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Nie F, Wang M, Liu L, Ma X, Zhao J. Genome-Wide Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of the FK506 Binding Protein Family in Rice. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:902. [PMID: 39062681 PMCID: PMC11276075 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The FK506 Binding Protein (FKBP), ubiquitously present across diverse species, is characterized by its evolutionarily conserved FK506 binding domain (FKBd). In plants, evidence suggests that this gene family plays integral roles in regulating growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. Notably, research on the identification and functionality of FKBP genes in rice remains limited. Therefore, this study utilized bioinformatic tools to identify 30 FKBP-encoding genes in rice. It provides a detailed analysis of their chromosomal locations, evolutionary relationships with the Arabidopsis thaliana FKBP family, and gene structures. Further analysis of the promoter elements of these rice FKBP genes revealed a high presence of stress-responsive elements. Quantitative PCR assays under drought and heat stress conditions demonstrated that genes OsFKBP15-2, OsFKBP15-3, OsFKBP16-3, OsFKBP18, and OsFKBP42b are inducible by these adverse conditions. These findings suggest a significant role for the rice FKBP gene family in stress adaptation. This research establishes a critical foundation for deeper explorations of the functional roles of the OsFKBP genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.N.); (M.W.)
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2
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Ying W, Wang Y, Wei H, Luo Y, Ma Q, Zhu H, Janssens H, Vukašinović N, Kvasnica M, Winne JM, Gao Y, Tan S, Friml J, Liu X, Russinova E, Sun L. Structure and function of the Arabidopsis ABC transporter ABCB19 in brassinosteroid export. Science 2024; 383:eadj4591. [PMID: 38513023 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones that regulate plant development and physiology, including adaptation to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids are synthesized in the cell interior but bind receptors at the cell surface, necessitating a yet to be identified export mechanism. Here, we show that a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, ABCB19, functions as a brassinosteroid exporter. We present its structure in both the substrate-unbound and the brassinosteroid-bound states. Bioactive brassinosteroids are potent activators of ABCB19 ATP hydrolysis activity, and transport assays showed that ABCB19 transports brassinosteroids. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ABCB19 and its close homolog, ABCB1, positively regulate brassinosteroid responses. Our results uncover an elusive export mechanism for bioactive brassinosteroids that is tightly coordinated with brassinosteroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ying
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yaowei Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heyuan Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Janssens
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nemanja Vukašinović
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Johan M Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shutang Tan
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linfeng Sun
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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3
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Niu M, Tian K, Chen Q, Yang C, Zhang M, Sun S, Wang X. A multi-trait GWAS-based genetic association network controlling soybean architecture and seed traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1302359. [PMID: 38259929 PMCID: PMC10801003 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Ideal plant architecture is essential for enhancing crop yields. Ideal soybean (Glycine max) architecture encompasses an appropriate plant height, increased node number, moderate seed weight, and compact architecture with smaller branch angles for growth under high-density planting. However, the functional genes regulating plant architecture are far not fully understood in soybean. In this study, we investigated the genetic basis of 12 agronomic traits in a panel of 496 soybean accessions with a wide geographical distribution in China. Analysis of phenotypic changes in 148 historical elite soybean varieties indicated that seed-related traits have mainly been improved over the past 60 years, with targeting plant architecture traits having the potential to further improve yields in future soybean breeding programs. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 12 traits, we detected 169 significantly associated loci, of which 61 overlapped with previously reported loci and 108 new loci. By integrating the GWAS loci for different traits, we constructed a genetic association network and identified 90 loci that were associated with a single trait and 79 loci with pleiotropic effects. Of these 79 loci, 7 hub-nodes were strongly linked to at least three related agronomic traits. qHub_5, containing the previously characterized Determinate 1 (Dt1) locus, was associated not only with plant height and node number (as determined previously), but also with internode length and pod range. Furthermore, we identified qHub_7, which controls three branch angle-related traits; the candidate genes in this locus may be beneficial for breeding soybean with compact architecture. These findings provide insights into the genetic relationships among 12 important agronomic traits in soybean. In addition, these studies uncover valuable loci for further functional gene studies and will facilitate molecular design breeding of soybean architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrou Niu
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kewei Tian
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Chen J, Hu Y, Hao P, Tsering T, Xia J, Zhang Y, Roth O, Njo MF, Sterck L, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Geelen D, Geisler M, Shani E, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. ABCB-mediated shootward auxin transport feeds into the root clock. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56271. [PMID: 36718777 PMCID: PMC10074126 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although strongly influenced by environmental conditions, lateral root (LR) positioning along the primary root appears to follow obediently an internal spacing mechanism dictated by auxin oscillations that prepattern the primary root, referred to as the root clock. Surprisingly, none of the hitherto characterized PIN- and ABCB-type auxin transporters seem to be involved in this LR prepatterning mechanism. Here, we characterize ABCB15, 16, 17, 18, and 22 (ABCB15-22) as novel auxin-transporting ABCBs. Knock-down and genome editing of this genetically linked group of ABCBs caused strongly reduced LR densities. These phenotypes were correlated with reduced amplitude, but not reduced frequency of the root clock oscillation. High-resolution auxin transport assays and tissue-specific silencing revealed contributions of ABCB15-22 to shootward auxin transport in the lateral root cap (LRC) and epidermis, thereby explaining the reduced auxin oscillation. Jointly, these data support a model in which LRC-derived auxin contributes to the root clock amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Yangjie Hu
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Tashi Tsering
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Ohad Roth
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Maria F Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Yun Hu
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Lab of Plant Growth AnalysisGhent University Global CampusIncheonRepublic of Korea
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5
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Root twisting drives halotropism via stress-induced microtubule reorientation. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2412-2425.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Liu J, Ghelli R, Cardarelli M, Geisler M. Arabidopsis TWISTED DWARF1 regulates stamen elongation by differential activation of ABCB1,19-mediated auxin transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4818-4831. [PMID: 35512423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite clear evidence that a local accumulation of auxin is likewise critical for male fertility, much less is known about the components that regulate auxin-controlled stamen development. In this study, we analyzed physiological and morphological parameters in mutants of key players of ABCB-mediated auxin transport, and spatially and temporally dissected their expression on the protein level as well as auxin fluxes in the Arabidopsis stamens. Our analyses revealed that the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1), promotes stamen elongation and, to a lesser extent, anther dehiscence, as well as pollen maturation, and thus is required for seed development. Most of the described developmental defects in twd1 are shared with the abcb1 abcb19 mutant, which can be attributed to the fact that TWD1-as a described ABCB chaperone-is a positive regulator of ABCB1- and ABCB19-mediated auxin transport. However, reduced stamen number was dependent on TWD1 but not on investigated ABCBs, suggesting additional players downstream of TWD1. We predict an overall housekeeping function for ABCB1 during earlier stages, while ABCB19 seems to be responsible for the key event of rapid elongation at later stages of stamen development. Our data indicate that TWD1 controls stamen development by differential activation of ABCB1,19-mediated auxin transport in the stamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ghelli
- IBPM-CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maura Cardarelli
- IBPM-CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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7
