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Dechaine AC, Pfeiffer DG, Kuhar TP, Salom SM, Leskey TC, McIntyre KC, Walsh B, Speer JH. Dendrochronology reveals different effects among host tree species from feeding by Lycorma delicatula (White). FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1137082. [PMID: 38469497 PMCID: PMC10926496 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1137082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), was first detected in the United States in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 2014. Native to China, this phloem-feeding planthopper threatens agricultural, ornamental, nursery, and timber industries in its invaded range through quarantine restrictions on shipments, as well as impacts on plants themselves. The long-term impacts of L. delicatula feeding on tree species have not been well studied in North America. Using standard dendrochronological methods on cores taken from trees with differing levels of L. delicatula infestation and systemic insecticidal control, we quantified the impact of L. delicatula feeding on the annual growth of four tree species in Pennsylvania: Ailanthus altissima, Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Acer rubrum. The results suggest that L. delicatula feeding is associated with the diminished growth of A. altissima, but no change was observed in any other tree species tested. The results also suggest that systemic insecticides mitigate the impact of L. delicatula feeding on A. altissima growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Dechaine
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Douglas G. Pfeiffer
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Thomas P. Kuhar
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Scott M. Salom
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tracy C. Leskey
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA—ARS), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Kelly C. McIntyre
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brian Walsh
- Pennsylvania State University Extension, Leesport, PA, United States
| | - James H. Speer
- Geography and Geology Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, United States
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2
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Dong Y, Gao J, Hulcr J. Insect wood borers on commercial North American tree species growing in China: review of Chinese peer-review and grey literature. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:7135596. [PMID: 37083727 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Invasive insect wood borers are a threat to global forests and tree-related industries as they can damage trees and spread plant pathogens. Reports of damages by wood borers on plants that were planted overseas may facilitate the identification of potential invaders and speed up risk assessment. However, much of this information remains unavailable to the international plant protection community due to language barriers, lack of digitization, or limited circulation of regional literature. Here, we investigated reports of wood borers on 7 important North American commercial tree species planted in China (Carya illinoinensis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda, Quercus texana, Quercus rubra, and Quercus virginiana) in peer-reviewed as well as "grey" (nonpeer-reviewed) Chinese literature. A total of 60 unique wood borer records were found, yielding reports of 4 orders, 39 genera, and 44 species of insect wood borers. Among Coleoptera, longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) were the most commonly reported colonizers of North American trees in China. Chinese peer-reviewed reports of pests on alien plants are a valuable tool to survey for potential wood-boring invaders of North America, and wherever North American trees are planted and have the potential to encounter Asian invasive insects. Digitization and dissemination of non-English literature are essential for contemporary risk assessment. On the other hand, the nonpeer reviewed "grey" literature, primarily agency reports and student theses, provided only 5% of the records; many incidental observations were unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Dong
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
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3
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Abstract
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial symbiotic communities span through kingdoms. The vast microbial gene pool extends the host genome and supports adaptations to changing environmental conditions. Plants are versatile hosts for the symbionts, carrying microbes on the surface, inside tissues, and even within the cells. Insects are equally abundantly colonized by microbial symbionts on the exoskeleton, in the gut, in the hemocoel, and inside the cells. The insect gut is a prolific environment, but it is selective on the microbial species that enter with food. Plants and insects are often highly dependent on each other and frequently interact. Regardless of the accumulating evidence on the microbiomes of both organisms, it remains unclear how much they exchange and modify each other's microbiomes. In this review, we approach this question from the point of view of herbivores that feed on plants, with a special focus on the forest ecosystems. After a brief introduction to the subject, we concentrate on the plant microbiome, the overlap between plant and insect microbial communities, and how the exchange and modification of microbiomes affects the fitness of each host.
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4
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Cabon A, Anderegg WRL. Large volcanic eruptions elucidate physiological controls of tree growth and photosynthesis. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:257-267. [PMID: 36453236 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Forest productivity projections remain highly uncertain, notably because underpinning physiological controls are delicate to disentangle. Transient perturbation of global climate by large volcanic eruptions provides a unique opportunity to retrospectively isolate underlying processes. Here, we use a multi-proxy dataset of tree-ring records distributed over the Northern Hemisphere to investigate the effect of eruptions on tree growth and photosynthesis and evaluate CMIP6 models. Tree-ring isotope records denoted a widespread 2-4 years increase of photosynthesis following eruptions, likely as a result of diffuse light fertilization. We found evidence that enhanced photosynthesis transiently drove ring width, but the latter further exhibited a decadal anomaly that evidenced independent growth and photosynthesis responses. CMIP6 simulations reproduced overall tree growth decline but did not capture observed photosynthesis anomaly, its decoupling from tree growth or the climate sensitivities of either processes, highlighting key disconnects that deserve further attention to improve forest productivity projections under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cabon
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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5
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Needham JF, Arellano G, Davies SJ, Fisher RA, Hammer V, Knox RG, Mitre D, Muller-Landau HC, Zuleta D, Koven CD. Tree crown damage and its effects on forest carbon cycling in a tropical forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5560-5574. [PMID: 35748712 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crown damage can account for over 23% of canopy biomass turnover in tropical forests and is a strong predictor of tree mortality; yet, it is not typically represented in vegetation models. We incorporate crown damage into the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES), to evaluate how lags between damage and tree recovery or death alter demographic rates and patterns of carbon turnover. We represent crown damage as a reduction in a tree's crown area and leaf and branch biomass, and allow associated variation in the ratio of aboveground to belowground plant tissue. We compare simulations with crown damage to simulations with equivalent instant increases in mortality and benchmark results against data from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. In FATES, crown damage causes decreases in growth rates that match observations from BCI. Crown damage leads to increases in carbon starvation mortality in FATES, but only in configurations with high root respiration and decreases in carbon storage following damage. Crown damage also alters competitive dynamics, as plant functional types that can recover from crown damage outcompete those that cannot. This is a first exploration of the trade-off between the additional complexity of the novel crown damage module and improved predictive capabilities. At BCI, a tropical forest that does not experience high levels of disturbance, both the crown damage simulations and simulations with equivalent increases in mortality does a reasonable job of capturing observations. The crown damage module provides functionality for exploring dynamics in forests with more extreme disturbances such as cyclones and for capturing the synergistic effects of disturbances that overlap in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Needham
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Oikobit LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Rosie A Fisher
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valerie Hammer
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ryan G Knox
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David Mitre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Repu ́blica de Panamá
| | | | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Charlie D Koven
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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6
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Trugman AT. Integrating plant physiology and community ecology across scales through trait-based models to predict drought mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:21-27. [PMID: 34679225 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forests are a critical carbon sink and widespread tree mortality resulting from climate-induced drought stress has the potential to alter forests from a carbon sink to a source, causing a positive feedback on climate change. Process-based vegetation models aim to represent the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing plant physiological and ecological responses to climate. Yet model accuracy varies across scales, and regional-scale model predictive skill is frequently poor when compared with observations of drought-driven mortality. I propose a framework that leverages differences in model predictive skill across spatial scales, mismatches between model predictions and observations, and differences in the mechanisms included and absent across models to advance the understanding of the physiological and ecological processes driving observed patterns drought-driven mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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7
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Dorheim K, Gough CM, Haber LT, Mathes KC, Shiklomanov AN, Bond‐Lamberty B. Climate Drives Modeled Forest Carbon Cycling Resistance and Resilience in the Upper Great Lakes Region, USA. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2021JG006587. [PMID: 35865142 PMCID: PMC9287023 DOI: 10.1029/2021jg006587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forests dominate the global terrestrial carbon budget, but their ability to continue doing so in the face of a changing climate is uncertain. A key uncertainty is how forests will respond to (resistance) and recover from (resilience) rising levels of disturbance of varying intensities. This knowledge gap can optimally be addressed by integrating manipulative field experiments with ecophysiological modeling. We used the Ecosystem Demography-2.2 (ED-2.2) model to project carbon fluxes for a northern temperate deciduous forest subjected to a real-world disturbance severity manipulation experiment. ED-2.2 was run for 150 years, starting from near bare ground in 1900 (approximating the clear-cut conditions at the time), and subjected to three disturbance treatments under an ensemble of climate conditions. Both disturbance severity and climate strongly affected carbon fluxes such as gross primary production (GPP), and interacted with one another. We then calculated resistance and resilience, two dimensions of ecosystem stability. Modeled GPP exhibited a two-fold decrease in mean resistance across disturbance severities of 45%, 65%, and 85% mortality; conversely, resilience increased by a factor of two with increasing disturbance severity. This pattern held for net primary production and net ecosystem production, indicating a trade-off in which greater initial declines were followed by faster recovery. Notably, however, heterotrophic respiration responded more slowly to disturbance, and it's highly variable response was affected by different drivers. This work provides insight into how future conditions might affect the functional stability of mature forests in this region under ongoing climate change and changing disturbance regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyn Dorheim
- Joint Global Change Research InstitutePacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - Lisa T. Haber
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Kayla C. Mathes
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | | | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research InstitutePacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMDUSA
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8
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Large tree mortality leads to major aboveground biomass decline in a tropical forest reserve. Oecologia 2021; 197:795-806. [PMID: 34613464 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are transforming the ecology of the Earth through rapid changes in land use and climate. These changes can affect tropical forest structure, dynamics and diversity. While numerous studies have focused on diversity metrics, other aspects of forest function, such as long-term biomass dynamics, are often less considered. We evaluated plant community structure change (i.e., abundance, diversity, composition, and aboveground biomass) in a 2.25 ha forest dynamics plot located within a ~ 365 ha reserve in southern Costa Rica. We censused, mapped and identified to species all plants ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in three surveys spanning 2010-2020. While there were no changes in late-successional species diversity, there were marked changes in overall species composition and biomass. Abundance of large (≥ 40 cm DBH) old-growth dense-wooded trees (e.g., Lauraceae, Rosaceae) decreased dramatically (27%), leading to major biomass decline over time, possibly driven by recent and recurrent drought events. Gaps created by large trees were colonized by early-successional species, but these recruits did not make up for the biomass lost. Finally, stem abundance increased by 20%, driven by increasing dominance of Hampea appendiculata. While results suggest this reserve may effectively conserve overall plant diversity, this may mask other key shifts such as large aboveground biomass loss. If this pattern is pervasive across tropical forest reserves, it could hamper efforts to preserve forest structure and ecosystem services (e.g., carbon storage). Monitoring programs could better assess carbon trends in reserves over time simply by tracking large tree dynamics.
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9
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Bevacqua D, Melià P, Cividini M, Mattioli F, Lescourret F, Génard M, Casagrandi R. A parsimonious mechanistic model of reproductive and vegetative growth in fruit trees predicts consequences of fruit thinning and branch pruning. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1794-1807. [PMID: 33847363 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Productivity of fruit tree crops depends on the interaction between plant physiology, environmental conditions and agricultural practices. We develop a mechanistic model of fruit tree crops that reliable simulates the dynamics of variables of interest for growers and consequences of agricultural practices while relying on a minimal number of inputs and parameters. The temporal dynamics of carbon content in the different organs (i.e., shoots-S, roots-R and fruits-F) are the result of photosynthesis by S, nutrient supply by R, respiration by S, R and F, competition among different organs, photoperiod and initial system conditions partially controlled by cultural practices. We calibrate model parameters and evaluate model predictions using unpublished data from a peach (Prunus persica) experimental orchard with trees subjected to different levels of branch pruning and fruit thinning. Fiinally, we evaluate the consequences of different combinations of pruning and thinning intensities within a multi-criteria analysis. The predictions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements and for the different conditions (pruning and thinning). Our simulations indicate that thinning and pruning practices actually used by growers provide the best compromise between total shoot production, which impacts next year's abundance of shoots and fruits, and current year's fruit production in terms of quantity (yield) and quality (average fruit size). This suggests that growers are not only interested in maximizing current year's yield but also in its quality and its durability. The present work provides for modelers a system of equations based on acknowledged principles of plant science easily modifiable for different purposes. For horticulturists, it gives insights on the potentialities of pruning and thinning. For ecologists, it provides a transparent quantitative framework that can be coupled with biotic and abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bevacqua
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAe), UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, F-84914 Avignon, France
| | - Paco Melià
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Cividini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Françoise Lescourret
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAe), UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, F-84914 Avignon, France
| | - Michel Génard
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAe), UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, F-84914 Avignon, France
