1
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Noble SL, Mules TC, Le Gros G, Inns S. The immunoregulatory potential of eosinophil subsets. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:775-786. [PMID: 39269337 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils have traditionally been viewed as pathological effector cells primarily involved in antiparasitic and allergic immune reactions; however, it is becoming increasingly apparent that eosinophils are multifaceted leukocytes that contribute to a variety of roles in both health and disease. Recent research shows that eosinophils play important immunoregulatory roles across various tissue sites including the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, lung, liver, heart, muscles, thymus and bone marrow. With recent advances in our knowledge and appreciation of eosinophil immunoregulatory functions at these tissue sites, as well as emerging research demonstrating the existence of distinct subsets of eosinophils, a review of this topic is timely. Although some questions remain regarding eosinophil function and heterogeneity, this review summarizes the contemporary understanding of the immunoregulatory roles of eosinophils across various tissues and discusses the latest research on eosinophil heterogeneity and subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia-Louise Noble
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Te Whatu Ora, Capital Coast and Hutt Valley, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Inns
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Te Whatu Ora, Capital Coast and Hutt Valley, Wellington, New Zealand
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2
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Parrish KM, Gestal MC. Eosinophils as drivers of bacterial immunomodulation and persistence. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0017524. [PMID: 39007622 PMCID: PMC11385729 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00175-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, eosinophils have been linked to parasitic infections and pathological disease states. However, emerging literature has unveiled a more nuanced and intricate role for these cells, demonstrating their key functions in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Eosinophils exhibit diverse phenotypes and exert multifaceted effects during infections, ranging from promoting pathogen persistence to triggering allergic reactions. Our investigations primarily focus on Bordetella spp., with particular emphasis on Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural murine pathogen that induces diseases in mice akin to pertussis in humans. Recent findings from our published work have unveiled a striking interaction between B. bronchiseptica and eosinophils, facilitated by the btrS-mediated mechanism. This interaction serves to enhance pathogen persistence while concurrently delaying adaptive immune responses. Notably, this role of eosinophils is only noted in the absence of a functional btrS signaling pathway, indicating that wild-type B. bronchiseptica, and possibly other Bordetella spp., possess such adeptness in manipulating eosinophils that the true function of these cells remains obscured during infection. In this review, we present the mounting evidence pointing toward eosinophils as targets of bacterial exploitation, facilitating pathogen persistence and fostering chronic infections in diverse mucosal sites, including the lungs, gut, and skin. We underscore the pivotal role of the master regulator of Bordetella pathogenesis, the sigma factor BtrS, in orchestrating eosinophil-dependent immunomodulation within the context of pulmonary infection. These putative convergent strategies of targeting eosinophils offer promising avenues for the development of novel therapeutics targeting respiratory and other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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3
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FitzPatrick RD, Noone JR, Cartwright RA, Gatti DM, Brosschot TP, Lane JM, Jensen EL, Kroker Kimber I, Reynolds LA. Eosinophils respond to, but are not essential for control of an acute Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice. Infect Immun 2024:e0032524. [PMID: 39248486 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00325-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a highly abundant cell type in the gastrointestinal tract during homeostatic conditions, where they have recently been reported to take on an activated phenotype following colonization by the bacterial microbiota. To date, there have been few studies investigating whether eosinophils respond to infection with enteric bacterial pathogens and/or investigating the requirements for eosinophils for effective bacterial pathogen control. In this study, we investigated the response of eosinophils to an acute enteric infection of mice with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We also assessed whether eosinophil deficiency impacted Salmonella burdens in the intestinal tract or impacted the systemic dissemination of Salmonella following an oral infection of littermate wild-type BALB/cJ and eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA BALB/cJ mice. We found comparable Salmonella burdens in the intestinal tract of wild-type and eosinophil-deficient mice and no significant differences in the levels of Salmonella disseminating to systemic organs within 3 days of infection. Despite our evidence suggesting that eosinophils are not an essential cell type for controlling bacterial burdens in this acute infection setting, we found higher levels of eosinophils in gut-draining lymph nodes following infection, indicating that eosinophils do respond to Salmonella infection. Our data contribute to the growing evidence that eosinophils are responsive to bacterial stimuli, yet the influence of and requirements for eosinophils during bacterial infection appear to be highly context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael D FitzPatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Noone
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Cartwright
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dominique M Gatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara P Brosschot
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jenna M Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erik L Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Isabella Kroker Kimber
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa A Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Schworer SA, Olbrich CL, Larsen LD, Howard E, Liu L, Koyama K, Spencer LA. Notch 2 signaling contributes to intestinal eosinophil adaptations in steady state and tissue burden following oral allergen challenge. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:379-391. [PMID: 38789100 PMCID: PMC11271981 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils not only function as inflammatory effectors in allergic diseases, but also contribute to tissue homeostasis in steady state. Emerging data are revealing tissue eosinophils to be adaptive cells, imprinted by their local tissue microenvironment and exhibiting distinct functional phenotypes that may contribute to their homeostatic vs. inflammatory capacities. However, signaling pathways that regulate eosinophil tissue adaptations remain elusive. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that mediates differential cell fate programming of both pre- and postmitotic immune cells. This study investigated a role for notch receptor 2 signaling in regulating eosinophil functions and tissue phenotype in both humans and mice. Notch 2 receptors were constitutively expressed and active in human blood eosinophils. Pharmacologic neutralization of notch 2 in ex vivo stimulated human eosinophils altered their activated transcriptome and prevented their cytokine-mediated survival. Genetic ablation of eosinophil-expressed notch 2 in mice diminished steady-state intestine-specific eosinophil adaptations and impaired their tissue retention in a food allergic response. In contrast, notch 2 had no effect on eosinophil phenotype or tissue inflammation within the context of allergic airways inflammation, suggesting that notch 2-dependent regulation of eosinophil phenotype and function is specific to the gut. These data reveal notch 2 signaling as a cell-intrinsic mechanism that contributes to eosinophil survival, function, and intestine-specific adaptations. The notch 2 pathway may represent a viable strategy to reprogram eosinophil functional phenotypes in gastrointestinal eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Schworer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Marsico Lung Institute, 125 Mason Farm Road, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Courtney L Olbrich
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Mucosal Inflammation Program, 12700 E. 19th Ave, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Leigha D Larsen
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Mucosal Inflammation Program, 12700 E. 19th Ave, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Emily Howard
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Linying Liu
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Kenya Koyama
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsugagun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Mucosal Inflammation Program, 12700 E. 19th Ave, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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5