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Su N, Zhu A, Tao X, Ding ZJ, Chang S, Ye F, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Chen Q, Wang J, Zhou CY, Guo Y, Jiao S, Zhang S, Wen H, Ma L, Ye S, Zheng SJ, Yang F, Wu S, Guo J. Structures and mechanisms of the Arabidopsis auxin transporter PIN3. Nature 2022; 609:616-621. [PMID: 35917926 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein family of auxin transporters mediates the polar auxin transport and plays crucial roles in plant growth and development1,2. Here we present cryo-EM structures of PIN3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPIN3) in the apo state and in complex with its substrate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) at 2.6-3.0 Å resolution. AtPIN3 exists as a homodimer, with the transmembrane helices (TMs) 1, 2, and 7 in the scaffold domain involved in dimerization. The dimeric AtPIN3 forms a large, joint extracellular-facing cavity at the dimer interface while each subunit adopts an inward-facing conformation. The structural and functional analyses, along with computational studies, reveal the structural basis for the recognition of IAA and NPA and elucidate the molecular mechanism of NPA inhibition on the PIN-mediated auxin transport. The AtPIN3 structures support an elevator-like model for the transport of auxin, whereby the transport domains undergo up-down rigid-body motions and the dimerized scaffold domains remain static.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Su
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aiqin Zhu
- Department of Biophysics and Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenghai Chang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangqin Wang
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Yu Zhou
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yirong Guo
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Jiao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- College of agriculture and biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Wen
- DP Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Mellor NL, Voß U, Ware A, Janes G, Barrack D, Bishopp A, Bennett MJ, Geisler M, Wells DM, Band LR. Systems approaches reveal that ABCB and PIN proteins mediate co-dependent auxin efflux. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2309-2327. [PMID: 35302640 PMCID: PMC9134068 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the B family of membrane-bound ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent key components of the auxin efflux machinery in plants. Over the last two decades, experimental studies have shown that modifying ATP-binding cassette sub-family B (ABCB) expression affects auxin distribution and plant phenotypes. However, precisely how ABCB proteins transport auxin in conjunction with the more widely studied family of PIN-formed (PIN) auxin efflux transporters is unclear, and studies using heterologous systems have produced conflicting results. Here, we integrate ABCB localization data into a multicellular model of auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root tip to predict how ABCB-mediated auxin transport impacts organ-scale auxin distribution. We use our model to test five potential ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions, simulating the auxin dynamics for each interaction and quantitatively comparing the predictions with experimental images of the DII-VENUS auxin reporter in wild-type and abcb single and double loss-of-function mutants. Only specific ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions result in predictions that recreate the experimentally observed DII-VENUS distributions and long-distance auxin transport. Our results suggest that ABCBs enable auxin efflux independently of PINs; however, PIN-mediated auxin efflux is predominantly through a co-dependent efflux where co-localized with ABCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Ware
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Duncan Barrack
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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9
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Jenness MK, Tayengwa R, Bate GA, Tapken W, Zhang Y, Pang C, Murphy AS. Loss of Multiple ABCB Auxin Transporters Recapitulates the Major twisted dwarf 1 Phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840260. [PMID: 35528937 PMCID: PMC9069160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
FK506-BINDING PROTEIN 42/TWISTED DWARF 1 (FKBP42/TWD1) directly regulates cellular trafficking and activation of multiple ATP-BINDING CASSETTE (ABC) transporters from the ABCB and ABCC subfamilies. abcb1 abcb19 double mutants exhibit remarkable phenotypic overlap with twd1 including severe dwarfism, stamen elongation defects, and compact circinate leaves; however, twd1 mutants exhibit greater loss of polar auxin transport and additional helical twisting of roots, inflorescences, and siliques. As abcc1 abcc2 mutants do not exhibit any visible phenotypes and TWD1 does not interact with PIN or AUX1/LAX auxin transporters, loss of function of other ABCB auxin transporters is hypothesized to underly the remaining morphological phenotypes. Here, gene expression, mutant analyses, pharmacological inhibitor studies, auxin transport assays, and direct auxin quantitations were used to determine the relative contributions of loss of other reported ABCB auxin transporters (4, 6, 11, 14, 20, and 21) to twd1 phenotypes. From these analyses, the additional reduction in plant height and the twisted inflorescence, root, and silique phenotypes observed in twd1 compared to abcb1 abcb19 result from loss of ABCB6 and ABCB20 function. Additionally, abcb6 abcb20 root twisting exhibited the same sensitivity to the auxin transport inhibitor 1-napthalthalamic acid as twd1 suggesting they are the primary contributors to these auxin-dependent organ twisting phenotypes. The lack of obvious phenotypes in higher order abcb4 and abcb21 mutants suggests that the functional loss of these transporters does not contribute to twd1 root or shoot twisting. Analyses of ABCB11 and ABCB14 function revealed capacity for auxin transport; however, their activities are readily outcompeted by other substrates, suggesting alternate functions in planta, consistent with a spectrum of relative substrate affinities among ABCB transporters. Overall, the results presented here suggest that the ABCB1/19 and ABCB6/20 pairs represent the primary long-distance ABCB auxin transporters in Arabidopsis and account for all reported twd1 morphological phenotypes. Other ABCB transporters appear to participate in highly localized auxin streams or mobilize alternate transport substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Jenness
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Reuben Tayengwa
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle A. Bate
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Wiebke Tapken
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Changxu Pang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Angus S. Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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10
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Do THT, Martinoia E, Lee Y, Hwang JU. 2021 update on ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: how they meet the needs of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1876-1892. [PMID: 35235666 PMCID: PMC8890498 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of ABC proteins including newly identified functions and regulatory mechanisms expand the understanding of how they function in the development and physiology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ha Thi Do
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ung Hwang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Author for communication:
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11
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Deslauriers SD, Spalding EP. Electrophysiological study of Arabidopsis ABCB4 and PIN2 auxin transporters: Evidence of auxin activation and interaction enhancing auxin selectivity. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e361. [PMID: 34816076 PMCID: PMC8595762 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport through plant tissue strictly requires polarly localized PIN proteins and uniformly distributed ABCB proteins. A functional synergy between the two types of membrane protein where their localizations overlap may create the degree of asymmetric auxin efflux required to produce polar auxin transport. We investigated this possibility by expressing ABCB4 and PIN2 in human embryonic kidney cells and measuring whole-cell ionic currents with the patch-clamp technique and CsCl-based electrolytes. ABCB4 activity was 1.81-fold more selective for Cl- over Cs+ and for PIN2 the value was 2.95. We imposed auxin gradients and determined that ABCB4 and PIN2 were 12-fold more permeable to the auxin anion (IAA-) than Cl-. This measure of the intrinsic selectivity of the transport pathway was 21-fold when ABCB4 and PIN2 were co-expressed. If this increase occurs in plants, it could explain why asymmetric PIN localization is not sufficient to create polar auxin flow. Some form of co-action or synergy between ABCB4 and PIN2 that increases IAA- selectivity at the cell face where both occur may be important. We also found that auxin stimulated ABCB4 activity, which may contribute to a self-reinforcement of auxin transport known as canalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Deslauriers
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Division of Science and MathUniversity of MinnesotaMorrisMNUSA
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12
