roots) using two cultivars with different sensitivities to BRs. Using the anti-OsBZR1 antibody, we identified the forms of HvBZR1 transcription factor with different molecular weights, which can be related to different phosphorylated forms of serine/threonine residues. Two phosphorylated forms in the shoots and one dephosphorylated form in the roots were determined. A minor amount of the dephosphorylated form of the HvBZR1 in the Haruna Nijo shoots was also found. The phosphorylated forms gave a higher band intensity for Golden Promise than Haruna Nijo. The bands were similar in their intensity, when two different phosphorylated forms were compared in Golden Promise, while a reduced intensity was detected for the phosphorylated form with a lower molecular weight for Haruna Nijo. Degradation of the phosphorylated forms in the shoots (complete degradation in Golden Promise and significant but not complete in Haruna Nijo) and the presence of the dephosphorylated form in the roots were proven for the etiolated barley. In the case of Haruna Nijo, a wider range of the regulators of the BR biosynthesis and signaling pathways induced the expected effects, 24-EBL (0.001 µM) and bikinin (10 and 50 µM) caused low amount of the phosphorylated forms, and at the same time, a tiny band of dephosphorylated form was detected. However, the expression of genes related to the BR biosynthesis and signaling pathways was not a determinant for the protein amount.
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16
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Mazzoni-Putman SM, Brumos J, Zhao C, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. Auxin Interactions with Other Hormones in Plant Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039990. [PMID: 33903155 PMCID: PMC8485746 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial growth regulator that governs plant development and responses to environmental perturbations. It functions at the heart of many developmental processes, from embryogenesis to organ senescence, and is key to plant interactions with the environment, including responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As remarkable as auxin is, it does not act alone, but rather solicits the help of, or is solicited by, other endogenous signals, including the plant hormones abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones. The interactions between auxin and other hormones occur at multiple levels: hormones regulate one another's synthesis, transport, and/or response; hormone-specific transcriptional regulators for different pathways physically interact and/or converge on common target genes; etc. However, our understanding of this crosstalk is still fragmentary, with only a few pieces of the gigantic puzzle firmly established. In this review, we provide a glimpse into the complexity of hormone interactions that involve auxin, underscoring how patchy our current understanding is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina M Mazzoni-Putman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Javier Brumos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Anna N Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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17
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Somssich M, Vandenbussche F, Ivakov A, Funke N, Ruprecht C, Vissenberg K, VanDer Straeten D, Persson S, Suslov D. Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:678-692. [PMID: 33570567 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Norma Funke
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Muehlenberg 11, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete 71410, Greece
| | - Dominique VanDer Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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18
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Zhang C, He M, Wang S, Chu L, Wang C, Yang N, Ding G, Cai H, Shi L, Xu F. Boron deficiency-induced root growth inhibition is mediated by brassinosteroid signalling regulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:564-578. [PMID: 33964043 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are pivotal phytohormones involved in the control of root development. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and root growth is rapidly inhibited under B deficiency conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying this inhibition are still unclear. Here, we identified BR-related processes underlying B deficiency at the physiological, genetic, molecular/cell biological and transcriptomic levels and found strong evidence that B deficiency can affect BR biosynthesis and signalling, thereby altering root growth. RNA sequencing analysis revealed strong co-regulation between BR-regulated genes and B deficiency-responsive genes. We found that the BR receptor mutants bri1-119 and bri1-301 were more insensitive to decreased B supply, and the gain-of-function mutants bes1-D and pBZR1-bzr1-D exhibited insensitivity to low-B stress. Under B deficiency conditions, exogenous 24-epibrassinolide rescued the inhibition of root growth, and application of the BR biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole exacerbated this inhibitory effect. The nuclear-localised signal of BES1 was reduced under low-B conditions compared with B sufficiency conditions. We further found that B deficiency hindered the accumulation of brassinolide to downregulate BR signalling and modulate root elongation, which may occur through a reduction in BR6ox1 and BR6ox2 mRNA levels. Taken together, our results reveal a role of BR signalling in root elongation under B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingliang He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liuyang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ningmei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guangda Ding
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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19
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Seyed Rahmani R, Shi T, Zhang D, Gou X, Yi J, Miclotte G, Marchal K, Li J. Genome-wide expression and network analyses of mutants in key brassinosteroid signaling genes. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:465. [PMID: 34157989 PMCID: PMC8220701 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling regulates plant growth and development in concert with other signaling pathways. Although many genes have been identified that play a role in BR signaling, the biological and functional consequences of disrupting those key BR genes still require detailed investigation. RESULTS Here we performed phenotypic and transcriptomic comparisons of A. thaliana lines carrying a loss-of-function mutation in BRI1 gene, bri1-5, that exhibits a dwarf phenotype and its three activation-tag suppressor lines that were able to partially revert the bri1-5 mutant phenotype to a WS2 phenotype, namely bri1-5/bri1-1D, bri1-5/brs1-1D, and bri1-5/bak1-1D. From the three investigated bri1-5 suppressors, bri1-5/bak1-1D was the most effective suppressor at the transcriptional level. All three bri1-5 suppressors showed altered expression of the genes in the abscisic acid (ABA signaling) pathway, indicating that ABA likely contributes to the partial recovery of the wild-type phenotype in these bri1-5 suppressors. Network analysis revealed crosstalk between BR and other phytohormone signaling pathways, suggesting that interference with one hormone signaling pathway affects other hormone signaling pathways. In addition, differential expression analysis suggested the existence of a strong negative feedback from BR signaling on BR biosynthesis and also predicted that BRS1, rather than being directly involved in signaling, might be responsible for providing an optimal environment for the interaction between BRI1 and its ligand. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and functions of key brassinosteroid (BR) signaling genes, especially BRS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razgar Seyed Rahmani