| | - Renato Casagrandi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Gough CM, Bohrer G, Hardiman BS, Nave LE, Vogel CS, Atkins JW, Bond-Lamberty B, Fahey RT, Fotis AT, Grigri MS, Haber LT, Ju Y, Kleinke CL, Mathes KC, Nadelhoffer KJ, Stuart-Haëntjens E, Curtis PS. Disturbance-accelerated succession increases the production of a temperate forest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02417. [PMID: 34278647 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many secondary deciduous forests of eastern North America are approaching a transition in which mature early-successional trees are declining, resulting in an uncertain future for this century-long carbon (C) sink. We initiated the Forest Accelerated Succession Experiment (FASET) at the University of Michigan Biological Station to examine the patterns and mechanisms underlying forest C cycling following the stem girdling-induced mortality of >6,700 early-successional Populus spp. (aspen) and Betula papyrifera (paper birch). Meteorological flux tower-based C cycling observations from the 33-ha treatment forest have been paired with those from a nearby unmanipulated forest since 2008. Following over a decade of observations, we revisit our core hypothesis: that net ecosystem production (NEP) would increase following the transition to mid-late-successional species dominance due to increased canopy structural complexity. Supporting our hypothesis, NEP was stable, briefly declined, and then increased relative to the control in the decade following disturbance; however, increasing NEP was not associated with rising structural complexity but rather with a rapid 1-yr recovery of total leaf area index as mid-late-successional Acer, Quercus, and Pinus assumed canopy dominance. The transition to mid-late-successional species dominance improved carbon-use efficiency (CUE = NEP/gross primary production) as ecosystem respiration declined. Similar soil respiration rates in control and treatment forests, along with species differences in leaf physiology and the rising relative growth rates of mid-late-successional species in the treatment forest, suggest changes in aboveground plant respiration and growth were primarily responsible for increases in NEP. We conclude that deciduous forests transitioning from early to middle succession are capable of sustained or increased NEP, even when experiencing extensive tree mortality. This adds to mounting evidence that aging deciduous forests in the region will function as C sinks for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842012, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Brady S Hardiman
- Forestry and Natural Resources and Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Lucas E Nave
- Biological Station and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Pellston, Michigan, 49769, USA
| | - Christoph S Vogel
- Biological Station and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Pellston, Michigan, 49769, USA
| | - Jeff W Atkins
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842012, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Robert T Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Alexander T Fotis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Maxim S Grigri
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842012, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Lisa T Haber
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842012, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Callie L Kleinke
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Kayla C Mathes
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842012, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Knute J Nadelhoffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Ellen Stuart-Haëntjens
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842012, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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11
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Chen YJ, Choat B, Sterck F, Maenpuen P, Katabuchi M, Zhang SB, Tomlinson KW, Oliveira RS, Zhang YJ, Shen JX, Cao KF, Jansen S. Hydraulic prediction of drought-induced plant dieback and top-kill depends on leaf habit and growth form. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2350-2363. [PMID: 34409716 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure caused by severe drought contributes to aboveground dieback and whole-plant death. The extent to which dieback or whole-plant death can be predicted by plant hydraulic traits has rarely been tested among species with different leaf habits and/or growth forms. We investigated 19 hydraulic traits in 40 woody species in a tropical savanna and their potential correlations with drought response during an extreme drought event during the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in 2015. Plant hydraulic trait variation was partitioned substantially by leaf habit but not growth form along a trade-off axis between traits that support drought tolerance versus avoidance. Semi-deciduous species and shrubs had the highest branch dieback and top-kill (complete aboveground death) among the leaf habits or growth forms. Dieback and top-kill were well explained by combining hydraulic traits with leaf habit and growth form, suggesting integrating life history traits with hydraulic traits will yield better predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China.,Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan, China.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Phisamai Maenpuen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Masatoshi Katabuchi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan, China
| | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Jing-Xian Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Barker Plotkin A, Blumstein M, Laflower D, Pasquarella VJ, Chandler JL, Elkinton JS, Thompson JR. Defoliated trees die below a critical threshold of stored carbon. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Barker Plotkin
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham MA USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L. Chandler
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Joseph S. Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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13
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Spitzer CM, Lindahl B, Wardle DA, Sundqvist MK, Gundale MJ, Fanin N, Kardol P. Root trait-microbial relationships across tundra plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1508-1520. [PMID: 33007155 PMCID: PMC7821200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots, and their functional traits, influence associated rhizosphere microorganisms via root exudation and root litter quality. However, little information is known about their relationship with rhizosphere microbial taxa and functional guilds. We investigated the relationships of 11 fine root traits of 20 sub-arctic tundra meadow plant species and soil microbial community composition, using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and high-throughput sequencing. We primarily focused on the root economics spectrum, as it provides a useful framework to examine plant strategies by integrating the co-ordination of belowground root traits along a resource acquisition-conservation trade-off axis. We found that the chemical axis of the fine root economics spectrum was positively related to fungal to bacterial ratios, but negatively to Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial ratios. However, this spectrum was unrelated to the relative abundance of functional guilds of soil fungi. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated to root carbon content, but negatively to the numbers of root forks per root length. Our results suggest that the fine root economics spectrum is important for predicting broader groups of soil microorganisms (i.e. fungi and bacteria), while individual root traits may be more important for predicting soil microbial taxa and functional guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clydecia M. Spitzer
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Björn Lindahl
- Department of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7014Uppsala750 07Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fanin
- INRAEBordeaux Sciences AgroUMR 1391 ISPA71 Avenue Edouard BourlauxVillenave‐d’Ornon CedexCS20032, F33882France
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
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14
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Aboveground Wood Production Is Sustained in the First Growing Season after Phloem-Disrupting Disturbance. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) cycling processes are particularly dynamic following disturbance, with initial responses often indicative of longer-term change. In northern Michigan, USA, we initiated the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment (FoRTE) to identify the processes that sustain or lead to the decline of C cycling rates across multiple levels (0, 45, 65 and 85% targeted gross leaf area index loss) of disturbance severity and, in response, to separate disturbance types preferentially targeting large or small diameter trees. Simulating the effects of boring insects, we stem girdled > 3600 trees below diameter at breast height (DBH), immediately and permanently disrupting the phloem. Weekly DBH measurements of girdled and otherwise healthy trees (n > 700) revealed small but significant increases in daily aboveground wood net primary production (ANPPw) in the 65 and 85% disturbance severity treatments that emerged six weeks after girdling. However, we observed minimal change in end-of-season leaf area index and no significant differences in annual ANPPw among disturbance severities or between disturbance types, suggesting continued C fixation by girdled trees sustained stand-scale wood production in the first growing season after disturbance. We hypothesized higher disturbance severities would favor the growth of early successional species but observed no significant difference between early and middle to late successional species’ contributions to ANPPw across the disturbance severity gradient. We conclude that ANPPw stability immediately following phloem disruption is dependent on the continued, but inevitably temporary, growth of phloem-disrupted trees. Our findings provide insight into the tree-to-ecosystem mechanisms supporting stand-scale wood production stability in the first growing season following a phloem-disrupting disturbance.