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Melo RCN, Silva TP. Eosinophil activation during immune responses: an ultrastructural view with an emphasis on viral diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:321-334. [PMID: 38466831 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are cells of the innate immune system that orchestrate complex inflammatory responses. The study of the cell biology of eosinophils, particularly associated with cell activation, is of great interest to understand their immune responses. From a morphological perspective, activated eosinophils show ultrastructural signatures that have provided critical insights into the comprehension of their functional capabilities. Application of conventional transmission electron microscopy in combination with quantitative assessments (quantitative transmission electron microscopy), molecular imaging (immunoEM), and 3-dimensional electron tomography have generated important insights into mechanisms of eosinophil activation. This review explores a multitude of ultrastructural events taking place in eosinophils activated in vitro and in vivo as key players in allergic and inflammatory diseases, with an emphasis on viral infections. Recent progress in our understanding of biological processes underlying eosinophil activation, including in vivo mitochondrial remodeling, is discussed, and it can bring new thinking to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, campus, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, campus, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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6
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Arnold IC, Munitz A. Spatial adaptation of eosinophils and their emerging roles in homeostasis, infection and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01048-y. [PMID: 38982311 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that are traditionally associated with type 2 immune responses, such as those that occur during parasite infections and allergy. Emerging evidence demonstrates the remarkable functional plasticity of this elusive cell type and its pleiotropic functions in diverse settings. Eosinophils broadly contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defence and immune regulation, predominantly at mucosal sites. The scope of their activities primarily reflects the breadth of their portfolio of secreted mediators, which range from cytotoxic cationic proteins and reactive oxygen species to multiple cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators. Here, we comprehensively review basic eosinophil biology that is directly related to their activities in homeostasis, protective immunity, regeneration and cancer. We examine how dysregulation of these functions contributes to the physiopathology of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding the tissue compartmentalization and adaptation of eosinophils, shedding light on the factors that likely drive their functional diversification within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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7
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Naharro-González S, Callejas S, Relaño-Ruperez C, Torroja C, Benguria A, Lorente-Sorolla C, Gil-Martínez M, García de Castro Z, Cañas JA, Valverde-Monge M, Bernaola J, Pinillos-Robles EJ, Betancor D, Fernández-Nieto M, Dopazo A, Sánchez-Cabo F, Sánchez-Pernaute O, Rodríguez-Nieto MJ, Sastre J, Del Pozo V. Single-cell RNA sequencing of human blood eosinophils reveals plasticity and absence of canonical cell subsets. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38934897 DOI: 10.1111/all.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Naharro-González
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Callejas
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Relaño-Ruperez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguria
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Lorente-Sorolla
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zahara García de Castro
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Cañas
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Valverde-Monge
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Bernaola
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diana Betancor
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Fernández-Nieto
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Sánchez-Pernaute
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Nieto
- Pulmonology Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario General de Villalba, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Sastre
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Dunn JLM, Szep A, Gonzalez Galan E, Zhang S, Marlman J, Caldwell J, Troutman TD, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil Specialization Is Regulated by Exposure to the Esophageal Epithelial Microenvironment. J Leukoc Biol 2024:qiae102. [PMID: 38723185 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinct subsets of eosinophils are reported in inflammatory and healthy tissues, yet the functions of uniquely specialized eosinophils and the signals that elicit them, particularly in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), are not well understood. Herein, we report an ex-vivo system wherein freshly isolated human eosinophils were cocultured with esophageal epithelial cells and disease-relevant pro-inflammatory (IL-13) or pro-fibrotic (TGF-β) cytokines. Compared with untreated cocultures, IL-13 increased expression of CD69 on eosinophils, whereas TGF-β increased expression of CD81, CD62L, and CD25. Eosinophils from IL-13-treated cocultures demonstrated increased secretion of GRO-α, IL-8, and M-CSF and also generated increased extracellular peroxidase activity following activation. Eosinophils from TGF-β-treated cocultures secreted increased IL-6 and exhibited increased chemotactic response to CCL11 compared with eosinophils from untreated or IL-13-treated coculture conditions. When eosinophils from TGF-β-treated cocultures were cultured with fibroblasts, they upregulated SERPINE1 expression and fibronectin secretion by fibroblasts compared with eosinophils that were cultured with GM-CSF, alone. Translational studies revealed that CD62L was heterogeneously expressed by eosinophils in patient biopsies. Our results demonstrate that disease-relevant pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals present in the esophagus of EoE patients cause distinct profiles of eosinophil activation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L M Dunn
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Andrea Szep
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Justin Marlman
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Julie Caldwell
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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9
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Dunn JLM, Spencer LA. Pathophysiology of Non-Esophageal Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:299-309. [PMID: 38575225 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder (EGID) is an umbrella term encompassing a group of chronic, immune-mediated disorders characterized by eosinophil-rich inflammation affecting one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract. A recent consensus in nomenclature and emerging data made possible through multi-center consortia are beginning to unravel the molecular and cellular underpinnings of EGIDs below the esophagus. These emerging findings are revealing both overarching commonalities related to a food allergen-driven, chronic, Th2-mediated immune response as well as location-specific nuances in the pathophysiology of the collective EGIDs. Altogether, these advances offer promise for improved diagnoses and more efficacious interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L M Dunn
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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10
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Li Y, Liu S, Zhou K, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu W, Li S, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Q, He D, Xu H. Neuromedin U programs eosinophils to promote mucosal immunity of the small intestine. Science 2023; 381:1189-1196. [PMID: 37708282 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that play an essential role in type 2 immunity and regulate multiple homeostatic processes in the small intestine (SI). However, the signals that regulate eosinophil activity in the SI at steady state remain poorly understood. Through transcriptome profiling of eosinophils from various mouse tissues, we found that a subset of SI eosinophils expressed neuromedin U (NMU) receptor 1 (NMUR1). Fate-mapping analyses showed that NMUR1 expression in SI eosinophils was programmed by the local microenvironment and further enhanced by inflammation. Genetic perturbation and eosinophil-organoid coculture experiments revealed that NMU-mediated eosinophil activation promotes goblet cell differentiation. Thus, NMU regulates epithelial cell differentiation and barrier immunity by stimulating NMUR1-expressing eosinophils in the SI, which highlights the importance of neuroimmune-epithelial cross-talk in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyang He
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Gatti DM, Gauthier CM, Moeller BE, FitzPatrick RD, Kennedy MHE, Pluzhnikova V, Conway KME, Smazynski J, Chow RL, Reynolds LA. MHCII+CD80+ thymic eosinophils increase in abundance during neonatal development in mice and their accumulation is microbiota dependent. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:223-236. [PMID: 37227004 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are present in the thymus of mammals, yet their function at this site during homeostatic development is unknown. We used flow cytometry to determine the abundance and phenotype of eosinophils (here defined as SSchigh SiglecF+ CD11b+ CD45+ cells) in the thymus of mice during the neonatal period, the later postnatal period, and into adulthood. We show that both the total number of thymic eosinophils and their frequency among leukocytes increase over the first 2 wk of life and that their accumulation in the thymus is dependent on the presence of an intact bacterial microbiota. We report that thymic eosinophils express the interleukin-5 receptor (CD125), CD80, and IDO, and that subsets of thymic eosinophils express CD11c and major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII). We found that the frequency of MHCII-expressing thymic eosinophils increases over the first 2 wk of life, and that during this early-life period the highest frequency of MHCII-expressing thymic eosinophils is located in the inner medullary region. These data suggest a temporal and microbiota-dependent regulation of eosinophil abundance and functional capabilities in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Gatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Courtney M Gauthier
