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Singh S, Singh IK, Singh A. Comparative proteome analysis of Spodoptera litura-infested Zea mays reveals a robust defense strategy targeting insect peritrophic membrane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108835. [PMID: 38901230 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects such as Spodoptera litura, pose a constant threat to agricultural crops. The incompetence of contemporary pest management tools and techniques stipulates unravelling of molecular dogma, that drives pest-plant interaction. From our previous observations, we inferred that despite being a voracious polyphagous herbivore, S. litura growth and adaptability is severely hampered on maize foliage diet. In this investigation we explored further and demonstrated the impact of maize diet on the insect gut peritrophic membrane (PM, a crucial membrane involved in compartmentalizing digestive events and absorption of nutrients), its structural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed damaged and perforated PM. Further, this study delves into the intricate resistance mechanism adapted by Z. mays against S. litura by conducting a comparative proteome analysis. We have detected 345 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) at p < 0.05 and fold change ≥1. The DAPs were categorized as plant defense, secondary metabolite synthesis, redox homeostasis, cytoskeleton/cell wall biosynthesis, primary metabolism, transport and molecular processes. We remarkably report differential expression of proteolysis- and defense-related proteins that have potential to target insect gut, digestion and absorption of nutrients. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular dynamics governing maize resistance against S. litura. Understanding of such intricate molecular dialogues at these interfaces could provide valuable information on the arms race between plants and herbivores, it may pave the way for innovative pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India; Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India.
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India; Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institution of Eminence, Maharishi Karnad Bhawan, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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2
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Zhong J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ge Y, He W, Liang C, Gao Y, Zhu Z, Machado RAR, Zhou W. Heat stress reprograms herbivory-induced defense responses in potato plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:677. [PMID: 39014327 PMCID: PMC11253553 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, which may thereby impact the outcome of plant-herbivore interactions. While elevated temperature is known to directly affect herbivore growth, it remains largely unclear if it indirectly influences herbivore performance by affecting the host plant they feed on. In this study, we investigated how transient exposure to high temperature influences plant herbivory-induced defenses at the transcript and metabolic level. To this end, we studied the interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants and the larvae of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) under different temperature regimes. We found that P. operculella larvae grew heavier on leaves co-stressed by high temperature and insect herbivory than on leaves pre-stressed by herbivory alone. We also observed that high temperature treatments altered phylotranscriptomic patterns upon herbivory, which changed from an evolutionary hourglass pattern, in which transcriptomic responses at early and late time points after elicitation are more variable than the ones in the middle, to a vase pattern. Specifically, transcripts of many herbivory-induced genes in the early and late defense stage were suppressed by HT treatment, whereas those in the intermediate stage peaked earlier. Additionally, we observed that high temperature impaired the induction of jasmonates and defense compounds upon herbivory. Moreover, using jasmonate-reduced (JA-reduced, irAOC) and -elevated (JA-Ile-elevated, irCYP94B3s) potato plants, we showed that high temperature suppresses JA signaling mediated plant-induced defense to herbivore attack. Thus, our study provides evidences on how temperature reprograms plant-induced defense to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chengjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zengrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China.
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3
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Alagarsamy M, Amal TC, Karuppan S, Adhimoolam K. Comparative proteomic analysis of resistant and susceptible cotton genotypes in response to leaf hopper infestation. J Proteomics 2024; 305:105258. [PMID: 39004338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The cotton leaf hopper is a major pest in cotton, causing a hopper burn in leaves. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis of NDLH2010 (Resistant) and LRA5166 (Susceptible), infected with leaf hopper, was employed using a nano LC-MS/MS approach. A total of 1402 proteins varied significantly between leaf hopper-infected and control plants. The resistant and susceptible genotypes had differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of 743 and 659, respectively. Functional annotation of DEPs revealed that the DEPs were primarily associated with stress response, hormone synthesis, photosynthesis, cell wall, and secondary metabolites. Notably, DEPs such as polyphenol oxidase, carboxypeptidase, heat shock proteins, protein BTR1-like isoform X2, chaperone protein ClpB1, and β glucosidase factors associated with environmental stress response were also detected. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed a positive correlation between protein abundances and transcripts for all genes. Collectively, this study provides the molecular mechanisms associated with cotton defense responses against leaf hopper. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cotton, a natural fiber, assumes a pivotal role as a raw material for textile industries, thereby bearing significant importance in the global economy. The cotton production sector is considerably affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The cotton leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)) stands as a polyphagous insect, emerging as a dominant sap-feeding pest of the cotton crop. The continuous onslaught of sap-feeding insects on cotton plants has a detrimental impact, with leaf hoppers potentially causing yield reductions of up to 50%. Therefore, comprehending the molecular interplay between cotton and leaf hopper, elucidated at the proteome level, holds promise for more effective pest management strategies. This approach holds the potential to offer insights that contribute to the development of leaf hopper-resistant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Alagarsamy
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, TN, India.
| | - Thomas Cheeran Amal
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, TN, India
| | | | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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4
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Yang J, Yan SY, Li GC, Guo H, Tang R, Ma R, Cai QN. The brown planthopper NlDHRS11 is involved in the detoxification of rice secondary compounds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4828-4838. [PMID: 37489868 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) is the most destructive serious pest in rice production. Resistant varieties are effective means to defend against BPH, but the impact of the ingestion of resistant rice on BPH transcriptional regulation is still unclear. Here, we explore the molecular basis of the regulation by BPH feeding on resistant rice. RESULTS BPH nymphs preferentially selected susceptible rice TN1 at 24 h after release in a choice test. Feeding on resistant rice IR56 under nonselective conditions increased mortality, decreased growth rate, and prolonged the molting time of BPH. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed 38 dysregulated genes, including 31 down-regulated and seven up-regulated genes in BPH feeding on resistant rice for 7 days compared with feeding on susceptible rice TN1. These genes were mainly involved in the pathways of growth and development, metabolism, energy synthesis, and transport. Finally, we showed that the toxicities of rice defensive compounds to BPH were dose-dependent, and silencing of the BPH gene dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 (NlDHRS11) increased sensibility to the rice secondary compounds ferulic acid and resorcinol. CONCLUSION The adaption of BPH feeding on resistant rice is orchestrated by dynamically regulating gene expressions, and NlDHRS11 is a gene involved in the detoxification of plant defensive chemicals. The current work provides new insights into the interaction between insects and plants, and will help to develop novel BPH control strategies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shu-Ying Yan
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qing-Nian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Durant E, Hoysted GA, Howard N, Sait SM, Childs DZ, Johnson D, Field KJ. Herbivore-driven disruption of arbuscular mycorrhizal carbon-for-nutrient exchange is ameliorated by neighboring plants. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00663-2. [PMID: 37290441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of most plants, forming a near-ubiquitous symbiosis1 that is typically characterized by the bi-directional exchange of fungal-acquired nutrients for plant-fixed carbon.2 Mycorrhizal fungi can form below-ground networks3,4,5,6 with potential to facilitate the movement of carbon, nutrients, and defense signals across plant communities.7,8,9 The importance of neighbors in mediating carbon-for-nutrient exchange between mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts remains equivocal, particularly when other competing pressures for plant resources are present. We manipulated carbon source and sink strengths of neighboring pairs of host plants through exposure to aphids and tracked the movement of carbon and nutrients through mycorrhizal fungal networks with isotope tracers. When carbon sink strengths of both neighboring plants were increased by aphid herbivory, plant carbon supply to extraradical mycorrhizal fungal hyphae was reduced, but mycorrhizal phosphorus supply to both plants was maintained, albeit variably, across treatments. However, when the sink strength of only one plant in a pair was increased, carbon supply to mycorrhizal fungi was restored. Our results show that loss of carbon inputs into mycorrhizal fungal hyphae from one plant may be ameliorated through inputs of a neighbor, demonstrating the responsiveness and resilience of mycorrhizal plant communities to biological stressors. Furthermore, our results indicate that mycorrhizal nutrient exchange dynamics are better understood as community-wide interactions between multiple players rather than as strict exchanges between individual plants and their symbionts, suggesting that mycorrhizal C-for-nutrient exchange is likely based more on unequal terms of trade than the "fair trade" model for symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durant
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK; School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, County Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Nathan Howard
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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6
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Cifuentes L, González M, Pinto-Irish K, Álvarez R, Coba de la Peña T, Ostria-Gallardo E, Franck N, Fischer S, Barros G, Castro C, Ortiz J, Sanhueza C, Del-Saz NF, Bascunan-Godoy L, Castro PA. Metabolic imprint induced by seed halo-priming promotes a differential physiological performance in two contrasting quinoa ecotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1034788. [PMID: 36865946 PMCID: PMC9971973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
"Memory imprint" refers to the process when prior exposure to stress prepares the plant for subsequent stress episodes. Seed priming is a strategy to change the performance of seedlings to cope with stress; however, mechanisms associated with the metabolic response are fragmentary. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop production in arid and semiarid areas. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Amaranthaceae) is a promising crop to sustain food security and possesses a wide genetic diversity of salinity tolerance. To elucidate if the metabolic memory induced by seed halo-priming (HP) differs among contrasting saline tolerance plants, seeds of two ecotypes of Quinoa (Socaire from Atacama Salar, and BO78 from Chilean Coastal/lowlands) were treated with a saline solution and then germinated and grown under different saline conditions. The seed HP showed a more positive impact on the sensitive ecotype during germination and promoted changes in the metabolomic profile in both ecotypes, including a reduction in carbohydrates (starch) and organic acids (citric and succinic acid), and an increase in antioxidants (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) and related metabolites. These changes were linked to a further reduced level of oxidative markers (methionine sulfoxide and malondialdehyde), allowing improvements in the energy use in photosystem II under saline conditions in the salt-sensitive ecotype. In view of these results, we conclude that seed HP prompts a "metabolic imprint" related to ROS scavenger at the thylakoid level, improving further the physiological performance of the most sensitive ecotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Máximo González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Katherine Pinto-Irish