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Conrad-Rooney E, Barker Plotkin A, Pasquarella VJ, Elkinton J, Chandler JL, Matthes JH. Defoliation severity is positively related to soil solution nitrogen availability and negatively related to soil nitrogen concentrations following a multi-year invasive insect irruption. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa059. [PMID: 33324482 PMCID: PMC7724974 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding connections between ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling and invasive insect defoliation could facilitate the prediction of disturbance impacts across a range of spatial scales. In this study we investigated relationships between ecosystem N cycling and tree defoliation during a recent 2015-18 irruption of invasive gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar), which can cause tree stress and sometimes mortality following multiple years of defoliation. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that limits the growth of caterpillars and plants in temperate forests. In this study, we assessed the associations among N concentrations, soil solution N availability and defoliation intensity by L. dispar at the scale of individual trees and forest plots. We measured leaf and soil N concentrations and soil solution inorganic N availability among individual red oak trees (Quercus rubra) in Amherst, MA and across a network of forest plots in Central Massachusetts. We combined these field data with estimated defoliation severity derived from Landsat imagery to assess relationships between plot-scale defoliation and ecosystem N cycling. We found that trees in soil with lower N concentrations experienced more herbivory than trees in soil with higher N concentrations. Additionally, forest plots with lower N soil were correlated with more severe L. dispar defoliation, which matched the tree-level relationship. The amount of inorganic N in soil solution was strongly positively correlated with defoliation intensity and the number of sequential years of defoliation. These results suggested that higher ecosystem N pools might promote the resistance of oak trees to L. dispar defoliation and that defoliation severity across multiple years is associated with a linear increase in soil solution inorganic N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Conrad-Rooney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Chandler
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Hatala Matthes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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16
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Zaffaroni M, Cunniffe NJ, Bevacqua D. An ecophysiological model of plant-pest interactions: the role of nutrient and water availability. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200356. [PMID: 33143590 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical studies have shown that particular irrigation/fertilization regimes can reduce pest populations in agroecosystems. This appears to promise that the ecological concept of bottom-up control can be applied to pest management. However, a conceptual framework is necessary to develop a mechanistic basis for empirical evidence. Here, we couple a mechanistic plant growth model with a pest population model. We demonstrate its utility by applying it to the peach-green aphid system. Aphids are herbivores which feed on the plant phloem, deplete plants' resources and (potentially) transmit viral diseases. The model reproduces system properties observed in field studies and shows under which conditions the diametrically opposed plant vigour and plant stress hypotheses find support. We show that the effect of fertilization/irrigation on the pest population cannot be simply reduced as positive or negative. In fact, the magnitude and direction of any effect depend on the precise level of fertilization/irrigation and on the date of observation. We show that a new synthesis of experimental data can emerge by embedding a mechanistic plant growth model, widely studied in agronomy, in a consumer-resource modelling framework, widely studied in ecology. The future challenge is to use this insight to inform practical decision making by farmers and growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zaffaroni
- INRAE, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Daniele Bevacqua
- INRAE, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
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17
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Gough CM, Atkins JW, Bond-Lamberty B, Agee EA, Dorheim KR, Fahey RT, Grigri MS, Haber LT, Mathes KC, Pennington SC, Shiklomanov AN, Tallant JM. Forest Structural Complexity and Biomass Predict First-Year Carbon Cycling Responses to Disturbance. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Li Q, Zhao M, Wang N, Liu S, Wang J, Zhang W, Yang N, Fan P, Wang R, Wang H, Du N. Water use strategies and drought intensity define the relative contributions of hydraulic failure and carbohydrate depletion during seedling mortality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:106-118. [PMID: 32485615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
COMBINING HYDRAULIC: and carbon-related measurements can help elucidate drought-induced plant mortality. To study drought mortality mechanisms, seedlings of two woody species, including the anisohydric Robinia pseudoacacia and isohydric Quercus acutissima, were cultivated in a greenhouse and subjected to intense drought by withholding water and mild drought by adding half of the amount of daily water lost. Patterns of leaf and root gas exchange, leaf surface areas, growth, leaf and stem hydraulics, and carbohydrate dynamics were determined in drought-stressed and control seedlings. We detected a complete loss of hydraulic conductivity and partial depletion of total nonstructural carbohydrates contents (TNC) in the dead seedlings. We also found that intense drought triggered a more rapid decrease in plant water potential and a faster drop in net photosynthesis below zero, and a greater TNC loss in dead seedlings than mild drought. Additionally, anisohydric R. pseudoacacia suffered a rapider death than the isohydric Q. acutissima. Based on these findings, we propose that hydraulic conductivity loss and carbon limitation jointly contributed to drought-induced death, while the relative contributions could be altered by drought intensity. We thus believe that it is important to illustrate the mechanistic relationships between stress intensity and carbon-hydraulics coupling in the context of isohydric vs. anisohydric hydraulic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuna Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Forestry, 42 Wenhuadong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Qingdao Forestry Station, 106 Yan'an'yi Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peixian Fan
- Qingdao Forestry Station, 106 Yan'an'yi Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Anderegg WRL, Trugman AT, Badgley G, Anderson CM, Bartuska A, Ciais P, Cullenward D, Field CB, Freeman J, Goetz SJ, Hicke JA, Huntzinger D, Jackson RB, Nickerson J, Pacala S, Randerson JT. Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests. Science 2020; 368:368/6497/eaaz7005. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna T. Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Grayson Badgley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | | | - Ann Bartuska
- Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace CNRS CEA UVSQ Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France
| | | | - Christopher B. Field
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Scott J. Goetz
- School of Informatics and Computing, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Deborah Huntzinger
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Earth System Science and Precourt Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Stephen Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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20
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Atkins JW, Bond‐Lamberty B, Fahey RT, Haber LT, Stuart‐Haëntjens E, Hardiman BS, LaRue E, McNeil BE, Orwig DA, Stovall AEL, Tallant JM, Walter JA, Gough CM. Application of multidimensional structural characterization to detect and describe moderate forest disturbance. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W. Atkins
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute Pacific Northwest National Lab College Park Maryland USA
| | - Robert T. Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Lisa T. Haber
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Ellen Stuart‐Haëntjens
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
- United States Geological Survey Sacramento California 95819 USA
| | - Brady S. Hardiman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Elizabeth LaRue
- United States Geological Survey Sacramento California 95819 USA
| | - Brenden E. McNeil
- Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - David A. Orwig
- Harvard University Harvard Forest Petersham Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan A. Walter
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Christopher M. Gough
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
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22