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brandon E Moeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Rachael D FitzPatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mia H E Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Victoria Pluzhnikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kate M E Conway
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Julian Smazynski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, V8R 6VSCanada
| | - Robert L Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Lisa A Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
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12
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Macchia I, La Sorsa V, Urbani F, Moretti S, Antonucci C, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170035. [PMID: 37483591 PMCID: PMC10358847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much as 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines and alarmins (such as IL-33), adhesion molecules and chemokines. Eosinophils play a prominent role in allergic asthma and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate in the immune response against respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Notably, respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbation. Eosinophils release several molecules endowed with antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On the other hand, eosinophils release several cytokines involved in homeostasis maintenance and Th2-related inflammation. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that eosinophils can represent possible blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of disease. In particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator of severity among patients with COVID-19, whereas an increased eosinophil count is associated with a better prognosis, including a lower incidence of complications and mortality. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role and plasticity of eosinophils focusing on various respiratory viral infections and in the context of viral and allergic disease comorbidities. We will discuss the potential utility of eosinophils as prognostic/predictive immune biomarkers in emerging respiratory viral diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, we will revisit some of the relevant methods and tools that have contributed to the advances in the dissection of various eosinophil subsets in different pathological settings for future biomarker definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Urbani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Antonucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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13
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Gurtner A, Crepaz D, Arnold IC. Emerging functions of tissue-resident eosinophils. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221435. [PMID: 37326974 PMCID: PMC10276195 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically considered tissue-damaging effector cells in type 2 immune-related diseases. However, they are also increasingly recognized as important modulators of various homeostatic processes, suggesting they retain the ability to adapt their function to different tissue contexts. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of eosinophil activities within tissues, with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract, where a large population of these cells resides under non-inflammatory conditions. We further examine evidence of their transcriptional and functional heterogeneity and highlight environmental signals emerging as key regulators of their activities, beyond classical type 2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Crepaz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Curto E, Mateus-Medina ÉF, Crespo-Lessmann A, Osuna-Gómez R, Ujaldón-Miró C, García-Moral A, Galván-Blasco P, Soto-Retes L, Ramos-Barbón D, Plaza V. Identification of Two Eosinophil Subsets in Induced Sputum from Patients with Allergic Asthma According to CD15 and CD66b Expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13400. [PMID: 36293979 PMCID: PMC9602830 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two subsets of eosinophils have been described: resident eosinophils with homeostatic functions (rEOS) in healthy subjects and in patients with nonallergic eosinophilic asthma, and inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS) in blood and lung samples from patients with allergic asthma. We explored if it would be possible to identify different subsets of eosinophils using flow cytometry and the gating strategy applied to induced sputum. We conducted an observational cross-sectional single-center study of 62 patients with persistent allergic asthma. Inflammatory cells from induced sputum samples were counted by light microscopy and flow cytometry, and cytokine levels in the supernatant were determined. Two subsets of eosinophils were defined that we call E1 (CD66b-high and CD15-high) and E2 (CD66b-low and CD15-low). Of the 62 patients, 24 were eosinophilic, 18 mixed, 10 paucigranulocytic, and 10 neutrophilic. E1 predominated over E2 in the eosinophilic and mixed patients (20.86% vs. 6.27% and 14.42% vs. 4.31%, respectively), while E1 and E2 were similar for neutrophilic and paucigranulocytic patients. E1 correlated with IL-5, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and blood eosinophils. While eosinophil subsets have been identified for asthma in blood, we have shown that they can also be identified in induced sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Curto
- Asthma Unit, Respiratory and Allergy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Éder F. Mateus-Medina
- Asthma Unit, Respiratory and Allergy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Crespo-Lessmann
- Asthma Unit, Respiratory and Allergy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Osuna-Gómez
- Inflammatory Diseases Unit, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ujaldón-Miró
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Group (GITG), Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba García-Moral
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, Pediatric Allergy Section, Pediatric Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Galván-Blasco
- Allergology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Soto-Retes
- Asthma Unit, Respiratory and Allergy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Barbón
- Asthma Unit, Respiratory and Allergy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Asthma Unit, Respiratory and Allergy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Ignacio A, Shah K, Bernier-Latmani J, Köller Y, Coakley G, Moyat M, Hamelin R, Armand F, Wong NC, Ramay H, Thomson CA, Burkhard R, Wang H, Dufour A, Geuking MB, McDonald B, Petrova TV, Harris NL, McCoy KD. Small intestinal resident eosinophils maintain gut homeostasis following microbial colonization. Immunity 2022; 55:1250-1267.e12. [PMID: 35709757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestine harbors a large population of resident eosinophils, yet the function of intestinal eosinophils has not been explored. Flow cytometry and whole-mount imaging identified eosinophils residing in the lamina propria along the length of the intestine prior to postnatal microbial colonization. Microscopy, transcriptomic analysis, and mass spectrometry of intestinal tissue revealed villus blunting, altered extracellular matrix, decreased epithelial cell turnover, increased gastrointestinal motility, and decreased lipid absorption in eosinophil-deficient mice. Mechanistically, intestinal epithelial cells released IL-33 in a microbiota-dependent manner, which led to eosinophil activation. The colonization of germ-free mice demonstrated that eosinophil activation in response to microbes regulated villous size alterations, macrophage maturation, epithelial barrier integrity, and intestinal transit. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a critical role for eosinophils in facilitating the mutualistic interactions between the host and microbiota and provide a rationale for the functional significance of their early life recruitment in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ignacio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathleen Shah
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yasmin Köller
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mati Moyat
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Romain Hamelin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Armand
- Proteomics Core Facility, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nick C Wong
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hena Ramay
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Regula Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Haozhe Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Braedon McDonald
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4A1, Canada
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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16
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Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Key Contributors to Neuro-Immune Crosstalk and Potential Implications in Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101644. [PMID: 35626681 PMCID: PMC9139532 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. In this review, we summarize the main roles of gastrointestinal eosinophils in supporting gut homeostasis and the evidence available on eosinophil–neuron interactions to bring new insights that support the fundamental role of this neuro-immune crosstalk in maintaining gut health and contributing to the pathophysiology of DBGIs.
