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Xu Y, Tian W, Yin M, Cai Z, Zhang L, Yuan D, Yi H, Wu J. The miR159a-DUO1 module regulates pollen development by modulating auxin biosynthesis and starch metabolism in citrus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1351-1369. [PMID: 38578168 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Achieving seedlessness in citrus varieties is one of the important objectives of citrus breeding. Male sterility associated with abnormal pollen development is an important factor in seedlessness. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying the seedlessness phenotype in citrus is still limited. Here, we determined that the miR159a-DUO1 module played an important role in regulating pollen development in citrus, which further indirectly modulated seed development and fruit size. Both the overexpression of csi-miR159a and the knocking out of DUO1 in Hong Kong kumquat (Fortunella hindsii) resulted in small and seedless fruit phenotypes. Moreover, pollen was severely aborted in both transgenic lines, with arrested pollen mitotic I and abnormal pollen starch metabolism. Through additional cross-pollination experiments, DUO1 was proven to be the key target gene for miR159a to regulate male sterility in citrus. Based on DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq), RNA-seq, and verified interaction assays, YUC2/YUC6, SS4 and STP8 were identified as downstream target genes of DUO1, those were all positively regulated by DUO1. In transgenic F. hindsii lines, the miR159a-DUO1 module down-regulated the expression of YUC2/YUC6, which decreased indoleacetic acid (IAA) levels and modulated auxin signaling to repress pollen mitotic I. The miR159a-DUO1 module reduced the expression of the starch synthesis gene SS4 and sugar transport gene STP8 to disrupt starch metabolism in pollen. Overall, this work reveals a new mechanism by which the miR159a-DUO1 module regulates pollen development and elucidates the molecular regulatory network underlying male sterility in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenxiu Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Minqiang Yin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenmei Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Hualin Yi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juxun Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Fang H, Shi Y, Liu S, Jin R, Sun J, Grierson D, Li S, Chen K. The transcription factor CitZAT5 modifies sugar accumulation and hexose proportion in citrus fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1858-1876. [PMID: 36911987 PMCID: PMC10315291 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are fundamental to plant developmental processes. For fruits, the accumulation and proportion of sugars play crucial roles in the development of quality and attractiveness. In citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco.), we found that the difference in sweetness between mature fruits of "Gongchuan" and its bud sport "Youliang" is related to hexose contents. Expression of a SuS (sucrose synthase) gene CitSUS5 and a SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) gene CitSWEET6, characterized by transcriptome analysis at different developmental stages of these 2 varieties, revealed higher expression levels in "Youliang" fruit. The roles of CitSUS5 and CitSWEET6 were investigated by enzyme activity and transient assays. CitSUS5 promoted the cleavage of sucrose to hexoses, and CitSWEET6 was identified as a fructose transporter. Further investigation identified the transcription factor CitZAT5 (ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA) that contributes to sucrose metabolism and fructose transportation by positively regulating CitSUS5 and CitSWEET6. The role of CitZAT5 in fruit sugar accumulation and hexose proportion was investigated by homologous transient CitZAT5 overexpression, -VIGS, and -RNAi. CitZAT5 modulates the hexose proportion in citrus by mediating CitSUS5 and CitSWEET6 expression, and the molecular mechanism explained the differences in sugar composition of "Youliang" and "Gongchuan" fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heting Fang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shengchao Liu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Rong Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Department of Horticulture and Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jun Sun
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Hagelthorn L, Monfared MM, Talo A, Harmon FG, Fletcher JC. Unique and overlapping functions for the transcriptional regulators KANADI1 and ULTRAPETALA1 in Arabidopsis gynoecium and stamen gene regulation. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e496. [PMID: 37168319 PMCID: PMC10165739 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants generate their reproductive organs, the stamens and the carpels, de novo within the flowers that form when the plant reaches maturity. The carpels comprise the female reproductive organ, the gynoecium, a complex organ that develops along several axes of polarity and is crucial for plant reproduction, fruit formation, and seed dispersal. The epigenetic trithorax group (trxG) protein ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) and the GARP domain transcription factor KANADI1 (KAN1) act cooperatively to regulate Arabidopsis thaliana gynoecium patterning along the apical-basal polarity axis; however, the molecular pathways through which this patterning activity is achieved remain to be explored. In this study, we used transcriptomics to identify genome-wide ULT1 and KAN1 target genes during reproductive development. We discovered 278 genes in developing flowers that are regulated by ULT1, KAN1, or both factors together. Genes involved in developmental and reproductive processes are overrepresented among ULT1 and/or KAN1 target genes, along with genes involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses. Consistent with their function in regulating gynoecium patterning, a number of the downstream target genes are expressed in the developing gynoecium, including a unique subset restricted to the stigmatic tissue. Further, we also uncovered a number of KAN1- and ULT1-induced genes that are transcribed predominantly or exclusively in developing stamens. These findings reveal a potential cooperative role for ULT1 and KAN1 in male as well as female reproductive development that can be investigated with future genetic and molecular experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Hagelthorn
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mona M. Monfared
- Present address:
Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anthony Talo
- Biology DepartmentSt. Mary's College of CaliforniaMoragaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Frank G. Harmon
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer C. Fletcher
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceAlbanyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Lee SK, Lee J, Jo M, Jeon JS. Exploration of Sugar and Starch Metabolic Pathway Crucial for Pollen Fertility in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214091. [PMID: 36430574 PMCID: PMC9695277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the primary storage carbohydrate in mature pollen grains in many crop plants, including rice. Impaired starch accumulation causes male sterility because of the shortage of energy and building blocks for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Thus, starch-defective pollen is applicable for inducing male sterility and hybrid rice production. Despite the importance of pollen starch, the details of the starch biosynthesis and breakdown pathway in pollen are still largely unknown. As pollen is isolated from the maternal tissue, photoassimilate transported from leaves must pass through the apoplastic space from the anther to the filial pollen, where it is stored as starch. Several sugar transporters and enzymes are involved in this process, but many are still unknown. Thus, the current review provides possible scenarios for sucrose transport and metabolic pathways that lead to starch biosynthesis and breakdown in rice pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
| | - Juho Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Jo
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
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5
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Han Y, Hu M, Ma X, Yan G, Wang C, Jiang S, Lai J, Zhang M. Exploring key developmental phases and phase-specific genes across the entirety of anther development in maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1394-1410. [PMID: 35607822 PMCID: PMC10360140 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anther development from stamen primordium to pollen dispersal is complex and essential to sexual reproduction. How this highly dynamic and complex developmental process is controlled genetically is not well understood, especially for genes involved in specific key developmental phases. Here we generated RNA sequencing libraries spanning 10 key stages across the entirety of anther development in maize (Zea mays). Global transcriptome analyses revealed distinct phases of cell division and expansion, meiosis, pollen maturation, and mature pollen, for which we detected 50, 245, 42, and 414 phase-specific marker genes, respectively. Phase-specific transcription factor genes were significantly enriched in the phase of meiosis. The phase-specific expression of these marker genes was highly conserved among the maize lines Chang7-2 and W23, indicating they might have important roles in anther development. We explored a desiccation-related protein gene, ZmDRP1, which was exclusively expressed in the tapetum from the tetrad to the uninucleate microspore stage, by generating knockout mutants. Notably, mutants in ZmDRP1 were completely male-sterile, with abnormal Ubisch bodies and defective pollen exine. Our work provides a glimpse into the gene expression dynamics and a valuable resource for exploring the roles of key phase-specific genes that regulate anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center of China Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ge Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Siqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center of China Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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6
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Liu T, Bao C, Ban Q, Wang C, Hu T, Wang J. Genome-wide identification of sugar transporter gene family in Brassicaceae crops and an expression analysis in the radish. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:245. [PMID: 35585498 PMCID: PMC9115943 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar not only is an important biomacromolecule that plays important roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance but also provides a skeleton for other macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play essential roles in plant sugar transport and ultimately affect the abovementioned life processes. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family in Brassicaceae crops are still largely unknown, and the functional differentiation of radish STP genes remains unclear. RESULTS In the present study, a comparative genomic study of STP genes in five representative Brassicaceae crops was conducted, and a total of 25, 25, 28, 36 and 49 STP genes were individually identified in Raphanus sativus (Rs), Brassica oleracea (Bo), B. rapa (Br), B. napus (Bn) and B. juncea (Bj), which were divided into four clades by phylogenetic analysis. The number of STP genes was no direct correlation with genome size and the total number of coding genes in Brassicaceae crops, and their physical and chemical properties showed no significant difference. Expression analysis showed that radish STP genes play vital roles not only in flower and seedpod development but also under heavy metal (cadmium, chromium and lead), NaCl and PEG-6000 stresses, Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection, and exogenous sugar treatment. RsSTP13.2 was significantly upregulated in the resistant radish cultivar by A. tumefaciens infection and induced by heavy metal, NaCl and PEG-6000 stress, indicating that it is involved in resistance to both biotic and abiotic stress in radish. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides insights into the evolutionary patterns of the STP gene family in Brassicaceae genomes and provides a theoretical basis for future functional analysis of STP genes in Brassicaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Chonglai Bao
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Changyi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Tianhua Hu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
