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Jeremiah RP, Katisi M, Shehu OM. Alcohol misuse within different socio-ecologies in rural communities of Botswana. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306542. [PMID: 39269952 PMCID: PMC11398658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related research in Botswana has rarely used a socio-ecological approach. This article presents a phenomenological in-depth analysis drawn from community mapping interviews (n = 23) collected among community leaders and service providers in one village in Botswana. The socio-ecological approach guided our research and analysis. This paper explored the influence of alcohol misuse within the cultural, familial, practices and legal frameworks in Botswana. Findings revealed patterns in alcohol misuse over time, the influence of alcohol misuse within different ecological systems, and their response to alcohol patterns as three global themes are discussed. The findings showed that alcohol misuse remains a major public health problem that trickles down from the community, and family systems to an individual, when there are with limited resources to address the alcohol misuse that exists. Recommendations to address alcohol misuse in Botswana include providing alcohol-free recreational places, more research on alcohol harm, and educating communities about alcohol harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refilwe P Jeremiah
- Department of Health Promotions and Development, Graduate School of Human Interaction and Growth (GIHG), Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Masego Katisi
- Institute of Health and Participation, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Høgskulen på Vestlandet, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Odireleng M Shehu
- Department of Social Work, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Mehranbod CA, Gobaud AN, Bushover BR, Morrison CN. Individuals' travel to alcohol outlets: The fallacy of the local bar. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:799-809. [PMID: 38206756 PMCID: PMC10922491 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies relating alcohol outlet density around homes to alcohol consumption produce mixed results. One possible explanation is that people travel to outlets away from their homes. This study aims to characterise individuals' trips to outlets, describe these trip locations relative to other activities and estimate associations between alcohol outlet density and trips to outlets. METHODS This cross-sectional study used 2014-2018 household travel data from the Victoria Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity. We estimated the average change in the cumulative travel characteristics associated with each additional trip to bars and liquor stores, accounting for complex trips to multiple destinations. Logistic regression models estimated odds that individuals travelled to outlets in relation to outlet density in their home local government area (LGA). RESULTS Among 23,512 respondents, 378 (1.6%) travelled to any bar and 79 (0.3%) any liquor store the survey day. Bar trips added 8.2 km (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6, 11.8) and 18.1 min (95% CI 13.6, 22.6) to cumulative travel; 41% of attended bars were co-located in participants' home LGA. Greater bar and liquor store density within the home LGA were associated with overall trips to these outlet types. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Individuals travel beyond their residential area to bars, but travel to liquor stores closer to home. Bar and liquor store density within individuals' home LGA were associated with trips to outlets. Trips to local bars in near home comprised a minority of trips to bars in this sample. Studies of retail alcohol access should account for trips to bars away from home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Ariana N. Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Brady R. Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Christopher N. Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Fitzgerald N, Egan M, O'Donnell R, Nicholls J, Mahon L, de Vocht F, McQuire C, Angus C, Purves R, Henney M, Mohan A, Maani N, Shortt N, Bauld L. Public health engagement in alcohol licensing in England and Scotland: the ExILEnS mixed-method, natural experiment evaluation. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-76. [PMID: 38345369 DOI: 10.3310/fsrt4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background International systematic reviews suggest an association between alcohol availability and increased alcohol-related harms. Alcohol availability is regulated through separate locally administered licensing systems in England and Scotland, in which local public health teams have a statutory role. The system in Scotland includes a public health objective for licensing. Public health teams engage to varying degrees in licensing matters but no previous study has sought to objectively characterise and measure their activity, examine their effectiveness, or compare practices between Scotland and England. Aim To critically assess the impact and mechanisms of impact of public health team engagement in alcohol premises licensing on alcohol-related harms in England and Scotland. Methods We recruited 39 diverse public health teams in England (n = 27) and Scotland (n = 12). Public health teams more active in licensing were recruited first and then matched to lower-activity public health teams. Using structured interviews (n = 66), documentation analysis, and expert consultation, we developed and applied the Public Health Engagement In Alcohol Licensing (PHIAL) measure to quantify six-monthly activity levels from 2012 to 2019. Time series of PHIAL scores, and health and crime outcomes for each area, were analysed using multivariable negative binomial mixed-effects models to assess correlations between outcome and exposure, with 18-month average PHIAL score as the primary exposure metric. In-depth interviews (n = 53) and a workshop (n = 10) explored public health team approaches and potential mechanisms of impact of alcohol availability interventions with public health team members and licensing stakeholders (local authority licensing officers, managers and lawyers/clerks, police staff with a licensing remit, local elected representatives). Findings Nineteen public health team activity types were assessed in six categories: (1) staffing; (2) reviewing and (3) responding to licence applications; (4) data usage; (5) influencing licensing stakeholders/policy; and (6) public involvement. Usage and intensity of activities and overall approaches varied within and between areas over time, including between Scotland and England. The latter variation could be explained by legal, structural and philosophical differences, including Scotland's public health objective. This objective was felt to legitimise public health considerations and the use of public health data within licensing. Quantitative analysis showed no clear evidence of association between level of public health team activity and the health or crime outcomes examined, using the primary exposure or other metrics (neither change in, nor cumulative, PHIAL scores). Qualitative data suggested that public health team input was valued by many licensing stakeholders, and that alcohol availability may lead to harms by affecting the accessibility, visibility and norms of alcohol consumption, but that the licensing systems have limited power to act in the interests of public health. Conclusions This study provides no evidence that public health team engagement in local licensing matters was associated with measurable downstream reductions in crime or health harms, in the short term, or over a 7-year follow-up period. The extensive qualitative data suggest that public health team engagement is valued and appears to be slowly reorienting the licensing system to better address health (and other) harms, especially in Scotland, but this will take time. A rise in home drinking, alcohol deliveries, and the inherent inability of the licensing system to reduce - or in the case of online sales, to contain - availability, may explain the null findings and will continue