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Population dynamics of Hippophae rhamnoides shrub in response of sea-level rise and insect outbreaks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233011. [PMID: 32438391 PMCID: PMC7242017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coastal vegetation of islands is expected to be affected by future sea-level rise and other anthropogenic impacts. The biodiverse coastal vegetation on the eastern part of the Dutch Wadden Island of Ameland has experienced land subsidence caused by gas extraction since 1986. This subsidence mimics future sea-level rising through increased flooding and raising groundwater levels. We studied the effects of this relative sea-level rise and other environmental factors (i.e. insect outbreaks, temperature and precipitation) on the population dynamics (i.e. cover and age structure and annual growth) of the shrub sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in young (formed after 1950) and old (formed before 1950) dune areas over a period of 56 years (1959–2015). We found an increase in sea-buckthorn cover in the young dune areas since 1959, while over time the population in the old dunes decreased due to successional replacement by other species. With the increasing age of the young dunes, we found also a decrease in sea-buckthorn after 2009. However the sharp decrease indicated that other environmental factors were also involved. The most important determinant of annual shrub growth appeared to be five outbreaks of the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.), in the last decade. Relative sea-level rise caused more frequent flooding and reduced growth at lower elevations due to inundation or soil water saturation. This study clearly indicates that sea-buckthorn is affected by relative sea-level rise, but that other ecological events better explain its variation in growth. Although shrub distribution and growth can be monitored with robust methods, future predictions of vegetation dynamics are complicated by unpredictable extreme events caused by (a)biotic stressors such as insect outbreaks.
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23
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Mapping Multiple Insect Outbreaks across Large Regions Annually Using Landsat Time Series Data. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Forest insect outbreaks have caused and will continue to cause extensive tree mortality worldwide, affecting ecosystem services provided by forests. Remote sensing is an effective tool for detecting and mapping tree mortality caused by forest insect outbreaks. In this study, we map insect-caused tree mortality across three coniferous forests in the Western United States for the years 1984 to 2018. First, we mapped mortality at the tree level using field observations and high-resolution multispectral imagery collected in 2010, 2011, and 2018. Using these high-resolution maps of tree mortality as reference images, we then classified moderate-resolution Landsat imagery as disturbed or undisturbed and for disturbed pixels, predicted percent tree mortality with random forest (RF) models. The classification approach and RF models were then applied to time series of Landsat imagery generated with Google Earth Engine (GEE) to create annual maps of percent tree mortality. We separated disturbed from undisturbed forest with overall accuracies of 74% to 80%. Cross-validated RF models explained 61% to 68% of the variation in percent tree mortality within disturbed 30-m pixels. Landsat-derived maps of tree mortality were comparable to vector aerial survey data for a variety of insect agents, in terms of spatial patterns of mortality and annual estimates of total mortality area. However, low-level tree mortality was not always detected. We conclude that our methodology has the potential to generate reasonable estimates of annual tree mortality across large extents.
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24
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Gomez-Gallego M, Williams N, Leuzinger S, Scott PM, Bader MKF. No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:955-967. [PMID: 31990290 PMCID: PMC7218809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. METHODS A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control-control, control-defoliated, defoliated-control and defoliated-defoliated. RESULTS No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. CONCLUSIONS In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gomez-Gallego
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nari Williams
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Matthew Scott
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Haber LT, Fahey RT, Wales SB, Correa Pascuas N, Currie WS, Hardiman BS, Gough CM. Forest structure, diversity, and primary production in relation to disturbance severity. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4419-4430. [PMID: 32489607 PMCID: PMC7246213 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential disturbance severity effects on forest vegetation structure, species diversity, and net primary production (NPP) have been long theorized and observed. Here, we examined these factors concurrently to explore the potential for a mechanistic pathway linking disturbance severity, changes in light environment, leaf functional response, and wood NPP in a temperate hardwood forest.Using a suite of measurements spanning an experimental gradient of tree mortality, we evaluated the direction and magnitude of change in vegetation structural and diversity indexes in relation to wood NPP. Informed by prior observations, we hypothesized that forest structural and species diversity changes and wood NPP would exhibit either a linear, unimodal, or threshold response in relation to disturbance severity. We expected increasing disturbance severity would progressively shift subcanopy light availability and leaf traits, thereby coupling structural and species diversity changes with primary production.Linear or unimodal changes in three of four vegetation structural indexes were observed across the gradient in disturbance severity. However, disturbance-related changes in vegetation structure were not consistently correlated with shifts in light environment, leaf traits, and wood NPP. Species diversity indexes did not change in response to rising disturbance severity.We conclude that, in our study system, the sensitivity of wood NPP to rising disturbance severity is generally tied to changing vegetation structure but not species diversity. Changes in vegetation structure are inconsistently coupled with light environment and leaf traits, resulting in mixed support for our hypothesized cascade linking disturbance severity to wood NPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T. Haber
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Robert T. Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment & Center for Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Shea B. Wales
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | | | - William S. Currie
- School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Brady S. Hardiman
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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26
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Long-Term Impacts of Invasive Insects and Pathogens on Composition, Biomass, and Diversity of Forests in Virginia’s Blue Ridge Mountains. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Merganičová K, Merganič J, Lehtonen A, Vacchiano G, Sever MZO, Augustynczik ALD, Grote R, Kyselová I, Mäkelä A, Yousefpour R, Krejza J, Collalti A, Reyer CPO. Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1937-1960. [PMID: 31748793 PMCID: PMC6995853 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Merganičová
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ján Merganič
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute - Luke, PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISAA. Via Celoria 2, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Department for forest management and forestry economics, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Kyselová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Science, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4 (2. OG), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg, PO Box 601203, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
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Wildemeersch M, Franklin O, Seidl R, Rogelj J, Moorthy I, Thurner S. Modelling the multi-scaled nature of pest outbreaks. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Biomass losses resulting from insect and disease invasions in US forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17371-17376. [PMID: 31405977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, forests are increasingly affected by nonnative insects and diseases, some of which cause substantial tree mortality. Forests in the United States have been invaded by a particularly large number (>450) of tree-feeding pest species. While information exists about the ecological impacts of certain pests, region-wide assessments of the composite ecosystem impacts of all species are limited. Here we analyze 92,978 forest plots distributed across the conterminous United States to estimate biomass loss associated with elevated mortality rates caused by the 15 most damaging nonnative forest pests. We find that these species combined caused an additional (i.e., above background levels) tree mortality rate of 5.53 TgC per year. Compensation, in the form of increased growth and recruitment of nonhost species, was not detectable when measured across entire invaded ranges but does occur several decades following pest invasions. In addition, 41.1% of the total live forest biomass in the conterminous United States is at risk of future loss from these 15 pests. These results indicate that forest pest invasions, driven primarily by globalization, represent a huge risk to US forests and have significant impacts on carbon dynamics.