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Wang J, Yu YC, Li Y, Chen LQ. Hexose transporter SWEET5 confers galactose sensitivity to Arabidopsis pollen germination via a galactokinase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:388-401. [PMID: 35188197 PMCID: PMC9070816 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Galactose is an abundant and essential sugar used for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in different organisms, including plants. Galactose metabolism is tightly and finely controlled, since excess galactose and its derivatives are inhibitory to plant growth. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), root growth and pollen germination are strongly inhibited by excess galactose. However, the mechanism of galactose-induced inhibition during pollen germination remains obscure. In this study, we characterized a plasma membrane-localized transporter, Arabidopsis Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 5, that transports glucose and galactose. SWEET5 protein levels started to accumulate at the tricellular stage of pollen development and peaked in mature pollen, before rapidly declining after pollen germinated. SWEET5 levels are responsible for the dosage-dependent sensitivity to galactose, and galactokinase is essential for these inhibitory effects during pollen germination. However, sugar measurement results indicate that galactose flux dynamics and sugar metabolism, rather than the steady-state galactose level, may explain phenotypic differences between sweet5 and Col-0 in galactose inhibition of pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Yu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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Ko HY, Tseng HW, Ho LH, Wang L, Chang TF, Lin A, Ruan YL, Neuhaus HE, Guo WJ. Hexose translocation mediated by SlSWEET5b is required for pollen maturation in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:344-359. [PMID: 35166824 PMCID: PMC9070840 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pollen fertility is critical for successful fertilization and, accordingly, for crop yield. While sugar unloading affects the growth and development of all types of sink organs, the molecular nature of sugar import to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pollen is poorly understood. However, sugar will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) have been proposed to be involved in pollen development. Here, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that SlSWEET5b was markedly expressed in flowers when compared to the remaining tomato SlSWEETs, particularly in the stamens of maturing flower buds undergoing mitosis. Distinct accumulation of SlSWEET5b-β-glucuronidase activities was present in mature flower buds, especially in anther vascular and inner cells, symplasmic isolated microspores (pollen grains), and styles. The demonstration that SlSWEET5b-GFP fusion proteins are located in the plasma membrane supports the idea that the SlSWEET5b carrier functions in apoplasmic sugar translocation during pollen maturation. This is consistent with data from yeast complementation experiments and radiotracer uptake, showing that SlSWEET5b operates as a low-affinity hexose-specific passive facilitator, with a Km of ∼36 mM. Most importantly, RNAi-mediated suppression of SlSWEET5b expression resulted in shrunken nucleus-less pollen cells, impaired germination, and low seed yield. Moreover, stamens from SlSWEET5b-silenced tomato mutants showed significantly lower amounts of sucrose (Suc) and increased invertase activity, indicating reduced carbon supply and perturbed Suc homeostasis in these tissues. Taken together, our findings reveal the essential role of SlSWEET5b in mediating apoplasmic hexose import into phloem unloading cells and into developing pollen cells to support pollen mitosis and maturation in tomato flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li-Hsuan Ho
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 22 D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Germany
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Tzu-Fang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 7013, Taiwan
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 7013, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 22 D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Germany
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9
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Santiago JP, Soltani A, Bresson MM, Preiser AL, Lowry DB, Sharkey TD. Contrasting anther glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities between two bean varieties suggest an important role in reproductive heat tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2185-2199. [PMID: 33783858 PMCID: PMC8360076 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are highly sensitive to elevated temperatures, and rising global temperatures threaten bean production. Plants at the reproductive stage are especially susceptible to heat stress due to damage to male (anthers) and female (ovary) reproductive tissues, with anthers being more sensitive to heat. Heat damage promotes early tapetal cell degradation, and in beans this was shown to cause male infertility. In this study, we focus on understanding how changes in leaf carbon export in response to elevated temperature stress contribute to heat-induced infertility. We hypothesize that anther glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity plays an important role at elevated temperature and promotes thermotolerance. To test this hypothesis, we compared heat-tolerant and susceptible common bean genotypes using a combination of phenotypic, biochemical, and physiological approaches. Our results identified changes in leaf sucrose export, anther sugar accumulation and G6PDH activity and anther H2 O2 levels and antioxidant-related enzymes between genotypes at elevated temperature. Further, anther respiration rate was found to be lower at high temperature in both bean varieties. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that enhanced male reproductive heat tolerance involves changes in the anther oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, which supplies reductants to critical H2 O2 scavenging enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Santiago
- Michigan State University‐Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Ali Soltani
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Madeline M. Bresson
- Michigan State University‐Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Alyssa L. Preiser
- Michigan State University‐Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - David B. Lowry
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Michigan State University‐Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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10
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Liu J, Liu M, Tan L, Huai B, Ma X, Pan Q, Zheng P, Wen Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Kang Z, Xiao S. AtSTP8, an endoplasmic reticulum-localised monosaccharide transporter from Arabidopsis, is recruited to the extrahaustorial membrane during powdery mildew infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2404-2419. [PMID: 33728642 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic pathogens are believed to strategically manipulate sugar transport in host cells to enhance their access to carbohydrates. However, mechanisms of sugar translocation from host cells to biotrophic fungi such as powdery mildew across the plant-haustorium interface remain poorly understood. To investigate this question, systematic subcellular localisation analysis was performed for all the 14 members of the monosaccharide sugar transporter protein (STP) family in Arabidopsis thaliana. The best candidate AtSTP8 was further characterised for its transport properties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and potential role in powdery mildew infection by gene ablation and overexpression in Arabidopsis. Our results showed that AtSTP8 was mainly localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and appeared to be recruited to the host-derived extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) induced by powdery mildew. Functional complementation assays in S. cerevisiae suggested that AtSTP8 can transport a broad spectrum of hexose substrates. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtSTP8 showed increased hexose concentration in leaf tissues and enhanced susceptibility to powdery mildew. Our data suggested that the ER-localised sugar transporter AtSTP8 may be recruited to the EHM where it may be involved in sugar acquisition by haustoria of powdery mildew from host cells in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Mengxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liqiang Tan
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611830, China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yingqiang Wen
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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11
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Liu H, Li C, Qiao L, Hu L, Wang X, Wang J, Ruan X, Yang G, Yin G, Wang C, Sun Z, Ma K, Li L. The Sugar Transporter family in wheat ( Triticum aestivum. L): genome-wide identification, classification, and expression profiling during stress in seedlings. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11371. [PMID: 33987032 PMCID: PMC8103919 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugar transporter protein (STP) plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance. We performed genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the STP gene family to investigate the STPSs’ potential roles in the growth of wheat seedlings under stress. Here, a total of 81 TaSTP genes containing the Sugar_tr conserved motif were identified within the wheat genome. Bioinformatic studies including phylogenetic tree, chromosome position, and tandem repeat were performed to analyze the identified genes. The 81 TaSTP genes can be classified into five main groups according to their structural and phylogenetic features, with several subgroups, which were located separately on chromosomes A, B, and D. Moreover, six gene clusters were formed with more than three genes each. The results of three comparative syntenic maps of wheat associated with three representative species suggested that STP genes have strong relationships in monocots. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that most TaSTP genes displayed different expression profiles after seedlings were subjected to six days of different stress (10% PEG6000, 150 mM NaCl, and their combination, respectively), suggesting that these genes may be involved in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance. In conclusion, 81 TaSTP genes were identified and their expressions changed under stress, indicating TaSTP’s potential roles in wheat growth monosaccharide distribution is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhan Liu
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhoukou, Henan, China.,College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqiong Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Lizong Hu
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Xianle Ruan
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Guihong Yin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Chunping Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhongke Sun
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Keshi Ma
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Lili Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
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12
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Geiger D. Plant glucose transporter structure and function. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1111-1128. [PMID: 32845347 PMCID: PMC8298354 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The carbohydrate D-glucose is the main source of energy in living organisms. In contrast to animals, as well as most fungi, bacteria, and archaea, plants are capable to synthesize a surplus of sugars characterizing them as autothrophic organisms. Thus, plants are de facto the source of all food on earth, either directly or indirectly via feed to livestock. Glucose is stored as polymeric glucan, in animals as glycogen and in plants as starch. Despite serving a general source for metabolic energy and energy storage, glucose is the main building block for cellulose synthesis and represents the metabolic starting point of carboxylate- and amino acid synthesis. Finally yet importantly, glucose functions as signalling molecule conveying the plant metabolic status for adjustment of growth, development, and survival. Therefore, cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of photoassimilates/sugars throughout the plant body require the fine-tuned activity of sugar transporters facilitating the transport across membranes. The functional plant counterparts of the animal sodium/glucose transporters (SGLTs) are represented by the proton-coupled sugar transport proteins (STPs) of the plant monosaccharide transporter(-like) family (MST). In the framework of this special issue on “Glucose Transporters in Health and Disease,” this review gives an overview of the function and structure of plant STPs in comparison to the respective knowledge obtained with the animal Na+-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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13
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Pommerrenig B, Müdsam C, Kischka D, Neuhaus HE. Treat and trick: common regulation and manipulation of sugar transporters during sink establishment by the plant and the pathogen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3930-3940. [PMID: 32242225 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transport proteins are crucial for the coordinated allocation of sugars. In this Expert View we summarize recent key findings of the roles and regulation of sugar transporters in inter- and intracellular transport by focusing on applied approaches, demonstrating how sucrose transporter activity may alter source and sink dynamics and their identities. The plant itself alters its sugar transport activity in a developmentally dependent manner to either establish or load endogenous sinks, for example, during tuber formation and filling. Pathogens represent aberrant sinks that trigger the plant to induce the same processes, resulting in loss of carbon assimilates. We explore common mechanisms of intrinsic, developmentally dependent processes and aberrant, pathogen-induced manipulation of sugar transport. Transporter activity may also be targeted by breeding or genetic modification approaches in crop plants to alter source and sink metabolism upon the overexpression or heterologous expression of these proteins. In addition, we highlight recent progress in the use of sugar analogs to study these processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Müdsam