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Enrique Ostria-Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Nicolás Franck
- Centro de Estudios en Zonas Áridas (CEZA), Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Susana Fischer
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Producción vegetal Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriel Barros
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Catalina Castro
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Néstor Fernández Del-Saz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luisa Bascunan-Godoy
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Aguirrebengoa M, Müller C, Hambäck PA, González-Megías A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:283. [PMID: 36678999 PMCID: PMC9867048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter A. Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Kopczewski T, Kuźniak E, Ciereszko I, Kornaś A. Alterations in Primary Carbon Metabolism in Cucumber Infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans: Local and Systemic Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012418. [PMID: 36293272 PMCID: PMC9603868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconfiguration of the primary metabolism is essential in plant–pathogen interactions. We compared the local metabolic responses of cucumber leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (Psl) with those in non-inoculated systemic leaves, by examining the changes in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides pools, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and activities/gene expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-linked metabolite contents and enzyme activities. In the infected leaves, Psl induced a metabolic signature with an altered [NAD(P)H]/[NAD(P)+] ratio; decreased glucose and sucrose contents, along with a changed invertase gene expression; and increased glucose turnover and accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and myo-inositol. The accumulation of oxaloacetic and malic acids, enhanced activities, and gene expression of fumarase and l-malate dehydrogenase, as well as the increased respiration rate in the infected leaves, indicated that Psl induced the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The changes in gene expression of ribulose-l,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large unit, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were compatible with a net photosynthesis decline described earlier. Psl triggered metabolic changes common to the infected and non-infected leaves, the dynamics of which differed quantitatively (e.g., malic acid content and metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate accumulation, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity) and those specifically related to the local or systemic response (e.g., changes in the sugar content and turnover). Therefore, metabolic changes in the systemic leaves may be part of the global effects of local infection on the whole-plant metabolism and also represent a specific acclimation response contributing to balancing growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kopczewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
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9
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Chrétien LTS, Khalil A, Gershenzon J, Lucas-Barbosa D, Dicke M, Giron D. Plant metabolism and defence strategies in the flowering stage: Time-dependent responses of leaves and flowers under attack. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2841-2855. [PMID: 35611630 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants developing into the flowering stage undergo major physiological changes. Because flowers are reproductive tissues and resource sinks, strategies to defend them may differ from those for leaves. Thus, this study investigates the defences of flowering plants by assessing processes that sustain resistance (constitutive and induced) and tolerance to attack. We exposed the annual plant Brassica nigra to three distinct floral attackers (caterpillar, aphid and bacterial pathogen) and measured whole-plant responses at 4, 8 and 12 days after the attack. We simultaneously analysed profiles of primary and secondary metabolites in leaves and inflorescences and measured dry biomass of roots, leaves and inflorescences as proxies of resource allocation and regrowth. Regardless of treatments, inflorescences contained 1.2 to 4 times higher concentrations of primary metabolites than leaves, and up to 7 times higher concentrations of glucosinolates, which highlights the plant's high investment of resources into inflorescences. No induction of glucosinolates was detected in inflorescences, but the attack transiently affected the total concentration of soluble sugars in both leaves and inflorescences. We conclude that B. nigra evolved high constitutive rather than inducible resistance to protect their flowers; plants additionally compensated for damage by attackers via the regrowth of reproductive parts. This strategy may be typical of annual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille T S Chrétien
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alix Khalil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE), Department of Biochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
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10
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Sestari I, Campos ML. Into a dilemma of plants: the antagonism between chemical defenses and growth. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:469-482. [PMID: 34843032 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemical defenses are imperative for plant survival, but their production is often associated with growth restrictions. Here we review the most recent theories to explain this complex dilemma of plants. Plants are a nutritional source for a myriad of pests and pathogens that depend on green tissues to complete their life cycle. Rather than remaining passive victims, plants utilize an arsenal of chemical defenses to fend off biotic attack. While the deployment of such barriers is imperative for survival, the production of these chemical defenses is typically associated with negative impacts on plant growth. Here we discuss the most recent theories which explain this highly dynamic growth versus defense dilemma. Firstly, we discuss the hypothesis that the antagonism between the accumulation of chemical defenses and growth is rooted in the evolutionary history of plants and may be a consequence of terrestrialization. Then, we revise the different paradigms available to explain the growth versus chemical defense antagonism, including recent findings that update these into more comprehensive and plausible theories. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art strategies that are now allowing the activation of growth and the concomitant production of chemical barriers in plants. Growth versus chemical defense antagonism imposes large ecological and economic costs, including increased crop susceptibility to pests and pathogens. In a world where these plant enemies are the main problem to increase food production, we believe that this review will summarize valuable information for future studies aiming to breed highly defensive plants without the typical accompanying penalties to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sestari
- Coordenadoria Especial de Ciências Biológicas e Agronômicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Integrative Plant Research Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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11
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Rathinam M, Tyagi S, Konda AK, Rengarajan D, Rama Prashat G, Sreevathsa R. Relevance of methionine sulfoxide reductase(s) (MSR) as candidate proteins in redox homeostasis-mediated resistance response to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in the pigeonpea wild relative Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:290-302. [PMID: 35718158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagus herbivore causes extensive economic losses to crops, including pigeonpea. Exploitation of pod borer resistance in wild relatives is pertinent due to the absence of resistance sources in cultivated pigeonpea and crossing-incompatibility with the resistant wild relatives. We present leads obtained in deeper understanding of pod borer resistance mechanism in Cajanus platycarpus, a pigeonpea wild relative. Surge in cellular ROS during herbivory leads to redox-PTMs (post translational modifications) of methionine-rich proteins including antioxidant enzymes, causing oxidative damage. Plants then officiate methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), that maintain the redox status of methionine and hence homeostasis. We demonstrate functionality of MSRs (MSRA and MSRB) in the resistance response of the wild relative to pod borer. Among 5 MSRA and 3 MSRB genes, CpMSRA2 and CpMSRB1 were herbivore-responsive based on expression during herbivory. Clues about the stress-responsiveness were obtained upon analyses of cis-elements and co-expressing genes. Apparently, the wild relative followed a non-canonical mode of redox management, as divulged by antioxidant enzymes and the scavenging capacity. Differential lipid peroxidation as an early response provided evidences for an effective redox management in the wild relative. This is the first report signifying redox homeostasis in the resistance response towards herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniraj Rathinam
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shaily Tyagi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Dineshkumar Rengarajan
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - G Rama Prashat
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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12
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Piesik D, Lemańczyk G, Bocianowski J, Buszewski B, Vidal S, Mayhew CA. Induction of volatile organic compounds in Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants following infection by different Rhizoctonia pathogens is species specific. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113162. [PMID: 35278419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most popular means of plant protection is the chemical method, but this control is often connected with the need for repeating chemical treatments. Thus, eco-friendly strategies should be developed where, under the European Green Deal, aromatic plants and their repellent properties seem to constitute a good alternative. In earlier studies, we have shown that insect injury, bacteria infestation and pathogen infection induce plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission, which can provide defensive functions to plants. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) cv. 'Jenga' wheat plants were intentionally infected with one of four Rhizoctonia species (R. cerealis, R. solani, R. zeae, and R. oryzae). The soil was inoculated by the pathogens during sowing, whereas shoots were inoculated at stage BBCH 33. In greenhouse experiments, we measured VOCs from wheat 3, 7 and 11 days following stem infestation, or 42 days following soil inoculation of Rhizoctonia spp. VOC emissions were found to be largest on days 7 or 11 post-stem inoculation (>3 days post-stem inoculation >42 days post-soil inoculation). T. aestivum infected by pathogens induced five common green leaf volatiles (GLVs), namely (Z)-3-hexenal = (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-hexenal = (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = (Z)-3- HOL, (E)-2-hexenol = (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate = (Z)-3-HAC], six common terpenes (β-pinene = β-PIN, β-myrcene = β-MYR, Z-ocimene = Z-OCI, linalool = LIN, benzyl acetate = BAC, β-caryophyllene = β-CAR), and indole = IND. We found that R. cerealis infested T. aestivum emitted the largest amounts of (Z)-3-HAL and (Z)-3-HAC, while T. aestivum infested by R. solani released the largest amount of LIN (7 or 11 days following stem infestation). VOCs released by the T. aestivum after R. cerealis (AGD I) and R. solani (AG 5) infestations were significantly larger in comparison to R. zeae (WAG-Z) and R. oryzae (WAG-O) for the volatiles (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-HOL, (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-HAC, β-PIN, β-MYR, and LIN. With the exception of (E)-2-HOL, β-MYR, LIN, BAC, β-CAR, the other VOCs were emitted in similar amounts by infected T. aestivum 3 days following stem and soil inoculation. The quantities of induced VOCs were higher at days 7 and 11 than at 3 days post-infection, and greater when T. aestivum was infected with Rhizoctonia on the stem base than through the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Piesik
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Lemańczyk
