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Cui S, Wang R, Chen Q, Pugliese L, Wu S. Geobatteries in environmental biogeochemistry: Electron transfer and utilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 22:100446. [PMID: 39104555 PMCID: PMC11298864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of direct electron flow from electron donors to electron acceptors in redox reactions is significantly influenced by the spatial separation of these components. Geobatteries, a class of redox-active substances naturally present in soil-water systems, act as electron reservoirs, reversibly donating, storing, and accepting electrons. This capability allows the temporal and spatial decoupling of redox half-reactions, providing a flexible electron transfer mechanism. In this review, we systematically examine the critical role of geobatteries in influencing electron transfer and utilization in environmental biogeochemical processes. Typical redox-active centers within geobatteries, such as quinone-like moieties, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing groups, and variable-valent metals, possess the potential to repeatedly charge and discharge. Various characterization techniques, ranging from qualitative methods like elemental analysis, imaging, and spectroscopy, to quantitative techniques such as chemical, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods, have been developed to evaluate this reversible electron transfer capacity. Additionally, current research on the ecological and environmental significance of geobatteries extends beyond natural soil-water systems (e.g., soil carbon cycle) to engineered systems such as water treatment (e.g., nitrogen removal) and waste management (e.g., anaerobic digestion). Despite these advancements, challenges such as the complexity of environmental systems, difficulties in accurately quantifying electron exchange capacity, and scaling-up issues must be addressed to fully unlock their potential. This review underscores both the promise and challenges associated with geobatteries in responding to environmental issues, such as climate change and pollutant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Cui
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lorenzo Pugliese
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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2
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Li Q, Si H, Chen X, Mao M, Shang J. Influence of natural organic matter on the aggregation dynamics of biochar colloids derived from various feedstocks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174097. [PMID: 38908602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Abundant biochar colloids (BCs) produced from a wide range of feedstocks, resulting from forest fires, agricultural production, and environmental restoration, exhibit varying aggregation behaviors influenced by feedstock type and natural organic matter. However, the impact of natural organic matter on the colloidal stability of BCs derived from different feedstocks remains poorly understood. In this study, six selected biochars were derived from various feedstocks as follows: sewage sludge (SS), rice husk (RH), oil seed rape straw pellets (OSR), wheat straw pellets (WS), miscanthus straw pellets (MS) and softwood pellets (SW). The colloidal stability of BCs, with the exogenous addition of organic matter, was further determined. The order of critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) of BCs with the presence of humic acid (HA) was as follows: RH (989.48 mM) < MS (1084.69 mM) < SS (1149.76 mM) < WS (1338.99 mM) < OSR (2402.98 mM) < SW (3151.32 mM). This order was significantly positively correlated with the specific surface area and negatively correlated with the ash content of the bulk biochar. Compared to HA, bovine serum albumin (BSA) more effectively inhibited the aggregation behavior of BCs due to steric hindrance. The initial aggregation rate constant (k) of BCs at 3000 mM NaCl was as follows: MS (0.238 nm/s) > OSR (0.142 nm/s) > WS (0.128 nm/s) > SS (0.126 nm/s) > RH (0.118 nm/s) > SW (0.112 nm/s). The stabilizing effects of BSA on biochar colloids were independent of the physicochemical properties of bulk biochar. In the presence of BSA, a thin layer of protein corona significantly enhanced the stability of biochar colloids, particularly the BCs derived from MS. Our results underscore the importance of considering feedstock resources and natural organic matter type when assessing the aggregation and potential risks of BCs in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongyu Si
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Meng Mao
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jianying Shang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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3
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Lian F, Xing B. From Bulk to Nano: Formation, Features, and Functions of Nano-Black Carbon in Biogeochemical Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39189123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Globally increasing wildfires and widespread applications of biochar have led to a growing amount of black carbon (BC) entering terrestrial ecosystems. The significance of BC in carbon sequestration, environmental remediation, and the agricultural industry has long been recognized. However, the formation, features, and environmental functions of nanosized BC, which is one of the most active fractions in the BC continuum during global climate change, are poorly understood. This review highlights the formation, surface reactivity (sorption, redox, and heteroaggregation), biotic, and abiotic transformations of nano-BC, and its major differences compared to other fractions of BC and engineered carbon nanomaterials. Potential applications of nano-BC including suspending agent, soil amendment, and nanofertilizer are elucidated based on its unique properties and functions. Future studies are suggested to develop more reliable detection techniques to provide multidimensional information on nano-BC in environmental samples, explore the critical role of nano-BC in promoting soil and planetary health from a one health perspective, and extend the multifield applications of nano-BC with a lower environmental footprint but higher efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- Institute of Pollution Control and Environmental Health, and School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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4
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Promi SI, Gardner CM, Hohner AK. Biodegradability of unheated and laboratory heated dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1429-1439. [PMID: 39011602 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Following wildfires, partially combusted biomass remains on the forest floor and erosion from the landscape can release dissolved pyrogenic organic matter (dPyOM) to surface waters. Therefore, post-fire alterations to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic systems may play a vital role in DOM stability and biogeochemical cycles. Dissolved PyOM biodegradation remains poorly understood and is expected to vary with combustion temperature and fuel source. In this study laboratory heating and leaching of forest floor materials (soil and litter) were used to compare the biodegradability of unheated, low (250 °C), and moderate (450 °C) temperature leachates. Inoculation experiments were performed with river microbes. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), inorganic nitrogen, and DOM optical properties were monitored for 38 days. Inoculation experiments showed significantly greater DOC biodegradation of low and moderate temperature samples (64% and 71%, respectively) compared to unheated samples (32%). The greater DOC biodegradation may be explained by lower molecular weight DOM composition of heated leachates which was supported by higher initial E2/E3 ratios (absorbance at 250 nm/365 nm). Further, the observed decrease in the E2/E3 ratio after incubation suggests biodegradation of smaller compounds. This trend was greater for heated samples than unheated DOM. Specific ultraviolet absorbance increased after incubation, suggesting biodegradation of aliphatic compounds. Inoculated moderate temperature samples showed the greatest DON degradation (74%), followed by low temperature (58%) and unheated (51%) samples. Overall, results suggest that low and moderate temperature dPyOM was more biodegradable than unheated DOM, which may have implications for aquatic biogeochemical cycling, ecosystem function, and water quality in fire-impacted watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraf Islam Promi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Courtney M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Amanda K Hohner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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5
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Jiao N, Luo T, Chen Q, Zhao Z, Xiao X, Liu J, Jian Z, Xie S, Thomas H, Herndl GJ, Benner R, Gonsior M, Chen F, Cai WJ, Robinson C. The microbial carbon pump and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:408-419. [PMID: 38491185 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The ocean has been a regulator of climate change throughout the history of Earth. One key mechanism is the mediation of the carbon reservoir by refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC), which can either be stored in the water column for centuries or released back into the atmosphere as CO2 depending on the conditions. The RDOC is produced through a myriad of microbial metabolic and ecological processes known as the microbial carbon pump (MCP). Here, we review recent research advances in processes related to the MCP, including the distribution patterns and molecular composition of RDOC, links between the complexity of RDOC compounds and microbial diversity, MCP-driven carbon cycles across time and space, and responses of the MCP to a changing climate. We identify knowledge gaps and future research directions in the role of the MCP, particularly as a key component in integrated approaches combining the mechanisms of the biological and abiotic carbon pumps for ocean negative carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhi Jiao
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Tingwei Luo
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quanrui Chen
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xilin Xiao
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhimin Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shucheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Helmuth Thomas
- Institute of Carbon Cycles, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronald Benner
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Micheal Gonsior
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Cai
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Carol Robinson
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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6
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Myers-Pigg AN, Grieger S, Roebuck JA, Barnes ME, Bladon KD, Bailey JD, Barton R, Chu RK, Graham EB, Homolka KK, Kew W, Lipton AS, Scheibe T, Toyoda JG, Wagner S. Experimental Open Air Burning of Vegetation Enhances Organic Matter Chemical Heterogeneity Compared to Laboratory Burns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9679-9688. [PMID: 38776554 PMCID: PMC11155678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Wildfires produce solid residuals that have unique chemical and physical properties compared to unburned materials, which influence their cycling and fate in the natural environment. Visual burn severity assessment is used to evaluate post-fire alterations to the landscape in field-based studies, yet muffle furnace methods are commonly used in laboratory studies to assess molecular scale alterations along a temperature continuum. Here, we examined solid and leachable organic matter characteristics from chars visually characterized as low burn severity that were created either on an open air burn table or from low-temperature muffle furnace burns. We assessed how the different combustion conditions influence solid and dissolved organic matter chemistries and explored the potential influence of these results on the environmental fate and reactivity. Notably, muffle furnace chars produced less leachable carbon and nitrogen than open air chars across land cover types. Organic matter produced from muffle furnace burns was more homogeneous than open air chars. This work highlights chemical heterogeneities that exist within a single burn severity category, potentially influencing our conceptual understanding of pyrogenic organic matter cycling in the natural environment, including transport and processing in watersheds. Therefore, we suggest that open air burn studies are needed to further advance our understanding of pyrogenic organic matter's environmental reactivity and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Myers-Pigg
- Marine
and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Samantha Grieger
- Marine
and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
| | - J. Alan Roebuck
- Marine
and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
| | - Morgan E. Barnes
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kevin D. Bladon
- Department
of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department
of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - John D. Bailey
- Department
of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Riley Barton
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Environmental and Stable Isotope Analysis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Rosalie K. Chu
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Emily B. Graham
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- School
of Biological Sciences, Washington State
University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Khadijah K. Homolka
- Marine
and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
| | - William Kew
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Andrew S. Lipton
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Timothy Scheibe
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jason G. Toyoda
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sasha Wagner
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Environmental and Stable Isotope Analysis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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7