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Kischka
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Komaitis F, Kalliampakou K, Botou M, Nikolaidis M, Kalloniati C, Skliros D, Du B, Rennenberg H, Amoutzias GD, Frillingos S, Flemetakis E. Molecular and physiological characterization of the monosaccharide transporters gene family in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3110-3125. [PMID: 32016431 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) represent key components of the carbon transport and partitioning mechanisms in plants, mediating the cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution of a wide variety of monosaccharides. In this study, we performed a thorough structural, molecular, and physiological characterization of the monosaccharide transporter gene family in the model legume Medicago truncatula. The complete set of MST family members was identified with a novel bioinformatic approach. Prolonged darkness was used as a test condition to identify the relevant transcriptomic and metabolic responses combining MST transcript profiling and metabolomic analysis. Our results suggest that MSTs play a pivotal role in the efficient partitioning and utilization of sugars, and possibly in the mechanisms of carbon remobilization in nodules upon photosynthate-limiting conditions, as nodules are forced to acquire a new role as a source of both C and N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Komaitis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kalliampakou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Botou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marios Nikolaidis
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Kalloniati
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Skliros
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Baoguo Du
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Grigoris D Amoutzias
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stathis Frillingos
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Li C, Meng D, Piñeros MA, Mao Y, Dandekar AM, Cheng L. A Sugar Transporter Takes Up both Hexose and Sucrose for Sorbitol-Modulated In Vitro Pollen Tube Growth in Apple. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:449-469. [PMID: 31826966 PMCID: PMC7008483 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid pollen tube growth requires uptake of Suc or its hydrolytic products, hexoses, from the apoplast of surrounding tissues in the style. Due to species-specific sugar requirements, reliance of pollen germination and tube growth on cell wall invertase and Suc or hexose transporters varies between species, but it is not known if plants have a sugar transporter that mediates the uptake of both hexose and Suc for pollen tube growth. Here, we show that a sugar transporter protein in apple (Malus domestica), MdSTP13a, takes up both hexose and Suc when expressed in yeast, and is essential for pollen tube growth on Glc and Suc but not on maltose. MdSTP13a-mediated direct uptake of Suc is primarily responsible for apple pollen tube growth on Suc medium. Sorbitol, a major photosynthate and transport carbohydrate in apple, modulates pollen tube growth via the MYB transcription factor MdMYB39L, which binds to the promoter of MdSTP13a to activate its expression. Antisense repression of MdSTP13a blocks sorbitol-modulated pollen tube growth. These findings demonstrate that MdSTP13a takes up both hexose and Suc for sorbitol-modulated pollen tube growth in apple, revealing a situation where acquisition of sugars for pollen tube growth is regulated by a sugar alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Li
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Dong Meng
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Miguel A Piñeros
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yuxin Mao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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16
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Huai B, Yang Q, Wei X, Pan Q, Kang Z, Liu J. TaSTP13 contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust possibly by increasing cytoplasmic hexose concentration. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:49. [PMID: 32000681 PMCID: PMC6993525 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotrophic fungi make intimate contact with host cells to access nutrients. Sugar is considered as the main carbon sources absorbed from host cells by pathogens. Partition, exchanges and competition for sugar at plant-pathogen interfaces are controlled by sugar transporters. Previous studies have indicated that the leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr67, a natural mutation of TaSTP13 encoding a wheat sugar transport protein, confers partial resistance to all three wheat rust species and powdery mildew possibly due to weakened sugar transport activity of TaSTP13 by heterodimerization. However, one major problem that remains unresolved concerns whether TaSTP13 participates in wheat susceptibility to rust and mildew. RESULTS In this study, expression of TaSTP13 was highly induced in wheat leaves challenged by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and certain abiotic treatments. TaSTP13 was localized in the plasma membrane and functioned as homooligomers. In addition, a functional domain for its transport activity was identified in yeast. Suppression of TaSTP13 reduced wheat susceptibility to Pst by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). While overexpression of TaSTP13 promoted Arabidopsis susceptibility to powdery mildew and led to increased glucose accumulation in the leaves. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TaSTP13 is transcriptionally induced and contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust, possibly by promoting cytoplasmic hexose accumulation for fungal sugar acquisition in wheat-Pst interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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17
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Huai B, Yang Q, Wei X, Pan Q, Kang Z, Liu J. TaSTP13 contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust possibly by increasing cytoplasmic hexose concentration. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:49. [PMID: 32000681 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2248-2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotrophic fungi make intimate contact with host cells to access nutrients. Sugar is considered as the main carbon sources absorbed from host cells by pathogens. Partition, exchanges and competition for sugar at plant-pathogen interfaces are controlled by sugar transporters. Previous studies have indicated that the leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr67, a natural mutation of TaSTP13 encoding a wheat sugar transport protein, confers partial resistance to all three wheat rust species and powdery mildew possibly due to weakened sugar transport activity of TaSTP13 by heterodimerization. However, one major problem that remains unresolved concerns whether TaSTP13 participates in wheat susceptibility to rust and mildew. RESULTS In this study, expression of TaSTP13 was highly induced in wheat leaves challenged by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and certain abiotic treatments. TaSTP13 was localized in the plasma membrane and functioned as homooligomers. In addition, a functional domain for its transport activity was identified in yeast. Suppression of TaSTP13 reduced wheat susceptibility to Pst by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). While overexpression of TaSTP13 promoted Arabidopsis susceptibility to powdery mildew and led to increased glucose accumulation in the leaves. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TaSTP13 is transcriptionally induced and contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust, possibly by promoting cytoplasmic hexose accumulation for fungal sugar acquisition in wheat-Pst interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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18
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Huai B, Yang Q, Qian Y, Qian W, Kang Z, Liu J. ABA-Induced Sugar Transporter TaSTP6 Promotes Wheat Susceptibility to Stripe Rust. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1328-1343. [PMID: 31540949 PMCID: PMC6836835 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic pathogens, such as wheat rust fungi, survive on nutrients derived from host cells. Sugar appears to be the major carbon source transferred from host cells to various fungal pathogens; however, the molecular mechanism by which host sugar transporters are manipulated by fungal pathogens for nutrient uptake is poorly understood. TaSTP6, a sugar transporter protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum), was previously shown to exhibit enhanced expression in leaves upon infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. In this study, we found that Pst infection caused increased accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and that application of exogenous ABA significantly enhanced TaSTP6 expression. Moreover, knockdown of TaSTP6 expression by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing reduced wheat susceptibility to the Pst pathotype CYR31, suggesting that TaSTP6 expression upregulation contributes to Pst host sugar acquisition. Consistent with this, TaSTP6 overexpression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoted plant susceptibility to powdery mildew and led to increased Glc accumulation in the leaves. Functional complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that TaSTP6 has broad substrate specificity, indicating that TaSTP6 is an active sugar transporter. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that TaSTP6 localizes to the plasma membrane. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments revealed that TaSTP6 undergoes oligomerization. Taken together, our results suggest that Pst stimulates ABA biosynthesis in host cells and thereby upregulates TaSTP6 expression, which increases sugar supply and promotes fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingrui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Niño-González M, Novo-Uzal E, Richardson DN, Barros PM, Duque P. More Transporters, More Substrates: The Arabidopsis Major Facilitator Superfamily Revisited. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1182-1202. [PMID: 31330327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is ubiquitous in living organisms and represents the largest group of secondary active membrane transporters. In plants, significant research efforts have focused on the role of specific families within the MFS, particularly those transporting macronutrients (C, N, and P) that constitute the vast majority of the members of this superfamily. Other MFS families remain less explored, although a plethora of additional substrates and physiological functions have been uncovered. Nevertheless, the lack of a systematic approach to analyzing the MFS as a whole has obscured the high diversity and versatility of these transporters. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of all annotated MFS domain-containing proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and propose that this superfamily of transporters consists of 218 members, clustered in 22 families. In reviewing the available information regarding the diversity in biological functions and substrates of Arabidopsis MFS members, we provide arguments for intensified research on these membrane transporters to unveil the breadth of their physiological relevance, disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying their mode of action, and explore their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro M Barros
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, ITQB NOVA - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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20
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Darkness-induced effects on gene expression in Cosmarium crenatum (Zygnematophyceae) from a polar habitat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10559. [PMID: 31332253 PMCID: PMC6646379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a key environmental regulator in all photosynthetic organisms. Many studies focused on the physiologic response to changes in light availability of species from the Zygnematophyceae, but the impact of the absence of light and the molecular acclimation process on the other side have been poorly understood. Here we present transcriptomic analyses of Cosmarium crenatum from a polar habitat exposed to darkness. The algae were cultured in dark for one week; cell number and quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were monitored. Cell number was stable, but the Fv/Fm decreased in both groups, darkness-treated and control. Gene expression analysis revealed a strong repression of transcripts associated with photosynthesis, photorespiration and cell wall development. General carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were differentially regulated, but starch is shown to be the primary energy source in these conditions. Additionally, C. crenatum induced mRNA responsible for epigenetic modifications which may be a specific response to an adaption and acclimation to polar conditions. Our study sheds light on the molecular acclimation process to darkness and provides ecological implications for new perspectives in this specialized group of green algae.