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, 28 Wojska Polskiego, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry Bioanalytics, 7 Gagarina, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural, Entomology, 6 Grisebachstrasse, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- University of Innsbruck and Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wan J, Yi J, Tao Z, Ren Z, Otieno EO, Tian B, Ding J, Siemann E, Erb M, Huang W. Species specific plant‐mediated effects between herbivores converge at high damage intensity. Ecology 2022; 103:e3647. [PMID: 35072958 PMCID: PMC9285418 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants are often exposed to multiple herbivores and densities of these attackers (or corresponding damage intensities) often fluctuate greatly in the field. Plant‐mediated interactions vary among herbivore species and with changing feeding intensity, but little is known about how herbivore identity and density interact to determine plant responses and herbivore fitness. Here, we investigated this question using Triadica sebifera (tallow) and two common and abundant specialist insect herbivores, Bikasha collaris (flea beetle) and Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis (weevil). By manipulating densities of leaf‐feeding adults of these two herbivore species, we tested how variations in the intensity of leaf damage caused by flea beetle or weevil adults affected the performance of root‐feeding flea beetle larvae and evaluated the potential of induced tallow root traits to predict flea beetle larval performance. We found that weevil adults consistently decreased the survival of flea beetle larvae with increasing leaf damage intensities. In contrast, conspecific flea beetle adults increased their larval survival at low damage then decreased larval survival at high damage, resulting in a unimodal pattern. Chemical analyses showed that increasing leaf damage from weevil adults linearly decreased root carbohydrates and increased root tannin, whereas flea beetle adults had opposite effects as weevil adults at low damage and similar effects as them at high damage. Furthermore, across all feeding treatments, flea beetle larval survival correlated positively with concentrations of carbohydrates and negatively with concentration of tannin, suggesting that root primary and secondary metabolism might underlie the observed effects on flea beetle larvae. Our study demonstrates that herbivore identity and density interact to determine systemic plant responses and plant‐mediated effects on herbivores. In particular, effects are species‐specific at low densities, but converge at high densities. These findings emphasize the importance of considering herbivore identity and density simultaneously when investigating factors driving plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores, which advances our understanding of the structure and composition of herbivore communities and terrestrial food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jiahui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhibin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhikun Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Evans O. Otieno
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Baoliang Tian
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
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14
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Trujillo-Pahua V, Vargas-Ponce O, Rodríguez-Zaragoza FA, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Délano-Frier JP, Winkler R, Sánchez-Hernández CV. Metabolic response to larval herbivory in three Physalis species. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1962050. [PMID: 34435930 PMCID: PMC9208789 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1962050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Physalis genus includes species of commercial importance due to their ornamental, edible and medicinal properties. These qualities stem from their variety of biologically active compounds. We performed a metabolomic analysis of three Physalis species, i.e., P. angulata, P. grisea, and P. philadelphica, differing in domestication stage and cultivation practices, to determine the degree of inter-species metabolite variation and to test the hypothesis that these related species mount a common metabolomic response to foliar damage caused by Trichoplusia ni larvae. The results indicated that the metabolomic differences detected in the leaves of these species were species-specific and remained even after T. ni herbivory. They also show that each Physalis species displayed a unique response to insect herbivory. This study highlighted the metabolite variation present in Physalis spp. and the persistence of this variability when faced with biotic stressors. Furthermore, it sets an experimental precedent from which highly species-specific metabolites could be identified and subsequently used for plant breeding programs designed to increase insect resistance in Physalis and related plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Trujillo-Pahua
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Ofelia Vargas-Ponce
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Fabián A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - José J. Ordaz-Ortiz
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada-Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética De Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Robert Winkler
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética De Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Carla V. Sánchez-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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15
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Zeng WY, Tan YR, Long SF, Sun ZD, Lai ZG, Yang SZ, Chen HZ, Qing XY. Methylome and transcriptome analyses of soybean response to bean pyralid larvae. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:836. [PMID: 34794392 PMCID: PMC8603512 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bean pyralid is one of the major leaf-feeding insects that affect soybean crops. DNA methylation can control the networks of gene expressions, and it plays an important role in responses to biotic stress. However, at present the genome-wide DNA methylation profile of the soybean resistance to bean pyralid has not been reported so far. RESULTS Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), we analyzed the highly resistant material (Gantai-2-2, HRK) and highly susceptible material (Wan82-178, HSK), under bean pyralid larvae feeding 0 h and 48 h, to clarify the molecular mechanism of the soybean resistance and explore its insect-resistant genes. We identified 2194, 6872, 39,704 and 40,018 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), as well as 497, 1594, 9596 and 9554 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in the HRK0/HRK48, HSK0/HSK48, HSK0/HRK0 and HSK48/HRK48 comparisons, respectively. Through the analysis of global methylation and transcription, 265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were negatively correlated with DMGs, there were 34, 49, 141 and 116 negatively correlated genes in the HRK0/HRK48, HSK0/HSK48, HSK0/HRK0 and HSK48/HRK48, respectively. The MapMan cluster analysis showed that 114 negatively correlated genes were clustered in 24 pathways, such as protein biosynthesis and modification; primary metabolism; secondary metabolism; cell cycle, cell structure and component; RNA biosynthesis and processing, and so on. Moreover, CRK40; CRK62; STK; MAPK9; L-type lectin-domain containing receptor kinase VIII.2; CesA; CSI1; fimbrin-1; KIN-14B; KIN-14 N; KIN-4A; cytochrome P450 81E8; BEE1; ERF; bHLH25; bHLH79; GATA26, were likely regulatory genes involved in the soybean responses to bean pyralid larvae. Finally, 5 DMRs were further validated that the genome-wide DNA data were reliable through PS-PCR and 5 DEGs were confirmed the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression by qRT-PCR. The results showed an excellent agreement with deep sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide DNA methylation profile of soybean response to bean pyralid was obtained for the first time. Several specific DMGs which participated in protein kinase, cell and organelle, flavonoid biosynthesis and transcription factor were further identified to be likely associated with soybean response to bean pyralid. Our data will provide better understanding of DNA methylation alteration and their potential role in soybean insect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ying Zeng
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Yu-Rong Tan
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Sheng-Feng Long
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Zu-Dong Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Zhen-Guang Lai
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Shou-Zhen Yang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Huai-Zhu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Xia-Yan Qing
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
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16
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Nantongo JS, Potts BM, Davies NW, Aurik D, Elms S, Fitzgerald H, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Chemical Traits that Predict Susceptibility of Pinus radiata to Marsupial Bark Stripping. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:51-70. [PMID: 34611747 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bark stripping by mammals is a major problem in managed conifer forests worldwide. In Australia, bark stripping in the exotic plantations of Pinus radiata is mainly caused by native marsupials and results in reduced survival, growth, and in extreme cases death of trees. Herbivory is influenced by a balance between primary metabolites that are sources of nutrition and secondary metabolites that act as defences. Identifying the compounds that influence herbivory may be a useful tool in the management of forest systems. This study aimed to detect and identify both constitutive and induced compounds that are associated with genetic differences in susceptibility of two-year-old P. radiata trees to bark stripping by marsupials. An untargeted profiling of 83 primary and secondary compounds of the needles and bark samples from 21 susceptible and 21 resistant families was undertaken. These were among the most and least damaged families, respectively, screened in a trial of 74 families that were exposed to natural field bark stripping by marsupials. Experimental plants were in the same field trial but protected from bark stripping and a subset were subjected to artificial bark stripping to examine induced and constitutive chemistry differences between resistant and susceptible families. Machine learning (random forest), partial least squares plus discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal components analysis with discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), as well as univariate methods were used to identify the most important totals by compound group and individual compounds differentiating the resistant and susceptible families. In the bark, the constitutive amount of two sesquiterpenoids - bicyclogermacrene and an unknown sesquiterpenoid alcohol -were shown to be of higher levels in the resistant families, whereas the constitutive sugars, fructose, and glucose, as well individual phenolics, were higher in the more susceptible families. The chemistry of the needles was not useful in differentiating the resistant and susceptible families to marsupial bark stripping. After artificial bark stripping, the terpenes, sugars, and phenolics responded in both the resistant and susceptible families by increasing or reducing amounts, which leveled the differences in the amounts of the compounds between the different resistant and susceptible classes observed at the constitutive level. Overall, based on the families with extreme values for less and more susceptibility, differences in the amounts of secondary compounds were subtle and susceptibility due to sugars may outweigh defence as the cause of the genetic variation in bark stripping observed in this non-native tree herbivory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Nantongo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Don Aurik
- Timberlands Pacific Pty Ltd, Launceston, 7250, Australia
| | - Stephen Elms
- Hancock Victorian Plantations, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Hugh Fitzgerald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Julianne M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
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Negative regulation of plastidial isoprenoid pathway by herbivore-induced β-cyclocitral in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2008747118. [PMID: 33674379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008747118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect damage to plants is known to up-regulate defense and down-regulate growth processes. While there are frequent reports about up-regulation of defense signaling and production of defense metabolites in response to herbivory, much less is understood about the mechanisms by which growth and carbon assimilation are down-regulated. Here we demonstrate that insect herbivory down-regulates the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a pathway making primarily metabolites for use in photosynthesis. Simulated feeding by the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis suppressed flux through the MEP pathway and decreased steady-state levels of the intermediate 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP). Simulated herbivory also increased reactive oxygen species content which caused the conversion of β-carotene to β-cyclocitral (βCC). This volatile oxidation product affected the MEP pathway by directly inhibiting DXP synthase (DXS), the rate-controlling enzyme of the MEP pathway in Arabidopsis and inducing plant resistance against S. littoralis βCC inhibited both DXS transcript accumulation and DXS activity. Molecular models suggested that βCC binds to DXS at the binding site for the thymine pyrophosphate cofactor and blocks catalysis, which was confirmed by direct assays of βCC with the purified DXS protein in vitro. Another intermediate of the MEP pathway, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2, 4-cyclodiphosphate, which is known to stimulate salicylate defense signaling, showed greater accumulation and enhanced export out of the plastid in response to simulated herbivory. Together, our work implicates βCC as a signal of herbivore damage in Arabidopsis that increases defense and decreases flux through the MEP pathway, a pathway involved in growth and carbon assimilation.