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17
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Larsen LD, Dockstader K, Olbrich CL, Cartwright IM, Spencer LA. Modulation of surface CD11c expression tracks plasticity in murine intestinal tissue eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:943-952. [PMID: 35141942 PMCID: PMC9829035 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0821-432rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal eosinophils are implicated in the inflammatory pathology of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. Eosinophils also contribute to intestinal immunologic and tissue homeostasis and host defense. Recent studies in allergic airway disease suggest functional subphenotypes of eosinophils may underly their pathogenic versus protective roles. However, subphenotypes of intestinal eosinophils have not been defined and are complicated by their constitutive expression of the putative eosinophil inflammatory marker CD11c. Here, we propose a framework for subphenotype characterization of intestinal eosinophils based on relative intensity of surface CD11c expression. Using this flow cytometry framework in parallel with histology and BrdU tracing, we characterize intestinal eosinophil subphenotypes and monitor their plasticity at baseline and within the context of acute allergic and chronic systemic inflammation. Data reveal a conserved continuum of CD11c expression amongst intestinal eosinophils in health and acute disease states that overall tracked with other markers of activation. Oral allergen challenge induced recruitment of eosinophils into small intestinal lamina propria surrounding crypts, followed by in situ induction of CD11c expression in parallel with eosinophil redistribution into intestinal villi. Allergen challenge also elicited eosinophil transepithelial migration and the appearance of CD11clo CD11bhi eosinophils in the intestinal lumen. Chronic inflammation driven by overexpression of TNFα led to a qualitative shift in the relative abundance of CD11c-defined eosinophil subphenotypes favoring CD11chi -expressing eosinophils. These findings provide new insights into heterogeneity of intestinal tissue eosinophils and offer a framework for measuring and tracking eosinophil subphenotype versatility in situ in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigha D. Larsen
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen Dockstader
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Courtney L. Olbrich
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program (GALIIP), and Mucosal Inflammation Program (MIP), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ian M. Cartwright
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program (GALIIP), and Mucosal Inflammation Program (MIP), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa A. Spencer
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program (GALIIP), and Mucosal Inflammation Program (MIP), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Diny NL, Schonfeldova B, Shapiro M, Winder ML, Varsani-Brown S, Stockinger B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor contributes to tissue adaptation of intestinal eosinophils in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210970. [PMID: 35238865 PMCID: PMC8899390 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are potent sources of inflammatory and toxic mediators, yet they reside in large numbers in the healthy intestine without causing tissue damage. We show here that intestinal eosinophils were specifically adapted to their environment and underwent substantial transcriptomic changes. Intestinal eosinophils upregulated genes relating to the immune response, cell-cell communication, extracellular matrix remodeling, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor with broad functions in intestinal homeostasis. Eosinophils from AHR-deficient mice failed to fully express the intestinal gene expression program, including extracellular matrix organization and cell junction pathways. AHR-deficient eosinophils were functionally impaired in the adhesion to and degradation of extracellular matrix, were more prone to degranulation, and had an extended life span. Lack of AHR in eosinophils had wider effects on the intestinal immune system, affecting the T cell compartment in nave and helminth-infected mice. Our study demonstrates that the response to environmental triggers via AHR partially shapes tissue adaptation of eosinophils in the small intestine.
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19
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Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772004. [PMID: 34868033 PMCID: PMC8634472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically a minority population of circulating granulocytes being released from the bone-marrow as terminally differentiated cells. Besides their function in the defense against parasites and in promoting allergic airway inflammation, regulatory functions have now been attributed to eosinophils in various organs. Although eosinophils are involved in the inflammatory response to allergens, it remains unclear whether they are drivers of the asthma pathology or merely recruited effector cells. Recent findings highlight the homeostatic and pro-resolving capacity of eosinophils and raise the question at what point in time their function is regulated. Similarly, eosinophils from different physical locations display phenotypic and functional diversity. However, it remains unclear whether eosinophil plasticity remains as they develop and travel from the bone marrow to the tissue, in homeostasis or during inflammation. In the tissue, eosinophils of different ages and origin along the inflammatory trajectory may exhibit functional diversity as circumstances change. Herein, we outline the inflammatory time line of allergic airway inflammation from acute, late, adaptive to chronic processes. We summarize the function of the eosinophils in regards to their resident localization and time of recruitment to the lung, in all stages of the inflammatory response. In all, we argue that immunological differences in eosinophils are a function of time and space as the allergic inflammatory response is initiated and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Sek AC, Percopo CM, Boddapati AK, Ma M, Geslewitz WE, Krumholz JO, Lack JB, Rosenberg HF. Differential expression of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) in tissue eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:679-691. [PMID: 33404075 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0920-620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No longer regarded simply as end-stage cytotoxic effectors, eosinophils are now recognized as complex cells with unique phenotypes that develop in response stimuli in the local microenvironment. In our previous study, we documented eosinophil infiltration in damaged muscle characteristic of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice that model Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Specifically, we found that eosinophils did not promote the generation of muscle lesions, as these persisted in eosinophil-deficient mdx.PHIL mice. To obtain additional insight into these findings, we performed RNA sequencing of eosinophils isolated from muscle tissue of mdx, IL5tg, and mdx.IL5tg mice. We observed profound up-regulation of classical effector proteins (major basic protein-1, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-associated ribonucleases) in eosinophils isolated from lesion-free muscle from IL5tg mice. By contrast, we observed significant up-regulation of tissue remodeling genes, including proteases, extracellular matrix components, collagen, and skeletal muscle precursors, as well as the immunomodulatory receptor, Trem2, in eosinophils isolated from skeletal muscle tissue from the dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Although the anti-inflammatory properties of Trem2 have been described in the monocyte/macrophage lineage, no previous studies have documented its expression in eosinophils. We found that Trem2 was critical for full growth and differentiation of bone marrow-derived eosinophil cultures and full expression of TLR4. Immunoreactive Trem2 was also detected on human peripheral blood eosinophils at levels that correlated with donor body mass index and total leukocyte count. Taken together, our findings provide important insight into the immunomodulatory and remodeling capacity of mouse eosinophils and the flexibility of their gene expression profiles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Sek