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Samakovli D, Roka L, Dimopoulou A, Plitsi PK, Žukauskait A, Georgopoulou P, Novák O, Milioni D, Hatzopoulos P. HSP90 affects root growth in Arabidopsis by regulating the polar distribution of PIN1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1814-1831. [PMID: 34086995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin homeostasis and signaling affect a broad range of developmental processes in plants. The interplay between HSP90 and auxin signaling is channeled through the chaperoning capacity of the HSP90 on the TIR1 auxin receptor. The sophisticated buffering capacity of the HSP90 system through the interaction with diverse signaling protein components drastically shapes genetic circuitries regulating various developmental aspects. However, the elegant networking capacity of HSP90 in the global regulation of auxin response and homeostasis has not been appreciated. Arabidopsis hsp90 mutants were screened for gravity response. Phenotypic analysis of root meristems and cotyledon veins was performed. PIN1 localization in hsp90 mutants was determined. Our results showed that HSP90 affected the asymmetrical distribution of PIN1 in plasma membranes and influenced its expression in prompt cell niches. Depletion of HSP90 distorted polar distribution of auxin, as the acropetal auxin transport was highly affected, leading to impaired root gravitropism and lateral root formation. The essential role of the HSP90 in auxin homeostasis was profoundly evident from early development, as HSP90 depletion affected embryo development and the pattern formation of veins in cotyledons. Our data suggest that the HSP90-mediated distribution of PIN1 modulates auxin distribution and thereby auxin signaling to properly promote plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Loukia Roka
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Panagiota Konstantinia Plitsi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Asta Žukauskait
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Paraskevi Georgopoulou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitra Milioni
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
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13
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Samakovli D, Tichá T, Vavrdová T, Závorková N, Pecinka A, Ovečka M, Šamaj J. HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 proteins and YODA regulate main body axis formation during early embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1526-1544. [PMID: 33856486 PMCID: PMC8260137 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The YODA (YDA) kinase pathway is intimately associated with the control of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) embryo development, but little is known regarding its regulators. Using genetic analysis, HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) proteins emerge as potent regulators of YDA in the process of embryo development and patterning. This study is focused on the characterization and quantification of early embryonal traits of single and double hsp90 and yda mutants. HSP90s genetic interactions with YDA affected the downstream signaling pathway to control the development of both basal and apical cell lineage of embryo. Our results demonstrate that the spatiotemporal expression of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 8 (WOX8) and WOX2 is changed when function of HSP90s or YDA is impaired, suggesting their essential role in the cell fate determination and possible link to auxin signaling during early embryo development. Hence, HSP90s together with YDA signaling cascade affect transcriptional networks shaping the early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Natálie Závorková
- Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany (IEB), Czech Acad Sci, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research (CRH), Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
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14
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Abas L, Kolb M, Stadlmann J, Janacek DP, Lukic K, Schwechheimer C, Sazanov LA, Mach L, Friml J, Hammes UZ. Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020857118. [PMID: 33443187 PMCID: PMC7817115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020857118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) is a key inhibitor of directional (polar) transport of the hormone auxin in plants. For decades, it has been a pivotal tool in elucidating the unique polar auxin transport-based processes underlying plant growth and development. Its exact mode of action has long been sought after and is still being debated, with prevailing mechanistic schemes describing only indirect connections between NPA and the main transporters responsible for directional transport, namely PIN auxin exporters. Here we present data supporting a model in which NPA associates with PINs in a more direct manner than hitherto postulated. We show that NPA inhibits PIN activity in a heterologous oocyte system and that expression of NPA-sensitive PINs in plant, yeast, and oocyte membranes leads to specific saturable NPA binding. We thus propose that PINs are a bona fide NPA target. This offers a straightforward molecular basis for NPA inhibition of PIN-dependent auxin transport and a logical parsimonious explanation for the known physiological effects of NPA on plant growth, as well as an alternative hypothesis to interpret past and future results. We also introduce PIN dimerization and describe an effect of NPA on this, suggesting that NPA binding could be exploited to gain insights into structural aspects of PINs related to their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Abas
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martina Kolb
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorina P Janacek
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kristina Lukic
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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15
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Teale WD, Pasternak T, Dal Bosco C, Dovzhenko A, Kratzat K, Bildl W, Schwörer M, Falk T, Ruperti B, V Schaefer J, Shahriari M, Pilgermayer L, Li X, Lübben F, Plückthun A, Schulte U, Palme K. Flavonol-mediated stabilization of PIN efflux complexes regulates polar auxin transport. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104416. [PMID: 33185277 PMCID: PMC7780147 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of auxin controls the rate, direction and localization of plant growth and development. The course of auxin transport is defined by the polar subcellular localization of the PIN proteins, a family of auxin efflux transporters. However, little is known about the composition and regulation of the PIN protein complex. Here, using blue-native PAGE and quantitative mass spectrometry, we identify native PIN core transport units as homo- and heteromers assembled from PIN1, PIN2, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 subunits only. Furthermore, we show that endogenous flavonols stabilize PIN dimers to regulate auxin efflux in the same way as does the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This inhibitory mechanism is counteracted both by the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid and by phosphomimetic amino acids introduced into the PIN1 cytoplasmic domain. Our results lend mechanistic insights into an endogenous control mechanism which regulates PIN function and opens the way for a deeper understanding of the protein environment and regulation of the polar auxin transport complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Teale
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology IIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Manuel Schwörer
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Thorsten Falk
- Institute for Computer ScienceUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Benadetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAEUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- High‐Throughput Binder Selection FacilityDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Xugang Li
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Florian Lübben
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- High‐Throughput Binder Selection FacilityDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Uwe Schulte
- Institute of Physiology IIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Logopharm GmbHFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSFreiburgGermany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSFreiburgGermany
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16
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Geisler MM. A Retro-Perspective on Auxin Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756968. [PMID: 34675956 PMCID: PMC8524130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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17
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Abstract
The latent left–right asymmetry (chirality) of vascular plants is best witnessed as a helical elongation of cylindrical organs in climbing plants. Interestingly, helical handedness is usually fixed in given species, suggesting genetic control of chirality. Arabidopsis thaliana, a small mustard plant, normally does not twist but can be mutated to exhibit helical growth in elongating organs. Genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses of these twisting mutants are providing mechanistic insights into the left–right handedness as well as how potential organ skewing is suppressed in most plants. Growth direction of elongating plant cells is determined by alignment of cellulose microfibrils in cell walls, which is guided by cortical microtubules localized just beneath the plasma membrane. Mutations in tubulins and regulators of microtubule assembly or organization give rise to helical arrangements of cortical microtubule arrays in Arabidopsis cells and cause helical growth of fixed handedness in axial organs such as roots and stems. Whether tubulins are assembled into a microtubule composed of straight or tilted protofilaments might determine straight or twisting growth. Mechanistic understanding of helical plant growth will provide a paradigm for connecting protein filament structure to cellular organization.