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Girona-García A, Vieira D, Doerr S, Panagos P, Santín C. Into the unknown: The role of post-fire soil erosion in the carbon cycle. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17354. [PMID: 38822629 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Wildfires directly emit 2.1 Pg carbon (C) to the atmosphere annually. The net effect of wildfires on the C cycle, however, involves many interacting source and sink processes beyond these emissions from combustion. Among those, the role of post-fire enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) erosion as a C sink mechanism remains essentially unquantified. Wildfires can greatly enhance soil erosion due to the loss of protective vegetation cover and changes to soil structure and wettability. Post-fire SOC erosion acts as a C sink when off-site burial and stabilization of C eroded after a fire, together with the on-site recovery of SOC content, exceed the C losses during its post-fire transport. Here we synthesize published data on post-fire SOC erosion and evaluate its overall potential to act as longer-term C sink. To explore its quantitative importance, we also model its magnitude at continental scale using the 2017 wildfire season in Europe. Our estimations show that the C sink ability of SOC water erosion during the first post-fire year could account for around 13% of the C emissions produced by wildland fires. This indicates that post-fire SOC erosion is a quantitatively important process in the overall C balance of fires and highlights the need for more field data to further validate this initial assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Girona-García
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), CSIC-University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias, Mieres, Spain
| | - Diana Vieira
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Stefan Doerr
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Cristina Santín
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), CSIC-University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias, Mieres, Spain
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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8
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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Chen X, Jiang J, Hua L, Jia X, Bao R, Wang F. Pyrogenic Carbon Degradation by Galvanic Coupling with Sprayed Seawater Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8528-8535. [PMID: 38497738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Surface waves are known for their mechanical role in coastal processes that influence the weather and climate. However, their chemical impact, particularly on the transformation of pyrogenic carbon, is poorly understood. Pyrogenic carbon is generally assumed to show negligible postformational alteration of its stable carbon isotope composition. Here we present an electrochemical interaction of pyrogenic carbon with the sprayed seawater microdroplets resulting from wave breaking, driven by the galvanic coupling between the microdroplet water-carbon interfaces and the microdroplet water-vapor interfaces. This enables refractory pyrogenic carbon to rapidly degrade via the oxygenation and mineralization reaction, which makes it ∼2.6‰ enriched in 13C, far exceeding the generally assumed postformation alteration values (<0.5‰) of pyrogenic carbon. The unique chemical dynamics of seawater microdroplets provide new insights into the discrepancy in carbon isotope signatures between riverine and marine black carbon, emphasizing the potential of coastal oceans for carbon sequestration in the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Zhang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuquan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Bao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Coppola AI, Druffel ERM, Broek TA, Haghipour N, Eglinton TI, McCarthy M, Walker BD. Variable aging and storage of dissolved black carbon in the ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305030121. [PMID: 38517975 PMCID: PMC10990100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During wildfires and fossil fuel combustion, biomass is converted to black carbon (BC) via incomplete combustion. BC enters the ocean by rivers and atmospheric deposition contributing to the marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. The fate of BC is considered to reside in the marine DOC pool, where the oldest BC 14C ages have been measured (>20,000 14C y), implying long-term storage. DOC is the largest exchangeable pool of organic carbon in the oceans, yet most DOC (>80%) remains molecularly uncharacterized. Here, we report 14C measurements on size-fractionated dissolved BC (DBC) obtained using benzene polycarboxylic acids as molecular tracers to constrain the sources and cycling of DBC and its contributions to refractory DOC (RDOC) in a site in the North Pacific Ocean. Our results reveal that the cycling of DBC is more dynamic and heterogeneous than previously believed though it does not comprise a single, uniformly "old" 14C age. Instead, both semilabile and refractory DBC components are distributed among size fractions of DOC. We report that DBC cycles within DOC as a component of RDOC, exhibiting turnover in the ocean on millennia timescales. DBC within the low-molecular-weight DOC pool is large, environmentally persistent and constitutes the size fraction that is responsible for long-term DBC storage. We speculate that sea surface processes, including bacterial remineralization (via the coupling of photooxidation of surface DBC and bacterial co-metabolism), sorption onto sinking particles and surface photochemical oxidation, modify DBC composition and turnover, ultimately controlling the fate of DBC and RDOC in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha I. Coppola
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Zürich8092, Switzerland
| | - Ellen R. M. Druffel
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Taylor A. Broek
- Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Negar Haghipour
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Zürich8092, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Timothy I. Eglinton
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Zürich8092, Switzerland
| | - Matthew McCarthy
- Department of Ocean Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA95064
| | - Brett D. Walker
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
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10
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VanderRoest JP, Fowler JA, Rhoades CC, Roth HK, Broeckling CD, Fegel TS, McKenna AM, Bechtold EK, Boot CM, Wilkins MJ, Borch T. Fire Impacts on the Soil Metabolome and Organic Matter Biodegradability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4167-4180. [PMID: 38385432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Global wildfire activity has increased since the 1970s and is projected to intensify throughout the 21st century. Wildfires change the composition and biodegradability of soil organic matter (SOM) which contains nutrients that fuel microbial metabolism. Though persistent forms of SOM often increase postfire, the response of more biodegradable SOM remains unclear. Here we simulated severe wildfires through a controlled "pyrocosm" approach to identify biodegradable sources of SOM and characterize the soil metabolome immediately postfire. Using microbial amplicon (16S/ITS) sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, heterotrophic microbes (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Protobacteria) and specific metabolites (glycine, protocatechuate, citric cycle intermediates) were enriched in burned soils, indicating that burned soils contain a variety of substrates that support microbial metabolism. Molecular formulas assigned by 21 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry showed that SOM in burned soil was lower in molecular weight and featured 20 to 43% more nitrogen-containing molecular formulas than unburned soil. We also measured higher water extractable organic carbon concentrations and higher CO2 efflux in burned soils. The observed enrichment of biodegradable SOM and microbial heterotrophs demonstrates the resilience of these soils to severe burning, providing important implications for postfire soil microbial and plant recolonization and ecosystem recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P VanderRoest
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Julie A Fowler
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Charles C Rhoades
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, United States
| | - Holly K Roth
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Bioanalysis and Omics Center, Analytical Resources Core, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80521, United States
| | - Timothy S Fegel
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Emily K Bechtold
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Claudia M Boot
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Michael J Wilkins
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
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11
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Goranov AI, Chen H, Duan J, Myneni SCB, Hatcher PG. Potentially Massive and Global Non-Pyrogenic Production of Condensed "Black" Carbon through Biomass Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2750-2761. [PMID: 38294931 PMCID: PMC10867845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
With the increased occurrences of wildfires worldwide, there has been an increase in scientific interest surrounding the chemistry of fire-derived "black" carbon (BC). Traditionally, wildfire research has assumed that condensed aromatic carbon (ConAC) is exclusively produced via combustion, and thus, ConAC is equated to BC. However, the lack of correlations between ConAC in soils or rivers and wildfire history suggests that ConAC may be produced non-pyrogenically. Here, we show quantitative evidence that this occurs during the oxidation of biomass with environmentally ubiquitous hydroxyl radicals. Pine wood boards exposed to iron nails and natural weather conditions for 12 years yielded a charcoal-like ConAC-rich material. ConAC was also produced during laboratory oxidations of pine, maple, and brown-rotted oak woods, as well as algae, corn root, and tree bark. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that biomass oxidation could be producing massive non-pyrogenic ConAC fluxes to terrestrial and aquatic environments. These estimates (e.g., 163-182 Tg-ConAC/year to soils) are much higher than the estimated pyrogenic "BC" fluxes (e.g., 128 Tg-ConAC/year to soils) implying that environmental ConAC is primarily non-pyrogenic. This novel perspective suggests that wildfire research trajectories should shift to assessing non-pyrogenic ConAC sources and fluxes, developing new methods for quantifying true BC, and establishing a new view of ConAC as an intermediate species in the biogeochemical processing of biomass during soil humification, aquatic photochemistry, microbial degradation, or mineral-organic matter interactions. We also advise against using BC or pyrogenic carbon (pyC) terminologies for ConAC measured in environmental matrices, unless a pyrogenic source can be confidently assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar I. Goranov
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529 United States
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529 United States
| | - Jianshu Duan
- Department
of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 United States
| | - Satish C. B. Myneni
- Department
of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 United States
| | - Patrick G. Hatcher
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529 United States
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12
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Fontúrbel MT, Jiménez E, Merino A, Vega JA. Contrasting immediate impact of prescribed fires and experimental summer fires on soil organic matter quality and microbial properties in the forest floor and mineral soil in Mediterranean black pine forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167669. [PMID: 37848140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed fire (PB) is used to achieve ecological objectives and to reduce fuel hazard thus limiting detrimental impacts of wildfire and appropriate selection of prescription window is critical for these goals. Operational use of PB in the Mediterranean forest is scarce and information about its effects on soil remains incomplete. This study for the first time i) compared the immediate impact of spring and autumn PB and experimental summer fire on key properties of forest floor and mineral topsoil in Mediterranean black pine forest, and ii) assessed the capacity of PB to reduce fuel, with limited immediate impacts on soil. PB significantly reduced the 32.5 % of pre-fire forest floor depth, while summer fire consumed 88.5 % and exposed about 30 % of the mineral soil surface. Mean maximum temperature during fire at the mineral soil surface was 23 °C in PB, in contrast to 128 °C in summer fire, while soil heating at 2 cm depth was negligible in both cases. PB did not cause immediate changes in OM quality parameters, and chemical (C and N concentrations, C/N and pH) and microbiological properties (Cmic, Cmic/C, and β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities) in forest floor or mineral topsoil (0-2 cm). By contrast, summer fire greatly increased OM recalcitrance and reduced Cmic, Cmic/C and enzyme activities in forest floor immediately after fire. In the mineral topsoil, only microbial properties were significantly reduced. The maximum temperature reached during fire in forest floor and topsoil was associated with most of the overall changes in properties in both layers. The findings suggest that prescribed fire can significantly reduce fuel with limited initial impacts on soil. Although these findings are encouraging for operational use of prescribed burning in the ecosystem under study, long-term monitoring of repeated application of the technique on soil properties and other ecosystem components is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Fontúrbel
- Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, PO Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Enrique Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, PO Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Agustín Merino
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Lugo, Spain.