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18
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Soybean leaf age and plant stage influence expression of resistance to velvetbean caterpillar and fall armyworm. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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D'Esposito D, Manzo D, Ricciardi A, Garonna AP, De Natale A, Frusciante L, Pennacchio F, Ercolano MR. Tomato transcriptomic response to Tuta absoluta infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:358. [PMID: 34348650 PMCID: PMC8336066 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The South America pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a destructive pest of tomato that causes important losses worldwide. Breeding of resistant/tolerant tomato cultivars could be an effective strategy for T. absoluta management but, despite the economic importance of tomato, very limited information is available about its response to this treat. To elucidate the defense mechanisms to herbivore feeding a comparative analysis was performed between a tolerant and susceptible cultivated tomato at both morphological and transcriptome level to highlight constitutive leaf barriers, molecular and biochemical mechanisms to counter the effect of T. absoluta attack. RESULTS The tolerant genotype showed an enhanced constitutive barrier possibly as result of the higher density of trichomes and increased inducible reactions upon mild infestation thanks to the activation/repression of key transcription factors regulating genes involved in cuticle formation and cell wall strength as well as of antinutritive enzymes, and genes involved in the production of chemical toxins and bioactive secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that tomato resilience to the South America pinworm is achieved by a combined strategy between constitutive and induced defense system. A well-orchestrated modulation of plant transcription regulation could ensure a trade-off between defense needs and fitness costs. Our finding can be further exploited for developing T. absoluta tolerant cultivars, acting as important component of integrated pest management strategy for more sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Esposito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Manzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricciardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pietro Garonna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino De Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Ercolano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy.
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Martinez DA, Loening UE, Graham MC, Gathorne-Hardy A. When the Medicine Feeds the Problem; Do Nitrogen Fertilisers and Pesticides Enhance the Nutritional Quality of Crops for Their Pests and Pathogens? FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.701310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of maximising agricultural productivity encourages growers to apply high volumes of nitrogen (N) fertilisers and pesticides in order to promote and protect yields. Despite these inputs, pests and pathogens (P&Ps) continue to cause economic losses and challenge food security at local, national, and global scales. P&Ps are a particular problem in industrial agricultural environments, where large-scale monocultures facilitate rapid growth of crop-adapted P&P populations. P&P population growth is strongly dependent upon acquisition of N-resources (e.g., amino acids) from crop tissues, and concentrations of these compounds depend on the metabolic state of the crop which, in turn, is influenced by its growth stage, by environmental conditions, and by agrochemical inputs. In this study we demonstrate that routine applications of pesticides and/or N-fertilisers may inadvertently reinforce the problem of P&P damage in agriculture by enhancing the nutritional quality of crops for these organisms. N-fertilisation has diverse influences on crops' susceptibility to P&P damage; N-fertilisers enhance the nutritional quality and “attractiveness” of crops for P&Ps, and they can also alter crops' expression of the defensive traits (both morphological and chemical) that serve to protect them against these organisms. Exposure of crops to pesticides (including commonly used insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide products) can result in significant metabolic disruption and, consequently, in accumulation of nutritionally valuable amino acids within crop tissues. Importantly, these metabolic changes may not cause visible signs of stress or toxicity in the crop, and may represent an “invisible” mechanism underlying persistent P&P pressure in the field. Given the intensity of their use worldwide, their far-reaching and destructive consequences for wildlife and overall ecosystem health, and the continued prevalence of P&P-associated crop damage in agriculture, we recommend that the impacts of these cornerstone agricultural inputs on the nutritional relationship between crops and their P&Ps are closely examined in order to inform appropriate management for a more secure and sustainable food system.
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Ngumbi EN, Ugarte CM. Flooding and Herbivory Interact to Alter Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in Two Maize Hybrids. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:707-718. [PMID: 34125370 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flooding is a major plant abiotic stress factor that is frequently experienced by plants simultaneously with other biotic stresses, including herbivory. How plant volatile emissions, which mediate interactions with a wide range of organisms, are influenced by flooding and by multiple co-occurring stress factors remains largely unexplored. Using Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (fall armyworm) as the insect pest and two maize (Zea mays, L. Poaceae) hybrids differentially marketed for conventional and organic production, we assessed the effects of flooding, herbivory, and both stress factors on the composition of blends of emitted volatiles. Headspace volatiles were collected from all treatment combinations seven days after flooding. We documented metrics indicative of biomass allocation to determine the effects of individual and combined stressors on plant growth. We also evaluated relationships between volatile emissions and indicators of soil chemical characteristics as influenced by treatment factors. Flooding and herbivory induced the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in similar ways on both maize hybrids, but the interaction of both stress factors produced significantly larger quantities of emitted volatiles. Thirty-eight volatile compounds were identified, including green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, an aldehyde, a benzoate ester, sesquiterpenes, a diterpene alcohol, and alkane hydrocarbons. The hybrid marketed for organic production was a stronger VOC emitter. As expected, plant biomass was detrimentally affected by flooding. Soil chemical properties were less responsive to the treatment factors. Taken together, the results suggest that flooding stress and the interactions of flooding and insect attack can shape the emission of plant volatiles and further influence insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, Urbana, USA.
| | - Carmen M Ugarte
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, Urbana, USA
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Islam W, Khalid N, Akhtar N, Qasim M, Yasin G, Hashem M, Alamri S, Al-Zoubi OM, Jalees MM, Al-Sadi A. Insects-plants-pathogens: Toxicity, dependence and defense dynamics. Toxicon 2021; 197:87-98. [PMID: 33848517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In a natural ecosystem, the pathogen-plant-insect relationship has diverse implications for each other. The pathogens as well as insect-pests consume plant tissues as their feed that mostly results in damage. In turn, plant species have evolved specialized defense system to not only protect themselves but reduce the damage also. Such tripartite interactions involve toxicity, metabolic modulations, resistance etc. among all participants of interaction. These attributes result in selection pressure among participants. Coevolution of such traits reveals need to focus and unravel multiple hidden aspects of insect-plant-pathogen interactions. The definite modulations during plant responses to biotic stress and the operating defense network against herbivores are vital to research areas. Different types of plant pathogens and herbivores are tackled with various changes in plants, e.g. changes in genes expression, glucosinolate metabolism detoxification, signal transduction, cell wall modifications, Ca2+dependent signaling. It is essential to clarify which chemical in plants can work as a defense signal or weapon in plant-pathogen-herbivore interactions. In spite of increased knowledge regarding signal transduction pathways regulating growth-defense balance, much more is needed to unveil the coordination of growth rate with metabolic modulations in bi-trophic interactions. Here, we addressed plant-pathogen-insect interaction for toxicity as well as dependnce along with plant defense dynamics against pathogens and insects with broad range effects at the physio-biochemical and molecular level. We have reviewed interfaces in plant-pathogen-insect research to show pulsating regulation of plant immunity for attuning survival and ecological equilibrium. An improved understanding of the systematic foundation of growth-defense stability has vital repercussions for enhancing crop yield, including insights into uncoupling of host-parasite tradeoffs for ecological and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau Din Zakria University Multan Pakistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Moazam Jalees
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Al-Sadi
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat. Sultanate of Oman, Oman
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Nawaz R, Abbasi NA, Hafiz IA, Khan MF, Khalid A. Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7720. [PMID: 33833311 PMCID: PMC8032831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spring, summer and autumn flushes. Increasing temperatures in spring and autumn, leafminer accrued more heat units or developmental degree days to accelerate the biological stages of its life-cycle, thereby increasing the pressure of infestation. Present work was conducted at three different environmental conditions in Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan; all three experimental sites were located in different agro-ecological zones. More infestation was recorded in all three flushes at TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. Overall, more damage was observed due to higher temperatures in TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. After May-June heat stress, spontaneous vegetative growth continued from July to November, produced newly spouted tender leaves for feeding the leafminer larvae, and was seen more in TTS and Vehari. Leafminer larva prefers to enter young and tender leaves with a maximum entrance in leaves up to 1 cm2 in size while observing no entrance above 3 cm2 of leaf size. Physiological response of leaves primarily attributed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, both of which were recorded lower in the mined leaves, thereby reducing leaf photosynthetic activity. Similarly, lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity were also recorded in the mined leaves. The on-tree age of mined leaves of three vegetative flushes of Kinnow plant was also less counted than non-mined leaves. Climate change has affected vegetative phenology and become feasible for pests due to extemporaneous leaf growth, particularly leafminer, and eventually causes economic loss by supplying low carbohydrates either to hanging fruits or next-season crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rab Nawaz
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Khan
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Khalid
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Potthast K, Meyer S, Tischer A, Gleixner G, Sieburg A, Frosch T, Michalzik B. Grasshopper herbivory immediately affects element cycling but not export rates in an N‐limited grassland system. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Potthast
- Institute of Geography/Chair of Soil Science Friedrich Schiller University Jena Löbdergraben 32 Jena07743Germany
| | - Stefanie Meyer
- Medical Center LMU Munich Ziemssenstraße 1 Munchen80336Germany
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Institute of Geography/Chair of Soil Science Friedrich Schiller University Jena Löbdergraben 32 Jena07743Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Research Group of Molecular Biogeochemistry MPI for Biogeochemistry Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 10 Jena07745Germany
| | - Anne Sieburg
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena07745Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena07745Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena07745Germany
| | - Beate Michalzik
- Institute of Geography/Chair of Soil Science Friedrich Schiller University Jena Löbdergraben 32 Jena07743Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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Chen Q, Lu X, Guo X, Xu M, Tang Z. A source-sink model explains the difference in the metabolic mechanism of mechanical damage to young and senescing leaves in Catharanthus roseus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:154. [PMID: 33771114 PMCID: PMC7995597 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical damage is an unavoidable threat to the growth and survival of plants. Although a wound to senescing (lower) leaves improves plant vitality, a wound to younger (upper) leaves often causes damage to or death of the whole plant. Source-sink models are often used to explain how plants respond to biotic or abiotic stresses. In this study, a source-sink model was used to explain the difference in the metabolic mechanism of mechanical damage to young and senescing leaves of Catharanthus roseus. RESULTS In our study, GC-MS and LC-QTOF-MS metabolomics techniques were used to explore the differences in source-sink allocation and metabolic regulation in different organs of Catharanthus roseus after mechanical damage to the upper/lower leaves (WUL/WLL). Compared with that of the control group, the energy supplies of the WUL and WLL groups were increased and delivered to the secondary metabolic pathway through the TCA cycle. The two treatment groups adopted different secondary metabolic response strategies. The WLL group increased the input to the defense response after damage by increasing the accumulation of phenolics. A source-sink model was applied to the defensive responses to local (damaged leaves) and systemic (whole plant) damage. In the WUL group, the number of sinks increased due to damage to young leaves, and the tolerance response was emphasized. CONCLUSION The accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites was significantly different between the two mechanical damage treatments. Catharanthus roseus uses different trade-offs between tolerance (repair) and defense to respond to mechanical damage. Repairing damage and chemical defenses are thought to be more energetically expensive than growth development, confirming the trade-offs and allocation of resources seen in this source-sink model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Life Sciences Nantong University, Nantong, 226010, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China.
