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Jiang Z, Wei Z, Zhang J, Zheng C, Zhu H, Zhai H, He S, Gao S, Zhao N, Zhang H, Liu Q. Source-sink synergy is the key unlocking sweet potato starch yield potential. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7260. [PMID: 39179563 PMCID: PMC11343742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweet potato starch is in high demand globally for food and industry. However, starch content is negatively correlated with fresh yield. It is urgent to uncover the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms underlying the starch yield of sweet potato. Here we systematically explore source-sink synergy-mediated sweet potato starch yield formation: the production, loading, and transport of photosynthates in leaves, as well as their unloading and allocation in storage roots, lead to starch content divergence between sweet potato varieties. Moreover, we find that six haplotypes of IbPMA1 encoding a plasma membrane H+-ATPase are significantly linked with starch accumulation. Overexpression of IbPMA1 in sweet potato results in significantly increased starch and sucrose contents, while its knockdown exhibits an opposing effect. Furthermore, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor IbbHLH49 directly targets IbPMA1 and activates its transcription. Overexpression of IbbHLH49 notably improves source-sink synergy-mediated fresh yield and starch accumulation in sweet potato. Both IbbHLH49 and IbPMA1 substantially influence sugar transport and starch biosynthesis in source and sink tissues. These findings expand our understanding of starch yield formation and provide strategies and candidate genes for high starch breeding in root and tuber crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaopei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Wang T, Zheng Y, Xu C, Deng Y, Hao X, Chu Z, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Han Z, Wu T. Movement of ACC oxidase 3 mRNA from seeds to flesh promotes fruit ripening in apple. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1221-1235. [PMID: 38902921 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Xenia, the phenomenon in which the pollen genotype directly affects the phenotypic characteristics of maternal tissues (i.e., fruit ripening), has applications in crop production and breeding. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Here, we investigated whether mobile mRNAs from the pollen affect the ripening and quality-related characteristics of the fruit using cross-pollination between distinct Malus domestica (apple) cultivars. We demonstrated that hundreds of mobile mRNAs originating from the seeds are delivered to the fruit. We found that the movement of one of these mRNAs, ACC oxidase 3 (MdACO3), is coordinated with fruit ripening. Salicylic acid treatment, which can cause plasmodesmal closure, blocks MdACO3 movement, indicating that MdACO3 transcripts may move through the plasmodesmata. To assess the role of mobile MdACO3 transcripts in apple fruit, we created MdACO3-GFP-expressing apple seeds using MdACO3-GFP-overexpressing pollen for pollination and showed that MdACO3 transcripts in the transgenic seeds move to the flesh, where they promote fruit ripening. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MdACO3 can be transported from the seeds to fruit in the fleshy-fruited species tomato and strawberry. These results underscore the potential of mobile mRNAs from seeds to influence fruit characteristics, providing an explanation for the xenia phenomenon. Notably, our findings highlight the feasibility of leveraging diverse pollen genomic resources, without resorting to genome editing, to improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Plant Science and Technology College, Bioinformatics Center, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Plant Science and Technology College, Bioinformatics Center, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Hao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zicheng Chu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Bioinformatics Center, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Du B, Cao Y, Zhou J, Chen Y, Ye Z, Huang Y, Zhao X, Zou X, Zhang L. Sugar import mediated by sugar transporters and cell wall invertases for seed development in Camellia oleifera. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae133. [PMID: 38974190 PMCID: PMC11226869 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Seed development and yield depend on the transport and supply of sugar. However, an insufficient supply of nutrients from maternal tissues to embryos results in seed abortion and yield reduction in Camellia oleifera. In this study, we systematically examined the route and regulatory mechanisms of sugar import into developing C. oleifera seeds using a combination of histological observations, transcriptome profiling, and functional analysis. Labelling with the tracer carboxyfluorescein revealed a symplasmic route in the integument and an apoplasmic route for postphloem transport at the maternal-filial interface. Enzymatic activity and histological observation showed that at early stages [180-220 days after pollination (DAP)] of embryo differentiation, the high hexose/sucrose ratio was primarily mediated by acid invertases, and the micropylar endosperm/suspensor provides a channel for sugar import. Through Camellia genomic profiling, we identified three plasma membrane-localized proteins including CoSWEET1b, CoSWEET15, and CoSUT2 and one tonoplast-localized protein CoSWEET2a in seeds and verified their ability to transport various sugars via transformation in yeast mutants and calli. In situ hybridization and profiling of glycometabolism-related enzymes further demonstrated that CoSWEET15 functions as a micropylar endosperm-specific gene, together with the cell wall acid invertase CoCWIN9, to support early embryo development, while CoSWEET1b, CoSWEET2a, and CoSUT2 function at transfer cells and chalazal nucellus coupled with CoCWIN9 and CoCWIN11 responsible for sugar entry in bulk into the filial tissue. Collectively, our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence of the molecular regulation of sugar import into and within C. oleifera seeds and provide a new target for manipulating seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshuai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhihua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinhui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Li H, Si Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Lu Q, Liu L, Li T, Wang A. The Ca 2+-MdCRF4-MdWRKY9 module negatively affects apple fruit watercore formation by suppressing the transcription of MdSOT2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1358-1371. [PMID: 38341799 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Watercore is a common physiological disease of Rosaceae plants, such as apples (Malus domestica), usually occurring during fruit ripening. Apple fruit with watercore symptoms is prone to browning and rotting, thus losing commercial viability. Sorbitol and calcium ions are considered key factors affecting watercore occurrence in apples. However, the mechanism by which they affect the occurrence of watercore remains unclear. Here, we identified that the transcription factor MdWRKY9 directly binds to the promoter of MdSOT2, positively regulates the transcription of MdSOT2, increases sorbitol content in fruit, and promotes watercore occurrence. Additionally, MdCRF4 can directly bind to MdWRKY9 and MdSOT2 promoters, positively regulating their expression. Since calcium ions can induce the ubiquitination and degradation of the transcription factor MdCRF4, they can inhibit the transcription of MdWRKY9 and MdSOT2 by degrading MdCRF4, thereby reducing the sorbitol content in fruit and inhibiting the occurrence of fruit watercore disease. Our data sheds light on how calcium ions mitigate watercore in fruit, providing molecular-level insights to enhance fruit quality artificially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, 115009, China
| | - Yajing Si
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, 115009, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, 115009, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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5
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Sun L, Lian L, Yang R, Li T, Yang M, Zhao W, Huang H, Wang S. Sugar delivery at the tomato root and root galls after Meloidogyne incognita infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:451. [PMID: 38789940 PMCID: PMC11119304 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an effective method for alleviating root-knot nematode disease. At present, the pathway by which sucrose is unloaded from the phloem cells to giant cells (GCs) in root galls and which genes related to sugar metabolism and transport play key roles in this process are unclear. In this study, we found that sugars could be unloaded into GCs only from neighboring phloem cells through the apoplastic pathway. With the development of galls, the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose in the galls and adjacent tissue increased gradually. SUT1, SUT2, SWEET7a, STP10, SUS3 and SPS1 may provide sugar sources for GCs, while STP1, STP2 and STP12 may transport more sugar to phloem parenchyma cells. At the early stage of Meloidogyne incognita infestation, the sucrose content in tomato roots and leaves increased, while the glucose and fructose contents decreased. SWEET7a, SPS1, INV-INH1, INV-INH2, SUS1 and SUS3 likely play key roles in root sugar delivery. These results elucidated the pathway of sugar unloading in tomato galls and provided an important theoretical reference for eliminating the sugar source of RKNs and preventing root-knot nematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liqiang Lian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Stavitskaya Z, Dudareva L, Rudikovskii A, Garkava-Gustavsson L, Shabanova E, Levchuk A, Rudikovskaya E. Evaluation of the Carbohydrate Composition of Crabapple Fruit Tissues Native to Northern Asia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3472. [PMID: 37836212 PMCID: PMC10575056 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive comparative analysis of the carbohydrate composition (soluble sugars and pectins) of fruit tissues of Malus baccata, Malus mandshurica, Malus chamardabanica, and Malus sachalinensis, characteristic of the vast territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, was carried out. It was shown that a large part of the soluble carbohydrates of the studied species were represented by transport sugars-sorbitol and sucrose. These compounds also provided the main variability in the carbohydrate composition of fruits in the studied material. The polymers pectins and protopectins isolated from the studied fruits were highly methoxylated (up to 60-70%), and their content averaged about 6% of dry weight. The greatest length of pectin polymers was found in the fruit tissues of M. chamardabanica and M. sachalinensis. Data on elemental analysis of fractions of pectins and protopectins of all studied species showed the absence of potentially toxic concentrations of heavy metals. Of note is the rather high content of calcium in both polymer fractions of the four studied species, while its content in protopectin is significantly higher. In addition, in all cases, the presence of low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide molecules with a low-dispersed linear structure was revealed in the tissues of the fruits. It is worth noting that the high content of ascorbic acid was observed in the fruits of all studied species. In addition to being of fundamental interest, information about the carbohydrate composition of the wild Malus species can be useful for apple breeding when choosing sources of genes underlying useful traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Stavitskaya
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Lyubov Dudareva
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexander Rudikovskii
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, SE 23422 Lomma, Sweden;
| | - Elena Shabanova
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 A Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
| | - Alexey Levchuk
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia;
| | - Elena Rudikovskaya
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontov Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia; (Z.S.); (L.D.); (A.R.)