| | - José A Vega
- Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, PO Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
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13
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Wang C, Kuzyakov Y. Mechanisms and implications of bacterial-fungal competition for soil resources. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae073. [PMID: 38691428 PMCID: PMC11104273 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating complex interactions between bacteria and fungi that determine microbial community structure, composition, and functions in soil, as well as regulate carbon (C) and nutrient fluxes, is crucial to understand biogeochemical cycles. Among the various interactions, competition for resources is the main factor determining the adaptation and niche differentiation between these two big microbial groups in soil. This is because C and energy limitations for microbial growth are a rule rather than an exception. Here, we review the C and energy demands of bacteria and fungi-the two major kingdoms in soil-the mechanisms of their competition for these and other resources, leading to niche differentiation, and the global change impacts on this competition. The normalized microbial utilization preference showed that bacteria are 1.4-5 times more efficient in the uptake of simple organic compounds as substrates, whereas fungi are 1.1-4.1 times more effective in utilizing complex compounds. Accordingly, bacteria strongly outcompete fungi for simple substrates, while fungi take advantage of complex compounds. Bacteria also compete with fungi for the products released during the degradation of complex substrates. Based on these specifics, we differentiated spatial, temporal, and chemical niches for these two groups in soil. The competition will increase under the main five global changes including elevated CO2, N deposition, soil acidification, global warming, and drought. Elevated CO2, N deposition, and warming increase bacterial dominance, whereas soil acidification and drought increase fungal competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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14
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Urban Cordeiro E, Arenas-Calle L, Woolf D, Sherpa S, Poonia S, Kritee K, Dubey R, Choudhary A, Kumar V, McDonald A. The fate of rice crop residues and context-dependent greenhouse gas emissions: Model-based insights from Eastern India. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2024; 435:140240. [PMID: 38268972 PMCID: PMC10804972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Crop residue burning is a common practice in many parts of the world that causes air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Regenerative practices that return residues to the soil offer a 'no burn' pathway for addressing air pollution while building soil organic carbon (SOC). Nevertheless, GHG emissions in rice-based agricultural systems are complex and difficult to anticipate, particularly in production contexts with highly variable hydrologic conditions. Here we predict long-term net GHG fluxes for four rice residue management strategies in the context of rice-wheat cropping systems in Eastern India: burning, soil incorporation, livestock fodder, and biochar. Estimations were based on a combination of Tier 1, 2, and 3 modelling approaches, including 100-year DNDC simulations across three representative soil hydrologic categories (i.e., dry, median, and wet). Overall, residue burning resulted in total direct GHG fluxes of 2.5, 6.1, and 8.7 Mg CO2-e in the dry, median, and wet hydrologic categories, respectively. Relative to emissions from burning (positive values indicate an increase) for the same dry to wet hydrologic categories, soil incorporation resulted in a -0.2, 1.8, or 3.1 Mg CO2-e change in emissions whereas use of residues for livestock fodder increased emissions by 2.0, 2.1, or 2.3 Mg CO2-e. Biochar reduced emissions relative to burning by 2.9 Mg CO2-e in all hydrologic categories. This study showed that the production environment has a controlling effect on methane and, therefore, net GHG balance. For example, wetter sites had 2.8-4.0 times greater CH4 emissions, on average, than dry sites when rice residues were returned to the soil. To effectively mitigate burning without undermining climate change mitigation goals, our results suggest that geographically-target approaches should be used in the rice-based systems of Eastern India to incentivize the adoption of regenerative 'no burn' residue management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Urban Cordeiro
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura Arenas-Calle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dominic Woolf
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sonam Sherpa
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, 801105, Bihar, India
| | - Shishpal Poonia
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, 801105, Bihar, India
| | - Kritee Kritee
- Environmental Defense Fund, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Rachana Dubey
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Virender Kumar
- Sustainable Impact Department, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Andrew McDonald
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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Zhang X, Xie M, Cai C, Rabiee H, Wang Z, Virdis B, Tyson GW, McIlroy SJ, Yuan Z, Hu S. Pyrogenic Carbon Promotes Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane Coupled with Iron Reduction via the Redox-Cycling Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19793-19804. [PMID: 37947777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogenic carbon (PC) can mediate electron transfer and thus catalyze biogeochemical processes to impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here, we demonstrate that PC can contribute to mitigating GHG emissions by promoting the Fe(III)-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). It was found that the amendment PCs in microcosms dominated by Methanoperedenaceae performing Fe(III)-dependent AOM simultaneously promoted the rate of AOM and Fe(III) reduction with a consistent ratio close to the theoretical stoichiometry of 1:8. Further correlation analysis showed that the AOM rate was linearly correlated with the electron exchange capacity, but not the conductivity, of added PC materials, indicating the redox-cycling electron transfer mechanism to promote the Fe(III)-dependent AOM. The mass content of the C═O moiety from differentially treated PCs was well correlated with the AOM rate, suggesting that surface redox-active quinone groups on PCs contribute to facilitating Fe(III)-dependent AOM. Further microbial analyses indicate that PC likely shuttles direct electron transfer from Methanoperedenaceae to Fe(III) reduction. This study provides new insight into the climate-cooling impact of PCs, and our evaluation indicates that the PC-facilitated Fe(III)-dependent AOM could have a significant contribution to suppressing methane emissions from the world's reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zhang
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Mengying Xie
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Chen Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hesamoddin Rabiee
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland 4300, Australia
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Bernardino Virdis
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Centre for Microbiome Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Simon J McIlroy
- Centre for Microbiome Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shihu Hu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB), Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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16
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Silva LJD, Oliveira DMDS, Nóbrega GN, Barbosa RI, Cordeiro RC. Pyrogenic carbon stocks and its spatial variability in soils from savanna-forest ecotone in amazon. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117980. [PMID: 37121000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest fragments from Amazon are important long-term carbon (C) reservoirs with an essential role in the global C balance. They are often impacted by understory fires, deforestation, selective logging and livestock. Forest fires convert soil organic matter into pyrogenic carbon (PyC), but little is known about its distribution and accumulation along the soil profile. Thus, the objective of this study is to estimate the refractory carbon stocks derived from PyC accumulated in the soil vertical profile of different seasonal forest fragments in the Amazon. Sixty-nine soil cores (1 m deep) were collected in 12 forest fragments of different sizes considering edge and interior gradients. The mean total organic C (TOC) and PyC contents for the edge and interior gradients were 0.84% and 0.009%, respectively. The PyC/TOC ratio ranged from 0.53% to 1.78%, with an average of 1.32% and increasing in depth, being low when compared with other studies, where the contribution of PyC to TOC ranges from 1 to 9%. PyC stocks on the edge (1.04 ± 0.04 Mg ha-1) differed significantly from the interior (1.46 ± 0.03 Mg ha-1). The analyzed forest fragments presented a weighted PyC stock of 1.37 ± 0.65 Mg ha-1. The vertical distribution of PyC declined in depth with 70% of PyC concentrated in the surface soil layers (0-30 cm). These results indicate that the PyC accumulated in the vertical profile of soils in forest fragments in Amazonia are important, and they need to be considered in Brazilian and global reports on carbon stocks and fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libério Junio da Silva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal of Viçosa University - Campus Florestal, Road LMG 818 Km 06, Florestal, MG, 35690-000, Brazil.
| | - Dener Márcio da Silva Oliveira
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal of Viçosa University - Campus Florestal, Road LMG 818 Km 06, Florestal, MG, 35690-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Nuto Nóbrega
- Department of Soil Sciences (DSC), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, CE, 60356-001, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Imbrózio Barbosa
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, Roraima Office (NPRR), National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Rua Coronel Pinto 315, 69301-150, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
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17
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Coradeschi G, Jiménez Morillo NT, Dias CB, Beltrame M, Belo ADF, Granged AJP, Sadori L, Valera A. Anthracological study of a Chalcolithic funerary deposit from Perdigões (Alentejo, Portugal): A new analytical methodology to establish the wood burning temperature. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287531. [PMID: 37418445 PMCID: PMC10328357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracological analyses of charcoal samples retrieved from Pit 16 of Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal), a secondary deposition of cremated human remains dated back to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, enabled the identification of 7 different taxa: Olea europaea, Quercus spp. (evergreen), Pinus pinaster, Fraxinus cf. angustifolia, Arbutus unedo, Cistus sp. and Fabaceae. All taxa are characteristic of both deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean vegetation, and this data might indicate that the gathering of woods employed for the human cremation/s occurred either on site, or in its vicinity. However, considering both the large distribution of the identified taxa and data about human mobility, it is not possible to conclusively determine the origin of the wood used in the cremation(s). Chemometric analysis were carried out to estimate the absolute burning temperature of woods employed for the human cremation/s. An in-lab charcoal reference collection was created by burning sound wood samples of the three main taxa identified from Pit 16, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Quercus suber (evergreen type) and Pinus pinaster, at temperatures between 350 and 600 °C. The archaeological charcoal samples and the charcoal reference collection were chemically characterized by using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in the 1800-400 cm-1 range, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression method was used to build calibration models to predict the absolute combustion temperature of the archaeological woods. Results showed successful PLS forecasting of burn temperature for each taxon (significant (P <0.05) cross validation coefficients). The anthracological and chemometric analysis evidenced differences between the taxa coming from the two stratigraphic units within the Pit, SUs 72 and 74, suggesting that they may come from two different pyres or two different depositional moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Coradeschi
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Nicasio T. Jiménez Morillo