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook III, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20851, USA
| | - Arun K Boddapati
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Wendy E Geslewitz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Driskill Graduate Program in the Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Julia O Krumholz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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21
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Mair I, Wolfenden A, Lowe AE, Bennett A, Muir A, Smith H, Fenn J, Bradley JE, Else KJ. A lesson from the wild: The natural state of eosinophils is Ly6G hi. Immunology 2021; 164:766-776. [PMID: 34486729 PMCID: PMC8561109 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With a long history of promoting pathological inflammation, eosinophils are now emerging as important regulatory cells. Yet, findings from controlled laboratory experiments so far lack translation to animals, including humans, in their natural environment. In order to appreciate the breadth of eosinophil phenotype under non‐laboratory, uncontrolled conditions, we exploit a free‐living population of the model organism Mus musculus domesticus. Eosinophils were present at significantly higher proportions in the spleen and bone marrow of wild mice compared with laboratory mice. Strikingly, the majority of eosinophils of wild mice exhibited a unique Ly6Ghi phenotype seldom described in laboratory literature. Ly6G expression correlated with activation status in spleen and bone marrow, but not peritoneal exudate cells, and is therefore likely not an activation marker per se. Intermediate Ly6G expression was transiently induced in a small proportion of eosinophils from C57BL/6 laboratory mice during acute infection with the whipworm Trichuris muris, but not during low‐dose chronic infection, which better represents parasite exposure in the wild. We conclude that the natural state of the eosinophil is not adequately reflected in the standard laboratory mouse, which compromises our attempts to dissect their functional relevance. Our findings emphasize the importance of studying the immune system in its natural context – alongside more mechanistic laboratory experiments – in order to capture the entirety of immune phenotypes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Mair
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Wolfenden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ann E Lowe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alex Bennett
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Muir
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannah Smith
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Fenn
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Kathryn J Else
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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22
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Jacobsen EA, Jackson DJ, Heffler E, Mathur SK, Bredenoord AJ, Pavord ID, Akuthota P, Roufosse F, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil Knockout Humans: Uncovering the Role of Eosinophils Through Eosinophil-Directed Biological Therapies. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:719-757. [PMID: 33646859 PMCID: PMC8317994 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enigmatic eosinophil has emerged as an exciting component of the immune system, involved in a plethora of homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Substantial progress has been achieved through experimental systems manipulating eosinophils in vivo, initially in mice and more recently in humans. Researchers using eosinophil knockout mice have identified a contributory role for eosinophils in basal and inflammatory processes and protective immunity. Primarily fueled by the purported proinflammatory role of eosinophils in eosinophil-associated diseases, a series of anti-eosinophil therapeutics have emerged as a new class of drugs. These agents, which dramatically deplete eosinophils, provide a valuable opportunity to characterize the consequences of eosinophil knockout humans. Herein, we comparatively describe mouse and human eosinophil knockouts. We put forth the view that human eosinophils negatively contribute to a variety of diseases and, unlike mouse eosinophils, do not yet have an identified role in physiological health; thus, clarifying all roles of eosinophils remains an ongoing pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA;
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom;
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA;
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Oxford Respiratory NIHR BRC, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Florence Roufosse
- Médecine Interne, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA;
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23
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Li J, Ren S, Li M, Bi J, Yang G, Li E. Paeoniflorin protects against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice through inhibition of inflammation and eosinophil infiltration. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107667. [PMID: 33887576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. The treatment commonly includes anti-inflammatory agents like 5-aminosalicylic acid or corticosteroids or biologics for people with UC who are no longer responding to corticosteroids. The radices of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or similar plants of the Paeonia genus have been used in Chinese medicine to treat certain diseases that resemble the symptoms of UC. Paeoniflorin, a terpenoid glycoside, is a major active component for the anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of paeoniflorin (PF) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and found that PF exhibited protective activity against colitis. PF treatment suppressed NF-κB pathway activation, resulting down regulation of pro-inflammatory factor expression. In addition, we detected reduction in eosinophil-related chemokine gene expression and eosinophil infiltration. The treatment also reversed Treg cell population suppression. Although PF treatment did not block COX2 induction, the compound weakly inhibited COX2 activity in an enzymatic assay. Taken together, PF exerts its therapeutic activity against UC through inhibition of inflammation and eosinophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; Jiangsu Topcel Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Suiyuan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Meng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Jingai Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erguang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Intestinal eosinophils: multifaceted roles in tissue homeostasis and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:307-317. [PMID: 33772336 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal eosinophils are largely considered to be one of the central immune effector cells during helminth infection and disorders such as eosinophilic oesophagitis and food allergies. Given the abundance of these cells present in the gastrointestinal tract at homeostasis, emerging studies now reveal novel roles for eosinophils in the development and regulation of immunity, and during tissue repair. In addition, the identification of distinct eosinophil subsets indicates that we must consider the heterogeneity of these cells and how they differentially participate in mucosal immunity at steady state and during disease. Here, we summarise the literature on intestinal eosinophils, and how they contribute to mucosal homeostasis through immune regulation and interactions with the microbiome. We then explore the divergent roles of eosinophils in the context of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and during helminth infection, whereby we discuss key observations and differences that have emerged from animal models and human studies. Lastly, we consider the possible interactions of eosinophils with the enteric nervous system, and how this represents an exciting area for future research which may inform future therapeutic targets.