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Nie P, Wang L, Li M, Lyu D, Qin S, Xue X. MdSWEET23, a sucrose transporter from apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.), influences sugar metabolism and enhances cold tolerance in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1266194. [PMID: 37854110 PMCID: PMC10579938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1266194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic products in most fleshy fruits are unloaded via the apoplasmic pathway. Sugar transporters play an important role in the apoplasmic unloading pathway and are involved in sugar transport for fruit development. The MdSWEET23, cloned from ''Hanfu'' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruits, belongs to Clade III of the SWEET family. Subcellular localization revealed that MdSWEET23 is localized on the plasma membrane. β-glucuronidase activity assays showed that MdSWEET23 was primarily expressed in the sepal and carpel vascular bundle of apple fruits. Heterologous expression assays in yeast showed that MdSWEET23 functions in sucrose transport. The overexpression of MdSWEET23 in the ''Orin" calli increased the soluble sugar content. The silencing of MdSWEET23 significantly reduced the contents of sucrose and sorbitol in apple fruits. Ectopic overexpression of MdSWEET23 in tomato altered sugar metabolism and distribution in leaves and fruits, causing a reduction in photosynthetic rates and plant height, enhanced cold stress tolerance, and increased the content of sucrose, fructose, and glucose in breaking color fruits, but did not increase sugar sink potency of tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Nie
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, China
| | | | - Miao Li
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, China
| | - Deguo Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijun Qin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, China
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Ren Y, Liao S, Xu Y. An update on sugar allocation and accumulation in fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:888-899. [PMID: 37224524 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruit sweetness is determined by the amount and composition of sugars in the edible flesh. The accumulation of sugar is a highly orchestrated process that requires coordination of numerous metabolic enzymes and sugar transporters. This coordination enables partitioning and long-distance translocation of photoassimilates from source tissues to sink organs. In fruit crops, sugars ultimately accumulate in the sink fruit. Whereas tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the function of individual genes associated with sugar metabolism and sugar transport in non-fruit crops, there is less known about the sugar transporters and metabolic enzymes responsible for sugar accumulation in fruit crop species. This review identifies knowledge gaps and can serve as a foundation for future studies, with comprehensive updates focusing on (1) the physiological roles of the metabolic enzymes and sugar transporters responsible for sugar allocation and partitioning and that contribute to sugar accumulation in fruit crops; and (2) the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of sugar transport and metabolism. We also provide insights into the challenges and future directions of studies on sugar transporters and metabolic enzymes and name several promising genes that should be targeted with gene editing in the pursuit of optimized sugar allocation and partitioning to enhance sugar accumulation in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shengjin Liao
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
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Guo WJ, Pommerrenig B, Neuhaus HE, Keller I. Interaction between sugar transport and plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154073. [PMID: 37603910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous programs and constant interaction with the environment regulate the development of the plant organism and its individual organs. Sugars are necessary building blocks for plant and organ growth and at the same time act as critical integrators of the metabolic state into the developmental program. There is a growing recognition that the specific type of sugar and its subcellular or tissue distribution is sensed and translated to developmental responses. Therefore, the transport of sugars across membranes is a key process in adapting plant organ properties and overall development to the nutritional state of the plant. In this review, we discuss how plants exploit various sugar transporters to signal growth responses, for example, to control the development of sink organs such as roots or fruits. We highlight which sugar transporters are involved in root and shoot growth and branching, how intracellular sugar allocation can regulate senescence, and, for example, control fruit development. We link the important transport processes to downstream signaling cascades and elucidate the factors responsible for the integration of sugar signaling and plant hormone responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Isabel Keller
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Zhou Y, Li K, Wen S, Yang D, Gao J, Wang Z, Zhu P, Bie Z, Cheng J. Phloem unloading in cultivated melon fruits follows an apoplasmic pathway during enlargement and ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad123. [PMID: 37554344 PMCID: PMC10405131 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) has a long history of cultivation worldwide. During cultivation, domestication, and selection breeding, the sugar content of mature melon fruits has been significantly increased. Compared with unsweet melon and wild melon, rapid sucrose accumulation can occur in the middle and late stages of sweet melon fruit development. The phloem unloading pathway during the evolution and development of melon fruit has not been identified and analyzed. In this study, the phloem unloading pathway and the function of related sugar transporters in cultivated and wild melon fruits were analyzed by CFDA [5(6)-carbofluorescein diacetate] and esculin tracing, cytological pathway observation, qRT-PCR, and gene function analysis, etc. Results show that the phloem unloading pathway of wild melon fruit is largely symplastic, whereas the phloem unloading pathway of cultivated melon fruit shifts from symplastic to apoplasmic during development. According to a fruit grafting experiment, the fruit sink accumulates sugars independently. Correlation analysis showed that the expression amounts of several sucrose transporter genes were positively correlated with the sucrose content of melon fruit. Furthermore, CmSWEET10 was proved to be a sucrose transporter located on the plasma membrane of the phloem and highly expressed in the premature stage of sweet melon fruits, which means it may be involved in phloem apoplast unloading and sucrose accumulation in sweet melon fruits. Finally, we summarize a functional model of related enzymes and sugar transporters involved in the apoplast unloading of sweet melon fruits during enlargement and sucrose accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kexin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Suying Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dong Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Peilu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jintao Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
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11
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Sun W, Li X, Huang H, Wei J, Zeng F, Huang Y, Sun Q, Miao W, Tian Y, Li Y, Gao L, Li X, Gao H. Mutation of CsARC6 affects fruit color and increases fruit nutrition in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:111. [PMID: 37052704 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A mutation of CsARC6 not only causes white fruit color in cucumber, but also affects plant growth and fruit quality. Fruit color of cucumber is a very important agronomic trait, but most of the genes affecting cucumber white fruit color are still unknow, and no further studies were reported on the effect of cucumber fruit quality caused by white fruit color genes. Here, we obtained a white fruit mutant em41 in cucumber by EMS mutagenesis. The mutant gene was mapped to a 548 kb region of chromosome 2. Through mutation site analysis, it was found to be a null allele of CsARC6 (CsaV3_2G029290). The Csarc6 mutant has a typical phenotype of arc6 mutant that mesophyll cells contained only one or two giant chloroplasts. ARC6 protein was not detected in em41, and the level of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 was also reduced. In addition, FtsZ2 could not form FtsZ ring-like structures in em41. Although these are typical arc6 mutant phenotypes, some special phenotypes occur in Csarc6 mutant, such as dwarfness with shortened internodes, enlarged fruit epidermal cells, decreased carotenoid contents, smaller fruits, and increased fruit nutrient contents. This study discovered a new gene, CsARC6, which not only controls the white fruit color, but also affects plant growth and fruit quality in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhe Li
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Peng Y, Zhu L, Tian R, Wang L, Su J, Yuan Y, Ma F, Li M, Ma B. Genome-wide identification, characterization and evolutionary dynamic of invertase gene family in apple, and revealing its roles in cold tolerance. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:766-777. [PMID: 36610562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invertases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the unalterable cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose, and are crucially involved in plant growth, development and stress response. In this study, a total of 17 putative invertase genes, including 3 cell wall invertases, 3 vacuolar invertases, and 11 neutral invertases were identified in apple genome. Subcellular localization of MdNINV7 and MdNINV11 indicated that both invertases were located in the cytoplasm. Comprehensive analyses of physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, genomic characterization, and gene evolution of MdINV family were conducted. Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome or segmental duplication and random duplication might have been the major driving force for MdINVs expansion. Selection index values, ω, showed strong evidence of positive selection signatures among the INV clusters. Gene expression analysis indicated that MdNINV1/3/6/7 members are crucially involved in fruit development and sugar accumulation. Similarly, expression profiles of MdCWINV1, MdVINV1, and MdNINV1/2/7/11 suggested their potential roles in response to cold stress. Furthermore, overexpression of MdNINV11 in apple calli at least in part promoted the expression of MdCBF1-5 and H2O2 detoxification in response to cold. Overall, our results will be useful for understanding the functions of MdINVs in the regulation of apple fruit development and cold stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Dreyer I, Vergara-Valladares F, Mérida-Quesada F, Rubio-Meléndez ME, Hernández-Rojas N, Riedelsberger J, Astola-Mariscal SZ, Heitmüller C, Yanez-Chávez M, Arrey-Salas O, San Martín-Davison A, Navarro-Retamal C, Michard E. The Surprising Dynamics of Electrochemical Coupling at Membrane Sandwiches in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:204. [PMID: 36616332 PMCID: PMC9824766 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transport processes across membranes play central roles in any biological system. They are essential for homeostasis, cell nutrition, and signaling. Fluxes across membranes are governed by fundamental thermodynamic rules and are influenced by electrical potentials and concentration gradients. Transmembrane transport processes have been largely studied on single membranes. However, several important cellular or subcellular structures consist of two closely spaced membranes that form a membrane sandwich. Such a dual membrane structure results in remarkable properties for the transport processes that are not present in isolated membranes. At the core of membrane sandwich properties, a small intermembrane volume is responsible for efficient coupling between the transport systems at the two otherwise independent membranes. Here, we present the physicochemical principles of transport coupling at two adjacent membranes and illustrate this concept with three examples. In the supplementary material, we provide animated PowerPoint presentations that visualize the relationships. They could be used for teaching purposes, as has already been completed successfully at the University of Talca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Dreyer