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Mitra (UE Campus), Évora, Portugal
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrocas Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Massimo Beltrame
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Anabela D. F. Belo
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Mitra (UE Campus), Évora, Portugal
| | - Arturo J. P. Granged
- Department of Applied Physics I, University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Med_Soil Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Sadori
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - António Valera
- Archaeological Research Unit of Era Arqueologia S.A., Lisboa, Portugal
- ICArEHB Algarve University, Gambelas Campus, Algarve University, Algarve, Portugal
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18
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Yao S, Ni N, Li X, Wang N, Bian Y, Jiang X, Song Y, Bolan NS, Zhang Q, Tsang DCW. Interactions between white and black carbon in water: A case study of concurrent aging of microplastics and biochar. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120006. [PMID: 37121197 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and biochar, as particulate matter that is prevalent in the water environment, will inevitably encounter and interact with each other during environmental aging. The potential interaction of microplastics and biochar, and the associated impact on their environmental behavior remains largely unknown. In this study, we exposed microplastics and biochar concurrently to ultraviolet light to mimic the aging process, investigated the release and fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water, and analyzed the effects of co-existing microplastics and biochar on their sorption of organic contaminants. We demonstrate that early-stage interactions of microplastics and biochar could entangle to promote the release of DOM from biochar, while their long-term interactions after light irradiation resulted in the sorption of hydrophobic and small molecules of microbial byproduct-like DOM. Simultaneously, early-stage interactions of microplastics and biochar showed a promotion for sorption of organic contaminants with an increase of 5.3-17.7%. After aging, however, long-term interactions between microplastics and biochar made it no longer promote the sorption of organic contaminants due to the influence of heterogeneous aggregation. Our results provide new insights into the time-dependent interactions between microplastics and biochar and highlight the need to incorporate their interactions into future environmental risk assessments for microplastics in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ni Ni
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Xiaona Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 225127, PR China
| | - Na Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Nedland, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Nedland, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Falkowski TB, Chankin A, Lehmann J, Drinkwater LE, Diemont SAW, Nigh R. Socioecological effects of swidden management in traditional Maya agroforests in the Selva Lacandona of Chiapas, Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118035. [PMID: 37209592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, Maya farmers (i.e., milperos) throughout Mesoamerica have managed milpa: sequential agroforests initiated by slashing and burning patches of secondary forest and then cultivating a diverse polyculture of trees and annual crops. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with deforestation, the Mexican government and non-governmental organizations have urged milperos to cease burning. We collaborated with Maya milperos in several communities in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve region in Chiapas, Mexico to determine carbon retained as char in traditional milpas, carbon loss associated with burning, and effects of burning on soil quality. We found the carbon retention of char in Maya milpas (24 ± 6.5% of C in vegetation) is 4-1400% higher than other slash-and-burn agroecosystems reported in the literature. Burning resulted in significant carbon loss of 12.6 (±3.6) t C ha-1 yr-1, but this was partially mitigated by char production (3.0 [±0.6] t C ha-1 yr-1) and incomplete combustion of woody biomass. The effects of burning on soil were minimal, with the only significant changes observed being increases in pH, potassium availability, and cation exchange capacity (2, 100, and 7%, respectively). The mean residence times of charred materials were at least double that of uncharred biomass. While there is a risk that shortening fallow periods would undermine the sustainability of Maya swidden agroecology, proper management and secure land tenure can help maintain intensive production without enduring environmental degradation. The char produced in these swiddens and successional management could allow this agroforestry system to be a long-term carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz B Falkowski
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability and School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laurie E Drinkwater
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stewart A W Diemont
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Nigh
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
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20
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Wang L, Li J, Zhao J, Li H, Feng J, Zhang P, Pan B. Photodegradation of clindamycin by the dissolved black carbon is simultaneously regulated by ROS generation and the binding effect. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119784. [PMID: 36863283 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential source of the natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), dissolved black carbon (DBC) plays a vital role in the photodegradation of organics; however, there is rare information about the DBC-induced photodegradation mechanism of clindamycin (CLM), one of the widely used antibiotics. Herein, we discovered DBC-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated CLM photodegradation. Hydroxy radical (•OH) could directly attack CLM by OH-addition reaction, the singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide (O2•-) contributed to the CLM degradation by transforming to •OH. In addition, the binding between CLM and DBCs inhibited the photodegradation of CLM by decreasing the concentration of freely dissolved CLM. Binding process inhibited CLM photodegradation by 0.25-1.98% at pH 7.0 and 6.1-41.77% at pH 8.5. These findings suggest that the photodegradation of CLM by DBC is simultaneously regulated by the ROS production and binding effect between CLM and DBC, benefiting the exact evaluation of the environmental impact of DBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming,650500, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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21
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Yamashita Y, Mori Y, Ogawa H. Hydrothermal-derived black carbon as a source of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon in the ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3807. [PMID: 36763665 PMCID: PMC9916979 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are a possible source of thermogenic dissolved black carbon (DBC), which is a component of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon, but little is known about the distribution of hydrothermal DBC in the deep ocean. Here, we show basin-scale distributions of DBC along two transects in the eastern Pacific Ocean, which are located outside the jet-like hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise. The DBC concentration in the deep waters did not show a strong linear relationship with apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), as previously observed in the central and western Pacific Ocean. Deviations in DBC concentration from the DBC-AOU relationship observed in the central and western Pacific Ocean were quantified. The deviation was linearly correlated with excess 3He, a tracer for hydrothermal input, indicating that a fraction of the DBC in the deep ocean is transported long distances from hydrothermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Yamashita
- Faculty of Environmental and Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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22
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Yu S, Zhang H, Ni J, Xiang Y, Wei R, Qian W, Chen W. Spectral characteristics coupled with self-organizing maps analysis on different molecular size-fractionated water-soluble organic carbon from biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159424. [PMID: 36244488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biochar-derived water-soluble organic carbon (BWSOC) plays important roles in the environmental effect of biochar. The environmental behavior and fate of BWSOC are closely related to its size distribution and chemical components. However, the molecular size-dependent BWSOC components and properties remain little known. To evaluate molecular size-dependent BWSOC characteristics, BWSOC samples were prepared by pyrolyzing biomasses in air-limitation and N2-flow atmospheres at 300-600 °C and fractionated through a series of membranes with different pore sizes including 0.7 μm, 0.45 μm, 100 kDa, 10 kDa, 3 kDa, and 1 kDa. In all BWSOCs, <1 kDa and 0.45-0.7 μm fractions had the maximum abundance (mean: 40.6 %) and the minimum abundance (mean: 4.4 %), respectively. The spectral characteristics of BWSOC including polarity index, spectral slope, and humification index varied significantly with molecular size. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis indicated that BWSOC was mainly composed of three organic components (humic-like, fulvic-like, and aromatic protein/polyphenol-like substances). Humic-like and fulvic-like substances mainly existed in <1 kDa fraction, while aromatic protein/polyphenol-like substances mainly existed in medium-size fractions (3 kDa-0.45 μm). The different locations of <1 kDa, 1 kDa-0.45 μm, and 0.45-0.7 μm fractions in EEM and PARAFAC self-organizing maps indicated self-organizing maps could effectively distinguish 0.45-0.7 μm, 1 kDa-0.45 μm, and < 1 kDa fractions via the variations of fluorescence intensity and organic components. Additionally, the distribution ratio of different molecular size fractions as well as the abundances of organic components in different molecular size fractions were strongly controlled by pyrolysis atmospheres (air-limitation and N2-flow). This study systematically clarified the organic components and properties of different molecular size fractions in BWSOC, and the results are helpful to understand the possible environmental behavior and fate of BWSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Jinzhi Ni
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian normal university, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
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23
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Multiscale responses and recovery of soils to wildfire in a sagebrush steppe ecosystem. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22438. [PMID: 36575205 PMCID: PMC9794722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts a pulse disturbance results in loss of soil organic carbon and short-term respiration losses that exceed recovery of productivity in many ecosystems. However, fundamental uncertainties remain in our understanding of ecosystem recovery where spatiotemporal variation in structure and function are not adequately represented in conceptual models. Here we show that wildfire in sagebrush shrublands results in multiscale responses that vary with ecosystem properties, landscape position, and their interactions. Consistent with ecological theory, soil pH increased and soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased following fire. In contrast, SOC responses were slope aspect and shrub-microsite dependent, with a larger proportional decrease under previous shrubs on north-facing aspects compared to south-facing ones. In addition, respiratory losses from burned aspects were not significantly different than losses from unburned aspects. We also documented the novel formation of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) with wildfire that differed significantly with aspect and microsite scale. Whereas pH and SIC recovered within 37 months post-fire, SOC stocks remained reduced, especially on north-facing aspects. Spatially, SIC formation was paired with reduced respiration losses, presumably lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and increased calcium availability, consistent with geochemical models of carbonate formation. Our findings highlight the formation of SIC after fire as a novel short-term sink of carbon in non-forested shrubland ecosystems. Resiliency in sagebrush shrublands may be more complex and integrated across ecosystem to landscape scales than predicted based on current theory.