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25
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Masterson JC, Menard-Katcher C, Larsen LD, Furuta GT, Spencer LA. Heterogeneity of Intestinal Tissue Eosinophils: Potential Considerations for Next-Generation Eosinophil-Targeting Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020426. [PMID: 33671475 PMCID: PMC7922004 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are implicated in the pathophysiology of a spectrum of eosinophil-associated diseases, including gastrointestinal eosinophilic diseases (EGIDs). Biologics that target the IL-5 pathway and are intended to ablate eosinophils have proved beneficial in severe eosinophilic asthma and may offer promise in treating some endotypes of EGIDs. However, destructive effector functions of eosinophils are only one side of the coin; eosinophils also play important roles in immune and tissue homeostasis. A growing body of data suggest tissue eosinophils represent a plastic and heterogeneous population of functional sub-phenotypes, shaped by environmental (systemic and local) pressures, which may differentially impact disease outcomes. This may be particularly relevant to the GI tract, wherein the highest density of eosinophils reside in the steady state, resident immune cells are exposed to an especially broad range of external and internal environmental pressures, and greater eosinophil longevity may uniquely enrich for co-expression of eosinophil sub-phenotypes. Here we review the growing evidence for functional sub-phenotypes of intestinal tissue eosinophils, with emphasis on the multifactorial pressures that shape and diversify eosinophil identity and potential targets to inform next-generation eosinophil-targeting strategies designed to restrain inflammatory eosinophil functions while sustaining homeostatic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C. Masterson
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Allergy, Inflammation & Remodeling Research Laboratory, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Calies Menard-Katcher
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Leigha D. Larsen
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa A. Spencer
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-3277
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26
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Eosinophils in the Field of Nasal Polyposis: Towards a Better Understanding of Biologic Therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:90-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Olbrich CL, Larsen LD, Spencer LA. Assessing Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Intestinal Tissue Eosinophils. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2241:243-255. [PMID: 33486741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are primarily tissue-dwelling leukocytes. Utilization of flow cytometry techniques applied to digested tissues is expanding the scope of organs within which eosinophils are identified at baseline and is providing deeper insights into categorizing phenotypically and functionally distinct tissue-resident eosinophil subpopulations in health and disease. Here we describe a tissue digestion protocol and flow cytometry gating strategy for identification and isolation of tissue eosinophils from the small intestine of mice. This protocol is also amenable to the isolation and characterization of colonic eosinophils, and of intestinal eosinophils from human resected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Olbrich
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program (GEDP) and Digestive Health Institute (DHI), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Leigha D Larsen
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program (GEDP) and Digestive Health Institute (DHI), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program (GEDP) and Digestive Health Institute (DHI), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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28
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Disrupting Bordetella Immunosuppression Reveals a Role for Eosinophils in Coordinating the Adaptive Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111808. [PMID: 33212993 PMCID: PMC7698589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings revealed pivotal roles for eosinophils in protection against parasitic and viral infections, as well as modulation of adaptive immune responses in the gastric mucosa. However, the known effects of eosinophils within the respiratory tract remain predominantly pathological, associated with allergy and asthma. Simulating natural respiratory infections in mice, we examined how efficient and well-adapted pathogens can block eosinophil functions that contribute to the immune response. Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural pathogen of the mouse, uses the sigma factor btrS to regulate expression of mechanisms that interfere with eosinophil recruitment and function. When btrS is disrupted, immunomodulators are dysregulated, and eosinophils are recruited to the lungs, suggesting they may contribute to much more efficient generation of adaptive immunity induced by this mutant. Eosinophil-deficient mice failed to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit lymphocytes, to organize lymphoid aggregates that resemble Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT), to generate an effective antibody response, and to clear bacterial infection from the respiratory tract. Importantly, the failure of eosinophil-deficient mice to produce these lymphoid aggregates indicates that eosinophils can mediate the generation of an effective lymphoid response in the lungs. These data demonstrate that efficient respiratory pathogens can block eosinophil recruitment, to inhibit the generation of robust adaptive immune responses. They also suggest that some post-infection sequelae involving eosinophils, such as allergy and asthma, might be a consequence of bacterial mechanisms that manipulate their accumulation and/or function within the respiratory tract.
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29
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Olbrich CL, Bivas-Benita M, Xenakis JJ, Maldonado S, Cornwell E, Fink J, Yuan Q, Gill N, Mansfield R, Dockstader K, Spencer LA. Remote allergen exposure elicits eosinophil infiltration into allergen nonexposed mucosal organs and primes for allergic inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:777-787. [PMID: 32518365 PMCID: PMC7442625 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The natural history of allergic diseases suggests bidirectional and progressive relationships between allergic disorders of the skin, lung, and gut indicative of mucosal organ crosstalk. However, impacts of local allergic inflammation on the cellular landscape of remote mucosal organs along the skin:lung:gut axis are not yet known. Eosinophils are tissue-dwelling innate immune leukocytes associated with allergic diseases. Emerging data suggest heterogeneous phenotypes of tissue-dwelling eosinophils contribute to multifaceted roles that favor homeostasis or disease. This study investigated the impact of acute local allergen exposure on the frequency and phenotype of tissue eosinophils within remote mucosal organs. Our findings demonstrate allergen challenge to skin, lung, or gut elicited not only local eosinophilic inflammation, but also increased the number and frequency of eosinophils within remote, allergen nonexposed lung, and intestine. Remote allergen-elicited lung eosinophils exhibited an inflammatory phenotype and their presence associated with enhanced susceptibility to airway inflammation induced upon subsequent inhalation of a different allergen. These data demonstrate, for the first time, a direct effect of acute allergic inflammation on the phenotype and frequency of tissue eosinophils within antigen nonexposed remote mucosal tissues associated with remote organ priming for allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Olbrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program (GEDP) and Digestive Health Institute (DHI), Colorado Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO
| | - Maytal Bivas-Benita
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jason J. Xenakis
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel Maldonado
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Evangeline Cornwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Department of Biology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA
| | - Julia Fink
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Department of Biology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA
| | - Qitong Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Department of Biology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA
| | - Nathan Gill
- Department of Biology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA
| | - Ryan Mansfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Karen Dockstader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Lisa A. Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program (GEDP) and Digestive Health Institute (DHI), Colorado Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO,Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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30
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Morphological and phenotypical diversity of eosinophils in the rat ileum. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:439-450. [PMID: 32424506 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are abundantly present in intestinal mucosa. However, the morphological characteristics of their cellular population are still largely unknown. In this study, we examine their characteristics in the rat ileal mucosa using histological and ultrastructural methods. The results indicated that ileal eosinophils could be distinguished into two main groups based on their nuclear shapes and distribution: eosinophils with spheric or reniform nuclei mainly localized in the villous region and eosinophils with annular or bacilliform nuclei as the major population around crypts. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that all eosinophils in the lamina propria (LP) were immunopositive for CD11b, whereas eosinophils in LP of the intestinal villus but not those in LP around the crypt, were immunopositive for CD11c. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy showed that the eosinophils with spheric or reniform nuclei were abundant in the upper portions of the intestinal villus, whereas those with annular nuclei were abundant in the lower portions of the intestinal villus and around crypts. The eosinophils with spheric or reniform nuclei possessed broader cellular bodies with greater abundance of surface projections compared with those with annular nuclei. Eosinophils in the upper portions of intestinal villus frequently extended their cellular bodies into the intraepithelial space. The number of total and eosinophil-specific granules was positively correlated with the minor axis of the nuclear holes in the annular nuclei. These data suggest that ileal eosinophils exhibit not homogenous but rather diverse characteristics, possible due to the mixture of eosinophils at different maturation and/or activation stages.