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30
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McCabe TD, Dietze MC. Scaling Contagious Disturbance: A Spatially-Implicit Dynamic Model. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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McMahon SM, Arellano G, Davies SJ. The importance and challenges of detecting changes in forest mortality rates. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland 21037 USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington D.C. 20036 USA
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington D.C. 20036 USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington D.C. 20036 USA
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32
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McDowell N, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Brando P, Brienen R, Chambers J, Christoffersen B, Davies S, Doughty C, Duque A, Espirito-Santo F, Fisher R, Fontes CG, Galbraith D, Goodsman D, Grossiord C, Hartmann H, Holm J, Johnson DJ, Kassim AR, Keller M, Koven C, Kueppers L, Kumagai T, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Muller-Landau HC, Phillips OL, Powell T, Sierra CA, Sperry J, Warren J, Xu C, Xu X. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:851-869. [PMID: 29451313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large-scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Paulo Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental de Amazonia, Lago Norte, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jeff Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brad Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- SICCS, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Medellín, Columbia
| | | | - Rosie Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Devin Goodsman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Geoinformation Programme, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia DF, 70770, Brazil
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Charlie Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, CREAF, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalenes, 585 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - John Sperry
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeff Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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33
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Choat B, Brodribb TJ, Brodersen CR, Duursma RA, López R, Medlyn BE. Triggers of tree mortality under drought. Nature 2018; 558:531-539. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kautz M, Anthoni P, Meddens AJH, Pugh TAM, Arneth A. Simulating the recent impacts of multiple biotic disturbances on forest carbon cycling across the United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2079-2092. [PMID: 29105233 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotic disturbances (BDs, for example, insects, pathogens, and wildlife herbivory) substantially affect boreal and temperate forest ecosystems globally. However, accurate impact assessments comprising larger spatial scales are lacking to date although these are critically needed given the expected disturbance intensification under a warming climate. Hence, our quantitative knowledge on current and future BD impacts, for example, on forest carbon (C) cycling, is strongly limited. We extended a dynamic global vegetation model to simulate ecosystem response to prescribed tree mortality and defoliation due to multiple biotic agents across United States forests during the period 1997-2015, and quantified the BD-induced vegetation C loss, that is, C fluxes from live vegetation to dead organic matter pools. Annual disturbance fractions separated by BD type (tree mortality and defoliation) and agent (bark beetles, defoliator insects, other insects, pathogens, and other biotic agents) were calculated at 0.5° resolution from aerial-surveyed data and applied within the model. Simulated BD-induced C fluxes totaled 251.6 Mt C (annual mean: 13.2 Mt C year-1 , SD ±7.3 Mt C year-1 between years) across the study domain, to which tree mortality contributed 95% and defoliation 5%. Among BD agents, bark beetles caused most C fluxes (61%), and total insect-induced C fluxes were about five times larger compared to non-insect agents, for example, pathogens and wildlife. Our findings further demonstrate that BD-induced C cycle impacts (i) displayed high spatio-temporal variability, (ii) were dominated by different agents across BD types and regions, and (iii) were comparable in magnitude to fire-induced impacts. This study provides the first ecosystem model-based assessment of BD-induced impacts on forest C cycling at the continental scale and going beyond single agent-host systems, thus allowing for comparisons across regions, BD types, and agents. Ultimately, a perspective on the potential and limitations of a more process-based incorporation of multiple BDs in ecosystem models is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Peter Anthoni
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Arjan J H Meddens
- Department of Natural Resources and Society, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Almut Arneth
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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35
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Berenty Reserve—A Gallery Forest in Decline in Dry Southern Madagascar—Towards Forest Restoration. LAND 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/land7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Fisher RA, Koven CD, Anderegg WRL, Christoffersen BO, Dietze MC, Farrior CE, Holm JA, Hurtt GC, Knox RG, Lawrence PJ, Lichstein JW, Longo M, Matheny AM, Medvigy D, Muller-Landau HC, Powell TL, Serbin SP, Sato H, Shuman JK, Smith B, Trugman AT, Viskari T, Verbeeck H, Weng E, Xu C, Xu X, Zhang T, Moorcroft PR. Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:35-54. [PMID: 28921829 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESMs). These developments are widely viewed as an important step in developing greater realism in predictions of future ecosystem states and fluxes. Increased realism, however, leads to increased model complexity, with new features raising a suite of ecological questions that require empirical constraints. Here, we review the developments that permit the representation of plant demographics in ESMs, and identify issues raised by these developments that highlight important gaps in ecological understanding. These issues inevitably translate into uncertainty in model projections but also allow models to be applied to new processes and questions concerning the dynamics of real-world ecosystems. We argue that stronger and more innovative connections to data, across the range of scales considered, are required to address these gaps in understanding. The development of first-generation land surface models as a unifying framework for ecophysiological understanding stimulated much research into plant physiological traits and gas exchange. Constraining predictions at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales will require a similar investment of effort and intensified inter-disciplinary communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie A Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline E Farrior
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - George C Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ryan G Knox
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Marcos Longo
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ashley M Matheny
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Hisashi Sato
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Benjamin Smith
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Toni Viskari
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ensheng Weng
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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37
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Ferrenberg S, Langenhan JM, Loskot SA, Rozal LM, Mitton JB. Resin monoterpene defenses decline within three widespread species of pine (Pinus) along a 1530-m elevational gradient. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | | | - Steven A. Loskot
- Department of Chemistry; Seattle University; Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Leonardo M. Rozal
- Department of Chemistry; Seattle University; Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Jeffry B. Mitton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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38