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Information Technology, IDLab, imec, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Giles Miclotte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Information Technology, IDLab, imec, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Information Technology, IDLab, imec, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Khan R, Wu X, Zhou L, Xu N, Du S, Ma X. Exogenous application of brassinosteroids regulates tobacco leaf size and expansion via modulation of endogenous hormones content and gene expression. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:847-860. [PMID: 33967467 PMCID: PMC8055801 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brassinosteroids (BR) play diverse roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. BR promotes plant growth by triggering cell division and expansion. However, the effect of exogenous BR application on the leaf size and expansion of tobacco is unknown. Tobacco seedlings are treated with different concentrations of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL) [control (CK, 0 mol L-1), T1 (0.5 × 10-7 mol L-1), and T2 (0.5 × 10-4 mol L-1)]. The results show that T1 has 17.29% and T2 has 25.99% more leaf area than control. The epidermal cell area is increased by 24.40% and 17.13% while the number of epidermal cells is 7.06% and 21.06% higher in T1 and T2, respectively, relative to control. So the exogenous EBL application improves the leaf area by increasing cell numbers and cell area. The endogenous BR (7.5 times and 68.4 times), auxin (IAA) (4.03% and 25.29%), and gibberellin (GA3) contents (84.42% and 91.76%) are higher in T1 and T2, respectively, in comparison with control. Additionally, NtBRI1, NtBIN2, and NtBES1 are upregulated showing that the brassinosteroid signaling pathway is activated. Furthermore, the expression of the key biosynthesis-related genes of BR (NtDWF4), IAA (NtYUCCA6), and GA3 (NtGA3ox-2) are all upregulated under EBL application. Finally, the exogenous EBL application also upregulated the expression of cell growth-related genes (NtCYCD3;1, NtARGOS, NtGRF5, NtGRF8, and NtXTH). The results reveal that the EBL application increases the leaf size and expansion by promoting the cell expansion and division through higher BR, IAA, and GA3 contents along with the upregulation of cell growth-related genes. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the effect of EBL on tobacco leaf growth at morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular levels. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Na Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Shasha Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101 China
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21
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Kothari A, Lachowiec J. Roles of Brassinosteroids in Mitigating Heat Stress Damage in Cereal Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2706. [PMID: 33800127 PMCID: PMC7962182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress causes huge losses in the yield of cereal crops. Temperature influences the rate of plant metabolic and developmental processes that ultimately determine the production of grains, with high temperatures causing a reduction in grain yield and quality. To ensure continued food security, the tolerance of high temperature is rapidly becoming necessary. Brassinosteroids (BR) are a class of plant hormones that impact tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and regulate cereal growth and fertility. Fine-tuning the action of BR has the potential to increase cereals' tolerance and acclimation to heat stress and maintain yields. Mechanistically, exogenous applications of BR protect yields through amplifying responses to heat stress and rescuing the expression of growth promoters. Varied BR compounds and differential signaling mechanisms across cereals point to a diversity of mechanisms that can be leveraged to mitigate heat stress. Further, hormone transport and BR interaction with other molecules in plants may be critical to utilizing BR as protective agrochemicals against heat stress. Understanding the interplay between heat stress responses, growth processes and hormone signaling may lead us to a comprehensive dogma of how to tune BR application for optimizing cereal growth under challenging environments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Lachowiec
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
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Gan S, Rozhon W, Varga E, Halder J, Berthiller F, Poppenberger B. The acyltransferase PMAT1 malonylates brassinolide glucoside. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100424. [PMID: 33600798 PMCID: PMC8010461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones of plants that coordinate fundamental growth and development processes. Their homeostasis is controlled by diverse means, including glucosylation of the bioactive BR brassinolide (BL), which is catalyzed by the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) UGT73C5 and UGT73C6 and occurs mainly at the C-23 position. Additional evidence had suggested that the resultant BL-23-O-glucoside (BL-23-O-Glc) can be malonylated, but the physiological significance of and enzyme required for this reaction had remained unknown. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana malonylation of BL-23-O-Glc is catalyzed by the acyltransferase phenolic glucoside malonyl-transferase 1 (PMAT1), which is also known to malonylate phenolic glucosides and lipid amides. Loss of PMAT1 abolished BL-23-O-malonylglucoside formation and enriched BL-23-O-Glc, showing that the enzyme acts on the glucoside. An overexpression of PMAT1 in plants where UGT73C6 was also overexpressed, and thus, BL-23-O-Glc formation was promoted, enhanced the symptoms of BR-deficiency of UGT73C6oe plants, providing evidence that PMAT1 contributes to BL inactivation. Based on these results, a model is proposed in which PMAT1 acts in the conversion of both endogenous and xenobiotic glucosides to adjust metabolic homeostasis in spatial and temporal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufu Gan
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jyotirmoy Halder
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Mitreiter S, Gigolashvili T. Regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:70-91. [PMID: 33313802 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are secondary defense metabolites produced by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes the model species Arabidopsis and many crop species. In the past 13 years, the regulation of glucosinolate synthesis in plants has been intensively studied, with recent research revealing complex molecular mechanisms that connect glucosinolate production with responses to other central pathways. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis is ecologically relevant for plants, how it is controlled by transcription factors, and how this transcriptional machinery interacts with hormonal, environmental, and epigenetic mechanisms. We present the central players in glucosinolate regulation, MYB and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, as well as the plant hormone jasmonate, which together with other hormones and environmental signals allow the coordinated and rapid regulation of glucosinolate genes. Furthermore, we highlight the regulatory connections between glucosinolates, auxin, and sulfur metabolism and discuss emerging insights and open questions on the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mitreiter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Gigolashvili
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Ramirez VE, Poppenberger B. Modes of Brassinosteroid Activity in Cold Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583666. [PMID: 33240301 PMCID: PMC7677411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a significant environmental factor that negatively affects plant growth and development in particular when it occurs during the growth phase. Plants have evolved means to protect themselves from damage caused by chilling or freezing temperatures and some plant species, in particular those from temperate geographical zones, can increase their basal level of freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. Cold acclimation improves plant survival, but also represses growth, since it inhibits activity of the growth-promoting hormones gibberellins (GAs). In addition to GAs, the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) also take part in growth promotion and cold stress signaling; however, in contrast to Gas, BRs can improve cold stress tolerance with fewer trade-offs in terms of growth and yields. Here we summarize our current understanding of the roles of BRs in cold stress responses with a focus on freezing tolerance and cold acclimation pathways.