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18
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Tan S, Di Donato M, Glanc M, Zhang X, Klíma P, Liu J, Bailly A, Ferro N, Petrášek J, Geisler M, Friml J. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Target TWISTED DWARF1-Regulated Actin Dynamics and Auxin Transport-Mediated Plant Development. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108463. [PMID: 33264621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are derivatives of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA). SA is well known to regulate plant immunity and development, whereas there have been few reports focusing on the effects of NSAIDs in plants. Our studies here reveal that NSAIDs exhibit largely overlapping physiological activities to SA in the model plant Arabidopsis. NSAID treatments lead to shorter and agravitropic primary roots and inhibited lateral root organogenesis. Notably, in addition to the SA-like action, which in roots involves binding to the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), NSAIDs also exhibit PP2A-independent effects. Cell biological and biochemical analyses reveal that many NSAIDs bind directly to and inhibit the chaperone activity of TWISTED DWARF1, thereby regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and subsequent endosomal trafficking. Our findings uncover an unexpected bioactivity of human pharmaceuticals in plants and provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the cellular action of this class of anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Ferro
- University of Bonn, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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19
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Geisler M, Hegedűs T. A twist in the ABC: regulation of ABC transporter trafficking and transport by FK506-binding proteins. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3986-4000. [PMID: 33125703 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins has been so far shown to encompass protein phosphorylation, maturation, and ubiquitination. Yet, recent accumulating evidence implicates FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), a type of peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) proteins, in ABC transporter regulation. In this perspective article, we summarize current knowledge on ABC transporter regulation by FKBPs, which seems to be conserved over kingdoms and ABC subfamilies. We uncover striking functional similarities but also differences between regulatory FKBP-ABC modules in plants and mammals. We dissect a PPIase- and HSP90-dependent and independent impact of FKBPs on ABC biogenesis and transport activity. We propose and discuss a putative new mode of transient ABC transporter regulation by cis-trans isomerization of X-prolyl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Hao P, Xia J, Liu J, Di Donato M, Pakula K, Bailly A, Jasinski M, Geisler M. Auxin-transporting ABC transporters are defined by a conserved D/E-P motif regulated by a prolylisomerase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13094-13105. [PMID: 32699109 PMCID: PMC7489919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin must be transported throughout plants in a cell-to-cell manner to affect its various physiological functions. ABCB transporters are critical for this polar auxin distribution, but the regulatory mechanisms controlling their function is not fully understood. The auxin transport activity of ABCB1 was suggested to be regulated by a physical interaction with FKBP42/Twisted Dwarf1 (TWD1), a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), but all attempts to demonstrate such a PPIase activity by TWD1 have failed so far. By using a structure-based approach, we identified several surface-exposed proline residues in the nucleotide binding domain and linker of Arabidopsis ABCB1, mutations of which do not alter ABCB1 protein stability or location but do affect its transport activity. P1008 is part of a conserved signature D/E-P motif that seems to be specific for auxin-transporting ABCBs, which we now refer to as ATAs. Mutation of the acidic residue also abolishes auxin transport activity by ABCB1. All higher plant ABCBs for which auxin transport has been conclusively proven carry this conserved motif, underlining its predictive potential. Introduction of this D/E-P motif into malate importer, ABCB14, increases both its malate and its background auxin transport activity, suggesting that this motif has an impact on transport capacity. The D/E-P1008 motif is also important for ABCB1-TWD1 interactions and activation of ABCB1-mediated auxin transport by TWD1. In summary, our data imply a new function for TWD1 acting as a putative activator of ABCB-mediated auxin transport by cis-trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Pakula
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Jasinski
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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21
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Johnston CR, Malladi A, Vencill WK, Grey TL, Culpepper AS, Henry G, Czarnota MA, Randell TM. Investigation of physiological and molecular mechanisms conferring diurnal variation in auxinic herbicide efficacy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238144. [PMID: 32857790 PMCID: PMC7454982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of auxinic herbicides, a valuable weed control tool for growers worldwide, has been shown to vary with the time of day in which applications are made. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing this phenomenon. Investigating the differential in planta behavior of these herbicides across different times of application may grant an ability to advise which properties of auxinic herbicides are desirable when applications must be made around the clock. Radiolabeled herbicide experiments demonstrated a likely increase in ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB)-mediated 2,4-D and dicamba transport in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) at simulated dawn compared to mid-day, as dose response models indicated that many orders of magnitude higher concentrations of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and verapamil, respectively, are required to inhibit translocation by 50% at simulated sunrise compared to mid-day. Gas chromatographic analysis displayed that ethylene evolution in A. palmeri was higher when dicamba was applied during mid-day compared to sunrise. Furthermore, it was found that inhibition of translocation via 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) resulted in an increased amount of 2,4-D-induced ethylene evolution at sunrise, and the inhibition of dicamba translocation via NPA reversed the difference in ethylene evolution across time of application. Dawn applications of these herbicides were associated with increased expression of a putative 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase biosynthesis gene NCED1, while there was a notable lack of trends observed across times of day and across herbicides with ACS1, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase. Overall, this research indicates that translocation is differentially regulated via specific protein-level mechanisms across times of application, and that ethylene release, a chief phytotoxic process involved in the response to auxinic herbicides, is related to translocation. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation of abscisic acid involvement in phytotoxicity and/or translocation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Johnston
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - William K. Vencill
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Grey
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - A. Stanley Culpepper
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Gerald Henry
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Czarnota
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States of America
| | - Taylor M. Randell
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
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Maghiaoui A, Bouguyon E, Cuesta C, Perrine-Walker F, Alcon C, Krouk G, Benková E, Nacry P, Gojon A, Bach L. The Arabidopsis NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls auxin biosynthesis and transport to regulate root branching in response to nitrate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4480-4494. [PMID: 32428238 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural systems, nitrate is the main source of nitrogen available for plants. Besides its role as a nutrient, nitrate has been shown to act as a signal molecule in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis, the NRT1.1 nitrate transceptor represses lateral root (LR) development at low nitrate availability by promoting auxin basipetal transport out of the LR primordia (LRPs). Here we show that NRT1.1 acts as a negative regulator of the TAR2 auxin biosynthetic gene in the root stele. This is expected to repress local auxin biosynthesis and thus to reduce acropetal auxin supply to the LRPs. Moreover, NRT1.1 also negatively affects expression of the LAX3 auxin influx carrier, thus preventing the cell wall remodeling required for overlying tissue separation during LRP emergence. NRT1.1-mediated repression of both TAR2 and LAX3 is suppressed at high nitrate availability, resulting in nitrate induction of the TAR2 and LAX3 expression that is required for optimal stimulation of LR development by nitrate. Altogether, our results indicate that the NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls several crucial auxin-associated processes required for LRP development, and as a consequence that NRT1.1 plays a much more integrated role than previously expected in regulating the nitrate response of root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Maghiaoui
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Eléonore Bouguyon
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Carine Alcon
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Gojon
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Liên Bach
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Tichá T, Samakovli D, Kuchařová A, Vavrdová T, Šamaj J. Multifaceted roles of HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 molecular chaperones in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3966-3985. [PMID: 32293686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 90 (HSP90s) are molecular chaperones that mediate correct folding and stability of many client proteins. These chaperones act as master molecular hubs involved in multiple aspects of cellular and developmental signalling in diverse organisms. Moreover, environmental and genetic perturbations affect both HSP90s and their clients, leading to alterations of molecular networks determining respectively plant phenotypes and genotypes and contributing to a broad phenotypic plasticity. Although HSP90 interaction networks affecting the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and diversity have been thoroughly studied in animals, such studies are just starting to emerge in plants. Here, we summarize current knowledge and discuss HSP90 network functions in plant development and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Despina Samakovli
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kuchařová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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24
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Mao J, Li J. Regulation of Three Key Kinases of Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4340. [PMID: 32570783 PMCID: PMC7352359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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25