- Electrical Signaling in Plants (ESP) Laboratory, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Fernando Vergara-Valladares
- Doctorado en Ciencias mención Modelado de Sistemas Químicos y Biológicos, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Franko Mérida-Quesada
- Doctorado en Ciencias mención Modelado de Sistemas Químicos y Biológicos, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - María Eugenia Rubio-Meléndez
- Electrical Signaling in Plants (ESP) Laboratory, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Naomí Hernández-Rojas
- Electrical Signaling in Plants (ESP) Laboratory, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Janin Riedelsberger
- Electrical Signaling in Plants (ESP) Laboratory, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Sadith Zobeida Astola-Mariscal
- Electrical Signaling in Plants (ESP) Laboratory, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Charlotte Heitmüller
- Electrical Signaling in Plants (ESP) Laboratory, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mónica Yanez-Chávez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Avenida Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Oscar Arrey-Salas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Avenida Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Alex San Martín-Davison
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Carlos Navarro-Retamal
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742–5815, USA
| | - Erwan Michard
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Avenida Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
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14
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Effects of Phytochelatin-like Gene on the Resistance and Enrichment of Cd 2+ in Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416167. [PMID: 36555808 PMCID: PMC9784533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are class III metallothioneins in plants. They are low molecular-weight polypeptides rich in cysteine residues which can bind to metal ions and affect the physiological metabolism in plants. Unlike other types of metallothioneins, PCs are not the product of gene coding but are synthesized by phytochelatin synthase (PCS) based on glutathione (GSH). The chemical formula of phytochelatin is a mixture of (γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly (n = 2-11) and is influenced by many factors during synthesis. Phytochelatin-like (PCL) is a gene-encoded peptide (Met-(α-Glu-Cys)11-Gly) designed by our laboratory whose amino acid sequence mimics that of a natural phytochelatin. This study investigated how PCL expression in transgenic plants affects resistance to Cd and Cd accumulation. Under Cd2+ stress, transgenic plants were proven to perform significantly better than the wild-type (WT), regarding morphological traits and antioxidant abilities, but accumulated Cd to higher levels, notably in the roots. Fluorescence microscopy showed that PCL localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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15
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Zhang B, Li YN, Wu BH, Yuan YY, Zhao ZY. Plasma Membrane-Localized Transporter MdSWEET12 Is Involved in Sucrose Unloading in Apple Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15517-15530. [PMID: 36468541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sugar content is an important factor determining the flavor in apple fruit. Sugar unloading is a prerequisite step for sugar accumulation. However, little is known about sugar unloading mechanisms in apple. Transcriptomic sequencing of two apple varieties, "Envy" and "Pacific Rose," with significantly different sugar content was performed. MdSWEET12a from the SWEET transporter family was differentially expressed. Further study of the MdSWEET12a showed that this plasma membrane-localized transporter protein-encoding gene was mainly expressed in sieve element-companion cells (SE-CC) in the fruit, which was positively correlated with the sucrose accumulation during the development of "Envy" apple. Consistently manipulating the gene expression through either transient overexpression or silencing significantly increased or decreased the sugar content in apple fruit, respectively. Complementary growth experiments in mutant yeast cells indicated that MdSWEET12a transported sucrose. Heterologous expression of MdSWEET12a in tomato increased the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and transport, leading to increased sugar content. These findings underpin the involvement of MdSWEET12a in sugar unloading in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing-Hua Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian A&F University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Li G, Cui K, Hu Q, Wang W, Pan J, Zhang G, Shi Y, Nie L, Huang J, Peng S. Phloem Unloading in Developing Rice Caryopses and its Contribution to Non-Structural Carbohydrate Translocation from Stems and Grain Yield Formation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1510-1525. [PMID: 35946132 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phloem unloading plays an important role in photoassimilate partitioning and grain yield improvements in cereal crops. The phloem unloading strategy and its effects on photoassimilate translocation and yield formation remain unclear in rice. In this study, plasmodesmata were observed at the interface between the sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells (CCs), and between the SE-CC complex and surrounding parenchyma cells (PCs) in phloem of the dorsal vascular bundle in developing caryopses. Carboxyfluorescein (CF) signal was detected in the phloem of caryopses, which showed that CF was unloaded into caryopses. These results indicated that the SE-CC complex was symplasmically connected with adjacent PCs by plasmodesmata. Gene expression for sucrose transporter (SUT) and cell wall invertase (CWI), and OsSUT1 and OsCIN1 proteins were detected in developing caryopses, indicating that rice plants might actively unload sucrose into caryopses by the apoplasmic pathway. Among three rice recombinant inbred lines, R201 exhibited lower plasmodesmal densities at the boundaries between cell types (SE-CC, SE-PC and CC-PC) in developing caryopses than R91 and R156. R201 also had lower expression of SUT and CWI genes and lower protein levels of OsSUT1 and OsCIN1, as well as CWI activity, than R91 and R156. These data agreed with stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation and grain yields for the three lines. The nitrogen application rate had no significant effect on plasmodesmal densities at the interfaces between different cells types, and did not affect CF unloading in the phloem of developing caryopses. Low nitrogen treatment enhanced expression levels of OsSUT and OsCIN genes in the three lines. These results suggested that nitrogen application had no substantial effect on symplasmic unloading but affected apoplasmic unloading. Therefore, we concluded that poor symplasmic and apoplasmic unloading in developing caryopses might result in low stem NSC translocation and poor grain yield formation of R201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuqian Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wencheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junfeng Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yange Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lixiao Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Tropical crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Li G, Zhou C, Yang Z, Zhang C, Dai Q, Huo Z, Xu K. Low Nitrogen Enhances Apoplastic Phloem Loading and Improves the Translocation of Photoassimilates in Rice Leaves and Stems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:991-1007. [PMID: 35579477 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The grain filling of rice depends on photoassimilates from leaves and stems. Phloem loading is the first crucial step for the transportation of sucrose to grains. However, phloem loading mechanisms in rice leaves and stems and their response to nitrogen (N) remain unclear. Here, using a combination of electron microscopy, transportation of a phloem tracer and 13C labeling, phloem loading was studied in rice leaves and stems. The results showed that the sieve element-companion cell complex lacked a symplastic connection with surrounding parenchyma cells in leaves and stems. The genes expression and protein levels of sucrose transporter (SUTs) and sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) were detected in the vascular bundle of leaves and stems. A decrease in the 13C isotope remobilization from leaves to stems and panicles following treatment with p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid indicated that rice leaves and stems actively transport sucrose into the phloem. Under low-N (LN) treatment, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in stems and activity of SPS in leaves increased; genes expression and protein levels of SUTs and SWEETs in leaves and stems increased; the 13C isotope reallocation in panicles increased. These indicated that LN enhanced apoplastic phloem loading in stems and leaves. This improved the translocation of photoassimilates and consequently increased grain filling percentage, grain weight and harvest index. This study provides evidence that rice leaves and stems utilize an apoplastic loading strategy and respond to N stimuli by regulating the genes expression and protein levels of SUTs and SWEETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chiyan Zhou
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zijun Yang
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qigen Dai
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhongyang Huo
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Sun L, Wang J, Lian L, Song J, Du X, Liu W, Zhao W, Yang L, Li C, Qin Y, Yang R. Systematic analysis of the sugar accumulation mechanism in sucrose- and hexose- accumulating cherry tomato fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:303. [PMID: 35729535 PMCID: PMC9215100 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar content is an important indicator of fruit quality. Except for a few wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose in the fruits, most cultivated tomato species accumulate hexose. Although several studies have focused on wild sucrose-accumulating tomato, the sucrose accumulation mechanism is still unclear. RESULTS Here, two homozygous inbred cherry tomato lines ('TB0023' and 'TB0278', which accumulated sucrose and hexose, respectively) were selected to analyze the sugar accumulation mechanism. Carbohydrate analysis, cytological observation, gene expression and enzyme activity analysis and proteomics methods were used in this study. The results indicated that glucose and fructose were absolutely dominant in the soluble sugar content of hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit, while sucrose and a certain proportion of hexose were the main forms of soluble sugar in sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit. The phloem unloading pathway of the hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit switched from symplastic to apoplastic during fruit development, and the sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato probably had a mixed unloading pathway involving the symplastic and apoplastic. High activity of acid invertase (AI), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS) and sugar transporters LeSUT1, SlSWEET2a and SlSWEET12c were important factors for hexose accumulation in the hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit, while LeSUT2, SPS, SS, SlSWEET1b, SlSWEET5b, SlSWEET11b, SlSWEET7a, SlSWEET14 were responsible for solute sugar accumulation in the sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato. CONCLUSIONS This study provides detailed evidence for elucidation of the tomato sugar accumulation mechanism from the perspective of cell structure, physiology and molecular biology, providing a theoretical basis for the improvement of tomato quality and aiding the utilization of tomato genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Liqiang Lian
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Xueni Du
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Wenke Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Changbao Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Centre, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, Haidian District, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No.311 Nongda Dong Road, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China.