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25
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Lamichhane S, Alpuerto JB, Han A, Fukao T. The Central Negative Regulator of Flooding Tolerance, the PROTEOLYSIS 6 Branch of the N-degron Pathway, Adversely Modulates Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111415. [PMID: 33113884 PMCID: PMC7690746 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Seawater intrusion in coastal regions and waterlogging in salinized lands are serious constraints that reduce crop productivity under changing climate scenarios. Under these conditions, plants encounter flooding and salinity concurrently or sequentially. Identification and characterization of genes and pathways associated with both flooding and salinity adaptation are critical steps for the simultaneous improvement of plant tolerance to these stresses. The PROTEOLYSIS 6 (PRT6) branch of the N-degron pathway is a well-characterized process that negatively regulates flooding tolerance in plants. Here, we determined the role of the PRT6/N-degron pathway in salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis. This study demonstrates that the prt6 mutation enhances salinity tolerance at the germination, seedling, and adult plant stages. Maintenance of chlorophyll content and root growth under high salt in the prt6 mutant was linked with the restricted accumulation of sodium ions (Na+) in shoots and roots of the mutant genotype. The prt6 mutation also stimulated mRNA accumulation of key transcription factors in ABA-dependent and independent pathways of osmotic/salinity tolerance, accompanied by the prominent expression of their downstream genes. Furthermore, the prt6 mutant displayed increased sensitivity to ethylene and brassinosteroids, which can suppress Na+ uptake and promote the expression of stress-responsive genes. This study provides genetic evidence that both salinity and flooding tolerance is coordinated through a common regulatory pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Lamichhane
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.L.); (J.B.A.); (A.H.)
- Texas A & M Agrilife Research, Beaumont, TX 77713, USA
| | - Jasper B. Alpuerto
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.L.); (J.B.A.); (A.H.)
- Texas A & M Agrilife Research, Beaumont, TX 77713, USA
| | - Abigail Han
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.L.); (J.B.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Takeshi Fukao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.L.); (J.B.A.); (A.H.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
- Correspondence:
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27
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Liu X, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang W, Li J. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis to Identify Brassinosteroid Response Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1072-1082. [PMID: 32759270 PMCID: PMC7536709 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth-promoting steroid hormones. BRs affect plant growth by regulating panels of downstream genes. Much effort has been made to establish BR-regulated gene expression networks, but there is little overlap among published expression networks. In this study, we built an optimal BR-regulated gene expression network using the model plant Arabidopisis (Arabidopisis thaliana). Seven- and 24-d-old seedlings of the constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarfism mutant and brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-701 (bri1-701) BRI1-like receptor genes1 (brl1) brl3 triple mutant seedlings were treated with brassinolide and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to detect differentially expressed genes. Using this approach, we generated a transcriptomic database of 4,498 differentially expressed genes and identified 110 transcription factors that specifically respond to BR at different stages. We also found that, among the identified BR-responsive transcription factors, ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSlTIVE4 (ABI4), an ethylene response factor transcription factor, inhibits BR-regulated growth. Compared to wild-type plants, the abi4-102 mutant was less sensitive to brassinazole and more sensitive to BR. Next, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing assay and established that ABI4 binds directly to the BRI1-associated receptor kinase1 promoter and inhibits transcription. These results provide insight into BR-responsive gene functions in regulating plant growth at different stages and may serve as a basis for predicting gene function, selecting candidate genes, and improving the understanding of BR regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 201602 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92507
| | - Zhaohai Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048
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Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of BR-defective mutant reveals a key role of GhSK13 in regulating cotton fiber development. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1905-1917. [PMID: 32632733 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR), a steroid phytohormone, whose signaling transduction pathways include a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, and GSK3s are the main negative regulator kinases. BRs have been shown to play vital roles in cotton fiber elongation. However, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this study, fibers of a BR-defective mutant Pagoda 1 (pag1), and its corresponding wild-type (ZM24) were selected for a comparative global phosphoproteome analysis at critical developmental time points: fast-growing stage (10 days after pollination (DPA)) and secondary cell wall synthesis stage (20 DPA). Based on the substrate characteristics of GSK3, 900 potential substrates were identified. Their GO and KEGG annotation results suggest that BR functions in fiber development by regulating GhSKs (GSK3s of Gossypium hirsutum L.) involved microtubule cytoskeleton organization, and pathways of glucose, sucrose and lipid metabolism. Further experimental results revealed that among the GhSK members identified, GhSK13 not only plays a role in BR signaling pathway, but also functions in developing fiber by respectively interacting with an AP2-like ethylene-responsive factor GhAP2L, a nuclear transcription factor Gh_DNF_YB19, and a homeodomain zipper member GhHDZ5. Overall, our phosphoproteomic research advances the understanding of fiber development controlled by BR signal pathways especially through GhSKs, and also offers numbers of target proteins for improving cotton fiber quality.
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Hamasaki H, Ayano M, Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Asami T, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Oka Y, Matsui M, Shimada Y. Light Activates Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis to Promote Hook Opening and Petiole Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1239-1251. [PMID: 32333772 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although brassinosteroids (BRs) have been proposed to be negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, their physiological role therein has remained elusive. We studied light-induced photomorphogenic development in the presence of the BR biosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole (Brz). Hook opening was inhibited in the presence of Brz; this inhibition was reversed in the presence of brassinolide (BL). Hook opening was accompanied by cell expansion on the inner (concave) side of the hook. This cell expansion was inhibited in the presence of Brz but was restored upon the addition of BL. We then evaluated light-induced organ-specific expression of three BR biosynthesis genes, DWF4, BR6ox1 and BR6ox2, and a BR-responsive gene, SAUR-AC1, during the photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis. Expression of these genes was induced, particularly in the hook region, in response to illumination. The induction peaked after 3 h of light exposure and preceded hook opening. Phytochrome-deficient mutants, hy1, hy2 and phyAphyB, and a light-signaling mutant, hy5, were defective in light-induced expression of BR6ox1, BR6ox2 and SAUR-AC1. Light induced both expression of BR6ox genes and petiole development. Petiole development was inhibited in the presence of Brz. Our results largely contradict the early view that BRs are negative regulators of photomorphogenesis. Our data collectively suggest that light activates the expression of BR biosynthesis genes in the hook region via a phytochrome-signaling pathway and HY5 and that BR biosynthesis is essential for hook opening and petiole development during photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Hamasaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maiokacho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Madoka Ayano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maiokacho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Suguru Takatsuto
- Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata, 943-8512 Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshito Oka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Minami Matsui
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maiokacho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
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Lv J, Li Y, Liu Z, Li X, Lei X, Gao C. Response of BpBZR genes to abiotic stress and hormone treatment in Betula platyphylla. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:157-165. [PMID: 32222679 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brassinazole-resistant (BZR) transcription factors have important roles in the brassinosteroid (BR) signalling pathway and are widely involved in plant growth and abiotic stress processes. However, there are few studies on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of BZR TFs in birch. In this study, 5 BZR genes were identified from birch. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of most BpBZRs were significantly downregulated and/or upregulated in at least one organ following NaCl and PEG stress or ABA, GA3 and JA treatments. In particular, BpBZR1 expression was changed in all three organs after exposure to NaCl stress at all time points, indicating that this gene may be involved in salt stress. The BpBZR1 transcription factor was shown to have transcriptional activation activity in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Through a transient transformation system, we found that overexpression of BpBZR1 in birch resulted in lower H2O2 and MDA accumulation, higher SOD and POD activities and maintained a higher photosynthetic intensity and a lower chlorophyll degradation rate than those of the control plants under salt stress. These results preliminarily showed that overexpression of the BpBZR1 gene increased the tolerance of birch to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yabo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Caiqiu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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Xu P, Tang G, Cui W, Chen G, Ma CL, Zhu J, Li P, Shan L, Liu Z, Wan S. Transcriptional Differences in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds at the Freshly Harvested, After-ripening and Newly Germinated Seed Stages: Insights into the Regulatory Networks of Seed Dormancy Release and Germination. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0219413. [PMID: 31899920 PMCID: PMC6941926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dormancy and germination are the two important traits related to plant survival, reproduction and crop yield. To understand the regulatory mechanisms of these traits, it is crucial to clarify which genes or pathways participate in the regulation of these processes. However, little information is available on seed dormancy and germination in peanut. In this study, seeds of the variety Luhua No.14, which undergoes nondeep dormancy, were selected, and their transcriptional changes at three different developmental stages, the freshly harvested seed (FS), the after-ripening seed (DS) and the newly germinated seed (GS) stages, were investigated by comparative transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that genes with increased transcription in the DS vs FS comparison were overrepresented for oxidative phosphorylation, the glycolysis pathway and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, suggesting that after a period of dry storage, the intermediates stored in the dry seeds were rapidly mobilized by glycolysis, the TCA cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, etc.; the electron transport chain accompanied by respiration was reactivated to provide ATP for the mobilization of other reserves and for seed germination. In the GS vs DS pairwise comparison, dozens of the upregulated genes were related to plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, including the majority of components involved in the auxin signal pathway, brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signal transduction as well as some GA and ABA signal transduction genes. During seed germination, the expression of some EXPANSIN and XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLYCOSYLASE genes was also significantly enhanced. To investigate the effects of different hormones during seed germination, the contents and differential distribution of ABA, GAs, BRs and IAA in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles, and plumules of three seed sections at different developmental stages were also investigated. Combined with previous data in other species, it was suggested that the coordination of multiple hormone signal transduction nets plays a key role in radicle protrusion and seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Xu
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guiying Tang
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weipei Cui
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | - Chang-Le Ma
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jieqiong Zhu
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pengxiang Li
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Shan
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (ZL); (SW)
| | - Zhanji Liu
- Shandong Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (ZL); (SW)
| | - Shubo Wan
- Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (ZL); (SW)
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Ahmad H, Hayat S, Ali M, Liu H, Chen X, Li J, Cheng Z. The Protective Role of 28-Homobrassinolide and Glomus versiforme in Cucumber to Withstand Saline Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E42. [PMID: 31888068 PMCID: PMC7020224 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The strategic role of phytohormones and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to overcome various stress conditions is gaining popularity in sustainable agricultural practices. This current study aims to investigate and identify the protective roles of 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) and Glomus versiforme on two cucumber cultivars (salt sensitive Jinyou 1# and tolerant Chanchun mici (CCMC)) grown under saline conditions (100 mM NaCl). HBL and AMF were applied as individual and combined treatments on two cucumber cultivars and their effects were observed on the morphological growth and physiology under control and saline conditions. Findings revealed that the treated plants showed better performance under saline conditions through improved photosynthesis, leaf relative water content, and decreased electrolyte leakage in tolerant cultivar (CCMC) and to a lesser extent in sensitive (Jinyou 1#) cultivar. Comparable differences were noticed in the antioxidant enzymes activity such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase after every 10 days in both cultivars. Treating the plants with HBL and AMF also improved the mineral uptake regulation and lowered sodium concentration in roots compared to that in the non-treated plants. Current findings suggest that the protective role of HBL and AMF involves the regulation of antioxidants and lowers the risk of ion toxicity in the cucumber and hence enhance tolerance to salinity. These results are promising, but further studies are needed to verify the crop tolerance to stress and help in sustainable agricultural production, particularly vegetables that are prone to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Ahmad
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Sikandar Hayat
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongjiu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Xuejin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (H.A.); (S.H.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (J.L.)