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
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Li R, Jin J, Xu J, Wang L, Li J, Lou Y, Baldwin IT. Long non-coding RNAs associate with jasmonate-mediated plant defence against herbivores. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:982-994. [PMID: 33190219 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are important regulators of many biological processes in plants, including defence against pathogens; whether lncRNAs mediate defence against herbivore attack is yet to be explored. With wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, and its well-characterized interactions with herbivores, we identified a total of 1,290 significantly up- or down-regulated lncRNAs in response to a precise herbivore elicitation treatment. Of these, long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) were the most abundant. Based on their expression patterns, these up-regulated lincRNAs were classified as early (<1 hr) or late (>3 hr) responders. The early responding lincRNAs had accumulation patterns that tracked the herbivore-elicited burst of bioactive jasmonates (JAs) and the expression of regulator genes in JA signalling which regulate plant defences against herbivores. Silencing two of these early responders in N. attenuata (JAL1 and JAL3) significantly attenuated the accumulation of JAs, JA-mediated defensives and the plant's resistance to M. sexta attack, suggesting roles in regulating JA-mediated plant defence. By lincRNA sequencing of JA-deficient lines, many late responder lincRNAs were found to be transcriptionally regulated by JA signalling. This study uncovers a new role of lncRNAs in JA-mediated herbivore resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Costa EN, Sardinha de Souza BH, Ribeiro ZA, Dos Santos DMM, Boiça AL. Tolerance in Maize Landraces to Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larvae and Its Relationship to Plant Pigments, Compatible Osmolytes, and Vigor. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:377-386. [PMID: 33399202 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rootworm Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) is native to South America and causes severe economic losses to several crops due to root feeding and disease spread. In maize (Zea mays L.), losses in production come from larval rootworm attack on plant roots resulting in plant health problems, including stalk lodging. More options for controlling this pest are needed to create well balanced, integrated pest management programs for farmers in this region. Natural sources of tolerance in maize genotypes are important for maize breeding programs, and this study investigated the expression of tolerance in several Brazilian maize landraces to D. speciosa. Plant vigor and compounds associated with plant health, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, glycine betaine, and proline were assessed for each landrace. Five landraces and one maize cultivar were selected based on their levels of antibiosis-resistance to D. speciosa that were determined in a prior screening. The percent reduction in plant growth was used as the measure of tolerance. The landrace Azteca was classified as tolerant to D. speciosa larval feeding, displaying less reduction in plant matter despite having lower plant vigor. This landrace also had higher amounts of chlorophyl and carotenoid pigments, suggesting a positive correlation between tolerance to D. speciosa and higher contents of these photosynthetic pigments. The compatible osmolytes glycine betaine and proline do not seem to be associated with tolerance in maize landraces to D. speciosa larvae. Landrace Azteca seems promising for plant breeding, and repeated field studies are needed to confirm its suitability in maize integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Neves Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Zulene Antônio Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Durvalina Maria Mathias Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Arlindo Leal Boiça
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Saiz-Fernández I, Černý M, Skalák J, Brzobohatý B. Split-root systems: detailed methodology, alternative applications, and implications at leaf proteome level. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:7. [PMID: 33422104 PMCID: PMC7797125 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Split-root systems (SRS) have many applications in plant sciences, but their implementation, depending on the experimental design, can be difficult and time-consuming. Additionally, the system is not exempt from limitations, since the time required for the establishment of the SRS imposes a limit to how early in plant development experiments can be performed. Here, we optimized and explained in detail a method for establishing a SRS in young Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, both in vitro and in soil. RESULTS We found that the partial de-rooting minimized the recovery time compared to total de-rooting, thus allowing the establishment of the split-root system in younger plants. Analysis of changes in the Arabidopsis leaf proteome following the de-rooting procedure highlighted the distinct metabolic alterations that totally and partially de-rooted plants undergo during the healing process. This system was also validated for its use in drought experiments, as it offers a way to apply water-soluble compounds to plants subjected to drought stress. By growing plants in a split-root system with both halves being water-deprived, it is possible to apply the required compound to one half of the root system, which can be cut from the main plant once the compound has been absorbed, thus minimizing rehydration and maintaining drought conditions. CONCLUSIONS Partial de-rooting is the suggested method for obtaining split-root systems in small plants like Arabidopsis thaliana, as growth parameters, survival rate, and proteomic analysis suggest that is a less stressful procedure than total de-rooting, leading to a final rosette area much closer to that of uncut plants. Additionally, we provide evidence that split root-systems can be used in drought experiments where water-soluble compounds are applied with minimal effects of rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skalák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics & Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC MU, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
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Florencio-Ortiz V, Sellés-Marchart S, Casas JL. Proteome changes in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves induced by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33407137 PMCID: PMC7788789 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphid attack induces defense responses in plants activating several signaling cascades that led to the production of toxic, repellent or antinutritive compounds and the consequent reorganization of the plant primary metabolism. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaf proteomic response against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) has been investigated and analyzed by LC-MS/MS coupled with bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Infestation with an initially low density (20 aphids/plant) of aphids restricted to a single leaf taking advantage of clip cages resulted in 6 differentially expressed proteins relative to control leaves (3 proteins at 2 days post-infestation and 3 proteins at 4 days post-infestation). Conversely, when plants were infested with a high density of infestation (200 aphids/plant) 140 proteins resulted differentially expressed relative to control leaves (97 proteins at 2 days post-infestation, 112 proteins at 4 days post-infestation and 105 proteins at 7 days post-infestation). The majority of proteins altered by aphid attack were involved in photosynthesis and photorespiration, oxidative stress, translation, protein folding and degradation and amino acid metabolism. Other proteins identified were involved in lipid, carbohydrate and hormone metabolism, transcription, transport, energy production and cell organization. However proteins directly involved in defense were scarce and were mostly downregulated in response to aphids. CONCLUSIONS The unexpectedly very low number of regulated proteins found in the experiment with a low aphid density suggests an active mitigation of plant defensive response by aphids or alternatively an aphid strategy to remain undetected by the plant. Under a high density of aphids, pepper leaf proteome however changed significantly revealing nearly all routes of plant primary metabolism being altered. Photosynthesis was so far the process with the highest number of proteins being regulated by the presence of aphids. In general, at short times of infestation (2 days) most of the altered proteins were upregulated. However, at longer times of infestation (7 days) the protein downregulation prevailed. Proteins involved in plant defense and in hormone signaling were scarce and mostly downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Florencio-Ortiz
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UA IPAB. Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Susana Sellés-Marchart
- Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - José L Casas
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UA IPAB. Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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30
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Sommano SR, Chittasupho C, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P. The Cannabis Terpenes. Molecules 2020; 25:E5792. [PMID: 33302574 PMCID: PMC7763918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are the primary constituents of essential oils and are responsible for the aroma characteristics of cannabis. Together with the cannabinoids, terpenes illustrate synergic and/or entourage effect and their interactions have only been speculated in for the last few decades. Hundreds of terpenes are identified that allude to cannabis sensory attributes, contributing largely to the consumer's experiences and market price. They also enhance many therapeutic benefits, especially as aromatherapy. To shed light on the importance of terpenes in the cannabis industry, the purpose of this review is to morphologically describe sources of cannabis terpenes and to explain the biosynthesis and diversity of terpene profiles in different cannabis chemovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.C.); (W.R.); (P.J.)
| | - Chuda Chittasupho
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.C.); (W.R.); (P.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.C.); (W.R.); (P.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.C.); (W.R.); (P.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Detection of Defoliation Injury in Peanut with Hyperspectral Proximal Remote Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12223828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing can be applied to optimize efficiency in pest detection, as an insect sampling tool. This efficiency can result in more precise recommendations for decision making in pest management. Pest detection with remote sensing is often feasible because plant biotic stress caused by herbivory triggers a defensive physiological response in plants, which generally results in changes to leaf reflectance. Therefore, the key objective of this study was to use hyperspectral proximal remote sensing and gas exchange parameters to characterize peanut leaf responses to herbivory by Stegasta bosqueella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), two major pests in South American peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial scheme (two lepidopterous species and 3 categories of injury). The injury treatments were: (1) natural infestation by third instars of S. bosqueella, (2) natural infestation by third instars of S. cosmioides, and (3) simulation of injury with scissors to mimic larval injury. We verified that peanut leaf reflectance is different between herbivory by the two larval species, but similar among real and simulated defoliation. Similarly, we observed differences in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthetic water use efficiency only between species but not between real and simulated larval defoliation. Our results provide information that is essential for the development of sampling and economic thresholds of S. bosqueella and S. cosmioides on the peanut.