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Verna C, Ravichandran SJ, Sawchuk MG, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling. eLife 2019; 8:51061. [PMID: 31793881 PMCID: PMC6890459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants. Plants, animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example, oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs. To achieve these transformations, the cells in those living things must grow, divide and change their shape and other features. Plants and animals specify the directions in which their cells will grow and develop by gathering specific proteins to one side of the cells. This makes one side different from all the other sides, which the cells use as an internal compass that points in one direction. To align their internal compasses, animal cells touch one another and often move around inside the body. Plant cells, on the other hand, are surrounded by a wall that keeps them apart and prevents them from moving around. So how do plant cells align their internal compasses? Scientists have long thought that a protein called GNOM aligns the internal compasses of plant cells. The hypothesis proposes that GNOM gathers another protein, called PIN1, to one side of a cell. PIN1 would then pump a plant hormone known as auxin out of this first cell and, in doing so, would also drain auxin away from the cell on the opposite side. In this second cell, GNOM would then gather PIN1 to the side facing the first cell, and this process would repeat until all the cells' compasses were aligned. To test this hypothesis, Verna et al. combined microscopy with genetic approaches to study how cells' compasses are aligned in the leaves of a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments revealed that auxin needs to move from cell-to-cell to align the cells’ compasses. However, contrary to the above hypothesis, this movement of auxin was not sufficient: the cells also needed to be able to detect and respond to the auxin that entered them. Along with controlling how auxin moved between the cells, GNOM also regulated how the cells responded to the auxin. These findings reveal how plants specify which directions their cells grow and develop. In the future, this knowledge may eventually aid efforts to improve crop yields by controlling the growth and development of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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26
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Donato M, Geisler M. HSP
90 and co‐chaperones: a multitaskers’ view on plant hormone biology. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1415-1430. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Donato
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of maturation for roughly one-third of all cellular proteins. ER-resident molecular chaperones and folding catalysts promote folding and assembly in a diverse set of newly synthesized proteins. Because these processes are error-prone, all eukaryotic cells have a quality-control system in place that constantly monitors the proteins and decides their fate. Proteins with potentially harmful nonnative conformations are subjected to assisted folding or degraded. Persistent folding-defective proteins are distinguished from folding intermediates and targeted for degradation by a specific process involving clearance from the ER. Although the basic principles of these processes appear conserved from yeast to animals and plants, there are distinct differences in the ER-associated degradation of misfolded glycoproteins. The general importance of ER quality-control events is underscored by their involvement in the biogenesis of diverse cell surface receptors and their crucial maintenance of protein homeostasis under diverse stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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28
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of maturation for roughly one-third of all cellular proteins. ER-resident molecular chaperones and folding catalysts promote folding and assembly in a diverse set of newly synthesized proteins. Because these processes are error-prone, all eukaryotic cells have a quality-control system in place that constantly monitors the proteins and decides their fate. Proteins with potentially harmful nonnative conformations are subjected to assisted folding or degraded. Persistent folding-defective proteins are distinguished from folding intermediates and targeted for degradation by a specific process involving clearance from the ER. Although the basic principles of these processes appear conserved from yeast to animals and plants, there are distinct differences in the ER-associated degradation of misfolded glycoproteins. The general importance of ER quality-control events is underscored by their involvement in the biogenesis of diverse cell surface receptors and their crucial maintenance of protein homeostasis under diverse stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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29
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Pěnčík A, Casanova-Sáez R, Pilařová V, Žukauskaitė A, Pinto R, Micol JL, Ljung K, Novák O. Ultra-rapid auxin metabolite profiling for high-throughput mutant screening in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2569-2579. [PMID: 29514302 PMCID: PMC5920284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) plays fundamental roles as a signalling molecule during numerous plant growth and development processes. The formation of local auxin gradients and auxin maxima/minima, which is very important for these processes, is regulated by auxin metabolism (biosynthesis, degradation, and conjugation) as well as transport. When studying auxin metabolism pathways it is crucial to combine data obtained from genetic investigations with the identification and quantification of individual metabolites. Thus, to facilitate efforts to elucidate auxin metabolism and its roles in plants, we have developed a high-throughput method for simultaneously quantifying IAA and its key metabolites in minute samples (<10 mg FW) of Arabidopsis thaliana tissues by in-tip micro solid-phase extraction and fast LC-tandem MS. As a proof of concept, we applied the method to a collection of Arabidopsis mutant lines and identified lines with altered IAA metabolite profiles using multivariate data analysis. Finally, we explored the correlation between IAA metabolite profiles and IAA-related phenotypes. The developed rapid analysis of large numbers of samples (>100 samples d-1) is a valuable tool to screen for novel regulators of auxin metabolism and homeostasis among large collections of genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rubén Casanova-Sáez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rui Pinto
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Chemistry department (KBC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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30
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Teale W, Palme K. Naphthylphthalamic acid and the mechanism of polar auxin transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:303-312. [PMID: 28992080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of how plants move auxin through their tissues is largely built on the use of polar auxin transporter inhibitors. Although the most important proteins that mediate auxin transport and its regulation have probably all been identified and the mapping of their interactions is well underway, mechanistically we are still surprisingly far away from understanding how auxin is transported. Such an understanding will only emerge after new data are placed in the context of the wealth of physiological data on which they are founded. This review will look back over the use of a key inhibitor called naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and outline its contribution to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of polar auxin transport, before proceeding to speculate on how its use is likely still to be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Teale
- Institute of Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität of Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Park J, Lee Y, Martinoia E, Geisler M. Plant hormone transporters: what we know and what we would like to know. BMC Biol 2017; 15:93. [PMID: 29070024 PMCID: PMC5655956 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone transporters are crucial for plant hormone action, which is underlined by severe developmental and physiological impacts caused by their loss-of-function mutations. Here, we summarize recent knowledge on the individual roles of plant hormone transporters in local and long-distance transport. Our inventory reveals that many hormones are transported by members of distinct transporter classes, with an apparent dominance of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family and of the Nitrate transport1/Peptide transporter family (NPF). The current need to explore further hormone transporter regulation, their functional interaction, transport directionalities, and substrate specificities is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute for Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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32
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Geisler M, Aryal B, di Donato M, Hao P. A Critical View on ABC Transporters and Their Interacting Partners in Auxin Transport. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1601-1614. [PMID: 29016918 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different subclasses of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been implicated in the transport of native variants of the phytohormone auxin. Here, the putative, individual roles of key members belonging to the ABCB, ABCD and ABCG families, respectively, are highlighted and the knowledge of their assumed expression and transport routes is reviewed and compared with their mutant phenotypes. Protein-protein interactions between ABC transporters and regulatory components during auxin transport are summarized and their importance is critically discussed. There is a focus on the functional interaction between members of the ABCB family and the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1, acting as a chaperone during plasma membrane trafficking of ABCBs. Further, the mode and relevance of functional ABCB-PIN interactions is diagnostically re-evaluated. A new nomenclature describing precisely the most likely ABCB-PIN interaction scenarios is suggested. Finally, available tools for the detection and prediction of ABC transporter interactomes are summarized and the potential of future ABC transporter interactome maps is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bibek Aryal
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin di Donato
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pengchao Hao
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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33
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Analysis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Uptake Using a Protoplast System. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28293838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6854-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a biosynthetic precursor of ethylene. The movement of ACC across the plasma membrane (PM) has been implicated in various physiological contexts during environmental adaptation and differentiation in higher plants. A PM-localized transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana, LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1) participates in the uptake of ACC, implicating a class of amino-acid transporters in the transport of ACC. Here, we describe the method for assaying uptake of ACC into the plant cells using an Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplast system.