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Inês C, Corbacho J, Paredes MA, Labrador J, Cordeiro AM, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Regulation of sterol content and biosynthetic gene expression during flower opening and early fruit development in olive. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:526-539. [PMID: 30912149 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are lipophilic membrane components essential not only for diverse cellular functions but also are biosynthetic precursors of the plant hormone, brassinosteroid (BR). However, the interaction between phytosterol and BR during early fleshy-fruit growth remains largely uncharacterized. In olive, phytosterols are important lipids because they affect oil quality, but phytosterol composition during flowering and early fruit development has not been explored. Here, we first investigated the temporal changes in phytosterol composition, and biosynthetic gene expression that occurred during olive flower opening and early fruit growth. Next, we analyzed the interrelationship between phytosterol and BR, whose levels we manipulated through the application of exogenous BRs (24-epibrassinolide, EBR) or a BR biosynthesis inhibitor (brassinazole, Brz). In this report, the profiling of phytosterol measurement revealed that β-sitosterol is the most abundant in olive reproductive organs. Our data demonstrate that both OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes are upregulated during floral anthesis in good agreement with the rise in cholesterol and β-sitosterol contents in olive flower. By contrast, the OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes displayed different expression patterns during early olive-fruit development. Furthermore, our data show that exogenous EBR enhanced the early olive-fruit growth, as well as the OeSMT2 transcript and β-sitosterol levels, but decreased the OeCYP51 transcript, squalene, campesterol and cholesterol levels, whereas the Brz treatment exerted the opposite effect. Overall, our findings indicate an up-regulation of β-sitosterol biosynthesis by BR at the transcriptional level during early olive-fruit growth, providing a valuable tool to unravel the physiological function of SMT2 in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Jorge Corbacho
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Miguel A Paredes
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - António M Cordeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., UEIS Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Elvas, 7351-901, Portugal
| | - Maria C Gomez-Jimenez
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
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Song L, Chen W, Yao Q, Guo B, Valliyodan B, Wang Z, Nguyen HT. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling for elucidating the effects of brassinosteroids on Glycine max during early vegetative development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16085. [PMID: 31695113 PMCID: PMC6834599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a widely grown grain legume and one of the most important economic crop species. Brassinosteroids play a crucial role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development. However, it remains unclear how BRs regulate the developmental processes in soybean, and the molecular mechanism underlying soybean early development is largely unexplored. In this study, we first characterized how soybean early vegetative growth was specifically regulated by the BR biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole; this characterization included shortened root and shoot lengths, reduced leaf area, and decreased chlorophyll content. In addition, the growth inhibition induced by Pcz could be rescued by exogenous brassinolide application. The RNA-seq technique was employed to investigate the BR regulatory networks during soybean early vegetative development. Identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that BRs orchestrate a wide range of cellular activities and biological processes in soybean under various BR concentrations. The regulatory networks between BRs and multiple hormones or stress-related pathways were investigated. The results provide a comprehensive view of the physiological functions of BRs and new insights into the molecular mechanisms at the transcriptional level of BR regulation of soybean early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Binhui Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Hou L, Zhang A, Wang R, Zhao P, Zhang D, Jiang Y, Diddugodage CJ, Wang X, Ni Z, Xu S. Brassinosteroid Regulates Root Development with Highly Redundant Genes in Hexaploid Wheat. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1761-1777. [PMID: 31099397 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) plays an important role in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, but its specific function remains largely unknown in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), preventing its utilization in this important crop. In this study, the function of BR and its underlying cytological role in wheat root development were comprehensively investigated. Our findings demonstrated that BR has a conserved function in regulating root length in wheat, and novel roles in regulating lateral root emergence and root diameter were uncovered. Analyses of BR homologous gene composition and evolutionary divergence demonstrated that the genetic framework of the wheat BR pathway was close to that of rice, but contained highly redundant homologous copies of genes from the subgenome A, B and D. These homologous copies showed active expression and shared a conserved BR response. The expression of wheat DWF4 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) genes in Arabidopsis confirmed that multiple homologous copies maintained their conserved function in regulating root development, highlighting their redundant status and indicating that a special challenge exists in wheat gene modification to deal with this high redundancy. However, our results suggested that the hypermorphic effect of T. aestivum GSK (TaGSK) genes with point mutations may be an effective approach to overcome this redundancy in the manipulation of BR signaling in wheat. Our study provides fundamental data uncovering the function of BR in wheat root development, the underlying genetic basis and a possible strategy to manipulate BR signaling in hexaploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chamila Jeewani Diddugodage
- Grain Legumes and Oil Crops Research and Development Centre, Department of Agriculture, Angunakolapelessa, Sri Lanka
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengbao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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He P, Yang Y, Wang Z, Zhao P, Yuan Y, Zhang L, Ma Y, Pang C, Yu J, Xiao G. Comprehensive analyses of ZFP gene family and characterization of expression profiles during plant hormone response in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:329. [PMID: 31337346 PMCID: PMC6652020 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) containing only a single zinc finger domain play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. To date, the evolutionary history and functions of the ZFP gene family have not been identified in cotton. RESULTS In this paper, we identified 29 ZFP genes in Gossypium hirsutum. This gene family was divided into seven subfamilies, 22 of which were distributed over 17 chromosomes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that 20 GhZFP genes originated from whole genome duplications and two originated from dispersed duplication events, indicating that whole genome duplication is the main force in the expansion of the GhZFP gene family. Most GhZFP8 subfamily genes, except for GhZFP8-3, were highly expressed during fiber cell growth, and were induced by brassinosteroids in vitro. Furthermore, we found that a large number of GhZFP genes contained gibberellic acid responsive elements, auxin responsive elements, and E-box elements in their promoter regions. Exogenous application of these hormones significantly stimulated the expression of these genes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that GhZFP8 genes are involved in cotton fiber development and widely induced by auxin, gibberellin and BR, which provides a foundation for the identification of more downstream genes with potential roles in phytohormone stimuli, and a basis for breeding better cotton varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Zihua Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Yi Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Yueqin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Jianing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 China