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31
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Bush A. Which Child with Asthma is a Candidate for Biological Therapies? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041237. [PMID: 32344781 PMCID: PMC7230909 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In asthmatic adults, monoclonals directed against Type 2 airway inflammation have led to major improvements in quality of life, reductions in asthma attacks and less need for oral corticosteroids. The paediatric evidence base has lagged behind. All monoclonals currently available for children are anti-eosinophilic, directed against the T helper (TH2) pathway. However, in children and in low and middle income settings, eosinophils may have important beneficial immunological actions. Furthermore, there is evidence that paediatric severe asthma may not be TH2 driven, phenotypes may be less stable than in adults, and adult biomarkers may be less useful. Children being evaluated for biologicals should undergo a protocolised assessment, because most paediatric asthma can be controlled with low dose inhaled corticosteroid if taken properly and regularly. For those with severe therapy resistant asthma, and refractory asthma which cannot be addressed, the two options if they have TH2 inflammation are omalizumab and mepolizumab. There is good evidence of efficacy for omalizumab, particularly in those with multiple asthma attacks, but only paediatric safety, not efficacy, data for mepolizumab. There is an urgent need for efficacy data in children, as well as data on biomarkers to guide therapy, if the right children are to be treated with these powerful new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bush
- Imperial College & Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London SW£ dNP, UK
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32
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Takahashi K, Orito N, Yanagisawa D, Yano A, Mori Y, Inoue N. Eosinophils are the main cellular targets for oral gene delivery using Lactic acid bacteria. Vaccine 2020; 38:3330-3338. [PMID: 32197922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria have been studied as a vehicle for the delivery of plasmid DNA to the gastrointestinal tract. However, low levels of gene expression in vivo limit their practical use. Furthermore, it is still unclear how the orally administrated bacteria transfer their harbored plasmid DNA to host intestinal cells. To more easily track the delivery of plasmid DNA for eukaryotic expression in the intestine, we constructed an L. lactis-E. coli shuttle plasmid (pLEC) that allowed significantly elevated expression of the target protein of interest in eukaryotic cells. We first demonstrated its usefulness for delivery from L. lactis to Caco-2 cells in vitro. We then investigated the cellular target for the L. lactis DNA delivery system in vivo. Mice were orally administrated with LL/pLEC:EGFP, an L. lactis strain carrying pLEC for EGFP expression, and immunofluorescent analyses of frozen sections prepared from their small intestines identified a number of EGFP-expressing cells in the lamina propria and some in the sub-epithelial dome of the Peyer's patches. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that these EGFP-expressing cells were both CD11c- and F4/80-positive but CX3CR1-negative, suggesting that they are eosinophils. Immunostaining of the sections with an antibody against Siglec-F, a marker protein of eosinophils, confirmed the flow cytometric findings. Thus, the target cells of DNA delivery from L. lactis in the intestines are mainly eosinophils in the lamina propria and Peyer's patches. This finding may open a new approach to the development of DNA vaccines for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Orito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Daiki Yanagisawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Ayumu Yano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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33
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Nguyen WNT, Jacobsen EA, Finney CAM, Colarusso P, Patel KD. Intravital imaging of eosinophils: Unwrapping the enigma. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:83-91. [PMID: 32170880 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hr0220-396r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are traditionally associated with allergic and parasitic inflammation. More recently, eosinophils have also been shown to have roles in diverse processes including development, intestinal health, thymic selection, and B-cell survival with the majority of these insights being derived from murine models and in vitro assays. Despite this, tools to measure the dynamic activity of eosinophils in situ have been lacking. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that enables direct visualization of leukocytes and their dynamic behavior in real-time in a wide range of processes in both health and disease. Until recently eosinophil researchers have not been able to take full advantage of this technology due to a lack of tools such as genetically encoded reporter mice. This mini-review examines the history of intravital microscopy with a focus on eosinophils. The development and use of eosinophil-specific Cre (EoCre) mice to create GFP and tdTomato fluorescent reporter animals is also described. Genetically encoded eosinophil reporter mice combined with intravital microscopy provide a powerful tool to add to the toolbox of technologies that will help us unravel the mysteries still surrounding this cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N T Nguyen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Constance A M Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kamala D Patel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Anipindi VC, Galipeau H, Ellenbogen Y, Chaudhary R, Koenig JF, Gordon ME, Walker TD, Mandur TS, Abed S, Humbles A, Chu DK, Erjefält J, Ask K, Verdú EF, Jordana M. Microbial Regulation of Enteric Eosinophils and Its Impact on Tissue Remodeling and Th2 Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:155. [PMID: 32117293 PMCID: PMC7033414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have emerged as multifaceted cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis. However, the impact of the microbiota on their frequency and function at mucosal sites remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the microbiota in the regulation of enteric eosinophils. We found that small intestinal (SI) eosinophilia was significantly greater in germ-free (GF) mice compared to specific pathogen free (SPF) controls. This was associated with changes in the production of enteric signals that regulate eosinophil attraction and survival, and was fully reversed by complex colonization. Additionally, SI eosinophils of GF mice exhibited more cytoplasmic protrusions and less granule content than SPF controls. Lastly, we generated a novel strain of eosinophil-deficient GF mice. These mice displayed intestinal fibrosis and were less prone to allergic sensitization as compared to GF controls. Overall, our study demonstrates that commensal microbes regulate intestinal eosinophil frequency and function, which impacts tissue repair and allergic sensitization to food antigens. These data support a critical interplay between the commensal microbiota and intestinal eosinophils in shaping homeostatic, innate, and adaptive immune processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology & Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Varun C. Anipindi
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yosef Ellenbogen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roopali Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua F. Koenig
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tina D. Walker
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Talveer S. Mandur
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Soumeya Abed
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Humbles
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Derek K. Chu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena F. Verdú
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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35
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Remote tissue immune priming in allergic disease. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:719-720. [PMID: 32719410 PMCID: PMC7434592 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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36
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Loktionov A. Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3503-3526. [PMID: 31367153 PMCID: PMC6658389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and disease. These cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances (cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However, their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.