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21
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Yan F, Deng W, Pang X, Gao Y, Chan H, Zhang Q, Hu N, Chen J, Li Z. Overexpression of the KNOX gene Tkn4 affects pollen development and confers sensitivity to gibberellin and auxin in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:61-71. [PMID: 30824062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The knotted1-like homeobox genes not only regulate the formation and differentiation of meristems and vascular system but are also involved in biosynthesis and signal transduction of diverse plant hormones in tomato. Here, we showed that a knotted1-like homeobox gene Tkn4 is required for pollen and pollen tube growth when this gene is overexpressed in tomato. Pollen grains in the Tkn4 overexpressed plants (Tkn4-OX) germinated quicker than those in the wild-type (WT) plant cultured in vitro in germination media. The percentage of fruit set was higher in Tkn4-OX than in WT plants and the transgenic plants showed an ordered inflorescence. Tkn4-OX seedlings also exhibited sensitivity to gibberellins (GA) and auxins. RNA sequencing results showed that the expression of genes related to sugar, cell wall-modification, microtubule-associated vesicular transport for pollen growth, GA and auxin synthesis were significantly changed. Hence, Tkn4 contributes to a function in the development of pollen and pollen tube and the regulation of phytohormones to participate in plant growth. These results provided a potential application value for agricultural improvement to enhance the rate of fruit set in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Pang
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Yushuo Gao
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Helen Chan
- University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxuan Chen
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China.
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22
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Rottmann T, Fritz C, Sauer N, Stadler R. Glucose Uptake via STP Transporters Inhibits in Vitro Pollen Tube Growth in a HEXOKINASE1-Dependent Manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2057-2081. [PMID: 30120167 PMCID: PMC6181011 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth requires a high amount of metabolic energy and precise targeting toward the ovules. Sugars, especially glucose, can serve as nutrients and as signaling molecules. Unexpectedly, in vitro assays revealed an inhibitory effect of glucose on pollen tube elongation, contradicting the hypothesis that monosaccharide uptake is a source of nutrition for growing pollen tubes. Measurements with Förster resonance energy transfer-based nanosensors revealed that glucose is taken up into pollen tubes and that the intracellular concentration is in the low micromolar range. Pollen tubes of stp4-6-8-9-10-11 sextuple knockout plants generated by crossings and CRISPR/Cas9 showed only a weak response to glucose, indicating that glucose uptake into pollen tubes is mediated mainly by these six monosaccharide transporters of the SUGAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN (STP) family. Analyses of HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) showed a strong expression of this gene in pollen. Together with the glucose insensitivity and altered semi-in vivo growth rate of pollen tubes from hxk1 knockout lines, this strongly suggests that glucose is an important signaling molecule for pollen tubes, is taken up by STPs, and detected by HXK1. Equimolar amounts of fructose abolish the inhibitory effect of glucose indicating that only an excess of glucose is interpreted as a signal. This provides a possible model for the discrimination of signaling and nutritional sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rottmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Fritz
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Salinas-Grenet H, Herrera-Vásquez A, Parra S, Cortez A, Gutiérrez L, Pollmann S, León G, Blanco-Herrera F. Modulation of Auxin Levels in Pollen Grains Affects Stamen Development and Anther Dehiscence in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092480. [PMID: 30131475 PMCID: PMC6164920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin regulates diverse aspects of flower development in plants, such as differentiation of the apical meristem, elongation of the stamen, and maturation of anthers and pollen. It is known that auxin accumulates in pollen, but little information regarding the biological relevance of auxin in this tissue at different times of development is available. In this work, we manipulated the amount of free auxin specifically in developing pollen, using transgenic Arabidopsis lines that express the bacterial indole-3-acetic acid-lysine synthetase (iaaL) gene driven by a collection of pollen-specific promoters. The iaaL gene codes for an indole-3-acetic acid-lysine synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of free auxin into inactive indole-3-acetyl-l-lysine. The transgenic lines showed several abnormalities, including the absence of short stamina, a diminished seed set, aberrant pollen tubes, and perturbations in the synchronization of anther dehiscence and stamina development. This article describes the importance of auxin accumulation in pollen and its role in stamina and anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Salinas-Grenet
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Samuel Parra
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
| | - Allan Cortez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
| | - Lilian Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)⁻Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
| | - Gabriel León
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0186, Chile.
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile.
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24
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Fan M, Zhang C, Shi L, Liu C, Ma W, Chen M, Liu K, Cai F, Wang G, Wei Z, Jiang M, Liu Z, Javeed A, Lin F. ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2, encoding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, are involved in maize pollen development with additive effect. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1402-1414. [PMID: 29327510 PMCID: PMC6041449 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are important physiological processes of sexual reproduction of plants and also are involved in signal transduction. Our previous study reveals that ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2 are two receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCK) homologs in Zea mays as members of receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) subfamily, sharing 86% identity at the amino acid level. Here, we report that ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2, expressed at late stages of pollen development, regulate maize pollen development with additive effect. ZmSTK1 or ZmSTK2 mutation exhibited severe pollen transmission deficiency, which thus influenced pollen fertility. Moreover, the kinase domains of ZmSTKs were cross-interacted with C-terminus of enolases detected by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H), respectively. Further, the detective ZmSTK1 or ZmSTK2 was associated with decreased activity of enolases and also reduced downstream metabolite contents, which enolases are involved in glycolytic pathway, such as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate, ADP/ATP, starch, glucose, sucrose and fructose. This study reveals that ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2 regulate maize pollen development and indirectly participate in glycolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Fan
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Lei Shi
- Corn Research InstituteLiaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Meiming Chen
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Kuichen Liu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Fengchun Cai
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Guohong Wang
- Corn Research InstituteLiaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zhengyi Wei
- Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor and Genetics EngineeringJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyAgro‐Biotechnology Research InstituteJilin Academy of Agricultural SciencesJilinChangchunChina
| | - Min Jiang
- Corn Research InstituteLiaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zaochang Liu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Ansar Javeed
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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25
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Radchuk V, Tran V, Radchuk R, Diaz-Mendoza M, Weier D, Fuchs J, Riewe D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Munz E, Heinzel N, Rolletschek H, Martinez M, Borisjuk L. Vacuolar processing enzyme 4 contributes to maternal control of grain size in barley by executing programmed cell death in the pericarp. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1127-1142. [PMID: 28836669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm embryo and endosperm are limited in space because they grow inside maternal seed tissues. The elimination of cell layers of the maternal seed coat by programmed cell death (PCD) could provide space and nutrition to the filial organs. Using the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed as a model, we elucidated the role of vacuolar processing enzyme 4 (VPE4) in cereals by using an RNAi approach and targeting the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. A comparative characterization of transgenic versus wild-type plants included transcriptional and metabolic profiling, flow cytometry, histology and nuclear magnetic imaging of grains. The recombinant VPE4 protein exhibited legumain and caspase-1 properties in vitro. Pericarp disintegration was delayed in the transgenic grains. Although the VPE4 gene and enzymatic activity was decreased in the early developing pericarp, storage capacity and the size of the endosperm and embryo were reduced in the mature VPE4-repressed grains. The persistence of the pericarp in the VPE4-affected grains constrains endosperm and embryo growth and leads to transcriptional reprogramming, perturbations in signalling and adjustments in metabolism. We conclude that VPE4 expression executes PCD in the pericarp, which is required for later endosperm filling, and argue for a role of PCD in maternal control of seed size in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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26