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34
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Figueiredo DD, Batista RA, Roszak PJ, Hennig L, Köhler C. Auxin production in the endosperm drives seed coat development in Arabidopsis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27848912 PMCID: PMC5135394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, seed development is initiated by the fusion of the maternal egg and central cells with two paternal sperm cells, leading to the formation of embryo and endosperm, respectively. The fertilization products are surrounded by the maternally derived seed coat, whose development prior to fertilization is blocked by epigenetic regulators belonging to the Polycomb Group (PcG) protein family. Here we show that fertilization of the central cell results in the production of auxin and most likely its export to the maternal tissues, which drives seed coat development by removing PcG function. We furthermore show that mutants for the MADS-box transcription factor AGL62 have an impaired transport of auxin from the endosperm to the integuments, which results in seed abortion. We propose that AGL62 regulates auxin transport from the endosperm to the integuments, leading to the removal of the PcG block on seed coat development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20542.001 The seeds of rice, wheat and other flowering plants store a variety of nutrients, largely in the form of sugars, proteins and oils. These stored reserves provide the main source of calories for humans and livestock all over the world, so they are of major social and economic importance. Seed development is an intricate process. It begins after male sperm cells fuse with female gametes inside the flower. This leads to the formation of the embryo, which will develop into a new plant, and a structure called the endosperm, which nourishes the growing embryo. A protective seed coat surrounds the embryo and endosperm, which develops from certain parts of the parent flower. In order for the seed to develop successfully, these three components have to communicate so they can coordinate their growth. Auxin is a key plant hormone that is needed for plants to grow and develop properly and is necessary for the endosperm to form. Previous research has shown that the endosperm is also required to trigger the formation of the seed coat, but the signal that triggers this process has not yet been identified. Figueiredo et al. now address this question in a small flowering plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments show that the endosperm produces auxin, which acts as a molecular signal for the seed coat to start forming. Exposing unfertilized flowers to auxin caused a seed coat to form even though the endosperm was absent. This suggests that this hormone alone is sufficient to trigger the formation of the seed coat without any other signals. Further analysis revealed that a protein called AGL62 regulates the movement of auxin to the parts of the flower that give rise to the seed coat. In the absence of AGL62, the hormone remains trapped in the endosperm and the seed coat fails to develop. The next step following on from this work is to understand how auxin moves from the endosperm to the parts of the flower that form the seed coat. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20542.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte D Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rita A Batista
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pawel J Roszak
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hennig
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Goggin DE, Cawthray GR, Powles SB. 2,4-D resistance in wild radish: reduced herbicide translocation via inhibition of cellular transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3223-35. [PMID: 26994475 PMCID: PMC4892717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to auxinic herbicides is increasing in a range of dicotyledonous weed species, but in most cases the biochemical mechanism of resistance is unknown. Using (14)C-labelled herbicide, the mechanism of resistance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in two wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) populations was identified as an inability to translocate 2,4-D out of the treated leaf. Although 2,4-D was metabolized in wild radish, and in a different manner to the well-characterized crop species wheat and bean, there was no difference in metabolism between the susceptible and resistant populations. Reduced translocation of 2,4-D in the latter was also not due to sequestration of the herbicide, or to reduced uptake by the leaf epidermis or mesophyll cells. Application of auxin efflux or ABCB transporter inhibitors to 2,4-D-susceptible plants caused a mimicking of the reduced-translocation resistance phenotype, suggesting that 2,4-D resistance in the populations under investigation could be due to an alteration in the activity of a plasma membrane ABCB-type auxin transporter responsible for facilitating long-distance transport of 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E Goggin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory R Cawthray
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
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36
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Chaiwanon J, Garcia VJ, Cartwright H, Sun Y, Wang ZY. Immunophilin-like FKBP42/TWISTED DWARF1 Interacts with the Receptor Kinase BRI1 to Regulate Brassinosteroid Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:593-600. [PMID: 26808213 PMCID: PMC5126208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the immunophilin-like FK506-binding protein TWISTED DWARF1 (FKBP42/TWD1) causes dwarf and twisted-organ phenotypes in Arabidopsis. However, the function of FKBP42 is not fully understood at the molecular level. Using genetic, physiological, and immunological experiments, we show here that FKBP42/TWD1 is necessary for brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. The twd1 mutant showed reduced BR sensitivity in growth responses and activation of the BZR1 transcription factor. However, twd1 showed normal responses to an inhibitor of BIN2/GSK3, suggesting that twd1 has a defect upstream of BIN2 in the BR signaling pathway. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that TWD1 interacts physically with the kinase domains of the BR receptor kinases BRI1 and BAK1. TWD1 is not required for normal localization of BRI1-GFP to the plasma membrane or for activation of the flagellin receptor kinase FLS2. Our results suggest that FKBP42/TWD1 plays a specific role in the activation of BRI1 receptor kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthamas Chaiwanon
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Botany, Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Veder J Garcia
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heather Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Zhao B, Lv M, Feng Z, Campbell T, Liscum E, Li J. TWISTED DWARF 1 Associates with BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 to Regulate Early Events of the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:582-92. [PMID: 26802250 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A genome-wide screen for mutants showing altered brassinosteroid (BR) sensitivity or bri1-like phenotypes resulted in the identification of two new mutant alleles of TWISTED DWARF 1 (TWD1), twd1-4, and twd1-5. Previous studies indicated that TWD1, also named as ULTRACURVATA 2 or FKBP42, associates with auxin efflux transporters and is essential for their biological functions. Although earlier reports showed that BR signaling is downregulated in twd1, how TWD1 is integrated in BR signaling has not been elucidated. Here, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that TWD1 interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 in vivo in a BR-independent manner. Further analyses indicated that TWD1 modulates the BR signal transduction not by altering ER quality control or protein abundance of BRI1; instead, TWD1 appears to be critical in BR-induced interaction of BRI1 and its co-receptor BAK1, as well as BR-induced phosphorylation of these two proteins. These results provide better understanding of the early events of the BR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zengxiu Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Thomas Campbell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Emmanuel Liscum
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Geisler M, Bailly A, Ivanchenko M. Master and servant: Regulation of auxin transporters by FKBPs and cyclophilins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:1-10. [PMID: 26940487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and architecture are greatly influenced by the polar distribution of the essential hormone auxin. The directional influx and efflux of auxin from plant cells depends primarily on AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB/PGP/MDR families of auxin transport proteins. The functional analysis of these proteins has progressed rapidly within the last decade thanks to the establishment of heterologous auxin transport systems. Heterologous co-expression allowed also for the testing of protein-protein interactions involved in the regulation of transporters and identified relationships with members of the FK506-Binding Protein (FKBP) and cyclophilin protein families, which are best known in non-plant systems as cellular receptors for the immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and cyclosporin A, respectively. Current evidence that such interactions affect membrane trafficking, and potentially the activity of auxin transporters is reviewed. We also propose that FKBPs andcyclophilins might integrate the action of auxin transport inhibitors, such as NPA, on members of the ABCB and PIN family, respectively. Finally, we outline open questions that might be useful for further elucidation of the role of immunophilins as regulators (servants) of auxin transporters (masters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Ivanchenko