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Pleyerová I, Hamet J, Konrádová H, Lipavská H. Versatile roles of sorbitol in higher plants: luxury resource, effective defender or something else? PLANTA 2022; 256:13. [PMID: 35713726 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sorbitol metabolism plays multiple roles in many plants, including energy and carbon enrichment, effective defence against various stresses and other emerging specific roles. The underlying mechanisms are, however, incompletely understood. This review provides the current state-of-the-art, highlights missing knowledge and poses several remaining questions. The basic properties of sugar alcohols are summarised and pathways of sorbitol metabolism, including biosynthesis, degradation and key enzymes are described. Sorbitol transport within the plant body is discussed and individual roles of sorbitol in different organs, specific cells or even cellular compartments, are elaborated, clarifying the critical importance of sorbitol allocation and distribution. In addition to plants that accumulate and transport significant quantities of sorbitol (usual producers), there are some that synthesize small amounts of sorbitol or only possess sorbitol metabolising enzymes (non-usual producers). Modern analytical methods have recently enabled large amounts of data to be acquired on this topic, although numerous uncertainties and questions remain. For a long time, it has been clear that enriching carbohydrate metabolism with a sorbitol branch improves plant fitness under stress. Nevertheless, this is probably valid only when appropriate growth and defence trade-offs are ensured. Information on the ectopic expression of sorbitol metabolism genes has contributed substantially to our understanding of the sorbitol roles and raises new questions regarding sorbitol signalling potential. We finally examine strategies in plants producing sorbitol compared with those producing mannitol. Providing an in-depth understanding of sugar alcohol metabolism is essential for the progress in plant physiology as well as in targeted, knowledge-based crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Pleyerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Hamet
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Konrádová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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20
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Integrative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Transition Mechanism of Sugar Phloem Unloading Route in Camellia oleifera Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094590. [PMID: 35562980 PMCID: PMC9102078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose phloem unloading plays a vital role in photoassimilate distribution and storage in sink organs such as fruits and seeds. In most plants, the phloem unloading route was reported to shift between an apoplasmic and a symplasmic pattern with fruit development. However, the molecular transition mechanisms of the phloem unloading pathway still remain largely unknown. In this study, we applied RNA sequencing to profile the specific gene expression patterns for sucrose unloading in C. oleifera fruits in the apo- and symplasmic pathways that were discerned by CF fluoresce labelling. Several key structural genes were identified that participate in phloem unloading, such as PDBG11, PDBG14, SUT8, CWIN4, and CALS10. In particular, the key genes controlling the process were involved in callose metabolism, which was confirmed by callose staining. Based on the co-expression network analysis with key structural genes, a number of transcription factors belonging to the MYB, C2C2, NAC, WRKY, and AP2/ERF families were identified to be candidate regulators for the operation and transition of phloem unloading. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that some important metabolism pathways such as plant hormone metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism altered with the change of the sugar unloading pattern. Our study provides innovative insights into the different mechanisms responsible for apo- and symplasmic phloem unloading in oil tea fruit and represents an important step towards the omics delineation of sucrose phloem unloading transition in crops.
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21
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Yu JQ, Gu KD, Zhang LL, Sun CH, Zhang QY, Wang JH, Wang CK, Wang WY, Du MC, Hu DG. MdbHLH3 modulates apple soluble sugar content by activating phosphofructokinase gene expression. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:884-900. [PMID: 35199464 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are involved in plant growth, fruit quality, and signaling perception. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in soluble sugar accumulation is essential to understand fruit development. Here, we report that MdPFPβ, a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase gene, regulates soluble sugar accumulation by enhancing the photosynthetic performance and sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Biochemical analysis revealed that a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, MdbHLH3, binds to the MdPFPβ promoter and activates its expression, thus promoting soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruit. In addition, MdPFPβ overexpression in tomato influenced photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in the plant. Furthermore, we determined that MdbHLH3 increases photosynthetic rates and soluble sugar accumulation in apple by activating MdPFPβ expression. Our results thus shed light on the mechanism of soluble sugar accumulation in apple leaves and fruit: MdbHLH3 regulates soluble sugar accumulation by activating MdPFPβ gene expression and coordinating carbohydrate allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Kai-Di Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Cui-Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Meng-Chi Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, 271018, China
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22
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Liu X, Shen Y, Liu DH, Liu J, Zhang J, Wei J, Wang CL. A sorbitol transporter gene plays specific role in the occurrence of watercore by modulating the level of intercellular sorbitol in pear. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 317:111179. [PMID: 35193736 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Watercore is a physiological disorder which often occurs on the fruits of pear and closely related to the influence of environment factors, such as high temperature. The excessive accumulation of sorbitol in fruit intercellular space is considered to be an important cause of watercore. Sorbitol transporter (SOT) is the key translocation protein of sorbitol and our previous study found the PpSOT3 expression was significantly decreased in high temperature induced-watercore pear fruit by transcriptome method. How PpSOT3 regulates the occurrence of watercore in pear remains unclear. The present study found that PpSOT3 had different expression pattern in watercore-susceptible (Akibae and Hosui) and watercore-resistant (Aikansui) pear cultivars of young fruit and mature fruit. Moreover, the accumulation of intercellular sorbitol in watercore fruit was significantly higher than that in healthy fruit, and the expression of PpSOT3 was significantly inhibited. After the treatment of sugar transport inhibitor (para-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid, PCMBS), the fruit pulp occurred water-soaking and the expression of PpSOT3 and the intercellular sorbitol content was significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Subcellular localization showed that PpSOT3 was located in plasma membrane. Both transient overexpression and RNAi assays suggested PpSOT3 had the function of sorbitol uptake. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PpSOT3 was a PCMBS-sensitive sorbitol transporter and played an important role in the occurrence of watercore by modulating the level of intercellular sorbitol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-He Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Rossi F, Manfrini L, Venturi M, Corelli Grappadelli L, Morandi B. Fruit transpiration drives interspecific variability in fruit growth strategies. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac036. [PMID: 35184185 PMCID: PMC8987619 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth is a complex mechanism resulting from biochemical and biophysical events leading water and dry matter to accumulate in the fruit tissues. Understanding how fruits choose their growth strategies can help growers optimizing their resource management for a more sustainable production and a higher fruit quality. This paper compares the growth strategies adopted by different fruit crops, at different times during the season and relates their fruit surface conductance to key physiological parameters for fruit growth such as phloem and xylem inflows as well transpiration losses. Our results show how fruits capacity to transpire (determined by their surface conductance) is a key driver in determining the growth strategy adopted by a species and explains the inter-species variability existing among different crops. Indeed, fruits change their surface conductance depending on the species and the phenological stage. This has an impact on the fruit's ability to lose water due to transpiration, affecting fruit pressure potential and increasing the force with which the fruit is able to attract xylem and phloem flows, with a considerable impact on fruit growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Luigi Manfrini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Melissa Venturi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Luca Corelli Grappadelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
| | - Brunella Morandi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna (Italy)
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24
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Ko HY, Ho LH, Neuhaus HE, Guo WJ. Transporter SlSWEET15 unloads sucrose from phloem and seed coat for fruit and seed development in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2230-2245. [PMID: 34618023 PMCID: PMC8644451 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersium), an important fruit crop worldwide, requires efficient sugar allocation for fruit development. However, molecular mechanisms for sugar import to fruits remain poorly understood. Expression of sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) proteins is closely linked to high fructose/glucose ratios in tomato fruits and may be involved in sugar allocation. Here, we discovered that SlSWEET15 is highly expressed in developing fruits compared to vegetative organs. In situ hybridization and β-glucuronidase fusion analyses revealed SlSWEET15 proteins accumulate in vascular tissues and seed coats, major sites of sucrose unloading in fruits. Localizing SlSWEET15-green fluorescent protein to the plasma membrane supported its putative role in apoplasmic sucrose unloading. The sucrose transport activity of SlSWEET15 was confirmed by complementary growth assays in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant. Elimination of SlSWEET15 function by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/CRISPR-associated protein gene editing significantly decreased average sizes and weights of fruits, with severe defects in seed filling and embryo development. Altogether, our studies suggest a role of SlSWEET15 in mediating sucrose efflux from the releasing phloem cells to the fruit apoplasm and subsequent import into storage parenchyma cells during fruit development. Furthermore, SlSWEET15-mediated sucrose efflux is likely required for sucrose unloading from the seed coat to the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Ko
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
- Author for communication:
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25
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Guo Y, Song H, Zhao Y, Qin X, Cao Y, Zhang L. Switch from symplasmic to aspoplasmic phloem unloading in Xanthoceras sorbifolia fruit and sucrose influx XsSWEET10 as a key candidate for Sugar transport. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111089. [PMID: 34763874 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The process of phloem unloading and post-unloading transport of photoassimilate is critical to crop output. Xanthoceras sorbifolia is a woody oil species with great biomass energy prospects in China; however, underproduction of seeds seriously restricts its development. Here, our cytological studies by ultrastructural observation revealed that the sieve element-companion cell complex in carpellary bundle was symplasmically interconnected with surrounding parenchyma cells at the early and late fruit developmental stages, whereas it was symplasmically isolated at middle stage. Consistently, real-time imaging showed that fluorescent tracer 6(5)carboxyfluorescein was confined to phloem strands at middle stage but released into surrounding parenchymal cells at early and late stages. Enzymatic assay showed that sucrose synthase act as the key enzyme catalyzing the progress of Suc degradation post-unloading pathway whether in pericarp or in seed, while vacuolar acid invertase and neutral invertase play compensation roles in sucrose decomposition. Sugar transporter XsSWEET10 had a high expression profile in fruit, especially at middle stage. XsSWEET10 is a plasma membrane-localized protein and heterologous expression in SUC2-deficient yeast strain SUSY7/ura3 confirmed its ability to uptake sucrose. These findings approved the transition from symplasmic to apoplasmic phloem unloading in Xanthoceras sorbifolia fruit and XsSWEET10 as a key candidate in sugar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Guo
- Research & Development Center of Blueberry, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Song
- Research & Development Center of Blueberry, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Research & Development Center of Blueberry, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Qin
- Research & Development Center of Blueberry, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- Research & Development Center of Blueberry, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Research & Development Center of Blueberry, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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26