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Rottmann T, Klebl F, Schneider S, Kischka D, Rüscher D, Sauer N, Stadler R. Sugar Transporter STP7 Specificity for l-Arabinose and d-Xylose Contrasts with the Typical Hexose Transporters STP8 and STP12. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2330-2350. [PMID: 29311272 PMCID: PMC5841717 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The controlled distribution of sugars between assimilate-exporting source tissues and sugar-consuming sink tissues is a key element for plant growth and development. Monosaccharide transporters of the SUGAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN (STP) family contribute to the uptake of sugars into sink cells. Here, we report on the characterization of STP7, STP8, and STP12, three previously uncharacterized members of this family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that STP8 and STP12 catalyze the high-affinity proton-dependent uptake of glucose and also accept galactose and mannose. STP12 additionally transports xylose. STP8 and STP12 are highly expressed in reproductive organs, where their protein products might contribute to sugar uptake into the pollen tube and the embryo sac. stp8.1 and stp12.1 T-DNA insertion lines developed normally, which may point toward functional redundancy with other STPs. In contrast to all other STPs, STP7 does not transport hexoses but is specific for the pentoses l-arabinose and d-xylose. STP7-promoter-reporter gene plants showed an expression of STP7 especially in tissues with high cell wall turnover, indicating that STP7 might contribute to the uptake and recycling of cell wall sugars. Uptake analyses with radioactive l-arabinose revealed that 11 other STPs are able to transport l-arabinose with high affinity. Hence, functional redundancy might explain the missing-mutant phenotype of two stp7 T-DNA insertion lines. Together, these data complete the characterization of the STP family and present the STPs as new l-arabinose transporters for potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rottmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz Klebl
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Kischka
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Rüscher
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Borghi M, Fernie AR. Floral Metabolism of Sugars and Amino Acids: Implications for Pollinators' Preferences and Seed and Fruit Set. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1510-1524. [PMID: 28986424 PMCID: PMC5717749 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
New discoveries open up future directions in the study of the primary metabolism of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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28
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Hirsche J, García Fernández JM, Stabentheiner E, Großkinsky DK, Roitsch T. Differential Effects of Carbohydrates on Arabidopsis Pollen Germination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:691-701. [PMID: 28339807 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination as a crucial process in plant development strongly depends on the accessibility of carbon as energy source. Carbohydrates, however, function not only as a primary energy source, but also as important signaling components. In a comprehensive study, we analyzed various aspects of the impact of 32 different sugars on in vitro germination of Arabidopsis pollen comprising about 150 variations of individual sugars and combinations. Twenty-six structurally different mono-, di- and oligosaccharides, and sugar analogs were initially tested for their ability to support pollen germination. Whereas several di- and oligosaccharides supported pollen germination, hexoses such as glucose, fructose and mannose did not support and even considerably inhibited pollen germination when added to germination-supporting medium. Complementary experiments using glucose analogs with varying functional features, the hexokinase inhibitor mannoheptulose and the glucose-insensitive hexokinase-deficient Arabidopsis mutant gin2-1 suggested that mannose- and glucose-mediated inhibition of sucrose-supported pollen germination depends partially on hexokinase signaling. The results suggest that, in addition to their role as energy source, sugars act as signaling molecules differentially regulating the complex process of pollen germination depending on their structural properties. Thus, a sugar-dependent multilayer regulation of Arabidopsis pollen germination is supported, which makes this approach a valuable experimental system for future studies addressing sugar sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hirsche
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Edith Stabentheiner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé, Taastrup, Denmark
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Drásov, Drásov, Czech Republic
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29
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Goetz M, Guivarćh A, Hirsche J, Bauerfeind MA, González MC, Hyun TK, Eom SH, Chriqui D, Engelke T, Großkinsky DK, Roitsch T. Metabolic Control of Tobacco Pollination by Sugars and Invertases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:984-997. [PMID: 27923989 PMCID: PMC5291038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pollination in flowering plants is initiated by germination of pollen grains on stigmas followed by fast growth of pollen tubes representing highly energy-consuming processes. The symplastic isolation of pollen grains and tubes requires import of Suc available in the apoplast. We show that the functional coupling of Suc cleavage by invertases and uptake of the released hexoses by monosaccharide transporters are critical for pollination in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Transcript profiling, in situ hybridization, and immunolocalization of extracellular invertases and two monosaccharide transporters in vitro and in vivo support the functional coupling in supplying carbohydrates for pollen germination and tube growth evidenced by spatiotemporally coordinated expression. Detection of vacuolar invertases in maternal tissues by these approaches revealed metabolic cross talk between male and female tissues and supported the requirement for carbohydrate supply in transmitting tissue during pollination. Tissue-specific expression of an invertase inhibitor and addition of the chemical invertase inhibitor miglitol strongly reduced extracellular invertase activity and impaired pollen germination. Measurements of (competitive) uptake of labeled sugars identified two import pathways for exogenously available Suc into the germinating pollen operating in parallel: direct Suc uptake and via the hexoses after cleavage by extracellular invertase. Reduction of extracellular invertase activity in pollen decreases Suc uptake and severely compromises pollen germination. We further demonstrate that Glc as sole carbon source is sufficient for pollen germination, whereas Suc is supporting tube growth, revealing an important regulatory role of both the invertase substrate and products contributing to a potential metabolic and signaling-based multilayer regulation of pollination by carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Goetz
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Anne Guivarćh
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Jörg Hirsche
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Martin Andreas Bauerfeind
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - María-Cruz González
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Seung Hee Eom
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Dominique Chriqui
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Thomas Engelke
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.)
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.)
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.)
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany (M.G., T.R.);
- Laboratoire de Cytologie Expérimentale et Morphogenèse Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France (A.G., D.C.);
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany (J.H., M.A.B., M.-C.G., T.K.H., S.H.E., T.E., T.R.);
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea (T.K., S.H.E.);
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark (D.K.G., T.R.); and
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic (T.R.)
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30
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Carrizo García C, Nepi M, Pacini E. It is a matter of timing: asynchrony during pollen development and its consequences on pollen performance in angiosperms-a review. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:57-73. [PMID: 26872476 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional pollen is needed to successfully complete fertilization. Pollen is formed inside the anthers following a specific sequence of developmental stages, from microsporocyte meiosis to pollen release, that concerns microsporocytes/microspores and anther wall tissues. The processes involved may not be synchronous within a flower, an anther, and even a microsporangium. Asynchrony has been barely analyzed, and its biological consequences have not been yet assessed. In this review, different processes of pollen development and lifetime, stressing on the possible consequences of their differential timing on pollen performance, are summarized. Development is usually synchronized until microsporocyte meiosis I (occasionally until meiosis II). Afterwards, a period of mostly asynchronous events extends up to anther opening as regards: (1) meiosis II (sometimes); (2) microspore vacuolization and later reduction of vacuoles; (3) amylogenesis, amylolysis, and carbohydrate inter-conversion; (4) the first haploid mitosis; and (5) intine formation. Asynchrony would promote metabolic differences among developing microspores and therefore physiologically heterogeneous pollen grains within a single microsporangium. Asynchrony would increase the effect of competition for resources during development and pollen tube growth and also for water during (re)hydration on the stigma. The differences generated by developmental asynchronies may have an adaptive role since more efficient pollen grains would be selected with regard to homeostasis, desiccation tolerance, resilience, speed of (re)hydration, and germination. The performance of each pollen grain which landed onto the stigma will be the result of a series of selective steps determined by its development, physiological state at maturity, and successive environmental constrains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Pacini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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31
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Wang S, Wang C, Zhang XX, Chen X, Liu JJ, Jia XF, Jia SQ. Transcriptome de novo assembly and analysis of differentially expressed genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility in cabbage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 105:224-232. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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32
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Zhang K, Song Q, Wei Q, Wang C, Zhang L, Xu W, Su Z. Down-regulation of OsSPX1 caused semi-male sterility, resulting in reduction of grain yield in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1661-72. [PMID: 26806409 PMCID: PMC5066639 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OsSPX1, a rice SPX domain gene, involved in the phosphate (Pi)-sensing mechanism plays an essential role in the Pi-signalling network through interaction with OsPHR2. In this study, we focused on the potential function of OsSPX1 during rice reproductive phase. Based on investigation of OsSPX1 antisense and sense transgenic rice lines in the paddy fields, we discovered that the down-regulation of OsSPX1 caused reduction of seed-setting rate and filled grain number. Through examination of anthers and pollens of the transgenic and wild-type plants by microscopy, we found that the antisense of OsSPX1 gene led to semi-male sterility, with lacking of mature pollen grains and phenotypes with a disordered surface of anthers and pollens. We further conducted rice whole-genome GeneChip analysis to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying why the down-regulation of OsSPX1 caused deficiencies in anthers and pollens and lower seed-setting rate in rice. The down-regulation of OsSPX1 significantly affected expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport, anther development, cell cycle, etc. These genes may be related to pollen fertility and male gametophyte development. Our study demonstrated that down-regulation of OsSPX1 disrupted rice normal anther and pollen development by affecting carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport, leading to semi-male sterility, and ultimately resulted in low seed-setting rate and grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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33