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24
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Volkova L, Paul KI, Roxburgh SH, Weston CJ. Tree mortality and carbon emission as a function of wildfire severity in south-eastern Australian temperate forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158705. [PMID: 36099944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance trends over recent decades indicate that climate change is resulting in increased fire severity and extent in Australia's temperate Eucalyptus forests. As disturbance cycles become shorter and more severe, empirical measurements are required to identify potential change in forest carbon (C) stock and emissions. However, such estimates are rare in the literature. The 2019-2020 wildfires burnt through 6 to 7 million ha of mainly temperate open Eucalyptus forest in south-east Australia, with top down emission estimates ranging from 97 to 130 tonnes CO2 ha-1. Study sites that had been assessed for all aboveground C pools prior to the wildfires, were burnt in January 2020 by wildfire that varied in severity. Here we quantify the impact of high and low/moderate fire severities on tree mortality, C loss and C redistribution and assess implications for future C storage in these temperate Eucalyptus forests. Higher fire severity resulted in greater overstorey tree mortality but not understorey or loss of dead standing trees than in low/moderate severity fires. High severity fires combusted almost twice as much C from live trees (42 Mg C ha-1) as low/moderate severity fires (25 Mg C ha-1), while C loss from dead standing trees was similar among fire severity classes (average 17 Mg C ha-1). Total aboveground C lost across study sites was 42 Mg C ha-1 for high and 47 Mg C ha-1 for low/moderate severity, with an average of 45 Mg C ha-1 equivalent to 15 % (high severity) and 14 % (low/moderate severity) of AGC. Extrapolating our findings to other tall to medium open Eucalyptus forests across Victoria revealed that 37.33 ± 12.25 Tg C (mean ± s.e.) or 152 ± 50 Mg CO2 ha-1 was lost to the atmosphere from the 0.9 million ha of these productive forests, equating to about 20 % of Australia's total net annual emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Volkova
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Keryn I Paul
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Weston
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia
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25
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Howell A, Helmkamp S, Belmont E. Stable polycyclic aromatic carbon (SPAC) formation in wildfire chars and engineered biochars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157610. [PMID: 35907547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is an important component of wildfire chars and engineered biochars due to its potential environmental longevity, the most environmentally stable fraction of which is called stable polycyclic aromatic carbon (SPAC) and is projected to persist in global environments for >1000 yr. Rigorous characterization of SPAC, whether formed in wildfires or engineered, is essential for accurate global carbon cycle models. However, the quantification of SPAC remains challenging and methods for its direct characterization are often inaccessible and/or highly specialized. Additionally, these methods often rely on SPAC formation measured in laboratory biochars produced in inert environments, which have been shown to correlate poorly with wildfire chars and/or engineered biochars manufactured in oxidative environments. The present study investigated the relationship between SPAC formation and physicochemical metrics - mass loss and molar H:C and O:C ratios - that capture the influences of multiple formation variables, including gas environment temperature, O2 availability, and pyrolysis duration, and negates the need for these variables to be directly measured. SPAC content is measured in this study using hydrogen pyrolysis (HyPy), which is an established accurate method for characterizing that most environmentally stable PyC fraction. Results show that SPAC formation and elemental ratios correlate linearly with increased mass loss, which is reflective of increased pyrolysis severity. The relationship between these char characteristics allows for SPAC prediction based on measurement of mass loss during char formation, as well as the standardized elemental analysis method. In this study, wildfire chars exhibited relatively low SPAC contents of <30 wt% on a dry, ash-free basis, indicating that a significant fraction of PyC formed in these chars remains labile or semi-labile, while engineered biochars had a range of SPAC contents up to approximately 75 wt%. The predictive SPAC models developed in this work can improve global carbon accounting models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Howell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sophia Helmkamp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Erica Belmont
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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26
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Eckdahl JA, Rodriguez PC, Kristensen JA, Metcalfe DB, Ljung K. Mineral Soils Are an Important Intermediate Storage Pool of Black Carbon in Fennoscandian Boreal Forests. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 2022; 36:e2022GB007489. [PMID: 36582662 PMCID: PMC9787418 DOI: 10.1029/2022gb007489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 40% of earth's carbon (C) stored in land vegetation and soil is within the boreal region. This large C pool is subjected to substantial removals and transformations during periodic wildfire. Fire-altered C, commonly known as pyrogenic carbon (PyC), plays a significant role in forest ecosystem functioning and composes a considerable fraction of C transport to limnic and oceanic sediments. While PyC stores are beginning to be quantified globally, knowledge is lacking regarding the drivers of their production and transport across ecosystems. This study used the chemo-thermal oxidation at 375°C (CTO-375) method to isolate a particularly refractory subset of PyC compounds, here called black carbon (BC), finding an average increase of 11.6 g BC m-2 at 1 year postfire in 50 separate wildfires occurring in Sweden during 2018. These increases could not be linked to proposed drivers, however BC storage in 50 additional nearby unburnt soils related strongly to soil mass while its proportion of the larger C pool related negatively to soil C:N. Fire approximately doubled BC stocks in the mineral layer but had no significant effect on BC in the organic layer where it was likely produced. Suppressed decomposition rates and low heating during fire in mineral subsoil relative to upper layers suggests potential removals of the doubled mineral layer BC are more likely transported out of the soil system than degraded in situ. Therefore, mineral soils are suggested to be an important storage pool for BC that can buffer short-term (production in fire) and long-term (cross-ecosystem transport) BC cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan A. Eckdahl
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Jeppe A. Kristensen
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Daniel B. Metcalfe
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Karl Ljung
- Department of GeologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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27
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Pilla RM, Griffiths NA, Gu L, Kao SC, McManamay R, Ricciuto DM, Shi X. Anthropogenically driven climate and landscape change effects on inland water carbon dynamics: What have we learned and where are we going? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5601-5629. [PMID: 35856254 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inland waters serve as important hydrological connections between the terrestrial landscape and oceans but are often overlooked in global carbon (C) budgets and Earth System Models. Terrestrially derived C entering inland waters from the watershed can be transported to oceans but over 83% is either buried in sediments or emitted to the atmosphere before reaching oceans. Anthropogenic pressures such as climate and landscape changes are altering the magnitude of these C fluxes in inland waters. Here, we synthesize the most recent estimates of C fluxes and the differential contributions across inland waterbody types (rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds), including recent measurements that incorporate improved sampling methods, small waterbodies, and dried areas. Across all inland waters, we report a global C emission estimate of 4.40 Pg C/year (95% confidence interval: 3.95-4.85 Pg C/year), representing a 13% increase from the most recent estimate. We also review the mechanisms by which the most globally widespread anthropogenically driven climate and landscape changes influence inland water C fluxes. The majority of these drivers are expected to influence terrestrial C inputs to inland waters due to alterations in terrestrial C quality and quantity, hydrological pathways, and biogeochemical processing. We recommend four research priorities for the future study of anthropogenic alterations to inland water C fluxes: (1) before-and-after measurements of C fluxes associated with climate change events and landscape changes, (2) better quantification of C input from land, (3) improved assessment of spatial coverage and contributions of small inland waterbodies to C fluxes, and (4) integration of dried and drawdown areas to global C flux estimates. Improved measurements of inland water C fluxes and quantification of uncertainty in these estimates will be vital to understanding both terrestrial C losses and the "moving target" of inland water C emissions in response to rapid and complex anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Pilla
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie A Griffiths
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ryan McManamay
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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28
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Meng L, Huang C, He Y, Shang N, Yu H, Huang T, Yang H, Zhao K. Stable carbon isotopes trace the effect of fossil fuels on fractions of particulate black carbon in a large urban lake in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115528. [PMID: 35724575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), the highly recalcitrant aromatic carbonaceous from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass, is an important carbon sink in carbon cycle. Char and soot, the main components of BC, have significantly different origin and physicochemical characteristics (particle sizes and resultant transportability). The limited understanding of char and soot sources leads to poor insight into the effect of BC on carbon cycle. Sources of char and soot were investigated in this study using stable carbon isotopes to study the effect of BC on the organic carbon pool in a lake, thereby improving the knowledge of lacustrine carbon cycling. The concentration of BC in Taihu Lake ranged from 0.0 to 0.7 mg·L-1and accounted for 10.9 ± 4.7% of the particulate organic carbon. The spatial-mean δ13C values of BC, char, and soot were -23.2 ± 2.0‰, -23.5 ± 2.2‰, and -22.9 ± 1.6‰, respectively. The BC in water was primarily derived from fossil fuels (66.0 ± 9.3%), with liquid fossil fuel accounting for 48.2 ± 13.2% of the BC. The contribution of liquid fossil fuel to soot (49.3%) was much higher than that to char (36.1%); correspondingly, the contributions of biomass and coal to soot (29.2% and 21.5%) were lower than those to char (38.1% and 25.8%). The contribution of liquid fossil fuel combustion to organic carbon (OC), char, and soot gradually increased from 31.9% to 49.3%. Biomass and coal combustion primarily contributed to char (38.1% and 25.8%) and OC (37.5% and 30.6%). The source apportionment of BC, char, and soot revealed the influence of anthropogenically driven BC, char, and soot on the lake and, by extension, to the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kan Zhao
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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29
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Zhang H, Qian W, Wu L, Yu S, Wei R, Chen W, Ni J. Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from biomass pyrolysis: Biochar-derived DOC versus smoke-derived DOC, and their differences from natural DOC. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134869. [PMID: 35537622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar-derived dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and smoke-derived dissolved organic carbon (SDOC) are two different biomass-pyrogenic DOCs. They inevitably enter soil and water, then potentially pose different impacts on the chemistry of these media. This study systemically investigated the emissions and spectral characteristics of BDOC and SDOC as well as their differences from natural DOC. The results showed that the emission of SDOC was 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than that of BDOC after biomass pyrolysis. UV-vis spectra indicated that BDOC had higher aromaticity and molecular weight as well as lower polarity than SDOC. The two-dimensional correlation infrared spectrum (2D-PCIS) matrix indicated that BDOC contained more chemical groups with stronger temperature-dependence than SDOC. Fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC analysis showed that BDOC was dominated by macromolecular humic-like substances, while SDOC was primarily composed of small molecules of aromatic protein/polyphenols-like compounds. The fluorescence indicators including humification index (HIX) (0.08-0.76) and biological index (BIX) (1.18-1.72) of SDOC were significantly different from those of BDOC (HIX: 1.64-12.68, and BIX: 0.17-1.62). The higher BIX and more small molecules of aromatic protein/polyphenols-like compounds indicated SDOC had potentially higher bioavailability and turnover rate in the environment than BDOC. Furthermore, the UV-vis spectral indicator (S275-295) and fluorescence spectral indicators (HIX, and BIX) of BDOC were equivalent to those of natural DOC, whereas these indicators of SDOC were significantly different from those of natural DOC. This study demonstrated that BDOC and SDOC had significantly different components and properties and they might present different environmental behaviors and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Shuhan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China.
| | - Jinzhi Ni
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China.
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30
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Ali B, Sajjad W, Ilahi N, Bahadur A, Kang S. Soot biodegradation by psychrotolerant bacterial consortia. Biodegradation 2022; 33:407-418. [PMID: 35666328 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-09990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To probe the bioavailability of soot released into the atmosphere is pivotal to understanding their environmental impacts. Soot aerosol absorbs organic matter, creating a hot spot for biogeochemical transformation and the global carbon cycle. Soot primarily contains condensed aromatics chemically recalcitrant; however, oligotrophic microorganisms might use it as a nutritional source. This study investigated the influence of psychrotolerant bacterial consortia on soot. Significant increase in the bacterial biomass, reduction in water-insoluble organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in soot residues and increase in water-soluble OC in the filtrate signifies the use of soot as a carbon and nutritional source. The influence on morphology and composition of soot was reported using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). The FTIR analysis showed significant variations in the pattern of soot spectra, suggesting degradation. Elemental analysis and EDX showed a reduction in carbon percentage. Besides, the reduction of optical density with incubation time signifies the OC and EC consumption. This study shows that soot can be a substrate and pivotal factor in the microbial food web. Nowadays, soot emission to the environment is growing; therefore, soot involvement in microbe-mediated processes should be closely focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Nikhat Ilahi
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Bahadur
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Rd. 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China.