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Paniagua C, Sinanaj B, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata and their role in the regulation of phloem unloading during fruit development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102145. [PMID: 34826657 PMCID: PMC8687135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit consumption is fundamental to a balanced diet. The contemporary challenge of maintaining a steady food supply to meet the demands of a growing population is driving the development of strategies to improve the production and nutritional quality of fruit. Plasmodesmata, the structures that mediate symplasmic transport between plant cells, play an important role in phloem unloading and distribution of sugars and signalling molecules into developing organs. Targeted modifications to the structures and functioning of plasmodesmata have the potential to improve fruit development; however, knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning plasmodesmata regulation in this context is scarce. In this review, we have compiled current knowledge on plasmodesmata and their structural characterisation during the development of fruit organs. We discuss key questions on phloem unloading, including the pathway shift from symplasmic to apoplastic that takes place during the onset of ripening as potential targets for improving fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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27
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Sun W, Ma N, Huang H, Wei J, Ma S, Liu H, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Sui X, Li X. Photosynthetic contribution and characteristics of cucumber stems and petioles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:454. [PMID: 34615487 PMCID: PMC8493697 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthesis in the green leafless blade tissues or organs of plants has been studied in some plants, but the photosynthetic characteristics of stems and petioles are poorly understood. Cucurbitaceous plants are climbing plants that have substantial stem and petiole biomass. Understanding the photosynthetic contribution of cucumber stems and petioles to their growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms are important for the regulating of growth in cucumber production. RESULTS In this study, the photosynthetic capacity of cucumber stems and petioles were determined by 14CO2 uptake. The total carbon fixed by the stems and petioles was approximately 4% of that fixed by one leaf blade in the cucumber seedling stage, while the proportion of the carbon accumulated in the stems and petioles that redistributed to sink organs (roots and shoot apexes) obviously increased under leafless conditions. The photosynthetic properties of cucumber stems and petioles were studied using a combination of electron microscopy and isotope tracers to compare these properties of stems and petioles with those of leaf blade using two genotypes of cucumber (dark green and light green). Compared with those of the leaf blades, the chlorophyll contents of the cucumber stems and petioles were lower, and the stems and petioles had lower chloroplast numbers and lower stoma numbers but higher thylakoid grana lamella numbers and larger stoma sizes. The Chl a/b ratios were also decreased in the petioles and stems compared with those in the leaf blades. The total photosynthetic rates of the stems and petioles were equivalent to 6 ~ 8% of that of one leaf blade, but the respiration rates were similar in all the three organs, with an almost net 0 photosynthetic rate in the stems and petioles. Transcriptome analysis showed that compared with the leaf blades, the stems and petioles has significantly different gene expression levels in photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; photosynthetic antenna proteins; and carbon fixation. PEPC enzyme activities were higher in the stems and petioles than in the leaf blades, suggesting that the photosynthetic and respiratory mechanisms in stems and petioles are different from those in leaf blade, and these results are consistent with the gene expression data. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed the photosynthetic contribution to the growth of cucumber stems and petioles, and showed their similar photosynthetic patterns in the terms of anatomy, molecular biology and physiology, which were different from those of cucumber leaf blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, 301 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Qiu L, Hu S, Wang Y, Qu H. Accumulation of Abnormal Amyloplasts in Pulp Cells Induces Bitter Pit in Malus domestica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738726. [PMID: 34630490 PMCID: PMC8496688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple bitter pit primarily occurs during fruit ripening and storage; however, its formation mechanism remains unclear. Although it is considered that Ca2+ deficiency causes metabolic disorders in apples, there have been few studies on the mechanism of the bitter pit from the perspective of cell structure. At the fruit ripening stage, the fruit with a bitter pit on the tree was taken as the research material. In this study, the microscopic observation revealed numerous amyloplasts in the pulp cells of apples affected with bitter pit, but not in the healthy pulp. Furthermore, the results of fluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the bitter pit pulp cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD), their nuclear chromosomes condense, and amyloplast forms autophagy. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in the healthy fruits was lowest near the peduncle, followed by that in the calyx, whereas it was highest at the equator. In contrast, the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in apple fruits showing bitter pit disorder was lowest near the peduncle and highest in the calyx. Moreover, the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the flesh cells of apples with the bitter pit was much lower than that in the healthy apple flesh cells; however, the concentration of Ca2+ in the vacuoles of fruits with the bitter pit was higher than that in the vacuoles of healthy fruits. In summary, bitter pit pulp cells contain a large number of amyloplasts, which disrupts the distribution of Ca2+ in the pulp cells and causes PCD. These two processes lead to an imbalance in cell metabolism and induce the formation of a bitter pit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongzhang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyong Qu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Chen T, Zhang Z, Li B, Qin G, Tian S. Molecular basis for optimizing sugar metabolism and transport during fruit development. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:330-340. [PMID: 36303881 PMCID: PMC9590571 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are fundamental metabolites synthesized in leaves and further delivered to fruit in fruit crops. They not only provide "sweetness" as fruit quality traits, but also function as signaling molecules to modulate the responses of fruit to environmental stimuli. Therefore, the understanding to the molecular basis for sugar metabolism and transport is crucial for improving fruit quality and dissecting responses to abiotic/biotic factors. Here, we provide a review for molecular components involved in sugar metabolism and transport, crosstalk with hormone signaling, and the roles of sugars in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Moreover, we also envisage the strategies for optimizing sugar metabolism during fruit quality maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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30
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Wada H, Nakata K, Nonami H, Erra-Balsells R, Tatsuki M, Hatakeyama Y, Tanaka F. Direct evidence for dynamics of cell heterogeneity in watercored apples: turgor-associated metabolic modifications and within-fruit water potential gradient unveiled by single-cell analyses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:187. [PMID: 34344866 PMCID: PMC8333330 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Watercore is a physiological disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruits that appears as water-soaked tissues adjacent to the vascular core, although there is little information on what exactly occurs at cell level in the watercored apples, particularly from the viewpoint of cell water relations. By combining picolitre pressure-probe electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (picoPPESI-MS) with freezing point osmometry and vapor pressure osmometry, changes in cell water status and metabolisms were spatially assayed in the same fruit. In the watercored fruit, total soluble solid was lower in the watercore region than the normal outer parenchyma region, but there was no spatial difference in the osmotic potentials determined with freezing point osmometry. Importantly, a disagreement between the osmotic potentials determined with two methods has been observed in the watercore region, indicating the presence of significant volatile compounds in the cellular fluids collected. In the watercored fruit, cell turgor varied across flesh, and a steeper water potential gradient has been established from the normal outer parenchyma region to the watercore region, retaining the potential to transport water to the watercore region. Site-specific analysis using picoPPESI-MS revealed that together with a reduction in turgor, remarkable metabolic modifications through fermentation have occurred at the border, inducing greater production of watercore-related volatile compounds, such as alcohols and esters, compared with other regions. Because alcohols including ethanol have low reflection coefficients, it is very likely that these molecules would have rapidly penetrated membranes to accumulate in apoplast to fill. In addition to the water potential gradient detected here, this would physically contribute to the appearance with high tissue transparency and changes in colour differences. Therefore, it is concluded that these spatial changes in cell water relations are closely associated with watercore symptoms as well as with metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Nakata
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Department of Organic Chemistry and CIHIDECAR (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miho Tatsuki
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuto Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fukuyo Tanaka
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Pan K, Lu C, Nie P, Hu M, Zhou X, Chen X, Wang W. Predominantly symplastic phloem unloading of photosynthates maintains efficient starch accumulation in the cassava storage roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:318. [PMID: 34217217 PMCID: PMC8254309 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) efficiently accumulates starch in its storage roots. However, how photosynthates are transported from the leaves to the phloem (especially how they are unloaded into parenchymal cells of storage roots) remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we investigated the sucrose unloading pattern and its impact on cassava storage root development using microstructural and physiological analyses, namely, carboxyfluorescein (CF) and C14 isotope tracing. The expression profiling of genes involved in symplastic and apoplastic transport was performed, which included enzyme activity, protein gel blot analysis, and transcriptome sequencing analyses. These finding showed that carbohydrates are transported mainly in the form of sucrose, and more than 54.6% was present in the stem phloem. Sucrose was predominantly unloaded symplastically from the phloem into storage roots; in addition, there was a shift from apoplastic to symplastic unloading accompanied by the onset of root swelling. Statistical data on the microstructures indicated an enrichment of plasmodesmata within sieve, companion, and parenchyma cells in the developing storage roots of a cultivar but not in a wild ancestor. Tracing tests with CF verified the existence of a symplastic channel, and [14C] Suc demonstrated that sucrose could rapidly diffuse into root parenchyma cells from phloem cells. The relatively high expression of genes encoding sucrose synthase and associated proteins appeared in the middle and late stages of storage roots but not in primary fibrous roots, or secondary fibrous roots. The inverse expression pattern of sucrose transporters, cell wall acid invertase, and soluble acid invertase in these corresponding organs supported the presence of a symplastic sucrose unloading pathway. The transcription profile of genes involved in symplastic unloading and their significantly positive correlation with the starch yield at the population level confirmed that symplastic sucrose transport is vitally important in the development of cassava storage roots. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we revealed that the cassava storage root phloem sucrose unloading pattern was predominantly a symplastic unloading pattern. This pattern is essential for efficient starch accumulation in high-yielding varieties compared with low-yielding wild ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Peixian Nie
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Meizhen Hu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xincheng Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Ren Y, Li M, Guo S, Sun H, Zhao J, Zhang J, Liu G, He H, Tian S, Yu Y, Gong G, Zhang H, Zhang X, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Scheller HV, Xu Y. Evolutionary gain of oligosaccharide hydrolysis and sugar transport enhanced carbohydrate partitioning in sweet watermelon fruits. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1554-1573. [PMID: 33570606 PMCID: PMC8254481 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