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Wang S, Liu J, Zhao T, Du C, Nie S, Zhang Y, Lv S, Huang S, Wang X. Modification of Threonine-1050 of SlBRI1 regulates BR Signalling and increases fruit yield of tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:256. [PMID: 31196007 PMCID: PMC6567510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate brassinosteroid (BR) signal strength caused by exogenous application or endogenous regulation of BR-related genes can increase crop yield. However, precise control of BR signals is difficult and can cause unstable effects and failure to reach full potential. Phosphorylated BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the rate-limiting receptor in BR signalling, transduces BR signals, and we recently demonstrated that modifying BRI1 phosphorylation sites alters BR signal strength and botanical characteristics in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of such phosphorylation sites in agronomic characteristics of crops remain unclear. RESULTS In this work, we investigated the roles of tomato SlBRI1 threonine-1050 (Thr-1050). SlBRI1 mutant cu3-abs1 plants expressing SlBRI1 with a non-phosphorylatable Thr-1050 (T1050A), with a wild-type SlBRI1 transformant used as a control, were examined. The results showed enhanced autophosphorylation of SlBRI1 and BR signal strength for cu3-abs1 harbouring T1050A, which promoted yield through increased plant expansion, leaf area, fruit weight and fruit number per cluster but reduced nutrient contents, including ascorbic acid and soluble sugar levels. Moreover, plant height, stem diameter, and internodal distance were similar between the transgenic plants. CONCLUSION Our results reveal the biological role of Thr-1050 in tomato and provide a molecular basis for establishing high-yield crops by precisely controlling BR signal strength via phosphorylation site modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chenxi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Siqi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Ouassou M, Mukhaimar M, El Amrani A, Kroymann J, Chauveau O. [Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and ecological role of secondary modification pathways]. C R Biol 2019; 342:58-80. [PMID: 31088733 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites derived from the amino acid tryptophan. They are part of a large group of sulfur-containing molecules almost exclusively found among Brassicales, which include the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with many edible plant species of major nutritional importance. These compounds mediate numerous interactions between these plants and their natural enemies and are therefore of major biological and economical interest. This literature review aims at taking stock of recent advances of our knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of indole glucosinolates, but also about the defense strategies and ecological processes involving these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ouassou
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Maisara Mukhaimar
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC)-Jenin/Gaza, Ministry of Agriculture, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Amal El Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Chauveau
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Xue S, Zou J, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhang C, Le J. Involvement of BIG5 and BIG3 in BRI1 Trafficking Reveals Diverse Functions of BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs in Plant Growth and Gravitropism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092339. [PMID: 31083521 PMCID: PMC6539719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) act as key regulators of vesicle trafficking in all eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, there are eight ARF-GEFs, including three members of the GBF1 subfamily and five members of the BIG subfamily. These ARF-GEFs have different subcellular localizations and regulate different trafficking pathways. Until now, the roles of these BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs have not been fully revealed. Here, analysis of the BIGs expression patterns showed that BIG3 and BIG5 have similar expression patterns. big5-1 displayed a dwarf growth and big3-1 big5-1 double mutant showed more severe defects, indicating functional redundancy between BIG3 and BIG5. Moreover, both big5-1 and big3-1 big5-1 exhibited a reduced sensitivity to Brassinosteroid (BR) treatment. Brefeldin A (BFA)-induced BR receptor Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) aggregation was reduced in big5-1 mutant, indicating that the action of BIG5 is required for BRI1 recycling. Furthermore, BR-induced dephosphorylation of transcription factor BZR1 was decreased in big3-1 big5-1 double mutants. The introduction of the gain-of-function of BZR1 mutant BZR1-1D in big3-1 big5-1 mutants can partially rescue the big3-1 big5-1 growth defects. Our findings revealed that BIG5 functions redundantly with BIG3 in plant growth and gravitropism, and BIG5 participates in BR signal transduction pathway through regulating BRI1 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junjie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yangfan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Minami A, Takahashi K, Inoue SI, Tada Y, Kinoshita T. Brassinosteroid Induces Phosphorylation of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase during Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:935-944. [PMID: 30649552 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development, and promote cell elongation at least in part via the acid-growth process. BRs have been suggested to induce cell elongation by the activating plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase. However, the mechanism by which BRs activate PM H+-ATPase has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of BR on hypocotyl elongation and the phosphorylation status of a penultimate residue, threonine, of PM H+-ATPase, which affects the activation, in the etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. Brassinolide (BL), an active endogenous BR, induced hypocotyl elongation, phosphorylation of the penultimate, threonine residue of PM H+-ATPase, and binding of the 14-3-3 protein to PM H+-ATPase in the endogenous BR-depleted seedlings. Changes in both BL-induced elongation and phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase showed similar concentration dependency. BL did not induce phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase in the BR receptor mutant bri1-6. In contrast, bikinin, a specific inhibitor of BIN2 that acts as a negative regulator of BR signaling, induced its phosphorylation. Furthermore, BL accumulated the transcripts of SMALL AUXIN UP RNA 9 (SAUR9) and SAUR19, which suppress dephosphorylation of the PM H+-ATPase penultimate residue by inhibiting D-clade type 2C protein phosphatase in the hypocotyls of etiolated seedlings. From these results, we conclude that BL-induced phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase penultimate residue is mediated via the BRI1-BIN2 signaling pathway, together with the accumulation of SAURs during hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzu Minami
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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Turnbull D, Wang H, Breen S, Malec M, Naqvi S, Yang L, Welsh L, Hemsley P, Zhendong T, Brunner F, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. AVR2 Targets BSL Family Members, Which Act as Susceptibility Factors to Suppress Host Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:571-581. [PMID: 30782963 PMCID: PMC6501069 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To be successful plant pathogens, microbes use "effector proteins" to manipulate host functions to their benefit. Identifying host targets of effector proteins and characterizing their role in the infection process allow us to better understand plant-pathogen interactions and the plant immune system. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and coimmunoprecipitation were used to demonstrate that the Phytophthora infestans effector AVIRULENCE 2 (PiAVR2) interacts with all three BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1-like (BSL) family members from potato (Solanum tuberosum). Transient expression of BSL1, BSL2, and BSL3 enhanced P. infestans leaf infection. BSL1 and BSL3 suppressed INFESTIN 1 elicitin-triggered cell death, showing that they negatively regulate immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing studies revealed that BSL2 and BSL3 are required for BSL1 stability and show that basal levels of immunity are increased in BSL-silenced plants. Immune suppression by BSL family members is dependent on the brassinosteroid-responsive host transcription factor CIB1/HBI1-like 1. The P. infestans effector PiAVR2 targets all three BSL family members in the crop plant S. tuberosum These phosphatases, known for their role in growth-promoting brassinosteroid signaling, all support P. infestans virulence and thus can be regarded as susceptibility factors in late blight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Malec
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Yang
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y.)