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Zhu J, Bailly A, Zwiewka M, Sovero V, Di Donato M, Ge P, Oehri J, Aryal B, Hao P, Linnert M, Burgardt NI, Lücke C, Weiwad M, Michel M, Weiergräber OH, Pollmann S, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Ferro N, Fukao Y, Hoffmann C, Wedlich-Söldner R, Friml J, Thomas C, Geisler M. TWISTED DWARF1 Mediates the Action of Auxin Transport Inhibitors on Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:930-48. [PMID: 27053424 PMCID: PMC4863381 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and architecture is regulated by the polar distribution of the hormone auxin. Polarity and flexibility of this process is provided by constant cycling of auxin transporter vesicles along actin filaments, coordinated by a positive auxin-actin feedback loop. Both polar auxin transport and vesicle cycling are inhibited by synthetic auxin transport inhibitors, such as 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), counteracting the effect of auxin; however, underlying targets and mechanisms are unclear. Using NMR, we map the NPA binding surface on the Arabidopsis thaliana ABCB chaperone TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1). We identify ACTIN7 as a relevant, although likely indirect, TWD1 interactor, and show TWD1-dependent regulation of actin filament organization and dynamics and that TWD1 is required for NPA-mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling. The TWD1-ACTIN7 axis controls plasma membrane presence of efflux transporters, and as a consequence act7 and twd1 share developmental and physiological phenotypes indicative of defects in auxin transport. These can be phenocopied by NPA treatment or by chemical actin (de)stabilization. We provide evidence that TWD1 determines downstream locations of auxin efflux transporters by adjusting actin filament debundling and dynamizing processes and mediating NPA action on the latter. This function appears to be evolutionary conserved since TWD1 expression in budding yeast alters actin polarization and cell polarity and provides NPA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Bailly
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valpuri Sovero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pei Ge
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Oehri
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Linnert
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Noelia Inés Burgardt
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IQUIFIB), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Lücke
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Weiwad
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany Department of Enzymology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, D-06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Max Michel
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver H Weiergräber
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Noel Ferro
- University of Bonn, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Oda K, Kamiya T, Shikanai Y, Shigenobu S, Yamaguchi K, Fujiwara T. The Arabidopsis Mg Transporter, MRS2-4, is Essential for Mg Homeostasis Under Both Low and High Mg Conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:754-63. [PMID: 26748081 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient, functioning as both a cofactor of many enzymes and as a component of Chl. Mg is abundant in plants; however, further investigation of the Mg transporters involved in Mg uptake and distribution is needed. Here, we isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant sensitive to high calcium (Ca) conditions without Mg supplementation. The causal gene of the mutant encodes MRS2-4, an Mg transporter.MRS2-4 single mutants exhibited growth defects under low Mg conditions, whereas an MRS2-4 and MRS2-7 double mutant exhibited growth defects even under normal Mg concentrations. Under normal Mg conditions, the Mg concentration of the MRS2-4 mutant was lower than that of the wild type. The transcriptome profiles of mrs2-4-1 mutants under normal conditions were similar to those of wild-type plants grown under low Mg conditions. In addition, both mrs2-4 and mrs2-7 mutants were sensitive to high levels of Mg. These results indicate that both MRS2-4 and MRS2-7 are essential for Mg homeostasis, even under normal and high Mg conditions. MRS2-4-green fluorescent protein (GFP) was mainly detected in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicate that these two MRS2 transporter genes are essential for the ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental Mg concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Oda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Yusuke Shikanai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | | | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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41
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Wu G, Carville JS, Spalding EP. ABCB19-mediated polar auxin transport modulates Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation and the endoreplication variant of the cell cycle. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:209-18. [PMID: 26662023 PMCID: PMC4744948 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elongation of the Arabidopsis hypocotyl pushes the shoot-producing meristem out of the soil by rapid expansion of cells already present in the embryo. This elongation process is shown here to be impaired by as much as 35% in mutants lacking ABCB19, an ATP-binding cassette membrane protein required for polar auxin transport, during a limited time of fast growth in dim white light beginning 2.5 days after germination. The discovery of high ectopic expression of a cyclin B1;1-based reporter of mitosis throughout abcb19 hypocotyls without an equivalent effect on mitosis prompted investigations of the endoreplication variant of the cell cycle. Flow cytometry performed on nuclei isolated from upper (growing) regions of 3-day-old hypocotyls showed ploidy levels to be lower in abcb19 mutants compared with wild type. CCS52A2 messenger RNA encoding a nuclear protein that promotes a shift from mitosis to endoreplication was lower in abcb19 hypocotyls, and fluorescence microscopy showed the CCS52A2 protein to be lower in the nuclei of abcb19 hypocotyls compared with wild type. Providing abcb19 seedlings with nanomolar auxin rescued their low CCS52A2 levels, endocycle defects, aberrant cyclin B1;1 expression, and growth rate defect. The abcb19-like growth rate of ccs52a2 mutants was not rescued by auxin, placing CCS52A2 after ABCB19-dependent polar auxin transport in a pathway responsible for a component of ploidy-related hypocotyl growth. A ccs52A2 mutation did not affect the level or pattern of cyclin B1;1 expression, indicating that CCS52A2 does not mediate the effect of auxin on cyclin B1;1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Wu
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Carville
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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42
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Abstract
Subcellular flavonoid transport and its underlying regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood, but are fascinating research frontiers in plant science. Recent studies support and further extend previous hypotheses indicating that vacuolar sequestration of flavonoids involves vesicle trafficking, membrane transporters, and glutathione S-transferase (GST). However, the question remains to be addressed of how three distinct but nonexclusive mechanisms are functionally integrated into diverse but redundant transport routes for vacuolar sequestration or extracellular secretion of flavonoids. In this review, I highlight recent progress in understanding flavonoid-transporting vesicle behavior and properties, GST and membrane transporter functions and mechanisms, and flavonoid transport substrate specificity and preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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43
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Zhu J, Geisler M. Keeping it all together: auxin-actin crosstalk in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4983-98. [PMID: 26085676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport and the action of the actin cytoskeleton are tightly interconnected, which is documented by the finding that auxin transporters reach their final destination by active movement of secretory vesicles along F-actin tracks. Moreover, auxin transporter polarity and flexibility is thought to depend on transporter cycling that requires endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles. In this context, we have reviewed the current literature on an involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in polar auxin transport and identify known similarities and differences in its structure, function and dynamics in comparison to non-plant organisms. By describing how auxin modulates actin expression and actin organization and how actin and its stability affects auxin-transporter endocytosis and recycling, we discuss the current knowledge on regulatory auxin-actin feedback loops. We focus on known effects of auxin and of auxin transport inhibitors on the stability and organization of actin and examine the functionality of auxin and/or auxin transport inhibitor-binding proteins with respect to their suitability to integrate auxin/auxin transport inhibitor action. Finally, we indicate current difficulties in the interpretation of organ, time and concentration-dependent auxin/auxin transport inhibitor treatments and formulate simple future experimental guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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44
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Ivanchenko MG, Zhu J, Wang B, Medvecká E, Du Y, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Megraw M, Filichkin S, Dubrovsky JG, Friml J, Geisler M. The cyclophilin A DIAGEOTROPICA gene affects auxin transport in both root and shoot to control lateral root formation. Development 2015; 142:712-21. [PMID: 25617431 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A is a conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) best known as the cellular receptor of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. Despite significant effort, evidence of developmental functions of cyclophilin A in non-plant systems has remained obscure. Mutations in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cyclophilin A ortholog, DIAGEOTROPICA (DGT), have been shown to abolish the organogenesis of lateral roots; however, a mechanistic explanation of the phenotype is lacking. Here, we show that the dgt mutant lacks auxin maxima relevant to priming and specification of lateral root founder cells. DGT is expressed in shoot and root, and localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm during lateral root organogenesis. Mutation of ENTIRE/IAA9, a member of the auxin-responsive Aux/IAA protein family of transcriptional repressors, partially restores the inability of dgt to initiate lateral root primordia but not the primordia outgrowth. By comparison, grafting of a wild-type scion restores the process of lateral root formation, consistent with participation of a mobile signal. Antibodies do not detect movement of the DGT protein into the dgt rootstock; however, experiments with radiolabeled auxin and an auxin-specific microelectrode demonstrate abnormal auxin fluxes. Functional studies of DGT in heterologous yeast and tobacco-leaf auxin-transport systems demonstrate that DGT negatively regulates PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters by affecting their plasma membrane localization. Studies in tomato support complex effects of the dgt mutation on PIN expression level, expression domain and plasma membrane localization. Our data demonstrate that DGT regulates auxin transport in lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ivanchenko