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Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses of Rice Plants to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Caterpillar Infestation. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100705. [PMID: 33076419 PMCID: PMC7602657 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The transcriptomic and metabolomic differences in rice leaves after infestation by the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were investigated for better understanding of the mechanisms of rice defenses against this species. The results suggest that C. medinalis infestation can induce rapid and precise defense responses involved in many primary and secondary metabolic processes in rice leaves, and the jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent signaling pathway plays vital roles in the response of rice plants to this pest species. These results provide comprehensive insights into the defense system of rice to the rice leaf folder and may facilitate the development of insect-resistant rice varieties by identifying molecular targets for selection. Abstract Interactions between plants and insect herbivores are important determinants of plant productivity in cultivated and natural agricultural fields. The rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) causes tremendous damage to rice production in Asian countries. However, little information is available about how rice plants defend themselves against this destructive pest at molecular and biochemical levels. Here, we observed the transcriptomic and metabolomic differences in rice leaves after 0, 1, 6, 12, and 24 h of being fed by C. medinalis using RNA sequencing and metabolome profiling. Transcriptional analyses showed that gene expression responds rapidly to leaf folder infestation, with the most significant transcriptional changes occurring within 6 h after the initiation of feeding. Metabolite abundance changed more slowly than gene expression. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that the rice transcriptional response to infestation involved genes encoding protein kinases, transcription factors, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, photosynthesis, and phytohormone signaling. Moreover, the jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathway triggered by leaf folder herbivory played a vital role in rice defense against this pest. Taken together, our results provide comprehensive insights into the defense system of rice to this species and may inform the development of insect-resistant rice varieties.
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Kim YC, Choi D, Cha A, Lee YG, Baek NI, Rimal S, Sang J, Lee Y, Lee S. Critical enzymes for biosynthesis of cucurbitacin derivatives in watermelon and their biological significance. Commun Biol 2020; 3:444. [PMID: 32796947 PMCID: PMC7429850 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cucurbitacins have been isolated, and their structures have been elucidated. Owing to their economic potential and importance as active pharmacological compounds, their cytotoxicity in various cancer cells has been assessed. Here, we mined several candidate genes with potential involvement in cucurbitacin biosynthesis in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and performed in vitro enzymatic assays and instrumental analyses using various substrates to identify cucurbitacin functions and products. Enzymatic activities of two acetyltransferases (ACTs) and one UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) against cucurbitacins were confirmed, resulting in the synthesis of novel cucurbitacins in vivo and/or in vitro to our knowledge. As ACTs and UGT are involved in the dynamic conversion of cucurbitacins by catalyzing acetylation and glucosylation at moieties in the cucurbitacins skeleton, these findings improve our knowledge on how these genes contribute to the diversity of cucurbitacins. Kim et al. use RNAseq of two watermelons to select candidate genes coding for enzymes that catalyze modifications of cucurbitacins. They characterise four of the 16 candidate enzymes (3 different acetyltransferases and one UDP-glucosyltransferase) by HPLC, LC-MS, NMR, and in vitro enzymatic assay. They further show with in vivo assay in Drosophila, that acetylation of cucurbitacin increases neuronal activity in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheon Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Daeun Choi
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Ahra Cha
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Korea
| | - Suman Rimal
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Korea
| | - Jiun Sang
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Korea
| | - Sanghyeob Lee
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea. .,Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea.
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Unraveling the proteomic changes involved in the resistance response of Cajanus platycarpus to herbivory by Helicoverpa armigera. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7603-7618. [PMID: 32686005 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pigeonpea wild relative Cajanus platycarpus is resistant to Helicoverpa armigera, one of the major pests responsible for yield losses in Cajanus cajan. Deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying host plant resistance is pertinent to identify proteins that aid in the mitigation of the insect pest. The present study adopted comparative proteomics as a tool to interpret the resistance mechanism(s) in C. platycarpus vis-à-vis C. cajan during continued herbivory (up to 96 h). Over-representation analysis of the differentially expressed proteins implicated a multi-dimensional resistance response accomplished by both physical and chemical barriers in C. platycarpus. While the chemical basis for resistance was depicted by the upregulation of proteins playing a rate limiting role in the phenylpropanoid pathway, the physical basis was provided by the regulation of proteins involved in microtubule assembly and synthesis of lignins. Upregulation of proteins in the polyamine pathway indicated the role of metabolite conjugates to be negatively affecting herbivore growth. Reallocation of resources and diversion of metabolic flux to support the production of secondary metabolites could be the probable approach in the wild relative against herbivory. Our study provided deeper insights into the pod borer resistance mechanism in C. platycarpus for utility in crop improvement. KEY POINTS: • Pod borer resistance in Cajanus platycarpus is multi-dimensional. • Pod borer resistance has been arbitrated to cell wall rigidity and secondary metabolites. • Phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives apparently shaped the plant chemical defense against pod borer.
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Ramula S. Annual mowing has the potential to reduce the invasion of herbaceous Lupinus polyphyllus. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn order to manage invasive plant species efficiently, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of different strategies of population control, including the underlying mechanisms of action and the consequences for target populations. Here, I explored the effectiveness of biomass removal as a method of control for the invasive perennial herb Lupinus polyphyllus. More specifically, using seed material from 11 populations, I assessed among-population variation (if any) in plant compensatory growth as a response to annual biomass removal under standardised growing conditions over two consecutive years, and quantified the demographic effects of a single biomass-removal event. In all study populations, annual biomass removal reduced plant size, flowering probability, and shoot and root biomass. Biomass removal also reduced plant survival and the number of flowering shoots, but these effects were pronounced at certain time points only. A population-level demographic analysis revealed that a single biomass-removal event considerably decreased the long-term population growth rate (λ); this decline in λ was due to a reduction in plant fecundity followed by survival and growth. These findings suggest that annual mowing has the potential to curb invasions of L. polyphyllus because plants are not able to fully compensate for drastic biomass loss.
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Transcriptomic analysis of Dubas bug (Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin) infestation to Date Palm. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11505. [PMID: 32661358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and its fruit possess sociocultural, health and economic importance in Middle East. The date palm plantations are prone to Dubas bug (DB; Ommatissus lybicus DeBergevin; Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) attacks that severely damages the tree's growth and reduces fruit production. However, the transcriptome related datasets are not known to understand how DB activates physiological and gene regulatory mechanisms during infestation. Hence, we performed RNA-Seq of leaf infected with or without DB to understand the molecular responses of date palm seedlings. Before doing that, we noticed that DB infestation significantly increase superoxide anion and malondialdehyde production to two-folds as compared to healthy control. Stress-responsive genes such as proline transporter 2, NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde and superoxide dismutase were found significantly upregulated in infected seedlings. The infection repercussions were also revealed by significantly higher contents of endogenous phytohormonal signaling of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) compared with control. These findings persuaded to dig out intrinsic mechanisms and gene regulatory networks behind DB infestation to date palm by RNA-Seq analysis. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of 6,919 genes and down-regulation of 2,695 genes in leaf during the infection process. The differentially expressed genes were mostly belongs to cellular functions (calcium and MAPK), phytohormones (auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, JA and SA), and secondary metabolites (especially coumarinates and gossypol). The data showed that defense responses were aggravated by gene networks involved in hypersensitive responses (PAR1, RIN4, PBS1 etc.). In conclusion, the results revealed that date palm's leaf up-regulates both cellular and phytohormonal determinants, followed by intrinsic hypersensitive responses to counter infestation process by Dubas bug.