How raffinose (Raf) family oligosaccharides, the major translocated sugars in the vascular bundle in cucurbits, are hydrolyzed and subsequently partitioned has not been fully elucidated. By performing reciprocal grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruits to branch stems, we observed that Raf was hydrolyzed in the fruit of cultivar watermelons but was backlogged in the fruit of wild ancestor species. Through a genome-wide association study, the alkaline alpha-galactosidase ClAGA2 was identified as the key factor controlling stachyose and Raf hydrolysis, and it was determined to be specifically expressed in the vascular bundle. Analysis of transgenic plants confirmed that ClAGA2 controls fruit Raf hydrolysis and reduces sugar content in fruits. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ClAGA2 promoter affect the recruitment of the transcription factor ClNF-YC2 (nuclear transcription factor Y subunit C) to regulate ClAGA2 expression. Moreover, this study demonstrates that C. lanatus Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported Transporter 3 (ClSWEET3) and Tonoplast Sugar Transporter (ClTST2) participate in plasma membrane sugar transport and sugar storage in fruit cell vacuoles, respectively. Knocking out ClAGA2, ClSWEET3, and ClTST2 affected fruit sugar accumulation. Genomic signatures indicate that the selection of ClAGA2, ClSWEET3, and ClTST2 for carbohydrate partitioning led to the derivation of modern sweet watermelon from non-sweet ancestors during domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maoying Li
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guangmin Liu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hongju He
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shouwei Tian
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yongtao Yu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
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Li Y, Liu H, Yao X, Wang J, Feng S, Sun L, Ma S, Xu K, Chen LQ, Sui X. Hexose transporter CsSWEET7a in cucumber mediates phloem unloading in companion cells for fruit development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:640-654. [PMID: 33604597 PMCID: PMC8154047 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the fleshy fruit of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), the phloem flow is unloaded via an apoplasmic pathway, which requires protein carriers to export sugars derived from stachyose and raffinose into the apoplasm. However, transporter(s) involved in this process remain unidentified. Here, we report that a hexose transporter, CsSWEET7a (Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 7a), was highly expressed in cucumber sink tissues and localized to the plasma membrane in companion cells of the phloem. Its expression level increased gradually during fruit development. Down-regulation of CsSWEET7a by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in smaller fruit size along with reduced soluble sugar levels and reduced allocation of 14C-labelled carbon to sink tissues. CsSWEET7a overexpression lines showed an opposite phenotype. Interestingly, genes encoding alkaline α-galactosidase (AGA) and sucrose synthase (SUS) were also differentially regulated in CsSWEET7a transgenic lines. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that CsAGA2 co-localized with CsSWEET7a in companion cells, indicating cooperation between AGA and CsSWEET7a in fruit phloem unloading. Our findings indicated that CsSWEET7a is involved in sugar phloem unloading in cucumber fruit by removing hexoses from companion cells to the apoplasmic space to stimulate the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) metabolism so that additional sugars can be unloaded to promote fruit growth. This study also provides a possible avenue towards improving fruit production in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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34
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Aluko OO, Li C, Wang Q, Liu H. Sucrose Utilization for Improved Crop Yields: A Review Article. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4704. [PMID: 33946791 PMCID: PMC8124652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon converted to sucrose is vital for plant growth. Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule and a primary energy source that coordinates the source and sink development. Alteration in source-sink balance halts the physiological and developmental processes of plants, since plant growth is mostly triggered when the primary assimilates in the source leaf balance with the metabolic needs of the heterotrophic sinks. To measure up with the sink organ's metabolic needs, the improvement of photosynthetic carbon to synthesis sucrose, its remobilization, and utilization at the sink level becomes imperative. However, environmental cues that influence sucrose balance within these plant organs, limiting positive yield prospects, have also been a rising issue over the past few decades. Thus, this review discusses strategies to improve photosynthetic carbon assimilation, the pathways actively involved in the transport of sucrose from source to sink organs, and their utilization at the sink organ. We further emphasize the impact of various environmental cues on sucrose transport and utilization, and the strategic yield improvement approaches under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuanzong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Haobao Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
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35
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Gu C, Wu RF, Yu CY, Qi KJ, Wu C, Zhang HP, Zhang SL. Spatio-temporally expressed sorbitol transporters cooperatively regulate sorbitol accumulation in pear fruit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110787. [PMID: 33487362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sorbitol is the primary substrate translocated from source to sink in pear species. Among the many sorbitol transporters (SOTs), some are known to be involved in sorbitol accumulation in fruit; however, their particular roles are unclear. In this study, we examined the transcriptome and metabolome of a variety of pear samples from six time points to identify those SOTs. Similar to previous studies, sorbitol and sucrose differed significantly between the leaf and fruit, and sorbitol was consistently observed at higher concentrations at all time points. Interestingly, we found that sorbitol accumulation in pear fruit was cooperatively mediated by SOT3, SOT6/20, SOT19/21, and SOT22. In particular, the up-regulated SOT6/20 and SOT19/21 in fruit under 1 mg L-1 abscisic acid and 10 mg L-1 indole acetic acid treatments, respectively, resulted in an increased sorbitol concentration. In addition, sorbitol concentration showed positive correlations to fructose and glucose concentrations, indicating a role for sorbitol in the determination of fruit sweetness. Together with the deduced process of sugar biosynthesis, transport, conversion, and accumulation in pear, our study provides a foundation for further research into sugar accumulation processes in pear fruit, contributing to the improvement of fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruo-Fan Wu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cai-Yun Yu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai-Jie Qi
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Wu
- New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hu-Ping Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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36
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Anthony BM, Chaparro JM, Prenni JE, Minas IS. Early metabolic priming under differing carbon sufficiency conditions influences peach fruit quality development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:416-431. [PMID: 33202321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop load management is an important preharvest factor to balance yield, quality, and maturation in peach. However, few studies have addressed how preharvest factors impact metabolism on fruit of equal maturity. An experiment was conducted to understand how carbon competition impacts fruit internal quality and metabolism in 'Cresthaven' peach trees by imposing distinct thinning severities. Fruit quality was evaluated at three developmental stages (S2, S3, S4), while controlling for equal maturity using non-destructive visual to near-infrared spectroscopy. Non-targeted metabolite profiling was used to characterize fruit at each developmental stage from trees that were unthinned (carbon starvation) or thinned (carbon sufficiency). Carbon sufficiency resulted in significantly higher fruit dry matter content and soluble solids concentration at harvest when compared to the carbon starved, underscoring the true impact of carbon manipulation on fruit quality. Significant differences in the fruit metabolome between treatments were observed at S2 when phenotypes were similar, while less differences were observed at S4 when the carbon sufficient fruit exhibited a superior phenotype. This suggests a potential metabolic priming effect on fruit quality when carbon is sufficiently supplied during early fruit growth and development. In particular, elevated levels of catechin may suggest a link between secondary/primary metabolism and fruit quality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M Anthony
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ioannis S Minas
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Sha J, Wang F, Xu X, Chen Q, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Ge S. Studies on the translocation characteristics of 13C-photoassimilates to fruit during the fruit development stage in 'Fuji' apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:636-645. [PMID: 32912493 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to define translocation characteristics of 13C-photoassimilates to fruit during the fruit development stage in 'Fuji' apple, the 13C labeled tracer method was used in whole five-year-old 'Fuji'3/M26/Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder apple trees at different days after flowering (DAF). The changes in 13C translocation to the fruit, source strength of the leaves, and sink strength of the fruits were assessed. The results indicated that the δ13C value and 13C distribution rate of the fruit increased first and then decreased with the increase in the fruit development period, being higher from 120 to 135 DAF. The leaves appeared to moderately senesce in an attempt to maintain high photosynthesis during 120-135 DAF, which promoted the outward transport of photoassimilates. The single fruit weight and longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruit increased rapidly during 120-150 DAF, which increased the sink zone for the unloading of photoassimilates in the fruit. The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and amylase (AM), the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the gibberellin (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the fruit flesh, and the gene expression levels of MdSOT1, MdSOT2, MdSOT3, MdSUT1, and MdSUT4 in the fruit stalk tissue were higher during 120-135 DAF. At this point, the difference in the sorbitol content between the fruit stalk and fruit flesh was also at the highest level of the entire year. These factors together increased the sink activity of the fruit, thus improving the photoassimilate transport efficiency to the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuan Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanmao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Shunfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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Ren Y, Sun H, Zong M, Guo S, Ren Z, Zhao J, Li M, Zhang J, Tian S, Wang J, Yu Y, Gong G, Zhang H, He H, Li L, Zhang X, Liu F, Fei Z, Xu Y. Localization shift of a sugar transporter contributes to phloem unloading in sweet watermelons. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1858-1871. [PMID: 32453446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Unloading sugar from sink phloem by transporters is complex and much remains to be understood about this phenomenon in the watermelon fruit. Here, we report a novel vacuolar sugar transporter (ClVST1) identified through map-based cloning and association study, whose expression in fruit phloem is associated with accumulation of sucrose (Suc) in watermelon fruit. ClVST197 knockout lines show decreased sugar content and total biomass, whereas overexpression of ClVST197 increases Suc content. Population genomic and subcellular localization analyses strongly suggest a single-base change at the coding region of ClVST197 as a major molecular event during watermelon domestication, which results in the truncation of 45 amino acids and shifts the localization of ClVST197 to plasma membranes in sweet watermelons. Molecular, biochemical and phenotypic analyses indicate that ClVST197 is a novel sugar transporter for Suc and glucose efflux and unloading. Functional characterization of ClVST1 provides a novel strategy to increase sugar sink potency during watermelon domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Mei Zong
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Zhijie Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Maoying Li
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shouwei Tian
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jinfang Wang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yongtao Yu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongju He
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Liu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
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Constantinescu D, Vercambre G, Génard M. Model-assisted analysis of the peach pedicel-fruit system suggests regulation of sugar uptake and a water-saving strategy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3463-3474. [PMID: 32420599 PMCID: PMC7307860 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a model based on the biophysical representation of water and sugar flows between the pedicel, fruit xylem and phloem, and the fruit apoplast and symplast in order to identify diurnal patterns of transport in the pedicel-fruit system of peach. The model predicts that during the night water is mainly imported to the fruit through the xylem, and that fruit phloem-xylem transfer of water allows sugar concentrations in the phloem to be higher in the fruit than in the pedicel. This results in relatively high sugar transport to the fruit apoplast, leading to relatively high sugar uptake by the fruit symplast despite low sugar concentrations in the pedicel. At midday, the model predicts a xylem backflow of water driven by a lower pressure potential in the xylem than in the fruit apoplast. In addition, fruit xylem-to-phloem transfer of water decreases the fruit phloem sugar concentration, resulting in moderate sugar uptake by the fruit symplast, despite the high sugar concentration in the pedicel. Globally, the predicted fruit xylem-phloem water transfers buffer the sugar concentrations in the fruit phloem and apoplast, leading to a diurnally regulated uptake of sugar. A possible fruit xylem-to-apoplast recirculation of water through the fruit phloem reduces water lost by xylem backflow at midday.