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Piers Hemsley
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Tian Zhendong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Frederic Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
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Song L, Chen W, Wang B, Yao QM, Valliyodan B, Bai MY, Zhao MZ, Ye H, Wang ZY, Nguyen HT. GmBZL3 acts as a major BR signaling regulator through crosstalk with multiple pathways in Glycine max. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:86. [PMID: 30795735 PMCID: PMC6387493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development. The transcription factors BZR1 and BES1/BZR2 are well characterized as downstream regulators of the BR signaling pathway in Arabidopsis and rice. Soybean contains four BZR1-like proteins (GmBZLs), and it was reported that GmBZL2 plays a conserved role in BR signaling regulation. However, the roles of other GmBZLs have not been thoroughly studied, and the targets of GmBZLs in soybean remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, we first characterized GmBZL3 in soybean from gene expression patterns, conserved domains in coding sequences, and genomic replication times of four GmBZL orthologous. The results indicated that GmBZL3 might play conserved roles during soybean development. The overexpression of GmBZL3P219L in the Arabidopsis BR-insensitive mutant bri1-5 partially rescued the phenotypic defects including BR-insensitivity, which provides further evidence that GmBZL3 functions are conserved between soybean and the homologous Arabidopsis genes. In addition, the identification of the GmBZL3 target genes through ChIP-seq technology revealed that BR has broad roles in soybean and regulates multiple pathways, including other hormone signaling, disease-related, and immunity response pathways. Moreover, the BR-regulated GmBZL3 target genes were further identified, and the results demonstrate that GmBZL3 is a major transcription factor responsible for BR-regulated gene expression and soybean growth. A comparison of GmBZL3 and AtBZR1/BES1 targets demonstrated that GmBZL3 might play conserved as well as specific roles in the soybean BR signaling network. Finally, the identification of two natural soybean varieties of the GmBZL3 mutantion by SNP analysis could facilitate the understanding of gene function during soybean development in the future. CONCLUSIONS We illustrate here that GmBZL3 orchestrates a genome-wide transcriptional response that underlies BR-mediated soybean early vegetative growth, and our results support that BRs play crucial regulatory roles in soybean morphology and gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Biao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Qiu-Ming Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, and Christopher S. Bond Life, Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Present address: Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhao
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Present address: Agronomy College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Heng Ye
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Lv M, Li M, Chen W, Wang Y, Sun C, Yin H, He K, Li J. Thermal-Enhanced bri1-301 Instability Reveals a Plasma Membrane Protein Quality Control System in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1620. [PMID: 30459799 PMCID: PMC6232910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential phytohormones mainly perceived by a single-pass transmembrane receptor-like protein kinase (RLK), BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). bri1-5 and bri1-9, two distinct mutants with point mutations in the extracellular domain of BRI1, show weak defective phenotypes. Previous studies indicated that bri1-5 and bri1-9 mutated proteins can be recognized and eliminated via an endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) mechanism. Most of these two proteins, therefore, cannot reach their destination, plasma membrane. Here, we report our functional characterization of bri1-301, another BRI1 mutant protein with an amino acid substitution in the cytoplasmic kinase domain. bri1-301 is a partially functional BR receptor with significantly decreased protein abundance. Interestingly, protein stability and subcellular localization of bri1-301 are temperature-sensitive. At 22°C, an optimal temperature for indoor Arabidopsis growth, bri1-301 shows a weak defective phenotype. At a lower temperature condition such as 18°C, bri1-301 exhibits subtle morphological defects. At a higher temperature condition such as 28°C, on the other hand, bri1-301 displays an extremely severe phenotype reminiscent to that of a null bri1 mutant due to greatly increased bri1-301 internalization and degradation. Our detailed analyses suggest that bri1-301 stability is controlled by ERQC and plasma membrane quality control (PMQC) systems. Since PMQC has not been well studied in plants, bri1-301 can be used as a model mutant for future genetic dissection of this critical process.
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Gruszka D. Crosstalk of the Brassinosteroid Signalosome with Phytohormonal and Stress Signaling Components Maintains a Balance between the Processes of Growth and Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092675. [PMID: 30205610 PMCID: PMC6163518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones, which regulate various processes during plant life cycle. Intensive studies conducted with genetic, physiological and molecular approaches allowed identification of various components participating in the BR signaling—from the ligand perception, through cytoplasmic signal transduction, up to the BR-dependent gene expression, which is regulated by transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. The identification of new components of the BR signaling is an ongoing process, however an emerging view of the BR signalosome indicates that this process is interconnected at various stages with other metabolic pathways. The signaling crosstalk is mediated by the BR signaling proteins, which function as components of the transmembrane BR receptor, by a cytoplasmic kinase playing a role of the major negative regulator of the BR signaling, and by the transcription factors, which regulate the BR-dependent gene expression and form a complicated regulatory system. This molecular network of interdependencies allows a balance in homeostasis of various phytohormones to be maintained. Moreover, the components of the BR signalosome interact with factors regulating plant reactions to environmental cues and stress conditions. This intricate network of interactions enables a rapid adaptation of plant metabolism to constantly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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Tanveer M, Shahzad B, Sharma A, Biju S, Bhardwaj R. 24-Epibrassinolide; an active brassinolide and its role in salt stress tolerance in plants: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:69-79. [PMID: 29966934 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of most dramatic abiotic stresses, reduces crop yield significantly. Application of hormones proved effective salt stress ameliorating approach. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL), an active by-product from brassinolide biosynthesis shows significant salt stress tolerance in plants. EBL application improves plant growth and development under salt stress by playing as signalling compound in different metabolic and physiological processes. This article compiles all identified ways by which EBL improves plant growth and enhances crop yield. Furthermore, EBL enhances photosynthetic rate, reduces ROS production and plays important role in ionic homeostasis. Furthermore EBL-induced salt stress tolerance suggest that complex transcriptional and translational reprogramming occurs in response to EBL and salt stress therefore transcriptional and translational changes in response to EBL application are also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Tanveer
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania Hobart 2007, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania Hobart 2007, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sajitha Biju
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
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46
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Castorina G, Persico M, Zilio M, Sangiorgio S, Carabelli L, Consonni G. The maize lilliputian1 (lil1) gene, encoding a brassinosteroid cytochrome P450 C-6 oxidase, is involved in plant growth and drought response. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:227-238. [PMID: 29771294 PMCID: PMC6070094 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones involved in many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. Their role was investigated in this study through the analysis of lilliputian1-1 (lil1-1), a dwarf mutant impaired in BR biosynthesis in maize (Zea mays). METHODS We isolated lil1-1 through transposon tagging in maize. The action of lil1 was investigated through morphological and genetic analysis. Moreover, by comparing lil1-1 mutant and wild-type individuals grown under drought stress, the effect of BR reduction on the response to drought stress was examined. KEY RESULTS lil1-1 is a novel allele of the brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf1 (brd1) gene, encoding a brassinosteroid C-6 oxidase. We show in this study that lil1 is epistatic to nana plant1 (na1), a BR gene involved in earlier steps of the pathway. The lill-1 mutation causes alteration in the root gravitropic response, leaf epidermal cell density, epicuticular wax deposition and seedling adaptation to water scarcity conditions. CONCLUSIONS Lack of active BR molecules in maize causes a pleiotropic effect on plant development and improves seedling tolerance of drought. BR-deficient maize mutants can thus be instrumental in unravelling novel mechanisms on which plant adaptations to abiotic stress are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Castorina