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Hanik N, Best M, Schueller MJ, Tappero R, Ferrieri RA. Defense Priming in Nicotiana tabacum Accelerates and Amplifies 'New' C/N Fluxes in Key Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E851. [PMID: 32640641 PMCID: PMC7411752 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the struggle to survive herbivory by leaf-feeding insects, plants employ multiple strategies to defend themselves. One mechanism by which plants increase resistance is by intensifying their responsiveness in the production of certain defense agents to create a rapid response. Known as defense priming, this action can accelerate and amplify responses of metabolic pathways, providing plants with long-lasting resistance, especially when faced with waves of attack. In the work presented, short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum, to examine the temporal changes in 'new' C/N utilization in the biosynthesis of key amino acids (AAs). Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). After a single treatment, metabolic partitioning of recently fixed carbon (designated 'new' carbon and reflected as 11C) increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Amplification in 'new' carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs. Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of 'new' carbon were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect. Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen (designated 'new' nitrogen reflected as 13N) with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine, which play important roles supporting the shikimate pathway and downstream secondary metabolism. Finally, X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcel Best
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source Division, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Calf OW, Lortzing T, Weinhold A, Poeschl Y, Peters JL, Huber H, Steppuhn A, van Dam NM. Slug Feeding Triggers Dynamic Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Responses Leading to Induced Resistance in Solanum dulcamara. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32625224 PMCID: PMC7314995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced plant responses to insect herbivores are well studied, but we know very little about responses to gastropod feeding. We aim to identify the temporal dynamics of signaling- and defense-related plant responses after slug feeding in relation to induced resistance. We exposed Solanum dulcamara plants to feeding by the gray field slug (GFS; Deroceras reticulatum) for different periods and tested disks of local and systemic leaves in preference assays. Induced responses were analyzed using metabolomics and transcriptomics. GFS feeding induced local and systemic responses. Slug feeding for 72 h more strongly affected the plant metabolome than 24 h feeding. It increased the levels of a glycoalkaloid (solasonine), phenolamides, anthocyanins, and trypsin protease inhibitors as well as polyphenol oxidase activity. Phytohormone and transcriptome analyses revealed that jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling were activated. GFS feeding upregulated more genes than that it downregulated. The response directly after feeding was more than five times higher than after an additional 24 h without feeding. Our research showed that GFS, like most chewing insects, triggers anti-herbivore defenses by activating defense signaling pathways, resulting in increased resistance to further slug feeding. Slug herbivory may therefore impact other herbivores in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno W. Calf
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Janny L. Peters
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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Pontarin N, Molinié R, Mathiron D, Tchoumtchoua J, Bassard S, Gagneul D, Thiombiano B, Demailly H, Fontaine JX, Guillot X, Sarazin V, Quéro A, Mesnard F. Age-Dependent Metabolic Profiles Unravel the Metabolic Relationships Within and Between Flax Leaves ( Linum usitatissimum). Metabolites 2020; 10:E218. [PMID: 32466546 PMCID: PMC7345097 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax for oil seed is a crop of increasing popularity, but its cultivation needs technical improvement. Important agronomic traits such as productivity and resistance to stresses are to be regarded as the result of the combined responses of individual organs and their inter-communication. Ultimately, these responses directly reflect the metabolic profile at the cellular level. Above ground, the complexity of the plant phenotype is governed by leaves at different developmental stages, and their ability to synthesise and exchange metabolites. In this study, the metabolic profile of differently-developed leaves was used firstly to discriminate flax leaf developmental stages, and secondly to analyse the allocation of the metabolites within and between leaves. For this purpose, the concentration of 52 metabolites, both primary and specialized, was followed by gas chromatography (GC-) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in alternate pairs of flax leaves. On the basis of their metabolic content, three populations of leaves in different growth stages could be distinguished. Primary and specialized metabolites showed characteristic distribution patterns, and compounds similarly evolving with leaf age could be grouped by the aid of the Kohonen self-organising map (SOM) algorithm. Ultimately, visualisation of the correlations between metabolites via hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allowed the assessment of the metabolic fluxes characterising different leaf developmental stages, and the investigation of the relationships between primary and specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pontarin
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
| | | | - Job Tchoumtchoua
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
- Biomass Valorization Platform—Extraction Department, CELABOR, Avenue du Parc 38, 4650 Herve, Belgium
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
| | - David Gagneul
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), Université de Lille, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France;
| | - Benjamin Thiombiano
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
| | - Xavier Guillot
- Laboulet Semences, 6 rue du Capitaine N’Tchorere, 80270 Airaines, France;
| | - Vivien Sarazin
- SADEF-AgroStation, 30 rue de la Station, 68700 Aspach-Le-Bas, France;
| | - Anthony Quéro
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
| | - François Mesnard
- UMR 1158 Transfontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80025 Amiens CEDEX, France; (N.P.); (R.M.); (J.T.); (S.B.); (J.-X.F.)
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Fernández-Marín B, Nadal M, Gago J, Fernie AR, López-Pozo M, Artetxe U, García-Plazaola JI, Verhoeven A. Born to revive: molecular and physiological mechanisms of double tolerance in a paleotropical and resurrection plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:741-759. [PMID: 32017123 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Resurrection plants recover physiological functions after complete desiccation. Almost all of them are native to tropical warm environments. However, the Gesneriaceae include four genera, remnant of the past palaeotropical flora, which inhabit temperate mountains. One of these species is additionally freezing-tolerant: Ramonda myconi. We hypothesise that this species has been able to persist in a colder climate thanks to some resurrection-linked traits. To disentangle the physiological mechanisms underpinning multistress tolerance to desiccation and freezing, we conducted an exhaustive seasonal assessment of photosynthesis (gas exchange, limitations to partitioning, photochemistry and galactolipids) and primary metabolism (through metabolomics) in two natural populations at different elevations. R. myconi displayed low rates of photosynthesis, largely due to mesophyll limitation. However, plants were photosynthetically active throughout the year, excluding a reversible desiccation period. Common responses to desiccation and low temperature involved chloroplast protection: enhanced thermal energy dissipation, higher carotenoid to Chl ratio and de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle. As specific responses, antioxidants and secondary metabolic routes rose upon desiccation, while putrescine, proline and a variety of sugars rose in winter. The data suggest conserved mechanisms to cope with photo-oxidation during desiccation and cold events, while additional metabolic mechanisms may have evolved as specific adaptations to cold during recent glaciations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38200, Spain
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Agroecología y Economía del Agua (INAGEA), ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Agroecología y Economía del Agua (INAGEA), ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Marina López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Unai Artetxe
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - José Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Amy Verhoeven
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Biology Department (OWS352), University of St Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St Paul, MN, USA
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Trujillo-Moya C, Ganthaler A, Stöggl W, Kranner I, Schüler S, Ertl R, Schlosser S, George JP, Mayr S. RNA-Seq and secondary metabolite analyses reveal a putative defence-transcriptome in Norway spruce (Picea abies) against needle bladder rust (Chrysomyxa rhododendri) infection. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:336. [PMID: 32357832 PMCID: PMC7195740 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norway spruce trees in subalpine forests frequently face infections by the needle rust fungus Chrysomyxa rhododendri, which causes significant growth decline and increased mortality of young trees. Yet, it is unknown whether trees actively respond to fungal attack by activating molecular defence responses and/or respective gene expression. RESULTS Here, we report results from an infection experiment, in which the transcriptomes (via RNA-Seq analysis) and phenolic profiles (via UHPLC-MS) of control and infected trees were compared over a period of 39 days. Gene expression between infected and uninfected ramets significantly differed after 21 days of infection and revealed already known, but also novel candidate genes involved in spruce molecular defence against pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Combined RNA-Seq and biochemical data suggest that Norway spruce response to infection by C. rhododendri is restricted locally and primarily activated between 9 and 21 days after infestation, involving a potential isolation of the fungus by a hypersensitive response (HR) associated with an activation of phenolic pathways. Identified key regulatory genes represent a solid basis for further specific analyses in spruce varieties with varying susceptibility, to better characterise resistant clones and to elucidate the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Trujillo-Moya
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Landscape and Natural Hazards (BFW)-Department of Forest Genetics, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvio Schüler
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Landscape and Natural Hazards (BFW)- Department of Forest Growth & Silviculture, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Schlosser
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Peter George
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Landscape and Natural Hazards (BFW)-Department of Forest Genetics, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lin PA, Felton GW. Oral cues are not enough: induction of defensive proteins in Nicotiana tabacum upon feeding by caterpillars. PLANTA 2020; 251:89. [PMID: 32232572 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study challenges the general belief that plants are highly sensitive to oral cues of herbivores and reveals the role of the damage level on the magnitude of defense induction. Many leaf-feeding caterpillars share similar feeding behaviors involving repeated removal of previously wounded leaf tissue (semicircle feeding pattern). We hypothesized that this behavior is a strategy to attenuate plant-induced defenses by removing both the oral cues and tissues that detect it. Using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), we found that tobacco increased defensive responses during herbivory compared to mechanical wounding at moderate damage levels (30%). However, tobacco did not differentiate between mechanical wounding and herbivory when the level of leaf tissue loss was either small (4%) or severe (100%, whole leaf removal). Higher amounts of oral cues did not induce higher defenses when damage was small. Severe damage led to the highest level of systemic defense proteins compared to other levels of leaf tissue loss with or without oral cues. In conclusion, we did not find clear evidence that semicircle feeding behavior compromises plant defense induction. In addition, the level of leaf tissue loss and oral cues interact to determine the level of induced defensive responses in tobacco. Although oral cues play an important role in inducing defensive proteins, the level of induction depends more on the level of leaf tissue loss in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Karssemeijer PN, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, van Loon J, Dicke M. Foliar herbivory by caterpillars and aphids differentially affects phytohormonal signalling in roots and plant defence to a root herbivore. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:775-786. [PMID: 31873957 PMCID: PMC7065167 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-mediated interactions are an important force in insect ecology. Through such interactions, herbivores feeding on leaves can affect root feeders. However, the mechanisms regulating the effects of above-ground herbivory on below-ground herbivores are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the performance of cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum) on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) previously exposed to above ground herbivores belonging to two feeding guilds: leaf chewing diamondback moth caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) or phloem-feeding cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae). Our study focusses on root-herbivore performance and defence signalling in primary roots by quantifying phytohormones and gene expression. We show that leaf herbivory by caterpillars, but not by aphids, strongly attenuates root herbivore performance. Above-ground herbivory causes changes in primary roots in terms of gene transcripts and metabolites involved in plant defence. Feeding by below-ground herbivores strongly induces the jasmonate pathway in primary roots. Caterpillars feeding on leaves cause a slight induction of the primary root jasmonate pathway and interact with plant defence signalling in response to root herbivores. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a phloem feeder differentially affects root-herbivore performance, root-herbivore-induced phytohormonal signalling, and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Joop van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Ye M, Li XW, Lin SB, Sun XL. The Jasmonic Acid Pathway Positively Regulates the Polyphenol Oxidase-Based Defense against Tea Geometrid Caterpillars in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:308-316. [PMID: 32016775 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) as inducible defense proteins, contribute to tea (Camellia sinensis) resistance against tea geometrid larvae (Ectropis grisescens), and this resistance has been associated with the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling by testing geometrid performance in our previous work. However, the regulation of PPO-based defense by JA and other hormone signaling underlying these defense responses is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of phytohormones in regulating the PPO response to tea geometrids. We profiled levels of defense hormones, PPO activity and CsPPO genes in leaves infested with tea geometrids. Then, hormone levels were manipulated by exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), JA biosynthesis inhibitors (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate, DIECA and salicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM) and GA inhibitor (uniconazole, UNI). Upon geometrid attack, JA levels significantly increased, whereas GA levels notably decreased and ABA level was slightly decreased. And the PPO activity significantly increased in line with the transcript levels of CsPPO2 and CsPPO4 but not CsPPO1. There were an obvious antagonistic cross-talk between JA and GA signals and an association among JA signals, PPO response and herbivore resistance in tea plants. Pretreatment with MeJA increased PPO activity by activating the transcripts of CsPPO2 and CsPPO4, whereas application of JA inhibitor DIECA suppressed PPO activity. GA3 strongly enhanced PPO activity, but ABA did not alter PPO activity. These findings strongly suggest that JA is a central player in PPO-mediated tea resistance against tea geometrids in a manner that prioritizes defense over growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi-Wang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song-Bo Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China.