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31
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Total Carbon Content Assessed by UAS Near-Infrared Imagery as a New Fire Severity Metric. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The ash produced by forest fires is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles with many properties. Amounts of ash and char are used to roughly evaluate the impacts of a fire on nutrient cycling and ecosystem recovery. Numerous studies have suggested that fire severity can be assessed by measuring changes in ash characteristics. Traditional methods to determine fire severity are based on in situ observations, and visual approximation of changes in the forest floor and soil which are both laborious and subjective. These measures primarily reflect the level of consumption of organic layers, the deposition of ash, particularly its depth and color, and fire-induced changes in the soil. Recent studies suggested adding remote sensing techniques to the field observations and using machine learning and spectral indices to assess the effects of fires on ecosystems. While index thresholding can be easily implemented, its effectiveness over large areas is limited to pattern coverage of forest type and fire regimes. Machine learning algorithms, on the other hand, allow multivariate classifications, but learning is complex and time-consuming when analyzing space-time series. Therefore, there is currently no consensus regarding a quantitative index of fire severity. Considering that wildfires play a major role in controlling forest carbon storage and cycling in fire-suppressed forests, this study examines the use of low-cost multispectral imagery across visible and near-infrared regions collected by unmanned aerial systems to determine fire severity according to the color and chemical properties of vegetation ash. The use of multispectral imagery data might reduce the lack of precision that is part of manual color matching and produce a vast and accurate spatio-temporal severity map. The suggested severity map is based on spectral information used to evaluate chemical/mineralogical changes by deep learning algorithms. These methods quantify total carbon content and assess the corresponding fire intensity that is required to form a particular residue. By designing three learning algorithms (PLS-DA, ANN, and 1-D CNN) for two datasets (RGB images and Munsell color versus Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)-based multispectral imagery) the multispectral prediction results were excellent. Therefore, deep network-based near-infrared remote sensing technology has the potential to become an alternative reliable method to assess fire severity.
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32
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Swaren L, Safari S, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles: a review of surface chemistry, contaminant mobility, and future research avenues to fill the gaps. BIOCHAR 2022; 4:33. [PMID: 35673519 PMCID: PMC9163009 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-022-00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are abundant in the subsurface, soil, streams, and water bodies, and are often a critical control on elemental speciation, transport and cycling in the natural environment. This review provides an overview of pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles (PBNPs), their surface properties and reactivity towards aqueous species. We focus specifically on biochar-derived nanoparticles and activated carbon-derived nanoparticles which fall under our classification of PBNPs. Activated carbon-iron (nano)composites are included in some instances where there are significant gaps in literature because of their environmental relevance. Increased use of activated carbon, along with a resurgence in the manufacture and application of biochar for water treatment and soil amendment, has generated significant concerns about the mobility and toxicity of PBNPs derived from the bulk material in environmental applications. Recent examples are discussed to highlight current progress in understanding the influence of PBNPs on contaminant transport, followed by a critical discussion of gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Swaren
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Kurt O. Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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33
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Bahureksa W, Young RB, McKenna AM, Chen H, Thorn KA, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Borch T. Nitrogen Enrichment during Soil Organic Matter Burning and Molecular Evidence of Maillard Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4597-4609. [PMID: 35262343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires in forested watersheds dramatically alter stored and labile soil organic matter (SOM) pools and the export of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Ecosystem recovery after wildfires depends on soil microbial communities and revegetation and therefore is limited by the availability of nutrients, such as nitrogen-containing and labile, water-soluble compounds. However, SOM byproducts produced at different wildfire intensities are poorly understood, leading to difficulties in assessing wildfire severity and predicting ecosystem recovery. In this work, water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) from laboratory microcosms of soil burned at discrete temperatures was characterized by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to study the impacts of fire temperature on SOM and DOM composition. The molecular composition derived from different burn temperatures indicated that nitrogen-containing byproducts were enriched with heating and composed of a wide range of aromatic features and oxidation states. Mass difference-based analysis also suggested that products formed during heating could be modeled using transformations along the Maillard reaction pathway. The enrichment of N-containing SOM and DOM at different soil burning intensities has important implications for ecosystem recovery and downstream water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bahureksa
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Robert B Young
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Kevin A Thorn
- U.S. Geological Survey, Earth System Processes Division, Water Mission Area, Lakewood, Colorado 80225-0001, United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0607, United States
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
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34
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Wu D, Chen Q, Wu M, Zhang P, He L, Chen Y, Pan B. Heterogeneous compositions of oxygen-containing functional groups on biochars and their different roles in rhodamine B degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133518. [PMID: 34995628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of pyrogenic carbon has attracted a great deal of research attentions recently. The oxygen-containing structures are rich on the surface of biochars, and involved in accepting and donating electrons during the interactions between biochar and organic contaminants. In this work, the species and content of oxygen-containing functional groups on biochar surface were regulated through chemical modification, and batch sorption/degradation experiments were carried out for rhodamine B (RhB). Based on the comparison of surface functional groups, biochars produced below 200 °C mediated RhB degradation through phenol hydroxyl group, while semiquinone and carboxylic acid groups were the main reaction active sites for biochars produced at higher than 500 °C. Considering that various biochar properties play roles in mediating organics degradation, the strategies in manipulating biochar properties should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Liping He
- Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650034, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650034, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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35
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Xu W, Elberling B, Ambus PL. Fire increases soil nitrogen retention and alters nitrogen uptake patterns among dominant shrub species in an Arctic dry heath tundra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150990. [PMID: 34656575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases the frequency and severity of fire in the Arctic tundra regions. We assessed effects of fire in combination with summer warming on soil biogeochemical N- and P cycles with a focus on mineral N over two years following an experimental fire in a dry heath tundra, West Greenland. We applied stable isotopes (15NH4+-N and 15NO3--N) to trace the post-fire mineral N pools. The partitioning of 15N in the bulk soils, soil dissolved organic N (TDN), microbes and plants (roots and leaves) was established. The fire tended to increase microbial P pools by four-fold at both one and two years after the fire. Two years after the fire, the bulk soil 15N recovery has decreased to 10.4% in unburned plots while relatively high recovery was maintained (30%) in burned plots, suggesting an increase in soil N retention after the fire. The contribution of microbial 15N recovery to bulk soil 15N recovery increased from 11.2% at 21 days to 31.5% two years after the fire, suggesting that higher post-fire N retention was due largely to the increased incorporation of N into microbial biomass. Fire also increased 15N recovery in bulk roots after one and two years, but only under summer warming. This suggests that higher retention of post-fire N can strongly increase the potential for N uptake of recovering plants under a future warmer climate. There was significantly lower 15N enrichment of Betula nana leaves while higher 15N enrichment of Vaccinium uliginosum leaves (after three years) in burned than control plots. This shows that fire can alter the N uptake differently among dominant shrub species in this tundra ecosystem, and implies that wildfires may change plant species composition in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Xu
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Per Lennart Ambus
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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36
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Roth HK, Borch T, Young RB, Bahureksa W, Blakney GT, Nelson AR, Wilkins MJ, McKenna AM. Enhanced Speciation of Pyrogenic Organic Matter from Wildfires Enabled by 21 T FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2973-2980. [PMID: 35107981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires affect soils through the formation of pyrogenic organic matter (pyOM) (e.g., char and soot). While many studies examine the connection between pyOM persistence and carbon (C) composition, nitrogen (N) transformation in wildfire-impacted systems remains poorly understood. Thermal reactions in wildfires transform biomass into a highly complex, polyfunctional, and polydisperse organic mixture that challenges most mass analyzers. High-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) is the only mass analyzer that achieves resolving powers sufficient to separate species that differ in mass by the mass of an electron across a wide molecular weight range (m/z 150-1500). We report enhanced speciation of organic N by positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) that leverages ultrahigh resolving power (m/Δm50% = 1 800 000 at m/z 400) and mass accuracy (<10-100 ppb) achieved by FT-ICR MS at 21 T. Isobaric overlaps, roughly the mass of an electron (Me- = 548 μDa), are resolved across a wide molecular weight range and are more prevalent in positive ESI than negative ESI. The custom-built 21 T FT-ICR MS instrument identifies previously unresolved mass differences in CcHhNnOoSs formulas and assigns more than 30 000 peaks in a pyOM sample. This is the first molecular catalogue of pyOM by positive-ion ESI 21 T FT-ICR MS and presents a method to provide new insight into terrestrial cycling of organic carbon and nitrogen in wildfire impacted ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
| | - Robert B Young
- Chemical Analysis & Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, MSC 3RES, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - William Bahureksa
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Greg T Blakney
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility, Florida State University,1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Amelia R Nelson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
| | - Michael J Wilkins
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility, Florida State University,1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States.,Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
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37
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Su WQ, Tang C, Lin J, Yu M, Dai Z, Luo Y, Li Y, Xu J. Recovery patterns of soil bacterial and fungal communities in Chinese boreal forests along a fire chronosequence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150372. [PMID: 34818758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire has profound and pervasive consequences for forest ecosystems via directly altering soil physicochemical properties and modulating microbial community. In this study, we examined the changes in soil properties and microbial community composition and structure at different periods after highly severe wildfire events (44 plots, 113 samples) in the Chinese Great Khingan Mountains. We also separated charcoal from burnt soils to establish the relationship between microbial community structures in soils and charcoal. We found that wildfire only significantly altered bacterial and fungal β-diversity, but had no effect on microbial α-diversity across a 29-year chronosequence. The network analysis revealed that the complexity and connectivity of bacterial and fungal communities were significantly increased from 17 years after fire, compared with either unburnt soils or soils with recent fires (0-4 years after fire). Differential abundance analysis suggested that bacterial and fungal OTUs were enriched or depleted only during 0-4 years after fire compared with the unburnt soils. In addition, soil pH, dissolved organic C and dissolved organic N were key determinants of soil bacterial and fungal communities during 17-29 years after fire. The fire-derived charcoal provided a new niche for microbial colonization, and microbes colonized in the charcoal had a significantly different community structure from those of burnt soils. Our data suggest that soil bacterial and fungal communities changed significantly during the recovery from fire events in terms of the abundance and co-occurrence networks in the boreal forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qin Su
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jiahui Lin
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengjie Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongmin Dai
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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38
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Arunrat N, Sereenonchai S, Hatano R. Effects of fire on soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, and soil properties under rotational shifting cultivation in northern Thailand. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113978. [PMID: 34710759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire has been used for land clearing under rotational shifting cultivation (RSC) in Northern Thailand for a long time. However, the effects of fire on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), and soil properties are not well understood. We determined SOC, STN, and soil properties of the topsoil layer (0-30 cm) along a fallow chronosequence under RSC and assessed how fire affects SOC, STN, and soil properties. Eight fields at Ban Mae Pok, Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand, were investigated. The levels of SOC, STN, and soil properties were observed at three time points: pre-burning, post-burning (5 minutes after burning), and post-harvest (nine months after burning). The highest SOC and STN stocks, organic matter (OM), and clay content were observed for the longest fallow period (7 years fallow), whereas the shortest period (1 year fallow) resulted in the lowest SOC and STN stocks. Fire caused no significant changes in SOC, STN, and some soil properties (soil texture, available P, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, bulk density, and OM) because of the low fire intensity and short fire duration. Only pH and electrical conductivity were significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) after burning due to the demobilization of base cations in burnt vegetation and incorporation into the soil with ashes and wood charcoal. Although fire may still be necessary for RSC, maintaining the fire intensity below 380 °C to reduce SOC losses and appropriate post-fire management strategies to reduce STN losses are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppol Arunrat
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Sukanya Sereenonchai
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Ryusuke Hatano
- Laboratory of Soil Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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39
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Yamashita Y, Nakane M, Mori Y, Nishioka J, Ogawa H. Fate of dissolved black carbon in the deep Pacific Ocean. Nat Commun 2022; 13:307. [PMID: 35027558 PMCID: PMC8758769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), a byproduct of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, may impact the climate because it can be stored on Earth's surface for centuries to millennia. Dissolved BC (DBC) occurs ubiquitously in the ocean. However, the DBC cycle in the ocean has not been well constrained. Here, we show the basin-scale distribution of DBC in the Pacific Ocean and find that the DBC concentrations in the deep Pacific Ocean decrease along with deep-ocean meridional circulation. The DBC concentration is negatively correlated with apparent oxygen utilization, a proxy of the integrated flux of sinking particles, in the deep Pacific Ocean, implying that DBC is removed from the deep ocean to abyssal sediments through sorption onto sinking particles. The burial flux of BC to abyssal sediments is estimated to be 0.040-0.085 PgC yr-1, corresponding to 1.5-3.3% of the anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Yamashita
- Faculty of Environmental and Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Nakane
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Nishioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Pan-Okhotsk Research Center, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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40
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Carbon Emission and Redistribution among Forest Carbon Pools, and Change in Soil Nutrient Content after Different Severities of Forest Fires in Northeast China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are a significant factor that affects the boreal forest carbon distribution which emits carbon into the atmosphere and leads to carbon redistribution among carbon pools. However, knowledge about how much carbon was transferred among pools and the immediate changes in soil nutrient contents in areas that were burned by fires of various severities are still limited. In this study, we surveyed eight wildfire sites that are located in northeast China within three months after the fires occurred. Our results indicate that the total soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon contents significantly increased after moderate- and high-severity fires. The carbon emissions were 3.84, 5.14, and 12.86 Mg C/ha for low-, moderate-, and high-severity fires, respectively. The amount of carbon transferred among pools increased with fire severity except for the charcoal pool, storing the highest amounts of carbon in moderate-severity fires. Although the charcoal and ash pools accounted for a small proportion of the total ecosystem, they are important for biogeochemical cycles and are worthy of attention. The carbon redistribution information in our study is important for accurately estimating the forest carbon budget and providing crucial parameters for forest carbon cycling models to incorporate the carbon transfer process.