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Rottmann T, Zierer W, Subert C, Sauer N, Stadler R. STP10 encodes a high-affinity monosaccharide transporter and is induced under low-glucose conditions in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2387-99. [PMID: 26893494 PMCID: PMC4809294 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes are fast growing, photosynthetically inactive cells. Their energy demand is covered by specific transport proteins in the plasma membrane that mediate the uptake of sugars. Here we report on the functional characterization of AtSTP10, a previously uncharacterized member of the SUGAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN family. Heterologous expression of STP10 cDNA in yeast revealed that the encoded protein catalyses the high-affinity uptake of glucose, galactose and mannose. The transporter is sensitive to uncouplers of transmembrane proton gradients, indicating that the protein acts as a hexose-H(+)symporter. Analyses of STP10 mRNA and STP10 promoter-reporter gene studies revealed a sink-specific expression pattern of STP10 in primordia of lateral roots and in pollen tubes. This restriction to sink organs is mediated by intragenic regions of STP10 qPCR analyses with cDNA of in vitro grown pollen tubes showed that STP10 expression was down-regulated in the presence of 50mM glucose. However, in pollen tubes of glucose-insensitive plants, which lack the glucose sensor hexokinase1 (HXK1), no glucose-induced down-regulation of STP10 expression was detected. A stp10T-DNA insertion line developed normally, which may point towards functional redundancy. The data presented in this paper indicate that a high-affinity glucose uptake system is induced in growing pollen tubes under low glucose conditions and that this regulation may occur through the hexokinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rottmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christa Subert
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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34
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MacAlister CA, Ortiz-Ramírez C, Becker JD, Feijó JA, Lippman ZB. Hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase mutants oppositely alter tip growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:193-208. [PMID: 26577059 PMCID: PMC4738400 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferases (HPATs) are members of a small, deeply conserved family of plant-specific glycosyltransferases that add arabinose sugars to diverse proteins including cell wall-associated extensins and small signaling peptides. Recent genetic studies in flowering plants suggest that different HPAT homologs have been co-opted to function in diverse species-specific developmental contexts. However, nothing is known about the roles of HPATs in basal plants. We show that complete loss of HPAT function in Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens results in a shared defect in gametophytic tip cell growth. Arabidopsis hpat1/2/3 triple knockout mutants suffer from a strong male sterility defect as a consequence of pollen tubes that fail to fully elongate following pollination. Knocking out the two HPAT genes of Physcomitrella results in larger multicellular filamentous networks due to increased elongation of protonemal tip cells. Physcomitrella hpat mutants lack cell-wall associated hydroxyproline arabinosides and can be rescued with exogenous cellulose, while global expression profiling shows that cell wall-associated genes are severely misexpressed, implicating a defect in cell wall formation during tip growth. Our findings point to a major role for HPATs in influencing cell elongation during tip growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, P-2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José A Feijó
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, P-2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-5815, USA
| | - Zachary B Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11746, USA
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11746, USA
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35
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Solis-Escalante D, van den Broek M, Kuijpers NGA, Pronk JT, Boles E, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P. The genome sequence of the popular hexose-transport-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EBY.VW4000 reveals LoxP/Cre-induced translocations and gene loss. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fou004. [PMID: 25673752 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fou004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae harbours a large group of tightly controlled hexose transporters with different characteristics. Construction and characterization of S. cerevisiae EBY.VW4000, a strain devoid of glucose import, was a milestone in hexose-transporter research. This strain has become a widely used platform for discovery and characterization of transporters from a wide range of organisms. To abolish glucose uptake, 21 genes were knocked out, involving 16 successive deletion rounds with the LoxP/Cre system. Although such intensive modifications are known to increase the risk of genome alterations, the genome of EBY.VW4000 has hitherto not been characterized. Based on a combination of whole genome sequencing, karyotyping and molecular confirmation, the present study reveals that construction of EBY.VW4000 resulted in gene losses and chromosomal rearrangements. Recombinations between the LoxP scars have led to the assembly of four neo-chromosomes, truncation of two chromosomes and loss of two subtelomeric regions. Furthermore, sporulation and spore germination are severely impaired in EBY.VW4000. Karyotyping of the EBY.VW4000 lineage retraced its current chromosomal architecture to four translocations events occurred between the 6th and the 12th rounds of deletion. The presented data facilitate further studies on EBY.VW4000 and highlight the risks of genome alterations associated with repeated use of the LoxP/Cre system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Solis-Escalante
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van den Broek
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G A Kuijpers
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands Platform Green Synthetic Biology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eckhard Boles
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands Platform Green Synthetic Biology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Daran-Lapujade
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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36
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Solis-Escalante D, Kuijpers NGA, Barrajon-Simancas N, van den Broek M, Pronk JT, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P. A Minimal Set of Glycolytic Genes Reveals Strong Redundancies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Central Metabolism. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:804-16. [PMID: 26071034 PMCID: PMC4519752 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00064-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As a result of ancestral whole-genome and small-scale duplication events, the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many eukaryotes still contain a substantial fraction of duplicated genes. In all investigated organisms, metabolic pathways, and more particularly glycolysis, are specifically enriched for functionally redundant paralogs. In ancestors of the Saccharomyces lineage, the duplication of glycolytic genes is purported to have played an important role leading to S. cerevisiae's current lifestyle favoring fermentative metabolism even in the presence of oxygen and characterized by a high glycolytic capacity. In modern S. cerevisiae strains, the 12 glycolytic reactions leading to the biochemical conversion from glucose to ethanol are encoded by 27 paralogs. In order to experimentally explore the physiological role of this genetic redundancy, a yeast strain with a minimal set of 14 paralogs was constructed (the "minimal glycolysis" [MG] strain). Remarkably, a combination of a quantitative systems approach and semiquantitative analysis in a wide array of growth environments revealed the absence of a phenotypic response to the cumulative deletion of 13 glycolytic paralogs. This observation indicates that duplication of glycolytic genes is not a prerequisite for achieving the high glycolytic fluxes and fermentative capacities that are characteristic of S. cerevisiae and essential for many of its industrial applications and argues against gene dosage effects as a means of fixing minor glycolytic paralogs in the yeast genome. The MG strain was carefully designed and constructed to provide a robust prototrophic platform for quantitative studies and has been made available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels G A Kuijpers
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel van den Broek
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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37
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Cheng J, Wang Z, Yao F, Gao L, Ma S, Sui X, Zhang Z. Down-Regulating CsHT1, a Cucumber Pollen-Specific Hexose Transporter, Inhibits Pollen Germination, Tube Growth, and Seed Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:635-47. [PMID: 25888616 PMCID: PMC4453785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient sugar transport is needed to support the high metabolic activity of pollen tubes as they grow through the pistil. Failure of transport results in male sterility. Although sucrose transporters have been shown to play a role in pollen tube development, the role of hexoses and hexose transporters is not as well established. The pollen of some species can grow in vitro on hexose as well as on sucrose, but knockouts of individual hexose transporters have not been shown to impair fertilization, possibly due to transporter redundancy. Here, the functions of CsHT1, a hexose transporter from cucumber (Cucumis sativus), are studied using a combination of heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), histochemical and immunohistochemical localization, and reverse genetics. The results indicate that CsHT1 is a plasma membrane-localized hexose transporter with high affinity for glucose, exclusively transcribed in pollen development and expressed both at the levels of transcription and translation during pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth. Overexpression of CsHT1 in cucumber pollen results in a higher pollen germination ratio and longer pollen tube growth than wild-type pollen in glucose- or galactose-containing medium. By contrast, antisense suppression of CsHT1 leads to inhibition of pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in the same medium and results in a decrease of seed number per fruit and seed size when antisense transgenic pollen is used to fertilize wild-type or transgenic cucumber plants. The important role of CsHT1 in pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and seed development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhen Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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38