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Persico
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Carabelli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Qin R, Zeng D, Yang C, Akhter D, Alamin M, Jin X, Shi C. LTBSG1, a New Allele of BRD2, Regulates Panicle and Grain Development in Rice by Brassinosteroid Biosynthetic Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E292. [PMID: 29891831 PMCID: PMC6027417 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panicle architecture and grain size are two important agronomic traits which determine grain yield directly in rice. In the present study, a mutant named ltbsg1 (longer top branch and shorter grain 1) was isolated from the cultivar “Zhenong 34” (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The target gene was studied through phenotype observation, genetic analysis, map-based cloning and functional analysis. The histocytological analysis indicated that the elongated top branch and shorter grain of mutant ltbsg1 were caused from the defects of cell elongation. The ltbsg1 gene in mutant revealed a single nucleotide substitution (G-A) in the exon 2 of LOC_Os10g25780, causing an amino acid variation (Glycine-Arginine) in the FAD (Flavin-adenine dinucleotide)-binding domain of delta (24)-sterol reductase, which was involved in the brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis. LTBSG1 was constitutively expressed and the protein was widely localized in chloroplast, nucleus and cytomembrane. The ltbsg1 seedlings had a lower endogenous BR level and could be restored to the phenotype of wild type by exogenous BR. The LTBSG1 knock-out lines showed similar phenotype defects as mutant ltbsg1, which confirmed that LTBSG1 was responsible for top branch elongation and grain size reduction. Furthermore, LTBSG1 along with other BR-related genes were feedback-regulated due to their obvious altered expression in mutant ltbsg1. This study demonstrated that LTBSG1 could play a new role in regulating panicle and grain development by BR biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Qin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Dongdong Zeng
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chengcong Yang
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Delara Akhter
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Alamin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chunhai Shi
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Ahmad H, Hayat S, Ali M, Liu T, Cheng Z. The combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation ( Glomus versiforme) and 28-homobrassinolide spraying intervals improves growth by enhancing photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and antioxidant system in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) under salinity. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5724-5740. [PMID: 29938088 PMCID: PMC6010694 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major obstacles in the agriculture industry causing huge losses in productivity. Several strategies such as plant growth regulators with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been used to decrease the negative effects of salt stress. In our experiment, 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) with spraying intervals was combined with AMF (Glomus versiforme) in cucumber cultivars Jinyou 1# (salt sensitive) and (Changchun mici, in short, CCMC, salt tolerant) under NaCl (100 mmol/L). Studies have documented that the foliar application of HBL and AMF colonization can enhance tolerance to plants under stress conditions. However, the mechanism of the HBL spraying intervals after 15 and 30 days in combination with AMF in cucumber under salt stress is still unknown. Our results revealed that the HBL spraying interval after 15 days in combination with AMF resulted in improved growth, photosynthesis, and decreased sodium toxicity under NaCl. Moreover, the antioxidant enzymes SOD (superoxide dismutase; EC 1.15.1.1) and POD activity (peroxidase; EC 1.11.1.7) showed a gradual increase after every 10 days, while the CAT (catalase; EC 1.11.1.6) increased after 30 days of salt treatments in both cultivars. This research suggests that the enhanced tolerance to salinity was mainly related to elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes and lower uptake of Na+, which lowers the risk of ion toxicity and decreases cell membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Ahmad
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Sikandar Hayat
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Tao Liu
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Youn JH, Kim TW, Joo SH, Son SH, Roh J, Kim S, Kim TW, Kim SK. Function and molecular regulation of DWARF1 as a C-24 reductase in brassinosteroid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1873-1886. [PMID: 29432595 PMCID: PMC6018864 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
DWARF1 (DWF1) is a sterol C-24 reductase that catalyses the conversion of 24-methylenecholesterol (24-MCHR) to campesterol (CR) in Arabidopsis. A loss-of-function mutant, dwf1, showed similar phenotypic abnormalities to brassinosteroid (BR)-deficient mutants. These abnormalities were reversed in the wild-type phenotype by exogenous application of castasterone (CS) and brassinolide (BL), but not dolichosterone (DS). Accumulation of DS and decreased CS were found in quantitative analysis of endogenous BRs in dwf1. The enzyme solution prepared from dwf1 was unable to convert 6-deoxoDS to 6-deoxoCS and DS to CS, as seen in either wild-type or 35S:DWF1 transgenic plants. This suggests that DWF1 has enzyme activity not only for a sterol C-24 reductase, but also for a BR C-24 reductase that catalyses C-24 reduction of 6-deoxoDS to 6-deoxoCS and of DS to CS in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of DWF1 in a BR-deficient mutant (det2 35S:DWF1) clearly rescued abnormalities found in det2, indicating that DWF1 functions in biosynthesis of active BRs in Arabidopsis. Expression of DWF1 is down-regulated by application of CS and BL and in a BR-dominant mutant, bes1-D. E-boxes in the putative promoter region of DWF1 directly bind to a BR transcription factor, BES1, implying that DWF1 expression is feedback-regulated by BR signaling via BES1. Overall, biosynthesis of 24-methylene BR is an alternative route for generating CS, which is mediated and regulated by DWF1 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Youn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Son
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Roh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wuk Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Xu L. Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase involved in brassinosteroid homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1925-1941. [PMID: 29462426 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant-specific steroidal hormones; BR homeostasis is crucial for various aspects of plant growth and development. However, to date, the BR inactivation process has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel BAHD family acyltransferase gene, BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 (BIA2), involved in BR inactivation. BIA2-overexpressing (OE-BIA2) plants displayed typical BR-deficient phenotypes, which were rescued by exogenous BR treatment. Real-time qRT-PCR and transcriptome analyses showed that expression levels of virtually all of the BR biosynthetic genes were increased, whereas the expression of many BR inactivation genes was reduced in OE-BIA2 plants. Root inhibition assays showed that the root growth of OE-BIA2 plants was inhibited. We obtained plants with an intermediate phenotype by crossing the OE-BIA2 plants with BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1)-overexpressing plants. The null BIA2 mutants had longer hypocotyls in the dark. BIA2 was predominantly expressed in roots, and its expression was induced by 24-epibrassinolide or dark treatment, but it exhibited a differential expression pattern compared with its homologue, BIA1. Furthermore, genetic transformation with point-mutant and deleted-BIA2 constructs confirmed that the HXXXD motif is essential for the function of BIA2. Taken together, these findings indicate that BIA2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase that is involved in BR homeostasis and may inactivate bioactive BRs by esterification, particularly in roots and hypocotyls under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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