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Foster JR. Xylem traits, leaf longevity and growth phenology predict growth and mortality response to defoliation in northern temperate forests. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1151-1165. [PMID: 28444382 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation outbreaks are biological disturbances that alter tree growth and mortality in temperate forests. Trees respond to defoliation in many ways; some recover rapidly, while others decline gradually or die. Functional traits such as xylem anatomy, growth phenology or non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) storage could explain these responses, but idiosyncratic measures used by defoliation studies have frustrated efforts to generalize among species. Here, I test for functional differences with published growth and mortality data from 37 studies, including 24 tree species and 11 defoliators from North America and Eurasia. I synthesized data into standardized variables suitable for numerical models and used linear mixed-effects models to test the hypotheses that responses to defoliation vary among species and functional groups. Standardized data show that defoliation responses vary in shape and degree. Growth decreased linearly or curvilinearly, least in ring-porous Quercus and deciduous conifers (by 10-40% per 100% defoliation), whereas growth of diffuse-porous hardwoods and evergreen conifers declined by 40-100%. Mortality increased exponentially with defoliation, most rapidly for evergreen conifers, then diffuse-porous, then ring-porous species and deciduous conifers (Larix). Goodness-of-fit for functional-group models was strong (R2c = 0.61-0.88), if lower than species-specific mixed-models (R2c = 0.77-0.93), providing useful alternatives when species data are lacking. These responses are consistent with functional differences in leaf longevity, wood growth phenology and NSC storage. When defoliator activity lags behind wood-growth, either because xylem-growth precedes budburst (Quercus) or defoliator activity peaks later (sawflies on Larix), impacts on annual wood-growth will always be lower. Wood-growth phenology of diffuse-porous species and evergreen conifers coincides with defoliation and responds more drastically, and lower axial NSC storage makes them more vulnerable to mortality as stress accumulates. These functional differences in response apply in general to disturbances that cause spring defoliation and provide a framework that should be incorporated into forest growth and vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Foster
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, 120 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706-1520, USA
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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39
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Wong CM, Daniels LD. Novel forest decline triggered by multiple interactions among climate, an introduced pathogen and bark beetles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1926-1941. [PMID: 27901296 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel forest decline is increasing due to global environmental change, yet the causal factors and their interactions remain poorly understood. Using tree ring analyses, we show how climate and multiple biotic factors caused the decline of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) in 16 stands in the southern Canadian Rockies. In our study area, 72% of whitebark pines were dead and 18% had partially dead crowns. Tree mortality peaked in the 1970s; however, the annual basal area increment of disturbed trees began to decline significantly in the late 1940s. Growth decline persisted up to 30 years before trees died from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), Ips spp. bark beetles or non-native blister rust pathogen (Cronartium ribicola). Climate-growth relations varied over time and differed among the healthy and disturbed subpopulations of whitebark pine. Prior to the 1940s, cool temperatures limited the growth of all subpopulations. Growth of live, healthy trees became limited by drought during the cool phase (1947 -1976) of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and then reverted to positive correlations with temperature during the subsequent warm PDO phase. In the 1940s, the climate-growth relations of the disturbed subpopulations diverged from the live, healthy trees with trees ultimately killed by mountain pine beetle diverging the most. We propose that multiple factors interacted over several decades to cause unprecedented rates of whitebark pine mortality. Climatic variation during the cool PDO phase caused drought stress that may have predisposed trees to blister rust. Subsequent decline in snowpack and warming temperatures likely incited further climatic stress and with blister rust reduced tree resistance to bark beetles. Ultimately, bark beetles and blister rust contributed to tree death. Our findings suggest the complexity of whitebark pine decline and the importance of considering multiway drought-disease-insect interactions over various timescales when interpreting forest decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Wong
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Lori D Daniels
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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40
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Poeydebat C, Carval D, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L, Tixier P. Balancing competition for resources with multiple pest regulation in diversified agroecosystems: a process-based approach to reconcile diversification and productivity. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8607-8616. [PMID: 28031811 PMCID: PMC5167016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroecosystem plant diversification can enhance pest biological regulation and is a promising alternative to pesticide application. However, the costs of competition for resources between plants may exceed the benefits gained by pest regulation. To disentangle the interactions between pest regulation and competition, we developed a generic process‐based approach that accounts for the effects of an associated plant and leaf and root pests on biomass production. We considered three crop–plant associations that differ in competition profiles, and we simulated biomass production under wide ranges of both pest regulation rates and resources’ availability. We analyzed outputs to quantify the pest regulation service level that would be required to attain monoculture yield and other production goals. Results showed that pest regulation requirements were highly dependent on the profile of resource interception of the associated plant and on resources’ availability. Pest regulation and the magnitude of competition between plants interacted in determining the balance between nitrogen and radiation uptake by the crop. Our findings suggest that productivity of diversified agroecosystems relative to monoculture should be optimized by assembling plants whose characteristics balance crops’ resource acquisition. The theoretical insights from our study draw generic rules for vegetation assemblage to optimize trade‐offs between pest regulation and production. Our findings and approach may have implications in understanding, theorizing and implementing agroecosystem diversification. By its generic and adaptable structure, our approach should be useful for studying the effects of diversification in many agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Tixier
- UPR 26 GECO CIRAD Montpellier Cedex 5 France; Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforesteria CATIE Cartago Turrialba Costa Rica
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41
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Healey SP, Raymond CL, Lockman IB, Hernandez AJ, Garrard C, Huang C. Root disease can rival fire and harvest in reducing forest carbon storage. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Healey
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 507 25th Street Ogden Utah 84401 USA
| | - Crystal L. Raymond
- Seattle City LightCity of Seattle 700 5th Avenue Seattle Washington 98124 USA
| | - I. Blakey Lockman
- U.S. Forest Service State and Private Forestry 200 East Broadway Missoula Montana 59807 USA
| | - Alexander J. Hernandez
- College of Natural ResourcesUtah State University 5275 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Chris Garrard
- College of Natural ResourcesUtah State University 5275 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Chengquan Huang
- Department of Geographical SciencesUniversity of Maryland 1165 LeFrak Hall College Park Maryland 20742 USA