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Deng L, Li P, Chu C, Ding Y, Wang S. Symplasmic phloem unloading and post-phloem transport during bamboo internode elongation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:391-412. [PMID: 31976532 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In traditional opinions, no radial transportation was considered to occur in the bamboo internodes but was usually considered to occur in the nodes. Few studies have involved the phloem unloading and post-phloem transport pathways in the rapid elongating bamboo shoots. Our observations indicated a symplastic pathway in phloem unloading and post-unloading pathways in the culms of Fargesiayunnanensis Hsueh et Yi, based on a 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate tracing experiment. Significant lignification and suberinization in fiber and parenchyma cell walls in maturing internodes blocked the apoplastic transport. Assimilates were transported out of the vascular bundles in four directions in the inner zones but in two directions in the outer zones via the continuum of parenchyma cells. In transverse sections, assimilates were outward transported from the inner zones to the outer zones. Assimilates transport velocities varied with time, with the highest values at 0):00 h, which were affected by water transport. The assimilate transport from the adult culms to the young shoots also varied with the developmental degree of bamboo shoots, with the highest transport velocities in the rapidly elongating internodes. The localization of sucrose, glucose, starch grains and the related enzymes reconfirmed that the parenchyma cells in and around the vascular bundles constituted a symplastic pathway for the radial transport of sugars and were the main sites for sugar metabolism. The parenchyma cells functioned as the 'rays' for the radial transport in and between vascular bundles in bamboo internodes. These results systematically revealed the transport mechanism of assimilate and water in the elongating bamboo shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Bailong Road, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Bailong Road, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, P. R. China
| | - Caihua Chu
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Bailong Road, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P.R. China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Bailong Road, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, P. R. China
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41
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Abstract
Sucrose is an important component of fruit flavor, but whether sucrose signaling affects the postharvest ripening process of kiwifruit is unclear. The aim of this article was to study the effect of sucrose application on postharvest kiwifruit ripening to clarify the effect of sucrose in this process. Our present study found that exogenous sucrose can promote ethylene synthesis, which increases the ethylene content during fruit ripening, thereby accelerating the ripening and softening of kiwifruit after harvest. A significantly higher expression of AcACS1 and AcACO2 was found in sucrose-treated fruits compared to that in mannitol-treated fruits. Blocking the ethylene signal significantly inhibited the sucrose-modulated expression of most selected ripening-related genes. Sucrose transport is essential for sucrose accumulation in fruits; therefore, we isolated the gene family related to sucrose transport in kiwifruit and analyzed the gene expression of its members. The results show that AcSUT1 and AcTST1 expression increased with fruit ripening and AcSUT4 expression decreased with ripening, indicating that they may have different roles in the regulation of fruit ripening. Additionally, many cis-elements associated with phytohormones and sugar responses were found in the promoter of the three genes, which suggests that they were transcriptionally regulated by sugar signal and phytohormones. This study demonstrates the effect of sucrose on postharvest ripening of kiwifruit, providing a good foundation for further research.
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Wang Z, Wei X, Yang J, Li H, Ma B, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Ma F, Li M. Heterologous expression of the apple hexose transporter MdHT2.2 altered sugar concentration with increasing cell wall invertase activity in tomato fruit. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:540-552. [PMID: 31350935 PMCID: PMC6953210 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transporters are necessary to transfer hexose from cell wall spaces into parenchyma cells to boost hexose accumulation to high concentrations in fruit. Here, we have identified an apple hexose transporter (HTs), MdHT2.2, located in the plasma membrane, which is highly expressed in mature fruit. In a yeast system, the MdHT2.2 protein exhibited high 14 C-fructose and 14 C-glucose transport activity. In transgenic tomato heterologously expressing MdHT2.2, the levels of both fructose and glucose increased significantly in mature fruit, with sugar being unloaded via the apoplastic pathway, but the level of sucrose decreased significantly. Analysis of enzyme activity and the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and transport revealed greatly up-regulated expression of SlLIN5, a key gene encoding cell wall invertase (CWINV), as well as increased CWINV activity in tomatoes transformed with MdHT2.2. Moreover, the levels of fructose, glucose and sucrose recovered nearly to those of the wild type in the sllin5-edited mutant of the MdHT2.2-expressing lines. However, the overexpression of MdHT2.2 decreased hexose levels and increased sucrose levels in mature leaves and young fruit, suggesting that the response pathway for the apoplastic hexose signal differs among tomato tissues. The present study identifies a new HTs in apple that is able to take up fructose and glucose into cells and confirms that the apoplastic hexose levels regulated by HT controls CWINV activity to alter carbohydrate partitioning and sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jingjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Huixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi ProvinceYanglingChina
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Section of HorticultureSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Roch L, Dai Z, Gomès E, Bernillon S, Wang J, Gibon Y, Moing A. Fruit Salad in the Lab: Comparing Botanical Species to Help Deciphering Fruit Primary Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:836. [PMID: 31354750 PMCID: PMC6632546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although fleshy fruit species are economically important worldwide and crucial for human nutrition, the regulation of their fruit metabolism remains to be described finely. Fruit species differ in the origin of the tissue constituting the flesh, duration of fruit development, coordination of ripening changes (climacteric vs. non-climacteric type) and biochemical composition at ripeness is linked to sweetness and acidity. The main constituents of mature fruit result from different strategies of carbon transport and metabolism. Thus, the timing and nature of phloem loading and unloading can largely differ from one species to another. Furthermore, accumulations and transformations of major soluble sugars, organic acids, amino acids, starch and cell walls are very variable among fruit species. Comparing fruit species therefore appears as a valuable way to get a better understanding of metabolism. On the one hand, the comparison of results of studies about species of different botanical families allows pointing the drivers of sugar or organic acid accumulation but this kind of comparison is often hampered by heterogeneous analysis approaches applied in each study and incomplete dataset. On the other hand, cross-species studies remain rare but have brought new insights into key aspects of primary metabolism regulation. In addition, new tools for multi-species comparisons are currently emerging, including meta-analyses or re-use of shared metabolic or genomic data, and comparative metabolic flux or process-based modeling. All these approaches contribute to the identification of the metabolic factors that influence fruit growth and quality, in order to adjust their levels with breeding or cultural practices, with respect to improving fruit traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Roch
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, CGFB, MetaboHUB-PHENOME, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, CGFB, MetaboHUB-PHENOME, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, CGFB, MetaboHUB-PHENOME, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Corelli Grappadelli L, Morandi B, Manfrini L, O'Connell M. Apoplasmic and simplasmic phloem unloading mechanisms: Do they co-exist in Angeleno plums under demanding environmental conditions? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 237:104-110. [PMID: 31055228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical fruit growth depends on a balance among the vascular and transpiration flows entering/exiting the fruit via phloem, xylem and through the epidermis. There is no information on vascular flows of Japanese plums, a species characterized by high-sugar content of its fruit at harvest. Vascular flows of Angeleno plums were monitored by fruit gauges during late fruit development, under the dry environment of the Goulburn Valley, Victoria, Australia. Phloem, xylem flows and skin transpiratory losses were determined, as well as diurnal leaf, stem and fruit pressure potentials. Fruit seasonal development, skin conductance and dry matter accumulation were also monitored. Fruit grew following a double-sigmoid pattern, but fruit size increased only 3.1 g over the last 3 weeks of development. Fruit grew very little in the morning, primarily due to phloem inflows (0.05 g fruit-1hr-1), while water left the fruit via the xylem. Negligible skin transpiration was recorded for vapour pressure deficit (VPD) values below 3 kPa. This growth pattern, in the absence of skin transpiration, suggests apoplastic phloem unloading. However, at VPD values over 3 kPa (e.g. from early afternoon to a peak around 18:00 h), transpiratory losses through the skin (up to 0.25 g fruit-1hr-1) caused fruit to shrink, leading to enhanced phloem and xylem inflows (ca. 0.15 g fruit-1hr-1), a scenario that would correspond to symplastic phloem unloading. Over 24 h the fruit showed a slightly negative total growth, consistent with fruit growth measured in situ during the season at weekly intervals. A few fruit species are known to alter their phloem unloading mechanism, switching from symplastic to apoplastic during the season. Our data support the coexistence in Japanese plum of different phloem unloading strategies within the same day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brunella Morandi
- Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luigi Manfrini
- Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, V.le Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Mark O'Connell