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Visakorpi K, Riutta T, Malhi Y, Salminen JP, Salinas N, Gripenberg S. Changes in oak (Quercus robur) photosynthesis after winter moth (Operophtera brumata) herbivory are not explained by changes in chemical or structural leaf traits. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228157. [PMID: 31978155 PMCID: PMC6980561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores have the potential to change both physical and chemical traits of their host plant. Although the impacts of herbivores on their hosts have been widely studied, experiments assessing changes in multiple leaf traits or functions simultaneously are still rare. We experimentally tested whether herbivory by winter moth (Operophtera brumata) caterpillars and mechanical leaf wounding changed leaf mass per area, leaf area, leaf carbon and nitrogen content, and the concentrations of 27 polyphenol compounds on oak (Quercus robur) leaves. To investigate how potential changes in the studied traits affect leaf functioning, we related the traits to the rates of leaf photosynthesis and respiration. Overall, we did not detect any clear effects of herbivory or mechanical leaf damage on the chemical or physical leaf traits, despite clear effect of herbivory on photosynthesis. Rather, the trait variation was primarily driven by variation between individual trees. Only leaf nitrogen content and a subset of the studied polyphenol compounds correlated with photosynthesis and leaf respiration. Our results suggest that in our study system, abiotic conditions related to the growth location, variation between tree individuals, and seasonal trends in plant physiology are more important than herbivory in determining the distribution and composition of leaf chemical and structural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Visakorpi
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI Turku, Finland
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- Seccion Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Sofia Gripenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
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Insect herbivory antagonizes leaf cooling responses to elevated temperature in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2211-2217. [PMID: 31964814 PMCID: PMC6994973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913885117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As global climate change brings elevated average temperatures and more frequent and extreme weather events, pressure from biotic stresses will become increasingly compounded by harsh abiotic stress conditions. The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) promotes resilience to many environmental stresses, including attack by arthropod herbivores whose feeding activity is often stimulated by rising temperatures. How wound-induced JA signaling affects plant adaptive responses to elevated temperature (ET), however, remains largely unknown. In this study, we used the commercially important crop plant Solanum lycopersicum (cultivated tomato) to investigate the interaction between simulated heat waves and wound-inducible JA responses. We provide evidence that the heat shock protein HSP90 enhances wound responses at ET by increasing the accumulation of the JA receptor, COI1. Wound-induced JA responses directly interfered with short-term adaptation to ET by blocking leaf hyponasty and evaporative cooling. Specifically, leaf damage inflicted by insect herbivory or mechanical wounding at ET resulted in COI1-dependent stomatal closure, leading to increased leaf temperature, lower photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate, and growth inhibition. Pharmacological inhibition of HSP90 reversed these effects to recapitulate the phenotype of a JA-insensitive mutant lacking the COI1 receptor. As climate change is predicted to compound biotic stress with larger and more voracious arthropod pest populations, our results suggest that antagonistic responses resulting from a combination of insect herbivory and moderate heat stress may exacerbate crop losses.
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Qasim M, Haider I, Lou Y. Plant-insect-microbe interaction: A love triangle between enemies in ecosystem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134181. [PMID: 31520944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In natural ecosystems, plants interact with biotic components such as microbes, insects, animals and other plants as well. Generally, researchers have focused on each interaction separately, which condenses the significance of the interaction. This limited presentation of the facts masks the collective role of constantly interacting organisms in complex communities disturbing not only plant responses but also the response of organisms for each other in natural ecological settings. Beneficial microorganisms interact with insect herbivores, their predators and pollinators in a bidirectional way through the plant. Fascinatingly, insects employ diverse tactics to protect themselves from parasites or predators. Influences of microbial and insects attack on plants can bring changes in info-chemical frameworks and play a role in the food chain also. After insect herbivory and microbial pathogenesis, plants exhibit intense morpho-physiological and chemical reprogramming that leads to repellence/attraction of attacking organism or its natural enemy. The characterization of such interactions in different ecosystems is receiving due consideration, and underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms must be the point of concentration to unveil the evolution of multifaceted multitrophic interactions. Therefore, we have focused this phenomenon in a more realistic setting by integrating ecology and physiology to portray these multidimensional interfaces. We have shown, in this article, physiological trajectories in plant-microbe and insect relationship and their ecological relevance in nature. We focus and discuss microbial pathogenesis in plants, induced defense and the corresponding behavior of herbivore insects and vice-versa. It is hoped that this review will stimulate interest and zeal in microbes mediated plant-insect interactions along with their ecological consequences and encourage scientists to accept the challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ijaz Haider
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Ibanez F, Bang WY, Lombardini L, Cisneros-Zevallos L. Solving the controversy of healthier organic fruit: Leaf wounding triggers distant gene expression response of polyphenol biosynthesis in strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa). Sci Rep 2019; 9:19239. [PMID: 31848360 PMCID: PMC6917742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The claim that organic agriculture produces higher levels of phytochemicals has been controversial for decades. Using strawberries as a model crop in field conditions, a preharvest leaf wounding stress was applied to study the production of phytochemicals in fruits. As a result phenolic compounds (PCs) and total soluble sugars increased significantly, where specific phenylpropanoids showed increment up to 137% and several genes related to PCs biosynthesis and sugar transport were overexpressed. It was observed that the accumulation of PCs on fruits can be triggered by the application of wounding stress in a distant tissue and this accumulation is directly related to carbon partition and associated gene expression. This supports the idea that higher levels of healthy phytochemicals reported in organic fruits and vegetables could be due to the wounding component of the biotic stress attributed to insects to which the plant are exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Ibanez
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Woo Young Bang
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Leonardo Lombardini
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
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Papazian S, Girdwood T, Wessels BA, Poelman EH, Dicke M, Moritz T, Albrectsen BR. Leaf metabolic signatures induced by real and simulated herbivory in black mustard (Brassica nigra). Metabolomics 2019; 15:130. [PMID: 31563978 PMCID: PMC6765471 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oxylipin methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant hormone active in response signalling and defence against herbivores. Although MeJA is applied experimentally to mimic herbivory and induce plant defences, its downstream effects on the plant metabolome are largely uncharacterized, especially in the context of primary growth and tissue-specificity of the response. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of MeJA-simulated and real caterpillar herbivory on the foliar metabolome of the wild plant Brassica nigra and monitored the herbivore-induced responses in relation to leaf ontogeny. METHODS As single or multiple herbivory treatments, MeJA- and mock-sprayed plants were consecutively exposed to caterpillars or left untreated. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (TOF-MS) were combined to analyse foliar compounds, including central primary and specialized defensive plant metabolites. RESULTS Plant responses were stronger in young leaves, which simultaneously induced higher chlorophyll levels. Both MeJA and caterpillar herbivory induced similar, but not identical, accumulation of tricarboxylic acids (TCAs), glucosinolates (GSLs) and phenylpropanoids (PPs), but only caterpillar feeding led to depletion of amino acids. MeJA followed by caterpillars caused higher induction of defence compounds, including a three-fold increase in the major defence compound allyl-GSL (sinigrin). When feeding on MeJA-treated plants, caterpillars gained less weight indicative of the reduced host-plant quality and enhanced resistance. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomics approach showed that plant responses induced by herbivory extend beyond the regulation of defence metabolism and are tightly modulated throughout leaf development. This leads to a new understanding of the plant metabolic potential that can be exploited for future plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Papazian
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tristan Girdwood
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernard A. Wessels
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- 0000 0001 0791 5666grid.4818.5Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- 0000 0001 0791 5666grid.4818.5Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Moritz
- 0000 0000 8578 2742grid.6341.0Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benedicte R. Albrectsen
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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50
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Liu M, Gong J, Li Y, Li X, Yang B, Zhang Z, Yang L, Hou X. Growth-defense trade-off regulated by hormones in grass plants growing under different grazing intensities. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:553-569. [PMID: 30091152 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory creates conflicts between a plant's need to allocate resources for growth and defense. It is not yet clear how plants rebalance resource utilization between growth and defense in response to increasing grazing intensity. We measured characteristics of the primary and secondary metabolism of Leymus chinensis at five levels of grazing intensity (control, light, moderate, heavy and extremely heavy). Furthermore, we evaluated hormone signaling by quantifying the impact of key hormones on plant growth and defense. Under light grazing intensity, indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonates appeared to promote the growth of L. chinensis through a high photosynthetic rate, high water-use efficiency and high soluble protein contents, whereas abscisic acid decreased these properties. Under moderate grazing intensity, L. chinensis had a low photosynthetic capacity but greater production of secondary metabolites (tannins, total flavonoids and total phenols), possibly induced by salicylic acid. When the grazing pressure further intensified, L. chinensis translocated more carbohydrates to its roots in order to survive and regrow. Leymus chinensis therefore exhibited a trade-off between growth and defense in order to survive and reproduce under herbivory. Plants developed different mechanisms to enhance their grazing tolerance by means of hormonal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jirui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zihe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangyang Hou
- Grassland Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hohhot 010021, China
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