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Matsuda T, Matsushima M, Nabemoto M, Osaka M, Sakazono S, Masuko-Suzuki H, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Iwano M, Takayama S, Shimizu KK, Okumura K, Suzuki G, Watanabe M, Suwabe K. Transcriptional characteristics and differences in Arabidopsis stigmatic papilla cells pre- and post-pollination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:663-73. [PMID: 25527828 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollination is an important early step in sexual plant reproduction. In Arabidopsis thaliana, sequential pollination events, from pollen adhesion onto the stigma surface to pollen tube germination and elongation, occur on the stigmatic papilla cells. Following successful completion of these events, the pollen tube penetrates the stigma and finally fertilizes a female gametophyte. The pollination events are thought to be initiated and regulated by interactions between papilla cells and pollen. Here, we report the characterization of gene expression profiles of unpollinated (UP), compatible pollinated (CP) and incompatible pollinated (IP) papilla cells in A. thaliana. Based on cell type-specific transcriptome analysis from a combination of laser microdissection and RNA sequencing, 15,475, 17,360 and 16,918 genes were identified as expressed in UP, CP and IP papilla cells, respectively, and, of these, 14,392 genes were present in all three data sets. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analyses identified 147 and 71 genes up-regulated in CP and IP papilla cells, respectively, and 115 and 46 genes down-regulated. Gene Ontology and metabolic pathway analyses revealed that papilla cells play an active role as the female reproductive component in pollination, particularly in information exchange, signal transduction, internal physiological changes and external morphological modification. This study provides fundamental information on the molecular mechanisms involved in pollination in papilla cells, furthering our understanding of the reproductive role of papilla cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Mai Matsushima
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Moe Nabemoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Masaaki Osaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Satomi Sakazono
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | | | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Seiji Takayama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katsuzumi Okumura
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, 582-8582 Japan
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Keita Suwabe
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
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39
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Sumiyoshi M, Inamura T, Nakamura A, Aohara T, Ishii T, Satoh S, Iwai H. UDP-arabinopyranose mutase 3 is required for pollen wall morphogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:232-41. [PMID: 25261533 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
l-Arabinose is one of the main constituents of cell wall polysaccharides such as pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), glucuronoarabinoxylans and other glycoproteins. It is found predominantly in the furanose form rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf), rather than UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap), is a sugar donor for the biosynthesis of arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues. UDP-arabinopyranose mutases (UAMs) have been shown to interconvert UDP-Araf and UDP-Arap and are involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides including Araf. The UAM gene family has three members in Oryza sativa. Co-expression network in silico analysis showed that OsUAM3 expression was independent from OsUAM1 and OsUAM2 co-expression networks. OsUAM1 and OsUAM2 were expressed ubiquitously throughout plant development, but OsUAM3 was expressed primarily in reproductive tissue, particularly at the pollen cell wall formation developmental stage. OsUAM3 co-expression networks include pectin catabolic enzymes. To determine the function of OsUAMs in reproductive tissues, we analyzed RNA interference (RNAi)-knockdown transformants (OsUAM3-KD) specific for OsUAM3. OsUAM3-KD plants grew normally and showed abnormal phenotypes in reproductive tissues, especially in terms of the pollen cell wall and exine. In addition, we examined modifications of cell wall polysaccharides at the cellular level using antibodies against polysaccharides including Araf. Immunolocalization of arabinan using the LM6 antibody showed low levels of arabinan in OsUAM3-KD pollen grains. Our results suggest that the function of OsUAM3 is important for synthesis of arabinan side chains of RG-I and is required for reproductive developmental processes, especially the formation of the cell wall in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Sumiyoshi
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Takuya Inamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Aohara
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
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Jiang SY, Vanitha J, Bai Y, Ramachandran S. A novel binary T-vector with the GFP reporter gene for promoter characterization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107328. [PMID: 25197968 PMCID: PMC4157869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been developed to clone PCR fragments into desired vectors. However, most of commercially available T-vectors are not binary vectors and cannot be directly used for Agrobacterium-mediated plant genetic transformation. In this study, a novel binary T-vector was constructed by integrating two AhdI restriction sites into the backbone vector pCAMBIA 1300. The T-vector also contains a GFP reporter gene and thus, can be used to analyze promoter activity by monitoring the reporter gene. On the other hand, identification and characterization of various promoters not only benefit the functional annotation of their genes but also provide alternative candidates to be used to drive interesting genes for plant genetic improvement by transgenesis. More than 1,000 putative pollen-specific rice genes have been identified in a genome-wide level. Among them, 67 highly expressed genes were further characterized. One of the pollen-specific genes LOC_Os10g35930 was further surveyed in its expression patterns with more details by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Finally, its promoter activity was further investigated by analyzing transgenic rice plants carrying the promoter::GFP cassette, which was constructed from the newly developed T-vector. The reporter GFP gene expression in these transgenic plants showed that the promoter was active only in mature but not in germinated pollens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ye Jiang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, the National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeevanandam Vanitha
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, the National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanan Bai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, the National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, the National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Reuscher S, Akiyama M, Yasuda T, Makino H, Aoki K, Shibata D, Shiratake K. The sugar transporter inventory of tomato: genome-wide identification and expression analysis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1123-41. [PMID: 24833026 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of sugars between source and sink tissues in plants depends on sugar transport proteins. Studying the corresponding genes allows the manipulation of the sink strength of developing fruits, thereby improving fruit quality for human consumption. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is both a major horticultural crop and a model for the development of fleshy fruits. In this article we provide a comprehensive inventory of tomato sugar transporters, including the SUCROSE TRANSPORTER family, the SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN family, the SUGAR FACILITATOR PROTEIN family, the POLYOL/MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORTER family, the INOSITOL TRANSPORTER family, the PLASTIDIC GLUCOSE TRANSLOCATOR family, the TONOPLAST MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORTER family and the VACUOLAR GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER family. Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing and phylogenetic analyses established a nomenclature for all analyzed tomato sugar transporters. In total we identified 52 genes in tomato putatively encoding sugar transporters. The expression of 29 sugar transporter genes in vegetative tissues and during fruit development was analyzed. Several sugar transporter genes were expressed in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner. This information will be helpful to better understand source to sink movement of photoassimilates in tomato. Identification of fruit-specific sugar transporters might be a first step to find novel genes contributing to tomato fruit sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reuscher
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Masahito Akiyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomohide Yasuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Haruko Makino
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, 599-8531 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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Yao Y, Geng MT, Wu XH, Liu J, Li RM, Hu XW, Guo JC. Genome-wide identification, 3D modeling, expression and enzymatic activity analysis of cell wall invertase gene family from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7313-31. [PMID: 24786092 PMCID: PMC4057674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall invertases play a crucial role on the sucrose metabolism in plant source and sink organs. In this research, six cell wall invertase genes (MeCWINV1-6) were cloned from cassava. All the MeCWINVs contain a putative signal peptide with a predicted extracellular location. The overall predicted structures of the MeCWINV1-6 are similar to AtcwINV1. Their N-terminus domain forms a β-propeller module and three conserved sequence domains (NDPNG, RDP and WECP(V)D), in which the catalytic residues are situated in these domains; while the C-terminus domain consists of a β-sandwich module. The predicted structure of Pro residue from the WECPD (MeCWINV1, 2, 5, and 6), and Val residue from the WECVD (MeCWINV3 and 4) are different. The activity of MeCWINV1 and 3 were higher than other MeCWINVs in leaves and tubers, which suggested that sucrose was mainly catalyzed by the MeCWINV1 and 3 in the apoplastic space of cassava source and sink organs. The transcriptional levels of all the MeCWINVs and their enzymatic activity were lower in tubers than in leaves at all the stages during the cassava tuber development. It suggested that the major role of the MeCWINVs was on the regulation of carbon exportation from source leaves, and the ratio of sucrose to hexose in the apoplasts; the role of these enzymes on the sucrose unloading to tuber was weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Meng-Ting Geng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Wu
- Agricultural College of Hainan University, Haikou 571104, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Rui-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xin-Wen Hu
- Agricultural College of Hainan University, Haikou 571104, China.