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Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Davis KP. Why do trees die? Characterizing the drivers of background tree mortality. Ecology 2016; 97:2616-2627. [PMID: 27859135 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The drivers of background tree mortality rates-the typical low rates of tree mortality found in forests in the absence of acute stresses like drought-are central to our understanding of forest dynamics, the effects of ongoing environmental changes on forests, and the causes and consequences of geographical gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions. To shed light on factors contributing to background tree mortality, we analyzed detailed pathological data from 200,668 tree-years of observation and 3,729 individual tree deaths, recorded over a 13-yr period in a network of old-growth forest plots in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. We found that: (1) Biotic mortality factors (mostly insects and pathogens) dominated (58%), particularly in larger trees (86%). Bark beetles were the most prevalent (40%), even though there were no outbreaks during the study period; in contrast, the contribution of defoliators was negligible. (2) Relative occurrences of broad classes of mortality factors (biotic, 58%; suppression, 51%; and mechanical, 25%) are similar among tree taxa, but may vary with tree size and growth rate. (3) We found little evidence of distinct groups of mortality factors that predictably occur together on trees. Our results have at least three sets of implications. First, rather than being driven by abiotic factors such as lightning or windstorms, the "ambient" or "random" background mortality that many forest models presume to be independent of tree growth rate is instead dominated by biotic agents of tree mortality, with potentially critical implications for forecasting future mortality. Mechanistic models of background mortality, even for healthy, rapidly growing trees, must therefore include the insects and pathogens that kill trees. Second, the biotic agents of tree mortality, instead of occurring in a few predictable combinations, may generally act opportunistically and with a relatively large degree of independence from one another. Finally, beyond the current emphasis on folivory and leaf defenses, studies of broad-scale gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions should also include biotic attacks on, and defenses of, tree stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Kristin P Davis
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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Schlesinger WH, Dietze MC, Jackson RB, Phillips RP, Rhoades CC, Rustad LE, Vose JM. Forest biogeochemistry in response to drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2318-2328. [PMID: 26403995 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trees alter their use and allocation of nutrients in response to drought, and changes in soil nutrient cycling and trace gas flux (N2 O and CH4 ) are observed when experimental drought is imposed on forests. In extreme droughts, trees are increasingly susceptible to attack by pests and pathogens, which can lead to major changes in nutrient flux to the soil. Extreme droughts often lead to more common and more intense forest fires, causing dramatic changes in the nutrient storage and loss from forest ecosystems. Changes in the future manifestation of drought will affect carbon uptake and storage in forests, leading to feedbacks to the Earth's climate system. We must improve the recognition of drought in nature, our ability to manage our forests in the face of drought, and the parameterization of drought in earth system models for improved predictions of carbon uptake and storage in the world's forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Y2E2 Building, 379B, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1 E 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Charles C Rhoades
- U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Lindsey E Rustad
- U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - James M Vose
- U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Southern Research Station, NC State University, Campus Box 8008, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Gough CM, Curtis PS, Hardiman BS, Scheuermann CM, Bond‐Lamberty B. Disturbance, complexity, and succession of net ecosystem production in North America's temperate deciduous forests. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Gough
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Peter S. Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Brady S. Hardiman
- Forestry and Natural Resources and Environmental and Ecological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | | | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Joint Global Change Research Institute College Park Maryland 20740 USA
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45
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Bert D, Lasnier JB, Capdevielle X, Dugravot A, Desprez-Loustau ML. Powdery Mildew Decreases the Radial Growth of Oak Trees with Cumulative and Delayed Effects over Years. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155344. [PMID: 27177029 PMCID: PMC4866782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercus robur and Q. petraea are major European forest tree species. They have been affected by powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe alphitoides for more than a century. This fungus is a biotrophic foliar pathogen that diverts photosynthetate from the plant for its own nutrition. We used a dendrochronological approach to investigate the effects of different levels of infection severity on the radial growth of young oak trees. Oak infection was monitored at individual tree level, at two sites in southwestern France, over a five-year period (2001-2005). Mean infection severity was almost 75% (infected leaf area) at the end of the 2001 growing season, at both sites, but only about 40% in 2002, and 8%, 5% and 2% in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Infection levels varied considerably between trees and were positively related between 2001 and 2002. Increment cores were taken from each tree to assess annual ring widths and increases in basal area. Annual radial growth was standardised to take the effect of tree size into account. Annual standardised radial growth was significantly and negatively correlated with infection severity in the same year, for both 2001 and 2002, and at both sites. The decrease in growth reached 70-90% for highly infected trees. The earlywood width was poorly correlated with infection severity, but the proportion of latewood in tree rings was lower in highly infected trees (60%) than in less heavily infected trees (85%). Infection in 2001 and 2002 was found to have a cumulative effect on radial growth in these years, together with a delayed effect detectable in 2003. Thus, even non-lethal pathogens like powdery mildew can have a significant impact on tree functioning. This impact should be taken into account in growth and yield models, to improve predictions of forest net primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Bert
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
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46
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Anderegg WRL, Hicke JA, Fisher RA, Allen CD, Aukema J, Bentz B, Hood S, Lichstein JW, Macalady AK, McDowell N, Pan Y, Raffa K, Sala A, Shaw JD, Stephenson NL, Tague C, Zeppel M. Tree mortality from drought, insects, and their interactions in a changing climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:674-83. [PMID: 26058406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to drive increased tree mortality through drought, heat stress, and insect attacks, with manifold impacts on forest ecosystems. Yet, climate-induced tree mortality and biotic disturbance agents are largely absent from process-based ecosystem models. Using data sets from the western USA and associated studies, we present a framework for determining the relative contribution of drought stress, insect attack, and their interactions, which is critical for modeling mortality in future climates. We outline a simple approach that identifies the mechanisms associated with two guilds of insects - bark beetles and defoliators - which are responsible for substantial tree mortality. We then discuss cross-biome patterns of insect-driven tree mortality and draw upon available evidence contrasting the prevalence of insect outbreaks in temperate and tropical regions. We conclude with an overview of tools and promising avenues to address major challenges. Ultimately, a multitrophic approach that captures tree physiology, insect populations, and tree-insect interactions will better inform projections of forest ecosystem responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R L Anderegg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Rosie A Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Juliann Aukema
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Barbara Bentz
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Sharon Hood
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jeremy W Lichstein
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alison K Macalady
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85712, USA
| | - Nate McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Yude Pan
- Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA, 19073, USA
| | - Kenneth Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - John D Shaw
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Ogden, UT, 84401, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 47050 Generals Highway No. 4, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Christina Tague
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Melanie Zeppel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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