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41
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Albert-Belda E, Hinojosa MB, Laudicina VA, García-Ruiz R, Pérez B, Moreno JM. Previous fire occurrence, but not fire recurrence, modulates the effect of charcoal and ash on soil C and N dynamics in Pinus pinaster Aiton forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149924. [PMID: 34525694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of fire history on soil processes is key to characterise their resistance and resilience under future fire events. Wildfires produce pyrogenic carbonaceous material (PCM) that is incorporated into the soil, playing a critical role in the global carbon (C) cycle, but its interactions with soil processes are poorly understood. We evaluated if the previous occurrence of wildfires modulates the dynamic of soil C and nitrogen (N) and microbial community by soil ester linked fatty acids, after a new simulated low-medium intensity fire. Soils with a different fire history (none, one, two or three fires) were heat-shocked and amended with charcoal and/or ash derived from Pinus pinaster. Soil C and N mineralization rates were measured under controlled conditions, with burned soils showing lower values than unburned (without fire for more than sixty years). In general, no effects of fire recurrence were observed for any of the studied variables. Microbial biomass was lower in burned, with a clear dominance of Gram-positive bacteria in these soils. PCM amendments increased cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) production only in previously burned soils, especially when ash was added. This contrasted response to PCM between burned and unburned soils in CO2 production could be related to the effect of the previous wildfire history on soil microorganisms. In burned soils some microorganisms might have been adapted to the resulting conditions after a new fire event. Burned soils showed a significant positive priming effect after PCM amendment, mainly ash, probably due to an increased pH and phosphorous availability. Our results reveal the role of different PCMs as drivers of C and N mineralization processes in burned soils when a new fire occurs. This is relevant for improving models that evaluate the net impact of fire in C cycling and to reduce uncertainties under future changing fire regimes scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Albert-Belda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - M Belén Hinojosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Vito Armando Laudicina
- Dipartamento de Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze - Edificio 4 Ingr. B, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - José M Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Fábrica de Armas, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
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Gao C, Wang G, Santin C, Doerr SH, Cong J, Zhao H. Response of Calamagrostis angustifolia to burn frequency and seasonality in the Sanjiang Plain wetlands (Northeast China). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113759. [PMID: 34543963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire is an important disturbance in many wetlands, which are key carbon reservoirs at both regional and global scales. However, the effects of fire on wetland vegetation biomass and plant carbon dynamics are poorly understood. We carried out a burn experiment in a Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in Sanjiang Plain (Northeast China), which is widespread wetland type in China and frequently exposed to fire. Using a series of replicated experimental annual burns over a three-year period (spring and autumn burns carried out one, two or three times over three consecutive years), together with a control unburned treatment, we assessed the effect of burn seasonality and frequency on aboveground biomass, stem density, and carbon content of aboveground plant parts and ground litter. We found that burning promoted plant growth and hence plant biomass in burned sites compared to the unburned control, with this effect being greatest after three consecutive burn years. Autumn burns promoted higher stem density and more total aboveground biomass than spring burns after three consecutive burn years. Burning increased stem density significantly, especially in twice and thrice burned plots, with stem densities in September over 2000 N/m2, which was much higher than in the control plots (987 ± 190 N/m2). Autumn burns had a larger effect than spring burns on total plant biomass and litter accumulated (e.g. 1236 ± 295 g/m2 after thrice autumn burns compared 796.2 ± 66.6 g/m2 after thrice spring burns), except after two burn treatments. With time since burning, total biomass loads increased in spring-burned plots, while autumn-burned plots showed the opposite trend, declining towards values found at unburned plots in year three. Our results suggest that, at short fire return intervals, autumn burns lead to a more pronounced increase in aboveground biomass and carbon accumulation than spring burns; however, the effects of spring burns on biomass and carbon accumulation are longer lasting than those observed for autumn burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street 4888, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street 4888, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Cristina Santin
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), Spanish National Research Council-University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias (CSIC), Mieres, Spain; Biosciences Department, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Jinxin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street 4888, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street 4888, 130102, Changchun, China.
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43
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Jiménez-González MA, De la Rosa JM, Aksoy E, Jeffery S, Oliveira BRF, Verheijen FGA. Spatial distribution of pyrogenic carbon in Iberian topsoils estimated by chemometric analysis of infrared spectra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148170. [PMID: 34380273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the global carbon (C) cycle is critical to accurately model feedbacks between climate and soil. Thus, many climate change studies focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes. Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is one of the most stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM). Accurate maps based on measured PyC contents are required to facilitate future soil management decisions and soil-climate feedback modelling. However, consistent measurements that cover large areas are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to map the PyC content and stock of the Iberian Peninsula, which covers contrasting climatic zones and has long-term data on wildfire occurrence. A partial least square (PLS) regression using the mid-infrared spectra (1800-400 cm-1) was applied to a dataset composed of 2961 soil samples from the Iberian component of the LUCAS 2009 database. The values of PyC for LUCAS points were modelled to obtain a map of topsoil PyC by a random forest (RF) approach using 36 auxiliary variables. The results were validated through comparison with documented historical wildfire activity and anthropogenic energy production. A strong relationship was found between these sources and the distribution of PyC. Our study estimates that the accumulated PyC in Iberian Peninsula soils comprises between 3.09 and 20.39% of total organic carbon (TOC) in the topsoil. Forests have higher PyC contents than grasslands, followed by agricultural soils. The incidence of recurrent wildfires also has a notable influence on PyC contents. This study shows the potential of estimating PyC with a single, rapid, low cost, chemometric method using new or archived soil spectra, and has the ability to improve soil-climate feedback modelling. It also offers a possible tool for measuring, reporting and verifying soil C stocks, which is likely to be important moving forward if soils are used as sinks for C sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jiménez-González
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal; Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M De la Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC). Reina Mercedes Av., 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - E Aksoy
- Via Luigi Vanvitelli, 2, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - S Jeffery
- Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - B R F Oliveira
- Earth Surface Processes Team, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F G A Verheijen
- Earth Surface Processes Team, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Zhang H, Wu L, Qian W, Ni J, Wei R, Qi Z, Chen W. Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon derived from biomass-pyrogenic smoke (SDOC) in the aqueous environment and its solubilization effect on hydrophobic organic pollutants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117515. [PMID: 34388498 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon derived from biomass-pyrogenic smoke (SDOC) can be transported and deposited with atmospheric aerosols, enter aqueous environments, and possibly alter aqueous chemistry and quality. However, the characteristics of SDOC in aqueous environments and their effects on the fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the emitted SDOC is 7.2∼19.6 wt.% of biochar retained in situ after biomass pyrolysis, and the emitted SDOC is approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from biochar in a short term, which indicates that SDOC is a more important source of DOC in aqueous environments relative to biochar-released DOC after a biomass burning/pyrolysis event. The characteristics of SDOC in aqueous environments are dominated by the <1000 Da fraction, which accounts for >96 wt.% of bulk SDOC. In comparison with DOC in biochar, natural water, and soil, the S275-295 value of SDOC (0.037-0.053) is significantly greater, further indicating that SDOC has a smaller molecular size. Moreover, fluorescence EEM suggests that a fluorescence component located at the Ex/Em of 205/310 nm and the combinational ranges of fluorescence index (1.28-2.28), humification index (0.07-0.80), and biological index (1.16-1.72) can be used to identify SDOC from DOC in other media. Solubilization experiments indicated that SDOC (20 mg/L) improved the solubility of hydrophobic pollutants (pyrene and triclocarban) by 2-6 folds in aqueous environments, which potentially enhances the mobility of pollutants and enlarges the potential risk region. This study indicates that SDOC may cause a severe harm to aqueous environments in addition to the atmosphere. The results have profound implications for comprehensive assessments of the environmental effects of SDOC while promoting its identification and elucidating its behavior in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Jinzhi Ni
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Zhichong Qi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-Physiology/School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
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45
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Li J, Pei J, Liu J, Wu J, Li B, Fang C, Nie M. Spatiotemporal variability of fire effects on soil carbon and nitrogen: A global meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4196-4206. [PMID: 34101948 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A consensus about the fire-related soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) impacts that determine soil health and ecosystem services at the global scale remains elusive. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 3173 observations with 1444, 1334, 228, and 167 observations for soil C, N, pyrogenic C (PyC), and the percent of PyC to total organic C (PyC/TOC) from 296 field studies. Results showed that fire significantly decreased soil C (-15.2%) and N (-14.6%) but increased soil PyC (40.6%) and PyC/TOC (30.3%). Stronger negative fire impacts on soil C and N were found in tropical and temperate climates than in Mediterranean and subtropical climates; stronger effects were found in forest ecosystems than in non-forest ecosystems. Wildfire and high-severity fire led to greater soil C and N losses than prescribed and low-severity fires, respectively, while they promoted greater increases in soil PyC and PyC/TOC than prescribed and low-severity fires, respectively. However, soil C and N recovered to control levels approximately 10 years after fire, which is a shorter period than previously determined. These results suggest that fire-induced PyC production should be accounted for in the C budget under global change. These results will improve our knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of fire effects on soil C and N storage and have implications for fire management and ecosystem recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmin Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihua Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tibet University - Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Research Center for Ecology, College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changming Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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46