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jinsheng Zhu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology - Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bangjun Wang
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology - Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg A-3400, Austria
| | - Yunlong Du
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium Key Laboratory of Agro-biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Elisa Azzarello
- LINV-DIPSAA-Università di Firenze, Viale delle idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV-DIPSAA-Università di Firenze, Viale delle idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Molly Megraw
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sergei Filichkin
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg A-3400, Austria VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology - Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Plant immunophilins: a review of their structure-function relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:2145-58. [PMID: 25529299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Originally discovered as receptors for immunosuppressive drugs, immunophilins consist of two major groups, FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) and cyclosporin A binding proteins (cyclophilins, CYPs). Many members in both FKBP and CYP families are peptidyl prolyl isomerases that are involved in protein folding processes, though they share little sequence homology. It is not surprising to find immunophilins in all organisms examined so far, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, as protein folding represents a common process in all living systems. SCOPE OF REVIEW Studies on plant immunophilins have revealed new functions beyond protein folding and new structural properties beyond that of typical PPIases. This review focuses on the structural and functional diversity of plant FKBPs and CYPs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The differences in sequence, structure as well as subcellular localization, have added on to the diversity of this family of molecular chaperones. In particular, the large number of immunophilins present in the thylakoid lumen of the photosynthetic organelle, promises to deliver insights into the regulation of photosynthesis, a unique feature of plant systems. However, very little structural information and functional data are available for plant immunophilins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Studies on the structure and function of plant immunophilins are important in understanding their role in plant biology. By reviewing the structural and functional properties of some immunophilins that represent the emerging area of research in plant biology, we hope to increase the interest of researchers in pursuing further research in this area. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Balzan S, Johal GS, Carraro N. The role of auxin transporters in monocots development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:393. [PMID: 25177324 PMCID: PMC4133927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, orchestrating cell division, elongation and differentiation, embryonic development, root and stem tropisms, apical dominance, and transition to flowering. Auxin levels are higher in undifferentiated cell populations and decrease following organ initiation and tissue differentiation. This differential auxin distribution is achieved by polar auxin transport (PAT) mediated by auxin transport proteins. There are four major families of auxin transporters in plants: PIN-FORMED (PIN), ATP-binding cassette family B (ABCB), AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1s, and PIN-LIKES. These families include proteins located at the plasma membrane or at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which participate in auxin influx, efflux or both, from the apoplast into the cell or from the cytosol into the ER compartment. Auxin transporters have been largely studied in the dicotyledon model species Arabidopsis, but there is increasing evidence of their role in auxin regulated development in monocotyledon species. In monocots, families of auxin transporters are enlarged and often include duplicated genes and proteins with high sequence similarity. Some of these proteins underwent sub- and neo-functionalization with substantial modification to their structure and expression in organs such as adventitious roots, panicles, tassels, and ears. Most of the present information on monocot auxin transporters function derives from studies conducted in rice, maize, sorghum, and Brachypodium, using pharmacological applications (PAT inhibitors) or down-/up-regulation (over-expression and RNA interference) of candidate genes. Gene expression studies and comparison of predicted protein structures have also increased our knowledge of the role of PAT in monocots. However, knockout mutants and functional characterization of single genes are still scarce and the future availability of such resources will prove crucial to elucidate the role of auxin transporters in monocots development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Balzan
- Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and Environment, Agripolis, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Gurmukh S. Johal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicola Carraro
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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47
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Kadam U, Moeller CA, Irudayaraj J, Schulz B. Effect of T-DNA insertions on mRNA transcript copy numbers upstream and downstream of the insertion site in Arabidopsis thaliana explored by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:568-77. [PMID: 24460907 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of a T-DNA insertion on the expression level of mRNA transcripts of the TWISTED DWARF 1 (TWD1) gene upstream and downstream of the T-DNA insertion site in Arabidopsis. A novel approach based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed to detect and quantify the effect of a T-DNA insertion on mRNA transcript accumulation at 5'- and 3'-ends of the TWD1 gene. A T-DNA insertion mutant in the TWD1 gene (twd1-2) was chosen to test the sensitivity and the feasibility of the approach. The null mutant of the FK506-like immunophilin protein TWD1 in Arabidopsis shows severe dwarfism and strong disoriented growth of plant organs. A spontaneous arising suppressor allele of twd1-2 called twd-sup displayed an intermediate phenotype between wild type and the knockout phenotype of twd1-2. Both twd1 mutant alleles have identical DNA sequences at the TWD1 locus including the T-DNA insertion in the fourth intron of the TWD1 gene but they show clear variability in the mutant phenotype. We present here the development and application of SERS-based mRNA detection and quantification using the expression of the TWD1 gene in wild type and both mutant alleles. The hallmarks of our SERS approach are a robust and fast assay to detect up to 0.10 fm of target molecules including the ability to omit in vitro transcription and amplification steps after RNA isolation. Instead we perform direct quantification of RNA molecules. This enables us to detect and quantify rare RNA molecules at high levels of precision and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulhas Kadam
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Geisler M, Wang B, Zhu J. Auxin transport during root gravitropism: transporters and techniques. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:50-7. [PMID: 23648074 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root gravitropism is a complex, plant-specific process allowing roots to grow downward into the soil. Polar auxin transport and redistribution are essential for root gravitropism. Here we summarise our current understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms and involved transporters that establish, maintain and redirect intercellular auxin gradients as the driving force for root gravitropism. We evaluate the genetic, biochemical and cell biological approaches presently used for the analysis of auxin redistribution and the quantification of auxin fluxes. Finally, we also discuss new tools that provide a higher spatial or temporal resolution and our technical needs for future gravitropism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geisler
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Bailly A, Wang B, Zwiewka M, Pollmann S, Schenck D, Lüthen H, Schulz A, Friml J, Geisler M. Expression of TWISTED DWARF1 lacking its in-plane membrane anchor leads to increased cell elongation and hypermorphic growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:108-118. [PMID: 24313847 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is achieved predominantly by cellular elongation, which is thought to be controlled on several levels by apoplastic auxin. Auxin export into the apoplast is achieved by plasma membrane efflux catalysts of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) and ATP-binding cassette protein subfamily B/phosphor-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP) classes; the latter were shown to depend on interaction with the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1). Here by using a transgenic approach in combination with phenotypical, biochemical and cell biological analyses we demonstrate the importance of a putative C-terminal in-plane membrane anchor of TWD1 in the regulation of ABCB-mediated auxin transport. In contrast with dwarfed twd1 loss-of-function alleles, TWD1 gain-of-function lines that lack a putative in-plane membrane anchor (HA-TWD1-Ct ) show hypermorphic plant architecture, characterized by enhanced stem length and leaf surface but reduced shoot branching. Greater hypocotyl length is the result of enhanced cell elongation that correlates with reduced polar auxin transport capacity for HA-TWD1-Ct . As a consequence, HA-TWD1-Ct displays higher hypocotyl auxin accumulation, which is shown to result in elevated auxin-induced cell elongation rates. Our data highlight the importance of C-terminal membrane anchoring for TWD1 action, which is required for specific regulation of ABCB-mediated auxin transport. These data support a model in which TWD1 controls lateral ABCB1-mediated export into the apoplast, which is required for auxin-mediated cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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It Takes More Than Two to Tango: Regulation of Plant ABC Transporters. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06511-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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