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37
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Chojnacki A, Wojcik K, Petri B, Aulakh G, Jacobsen EA, LeSuer WE, Colarusso P, Patel KD. Intravital imaging allows real-time characterization of tissue resident eosinophils. Commun Biol 2019; 2:181. [PMID: 31098414 PMCID: PMC6513871 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are core components of the immune system, yet tools are lacking to directly observe eosinophils in action in vivo. To better understand the role of tissue resident eosinophils, we used eosinophil-specific CRE (eoCRE) mice to create GFP and tdTomato reporters. We then employed intravital microscopy to examine the dynamic behaviour of eosinophils in the healthy GI tract, mesentery, liver, lymph node, skin and lung. Given the role of eosinophils in allergic airway diseases, we also examined eosinophils in the lung following ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. We were able to monitor and quantify eosinophilic behaviours including patrolling, crawling, clustering, tissue distribution and interactions with other leukocytes. Thus, these reporter mice allow eosinophils to be examined in real-time in living animals, paving the way to further understanding the roles eosinophils play in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chojnacki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Katarzyna Wojcik
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Gurpreet Aulakh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ USA
| | - William E. LeSuer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ USA
| | - Pina Colarusso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Kamala D. Patel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
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38
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Dias FF, Amaral KB, Malta KK, Silva TP, Rodrigues GSC, Rosa FM, Rodrigues GOL, Costa VV, Chiarini-Garcia H, Weller PF, Melo RCN. Identification of Piecemeal Degranulation and Vesicular Transport of MBP-1 in Liver-Infiltrating Mouse Eosinophils During Acute Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3019. [PMID: 30619361 PMCID: PMC6306457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been long associated with helminthic infections, although their functions in these diseases remain unclear. During schistosomiasis caused by the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, eosinophils are specifically recruited and migrate to sites of granulomatous responses where they degranulate. However, little is known about the mechanisms of eosinophil secretion during this disease. Here, we investigated the degranulation patterns, including the cellular mechanisms of major basic protein-1 (MBP-1) release, from inflammatory eosinophils in a mouse model of S. mansoni infection (acute phase). Fragments of the liver, a major target organ of this disease, were processed for histologic analyses (whole slide imaging), conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunonanogold EM using a pre-embedding approach for precise localization of major basic protein 1 (MBP-1), a typical cationic protein stored pre-synthesized in eosinophil secretory (specific) granules. A well-characterized granulomatous inflammatory response with a high number of infiltrating eosinophils surrounding S. mansoni eggs was observed in the livers of infected mice. Moreover, significant elevations in the levels of plasma Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) and serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) reflecting altered liver function were detected in response to the infection. TEM quantitative analyses revealed that while 19.1% of eosinophils were intact, most of them showed distinct degranulation processes: cytolysis (13.0%), classical and/or compound exocytosis identified by granule fusions (1.5%), and mainly piecemeal degranulation (PMD) (66.4%), which is mediated by vesicular trafficking. Immunonanogold EM showed a consistent labeling for MBP-1 associated with secretory granules. Most MBP-1-positive granules had PMD features (79.0 ± 4.8%). MBP-1 was also present extracellularly and on vesicles distributed in the cytoplasm and attached to/surrounding the surface of emptying granules. Our data demonstrated that liver-infiltrating mouse eosinophils are able to degranulate through different secretory processes during acute experimental S. mansoni infections with PMD being the predominant mechanism of eosinophil secretion. This means that a selective secretion of MBP-1 is occurring. Moreover, our study demonstrates, for the first time, a vesicular trafficking of MBP-1 within mouse eosinophils elicited by a helminth infection. Vesicle-mediated secretion of MBP-1 may be relevant for the rapid release of small concentrations of MBP-1 under cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kátia B Amaral
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kássia K Malta
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Florence M Rosa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gisele O L Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian V Costa
- Center for Drug Research and Development of Pharmaceuticals, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Research Group in Arboviral Diseases, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hélio Chiarini-Garcia
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Structural Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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39
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Schuijs MJ, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Professional and 'Amateur' Antigen-Presenting Cells In Type 2 Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 40:22-34. [PMID: 30502024 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and are considered professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), as are macrophages and B cells. Recently, several innate type 2 immune cells, such as basophils, mast cells (MCs), eosinophils, and innate type 2 lymphocytes (ILC2), have also emerged as harboring APC behavior. Through surface expression or transfer of peptide-loaded MHCII, expression of costimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, as well as the secretion of polarizing cytokines, these innate cells can extensively communicate with effector and regulatory CD4+ T cells. An exciting new concept is that the complementary tasks of these 'amateur' APCs contribute to shaping and regulating adaptive immunity to allergens and helminths, often in collaboration with professional APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Schuijs
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Amber KT, Valdebran M, Kridin K, Grando SA. The Role of Eosinophils in Bullous Pemphigoid: A Developing Model of Eosinophil Pathogenicity in Mucocutaneous Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:201. [PMID: 30042946 PMCID: PMC6048777 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease which carries a significant mortality and morbidity. While historically BP has been characterized as an IgG driven disease mediated by anti-BP180 and BP230 IgG autoantibodies, developments in recent years have further elucidated the role of eosinophils and IgE autoantibodies. In fact, eosinophil infiltration and eosinophilic spongiosis are prominent features in BP. Several observations support a pathogenic role of eosinophils in BP: IL-5, eotaxin, and eosinophil-colony stimulating factor are present in blister fluid; eosinophils line the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) in the presence of BP serum, metalloprotease-9 is released by eosinophils at the site of blisters; eosinophil degranulation proteins are found on the affected basement membrane zone as well as in serum corresponding with clinical disease; eosinophil extracellular DNA traps directed against the basement membrane zone are present, IL-5 activated eosinophils cause separation of the DEJ in the presence of BP serum; and eosinophils are the necessary cell required to drive anti-BP180 IgE mediated skin blistering. Still, it is likely that eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of BP in numerous other ways that have yet to be explored based on the known biology of eosinophils. We herein will review the role of eosinophils in BP and provide a framework for understanding eosinophil pathogenic mechanisms in mucocutaneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Amber
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Manuel Valdebran
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Khalaf Kridin
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Departments of Dermatology and Biological Chemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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