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Häggi C, Hopmans EC, Schefuß E, Sawakuchi AO, Schreuder LT, Bertassoli DJ, Chiessi CM, Mulitza S, Sawakuchi HO, Baker PA, Schouten S. Negligible Quantities of Particulate Low-Temperature Pyrogenic Carbon Reach the Atlantic Ocean via the Amazon River. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 2021; 35:e2021GB006990. [PMID: 35864845 PMCID: PMC9286351 DOI: 10.1029/2021gb006990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate pyrogenic carbon (PyC) transported by rivers and aerosols, and deposited in marine sediments, is an important part of the carbon cycle. The chemical composition of PyC is temperature dependent and levoglucosan is a source-specific burning marker used to trace low-temperature PyC. Levoglucosan associated to particulate material has been shown to be preserved during riverine transport and marine deposition in high- and mid-latitudes, but it is yet unknown if this is also the case for (sub)tropical areas, where 90% of global PyC is produced. Here, we investigate transport and deposition of levoglucosan in suspended and riverbed sediments from the Amazon River system and adjacent marine deposition areas. We show that the Amazon River exports negligible amounts of levoglucosan and that concentrations in sediments from the main Amazon tributaries are not related to long-term mean catchment-wide fire activity. Levoglucosan concentrations in marine sediments offshore the Amazon Estuary are positively correlated to total organic content regardless of terrestrial or marine origin, supporting the notion that association of suspended or dissolved PyC to biogenic particles is critical in the preservation of PyC. We estimate that 0.5-10 × 106 g yr-1 of levoglucosan is exported by the Amazon River. This represents only 0.5-10 ppm of the total exported PyC and thereby an insignificant fraction, indicating that riverine derived levoglucosan and low-temperature PyC in the tropics are almost completely degraded before deposition. Hence, we suggest caution in using levoglucosan as tracer for past fire activity in tropical settings near rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Häggi
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB)NIOZRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDen BurgThe Netherlands
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
- Now at: Department of Earth SciencesETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - E. C. Hopmans
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB)NIOZRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | - E. Schefuß
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - A. O. Sawakuchi
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - L. T. Schreuder
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB)NIOZRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | - D. J. Bertassoli
- School of Arts, Sciences and HumanitiesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - C. M. Chiessi
- School of Arts, Sciences and HumanitiesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - S. Mulitza
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - H. O. Sawakuchi
- Department of Thematic Studies—Environmental ChangeLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - P. A. Baker
- Division of Earth and Ocean SciencesDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - S. Schouten
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB)NIOZRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDen BurgThe Netherlands
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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47
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Okolie JA, Nanda S, Dalai AK, Kozinski JA. Optimization studies for hydrothermal gasification of partially burnt wood from forest fires for hydrogen-rich syngas production using Taguchi experimental design. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117040. [PMID: 33862338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires significantly affect the wildlife, vegetation, composition and structure of the forests. This study explores the potential of partially burnt wood recovered in the aftermath of a recent Canadian forest fire incident as a feedstock for generating hydrogen-rich syngas through hydrothermal gasification. Partially burnt wood was gasified in hydrothermal conditions to study the influence of process temperature (300-500 °C), residence time (15-45 min), feed concentration (10-20 wt%) and biomass particle size (0.13 mm and 0.8 mm) using the statistical Taguchi method. Maximum hydrogen yield and total gas yield of 5.26 mmol/g and 11.88 mmol/g, respectively were obtained under optimized process conditions at 500 °C in 45 min with 10 wt% feed concentration using biomass particle size of 0.13 mm. The results from the mean of hydrogen yield show that the contribution of each experimental factors was in the order of temperature > feed concentration > residence time > biomass particle size. Other gaseous products obtained at optimum conditions include CO2 (3.43 mmol/g), CH4 (3.13 mmol/g) and C2-C4 hydrocarbons (0.06 mmol/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude A Okolie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sonil Nanda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ajay K Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Janusz A Kozinski
- Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Lai Y, Sheng X, Dong L, Li P, Li Q, Yu S, Zhou Q, Liu J. Digestive Elimination of Coexisting Microplastics for Determination of Particulate Black Carbon in Environmental Waters. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11184-11190. [PMID: 34347439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Determination of particulate black carbon (PBC) in the environment is of great importance but faces a new challenge due to the increasing occurrence of coexisting microplastics (MPs), which are an emerging contaminant with properties very similar to those of PBC and cannot be discriminated in the chemical digestion procedure of the reported PBC analysis method. Herein, a comprehensive method has been developed for accurately determining PBC by digestive elimination of the coexisting MPs and other non-black carbon organic matter. Water samples were filtered with a glass fiber membrane (0.3 μm pore size), and the collected substances with the membrane were subjected to sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid and Fenton digestion in sequence and then to the total organic carbon analyzer for quantification of PBC. Under the optimized conditions, MPs of various sizes and polymer types were efficiently eliminated (>91.0%), whereas various PBC samples were undigested with recoveries over 91.7% except for the relatively low recovery of 65.6% for the PBC prepared at a low pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified by analysis of real water samples with a spike recovery of 88.6-100.2%. We anticipate that this work will pave an avenue for reliable determination of PBC in the presence of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Lai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingcun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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49
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Krisnawati H, Adinugroho WC, Imanuddin R, Weston CJ, Volkova L. Carbon balance of tropical peat forests at different fire history and implications for carbon emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146365. [PMID: 33744585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of tropical peat forest carbon stocks and impact of fires on carbon pools is required to determine the magnitude of emissions to the atmosphere and to support emissions reduction policies. We assessed total aboveground carbon (AGC) in biomass pools including trees, shrubs, deadwood, litter and char, and peat carbon to develop empirical estimates of peat swamp forest carbon stocks in response to fire and disturbance. In contrast to the common assumption that peat fires combust all AGC, we observed that about half of undisturbed forest AGC, equivalent to about 70 Mg C ha-1, remains after one or two recent fires - mainly in dead trees, woody debris and pyrogenic carbon. Both recently burnt and repeatedly burnt peat forests store similar amounts of carbon in the top 10 cm of peat when compared with undisturbed forests (70 Mg C ha-1), mainly due to increased peat bulk density after fires that compensates for their lower peat C%. The proportion of fuel mass consumed in fire, or combustion factor (CF), is required to make accurate estimates of peat fire emissions for both AGC and peat carbon. This study estimated a CF for AGC (CFAGC) of 0.56, comparable to the default value of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This study estimated a varying CF for peat (CFPEAT) that ranged from 0.4 to 0.68 as depth of burn increased. This revised CFPEAT is one third to one half of the IPCC default value of 1.0. The current assumption of complete combustion of peat (CF = 1.0) is widely acknowledged in the literature as oversimplification and is not supported by our field observations or data. This study provides novel empirical data to improve estimates of peat forests carbon stocks and emissions from tropical peat fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruni Krisnawati
- Forest Research and Development Center, Forestry and Environment Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FORDA), Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu C Adinugroho
- Forest Research and Development Center, Forestry and Environment Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FORDA), Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Imanuddin
- Forest Research and Development Center, Forestry and Environment Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FORDA), Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, 16610, Indonesia
| | - Christopher J Weston
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, 3363, Australia
| | - Liubov Volkova
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, 3363, Australia.
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Zhang R, Sun B, Song Y, Chen X, Song C, Wei Z, Su X, Zhang C, Wu Z. Evaluating the phytotoxicity of dissolved organic matter derived from black carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146231. [PMID: 33714816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from black carbon (BC) can migrate from soil to river by rainfall or snow melting in nature. Because of the incomplete biomass combustion, BC produced at various temperatures is mixed, which is hard to divide the DOM at single temperature. Then it is difficult to explore the properties and risks of DOM in detail. Therefore, corn straws were selected to prepare BC under different heating temperature (200 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C). Germination index combined the excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectra was employed to clarify the phytotoxicity and the PARAFAC components of DOM derived from BC at single temperature. Results showed that BC was hard to dissolve in water, but most of its DOM were toxic. Heating temperature promoted the formation of simple and complex fluorescent components. Combined with volume integration, it is the complex peaks of fluorescent components to determine the phytotoxicity of DOM derived from BC. These results would help to build a deep understanding of the fluorescence characteristics and toxicity of BC at different temperatures and emphasize the importance of reducing straw by burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruju Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bolin Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yangyang Song
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Caihong Song
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xinya Su
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhanhai Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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