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 255 Ferguson Rd, Tatura, Victoria, 3616, Australia. Mark.O'
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Ma S, Sun L, Sui X, Li Y, Chang Y, Fan J, Zhang Z. Phloem loading in cucumber: combined symplastic and apoplastic strategies. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:391-404. [PMID: 30604489 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phloem loading, as the first step of transporting photoassimilates from mesophyll cells to sieve element-companion cell complex, creates a driving force for long-distance nutrient transport. Three loading strategies have been proposed: passive symplastic loading, apoplastic loading and symplastic transfer followed by polymer-trapping of stachyose and raffinose. Although individual species are generally referred to as using a single phloem loading mechanism, it has been suggested that some plants may use more than one, i.e. 'mixed loading'. Here, by using a combination of electron microscopy, reverse genetics and 14 C labeling, loading strategies were studied in cucumber, a polymer-trapping loading species. The results indicate that intermediary cells (ICs), which mediate polymer-trapping, and ordinary companion cells, which mediate apoplastic loading, were mainly found in the fifth and third order veins, respectively. Accordingly, a cucumber galactinol synthase gene (CsGolS1) and a sucrose transporter gene (CsSUT2) were expressed mainly in the fifth/third and the third order veins, respectively. Immunolocalization analysis indicated that CsGolS1 was localized in companion cells (CCs) while CsSUT2 was in CCs and sieve elements (SEs). Suppressing CsGolS1 significantly decreased the stachyose level and increased sucrose content, while suppressing CsSUT2 decreased the sucrose level and increased the stachyose content in leaves. After 14 CO2 labeling, [14 C]sucrose export increased and [14 C]stachyose export reduced from petioles in CsGolS1i plants, but [14 C]sucrose export decreased and [14 C]stachyose export increased into petioles in CsSUT2i plants. Similar results were also observed after pre-treating the CsGolS1i leaves with PCMBS (transporter inhibitor). These results demonstrate that cucumber phloem loading depends on both polymer-trapping and apoplastic loading strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Kalmbach L, Helariutta Y. Sieve Plate Pores in the Phloem and the Unknowns of Their Formation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E25. [PMID: 30678196 PMCID: PMC6409547 DOI: 10.3390/plants8020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sieve pores of the sieve plates connect neighboring sieve elements to form the conducting sieve tubes of the phloem. Sieve pores are critical for phloem function. From the 1950s onwards, when electron microscopes became increasingly available, the study of their formation had been a pillar of phloem research. More recent work on sieve elements instead has largely focused on sieve tube hydraulics, phylogeny, and eco-physiology. Additionally, advanced molecular and genetic tools available for the model species Arabidopsis thaliana helped decipher several key regulatory mechanisms of early phloem development. Yet, the downstream differentiation processes which form the conductive sieve tube are still largely unknown, and our understanding of sieve pore formation has only moderately progressed. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on sieve pore formation and present relevant recent advances in related fields such as sieve element evolution, physiology, and plasmodesmata formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Kalmbach
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Sun Y, Huang D, Chen X. Dynamic regulation of plasmodesmatal permeability and its application to horticultural research. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:47. [PMID: 30962940 PMCID: PMC6441653 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective cell-to-cell communication allows plants to fine-tune their developmental processes in accordance with the prevailing environmental stimuli. Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular channels that span the plant cell wall and serve as cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate efficient exchange of signaling molecules between neighboring cells. The identification of PD-associated proteins and the subsequent elucidation of the regulation of PD structure have provided vital insights into the role of PD architecture in enforcing crucial cellular processes, including callose deposition, ER-Golgi-based secretion, cytoskeleton dynamics, membrane lipid raft organization, chloroplast metabolism, and cell wall formation. In this review, we summarize the emerging discoveries from recent studies that elucidated the regulatory mechanisms involved in PD biogenesis and the dynamics of PD opening-closure. Retrospectively, PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication has been implicated in diverse cellular and physiological processes that are fundamental for the development of horticultural plants. The potential application of PD biotechnological engineering represents a powerful approach for improving agronomic traits in horticultural crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Sun
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Sadka A, Shlizerman L, Kamara I, Blumwald E. Primary Metabolism in Citrus Fruit as Affected by Its Unique Structure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1167. [PMID: 31611894 PMCID: PMC6775482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the world's most important fruit crops, contributing essential nutrients, such as vitamin C and minerals, to the human diet. It is characterized by two important traits: first, its major edible part is composed of juice sacs, a unique structure among fruit, and second, relatively high levels of citric acid are accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell. Although the major routes of primary metabolism are generally the same in citrus fruit and other plant systems, the fruit's unique structural features challenge our understanding of carbon flow into the fruit and its movement through all of its parts. In fact, acid metabolism and accumulation have only been summarized in a few reviews. Here we present a comprehensive view of sugar, acid and amino acid metabolism and their connections within the fruit, all in relation to the fruit's unique structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Avi Sadka,
| | - Lyudmila Shlizerman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Itzhak Kamara
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Shen C, Shi X, Xie C, Li Y, Yang H, Mei X, Xu Y, Dong C. The change in microstructure of petioles and peduncles and transporter gene expression by potassium influences the distribution of nutrients and sugars in pear leaves and fruit. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:320-333. [PMID: 30553968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is one of the most important mineral nutrients required for fruit growth and development and is known as a 'quality element'. To investigate the role of K in more detail, we performed experiments in which seven-year-old pot-grown 'Huangguan' pear trees were treated with three levels of K (0, 0.4, or 0.8 g K2O kg-1 soil). K supply improved the development of vascular bundles in pear petioles and fruit peduncles and enhanced expression of genes involved in nutrients and sugar transport. Different from K and calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the leaves, petioles, and fruit peduncles were significantly higher under low K but lower under high K. However, the concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg in fruit all increased as more K was applied. Correspondingly, the expression of leaf Mg transporters (MRS2-1 and MRS2-3) increased under low K, indicating that Mg had an obvious compensation effect on K, while their expression decreased under medium and high K, showing that K had an obvious antagonistic effect on Mg. Except for NIPA2, the expressions of fruit K, Ca, and Mg transporters increased under high K, implying a synergistic effect among them in fruit. The concentration of sorbitol, sucrose, and total sugar in leaves and fruit at maturity significantly increased in response to the supply of K. The increase in sugar concentration was closely related to the up-regulated expression of sucrose transporter (SUT) and sorbitol transporter (SOT) genes. Together, these effects may promote the transport of nutrients and sugar from sources (leaves) to sinks (fruit) and increase the accumulation of sugar in the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Changyan Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Han Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xinlan Mei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Caixia Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Beshir WF, Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hertog MLATM, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR, Nicolaï BM. Non-aqueous fractionation revealed changing subcellular metabolite distribution during apple fruit development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:98. [PMID: 31666959 PMCID: PMC6804870 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In developing apple fruit, metabolic compartmentation is poorly understood due to the lack of experimental data. Distinguishing subcellular compartments in fruit using non-aqueous fractionation has been technically difficult due to the excess amount of sugars present in the different subcellular compartments limiting the resolution of the technique. The work described in this study represents the first attempt to apply non-aqueous fractionation to developing apple fruit, covering the major events occurring during fruit development (cell division, cell expansion, and maturation). Here we describe the non-aqueous fractionation method to study the subcellular compartmentation of metabolites during apple fruit development considering three main cellular compartments (cytosol, plastids, and vacuole). Evidence is presented that most of the sugars and organic acids were predominantly located in the vacuole, whereas some of the amino acids were distributed between the cytosol and the vacuole. The results showed a shift in the plastid marker from the lightest fractions in the early growth stage to the dense fractions in the later fruit growth stages. This implies that the accumulation of starch content with progressing fruit development substantially influenced the distribution of plastidial fragments within the non-aqueous density gradient applied. Results from this study provide substantial baseline information on assessing the subcellular compartmentation of metabolites in apple fruit in general and during fruit growth in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiye F. Beshir
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology (VCBT), Leuven, Belgium
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