| | - Jian-Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Wei X, Liu F, Chen C, Ma F, Li M. The Malus domestica sugar transporter gene family: identifications based on genome and expression profiling related to the accumulation of fruit sugars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:569. [PMID: 25414708 PMCID: PMC4220645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sugar transporters are involved not only in long-distance transport, but also in sugar accumulations in sink cells. To identify members of sugar transporter gene families and to analyze their function in fruit sugar accumulation, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the Malus domestica genome. Expression profiling was performed with shoot tips, mature leaves, and developed fruit of "Gala" apple. Genes for sugar alcohol [including 17 sorbitol transporters (SOTs)], sucrose, and monosaccharide transporters, plus SWEET genes, were selected as candidates in 31, 9, 50, and 27 loci, respectively, of the genome. The monosaccharide transporter family appears to include five subfamilies (30 MdHTs, 8 MdEDR6s, 5 MdTMTs, 3 MdvGTs, and 4 MdpGLTs). Phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences indicated that orthologs exist among Malus, Vitis, and Arabidopsis. Investigations of transcripts revealed that 68 candidate transporters are expressed in apple, albeit to different extents. Here, we discuss their possible roles based on the relationship between their levels of expression and sugar concentrations. The high accumulation of fructose in apple fruit is possibly linked to the coordination and cooperation between MdTMT1/2 and MdEDR6. By contrast, these fruits show low MdSWEET4.1 expression and a high flux of fructose produced from sorbitol. Our study provides an exhaustive survey of sugar transporter genes and demonstrates that sugar transporter gene families in M. domestica are comparable to those in other species. Expression profiling of these transporters will likely contribute to improving our understanding of their physiological functions in fruit formation and the development of sweetness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fengwang Ma
- *Correspondence: Mingjun Li and Fengwang Ma, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China e-mail: ;
| | - Mingjun Li
- *Correspondence: Mingjun Li and Fengwang Ma, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China e-mail: ;
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Marchi L, Degola F, Polverini E, Tercé-Laforgue T, Dubois F, Hirel B, Restivo FM. Glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 3 (GDH3) of Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by a combined effect of nitrogen and cytokinin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:368-74. [PMID: 24189523 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, NAD(H)-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; EC 1.4.1.2) is an abundant enzyme that exists in different isoenzymic forms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, three genes (Gdh1, Gdh2 and Gdh3) encode three different GDH subunits (β, α and γ) that randomly associate to form a complex array of homo- and heterohexamers. The modification of the GDH isoenzyme pattern and its regulation was studied during the development of A. thaliana in the gdh1, gdh2 single mutants and the gdh1-2 double mutant, with particular emphasis on GDH3. Investigations showed that the GDH3 isoenzyme could not be detected in closely related Arabidopsis species. The induction and regulation of GDH3 activity in the leaves and roots was investigated following nitrogen deprivation in the presence or absence of sucrose or kinetin. These experiments indicate that GDH3 is likely to play an important role during senescence and nutrient remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marchi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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David-Schwartz R, Weintraub L, Vidavski R, Zemach H, Murakhovsky L, Swartzberg D, Granot D. The SlFRK4 promoter is active only during late stages of pollen and anther development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 199-200:61-70. [PMID: 23265319 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are essential for male gametophyte development. However, our understanding of the mechanism by which the sugar supply is controlled in the stamen is still in its infancy. We previously reported on the stamen-specific expression of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) sugar metabolic gene, fructokinase 4 (SlFRK4). Here, we present the cloning and the characterization of the SlFRK4 promoter and show its differential activation during anther development. We also show that the tissue-specific expression of SlFRK4 promoter is maintained in Arabidopsis thaliana. By histochemical analyses of the GUS reporter gene and DTA toxin driven by the SlFRK4 promoter, we show that the SlFRK4 promoter is gradually activated in pollen grains throughout the later stages of anther development and upon pollen germination. In addition, we analyzed the expression profile of SlFRK4 and other sugar metabolic genes and found that SlFRK4 and the invertase LIN7 are co-expressed in mature and germinated pollen. These findings point to the existence of a specialized mechanism in which carbohydrates are provided to the male gametophyte during the later stages of its development and suggest a valuable tool for manipulating the development of male gametophytes in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Pommerrenig B, Popko J, Heilmann M, Schulmeister S, Dietel K, Schmitt B, Stadler R, Feussner I, Sauer N. SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 5 supplies Arabidopsis embryos with biotin and affects triacylglycerol accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:392-404. [PMID: 23031218 PMCID: PMC3787789 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis SUC5 protein represents a classical sucrose/H(+) symporter. Functional analyses previously revealed that SUC5 also transports biotin, an essential co-factor for fatty acid synthesis. However, evidence for a dual role in transport of the structurally unrelated compounds sucrose and biotin in plants was lacking. Here we show that SUC5 localizes to the plasma membrane, and that the SUC5 gene is expressed in developing embryos, confirming the role of the SUC5 protein as substrate carrier across apoplastic barriers in seeds. We show that transport of biotin but not of sucrose across these barriers is impaired in suc5 mutant embryos. In addition, we show that SUC5 is essential for the delivery of biotin into the embryo of biotin biosynthesis-defective mutants (bio1 and bio2). We compared embryo and seedling development as well as triacylglycerol accumulation and fatty acid composition in seeds of single mutants (suc5, bio1 or bio2), double mutants (suc5 bio1 and suc5 bio2) and wild-type plants. Although suc5 mutants were like the wild-type, bio1 and bio2 mutants showed developmental defects and reduced triacylglycerol contents. In suc5 bio1 and suc5 bio2 double mutants, developmental defects were severely increased and the triacylglycerol content was reduced to a greater extent in comparison to the single mutants. Supplementation with externally applied biotin helped to reduce symptoms in both single and double mutants, but the efficacy of supplementation was significantly lower in double than in single mutants, showing that transport of biotin into the embryo is lower in the absence of SUC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Ludewig F, Flügge UI. Role of metabolite transporters in source-sink carbon allocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 23847636 PMCID: PMC3698459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants assimilate carbon dioxide during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Assimilated carbon is subsequently allocated throughout the plant. Generally, two types of organs can be distinguished, mature green source leaves as net photoassimilate exporters, and net importers, the sinks, e.g., roots, flowers, small leaves, and storage organs like tubers. Within these organs, different tissue types developed according to their respective function, and cells of either tissue type are highly compartmentalized. Photoassimilates are allocated to distinct compartments of these tissues in all organs, requiring a set of metabolite transporters mediating this intercompartmental transfer. The general route of photoassimilates can be briefly described as follows. Upon fixation of carbon dioxide in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, triose phosphates either enter the cytosol for mainly sucrose formation or remain in the stroma to form transiently stored starch which is degraded during the night and enters the cytosol as maltose or glucose to be further metabolized to sucrose. In both cases, sucrose enters the phloem for long distance transport or is transiently stored in the vacuole, or can be degraded to hexoses which also can be stored in the vacuole. In the majority of plant species, sucrose is actively loaded into the phloem via the apoplast. Following long distance transport, it is released into sink organs, where it enters cells as source of carbon and energy. In storage organs, sucrose can be stored, or carbon derived from sucrose can be stored as starch in plastids, or as oil in oil bodies, or - in combination with nitrogen - as protein in protein storage vacuoles and protein bodies. Here, we focus on transport proteins known for either of these steps, and discuss the implications for yield increase in plants upon genetic engineering of respective transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ludewig
- *Correspondence: Frank Ludewig, Botanical Institute II, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
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Mattioli R, Biancucci M, Lonoce C, Costantino P, Trovato M. Proline is required for male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:236. [PMID: 23234543 PMCID: PMC3543202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In crosses between the proline-deficient mutant homozygous for p5cs1 and heterozygous for p5cs2 (p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2), used as male, and different Arabidopsis mutants, used as females, the p5cs2 mutant allele was rarely transmitted to the outcrossed progeny, suggesting that the fertility of the male gametophyte carrying mutations in both P5CS1 and P5CS2 is severely compromised. RESULTS To confirm the fertility defects of pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 mutants, transmission of mutant alleles through pollen was tested in two ways. First, the number of progeny inheriting a dominant sulfadiazine resistance marker linked to p5cs2 was determined. Second, the number of p5cs2/p5cs2 embryos was determined. A ratio of resistant to susceptible plantlets close to 50%, and the absence of aborted embryos were consistent with the hypothesis that the male gametophyte carrying both p5cs1 and p5cs2 alleles is rarely transmitted to the offspring. In addition, in reciprocal crosses with wild type, about 50% of the p5cs2 mutant alleles were transmitted to the sporophytic generation when p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 was used as a female, while less than 1% of the p5cs2 alleles could be transmitted to the outcrossed progeny when p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 was used as a male. Morphological and functional analysis of mutant pollen revealed a population of small, degenerated, and unviable pollen grains, indicating that the mutant homozygous for p5cs1 and heterozygous for p5cs2 is impaired in pollen development, and suggesting a role for proline in male gametophyte development. Consistent with these findings, we found that pollen from p5cs1 homozygous mutants, display defects similar to, but less pronounced than pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 mutants. Finally, we show that pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 plants contains less proline than wild type and that exogenous proline supplied from the beginning of another development can partially complement both morphological and functional pollen defects. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the development of the male gametophyte carrying mutations in both P5CS1 and P5CS2 is severely compromised, and indicate that proline is required for pollen development and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Marco Biancucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Lonoce
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Maurizio Trovato
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
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Cao J. The pectin lyases in Arabidopsis thaliana: evolution, selection and expression profiles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46944. [PMID: 23056537 PMCID: PMC3467278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin lyases are a group of enzymes that are thought to contribute to many biological processes, such as the degradation of pectin. However, until this study, no comprehensive study incorporating phylogeny, chromosomal location, gene duplication, gene organization, functional divergence, adaptive evolution, expression profiling and functional networks has been reported for Arabidopsis. Sixty-seven pectin lyase genes have been identified, and most of them possess signal sequences targeting the secretory pathway. Phylogenetic analyses identified five gene groups with considerable conservation among groups. Pectin lyase genes were non-randomly distributed across chromosomes and clustering was evident. Functional divergence and adaptive evolution analyses suggested that purifying selection was the main force driving pectin lyase evolution, although some critical sites responsible for functional divergence might be the consequence of positive selection. A stigma- and receptacle-specific expression promoter was identified, and it had increased expression in response to wounding. Two hundred and eighty-eight interactions were identified by functional network analyses, and most of these were involved in cellular metabolism, cellular transport and localization, and stimulus responses. This investigation contributes to an improved understanding of the complexity of the Arabidopsis pectin lyase gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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50
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Doidy J, Grace E, Kühn C, Simon-Plas F, Casieri L, Wipf D. Sugar transporters in plants and in their interactions with fungi. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:413-22. [PMID: 22513109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose and monosaccharide transporters mediate long distance transport of sugar from source to sink organs and constitute key components for carbon partitioning at the whole plant level and in interactions with fungi. Even if numerous families of plant sugar transporters are defined; efflux capacities, subcellular localization and association to membrane rafts have only been recently reported. On the fungal side, the investigation of sugar transport mechanisms in mutualistic and pathogenic interactions is now emerging. Here, we review the essential role of sugar transporters for distribution of carbohydrates inside plant cells, as well as for plant-fungal interaction functioning. Altogether these data highlight the need for a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying sugar exchanges between fungi and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Doidy
- UMR INRA 1347, Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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