to limit the potential of these licensing systems to address alcohol-related harms. Future work Further analysis could consider the relative success of different public health team approaches in terms of changing alcohol availability and retailing. A key gap relates to the nature and impact of online availability on alcohol consumption, harms and inequalities, alongside development and study of relevant policy options. A national approach to licensing data and oversight would greatly facilitate future studies and public health input to licensing. Limitations Our interview data and therefore PHIAL scores may be limited by recall bias where documentary evidence of public health activity was not available, and by possible variability in grading of such activity, though steps were taken to minimise both. The analyses would have benefited from additional data on licensing policies and environmental changes that might have affected availability or harms in the study areas. Study registration The study was registered with the Research Registry (researchregistry6162) on 26 October 2020. The study protocol was published in BMC Medical Research Methodology on 6 November 2018. Funding This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number 15/129/11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fitzgerald
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Matt Egan
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- NIHR School for Public Health Research, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - James Nicholls
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura Mahon
- Alcohol Focus Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Frank de Vocht
- NIHR School for Public Health Research, Tyne and Wear, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West, Bristol, UK
| | - Cheryl McQuire
- NIHR School for Public Health Research, Tyne and Wear, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin Angus
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Madeleine Henney
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrea Mohan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Nason Maani
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Niamh Shortt
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Caetano R, Vaeth PAC, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Kaplan Z. Contexts of Drinking- and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Whites and Hispanics on and off the US/Mexico border in California. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:264-272. [PMID: 36735186 PMCID: PMC9897614 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examines the association between drinking context use by Whites and Hispanics on and off the US/Mexico border and alcohol problems. METHODS Data come from a household sample of 1209 adults 18 to 39 years of age resident in Imperial County on the California/Mexico border; and Kern, Tulare, and Madera in California's Central Valley. Data were collected on the phone or online and analyzed with an ordinal generalized linear model. RESULTS The pattern of statistically significant associations between the frequency and the volume of drinking in different contexts varies across problem types. Furthermore, some contexts of drinking are associated with problems in more than one area. For instance, frequency of drinking at bars/pubs is associated with social problems, risky sex, and fights, but not with injuries. Injuries are associated with the frequency of drinking at home alone or with family and at restaurants. Volume of drinking at bars/pubs is also significantly associated with three different contexts: social problems, injury, and fights. But the volume of drinking at the home of friends or relatives is associated with fights only. Border location is an effect modifier, changing the effect of frequency of drinking at bars and pubs from protective to a factor of risk for social problems and fights. CONCLUSION These results provide support for the social ecology of drinking and micro environmental factors or risk. The effect of border location on frequency of drinking in bars/pubs underlines the importance of the macro environment in problem generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Caetano
- Prevention Research Center, 2030 Addisoon Street, Suite 410, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| | - Patrice A C Vaeth
- Prevention Research Center, 2030 Addisoon Street, Suite 410, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, 2030 Addisoon Street, Suite 410, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, 2030 Addisoon Street, Suite 410, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Zoe Kaplan
- Prevention Research Center, 2030 Addisoon Street, Suite 410, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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Yang XY, Schieman S. Racial disparities in Death rates and Death incidences in Xinjiang: A study of multilevel ecological mechanisms. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116405. [PMID: 37992614 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Health disparities based on racial status are well-researched by social scientists, but this field of knowledge has rarely been investigated beyond the Western context. As the largest province in China, Xinjiang has over 50% non-Han populace-and this group is subjected to various forms of inequalities. The current study is the first to quantitatively demonstrate the disparity in mortality between the Han majority and Turkic minority in Xinjiang. We have developed a theory-driven framework to approach race as a fundamental cause of mortality disparity through both individual and context-level pathways that trigger the proximate determinants of death. We compiled the 2015 China Microcensus with the Sixth Decennial Census (2010) and web-extracted point-of-interest information for data at different ecological levels. The results reveal that the mortality rate is significantly pronounced for Turks at the county-level and Turks' death incidence is elevated at the household level. The inclusion of variables at the individual- and context-level explains about 38% of the mortality disparity between Han and Turks, but the significant disparity remains strong after considering the covariates, the "healthy migrant" scenario, geographical clustering, and exposure risk. We cautiously suggest the remaining unexplained portion of the mortality disparity may be due to unobserved racial inequity and urge the academic community to further investigate this underexplored subject.
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Berg CJ, Romm KF, Pannell A, Sridharan P, Sapra T, Rajamahanty A, Cui Y, Wang Y, Yang YT, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Cannabis retailer marketing strategies and regulatory compliance: A surveillance study of retailers in 5 US cities. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107696. [PMID: 36966547 PMCID: PMC10674052 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
As cannabis retail expands in the US, its surveillance is crucial to inform regulations and protect consumers. This study addresses this need by conducting point-of-sale audits examining regulatory compliance (e.g., age verification, signage), advertising/promotional strategies, products, and pricing among 150 randomly-selected cannabis retailers in 5 US cities (30/city: Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California) in Summer 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses characterized the retailers overall and across cities. Age verification rates were high (>90%). The majority of retailers had signage indicating restricted access (e.g., no minors; 87.3%), onsite consumption (73.3%), and distribution to minors (53.3%). Retailers were likely to post warnings regarding use during pregnancy/breastfeeding (72.0%), followed by health risks (38.0%), impacts on children/youth (18.7%), and DUI (14.0%). Overall, 28.7% posted health claims, 20.7% posted youth-oriented signage, and 18.0% had youth-oriented packaging. Price promotions were prevalent, particularly price specials (75.3%), daily/weekly/monthly specials (66.7%), and membership programs (39.3%). One-fourth had signs/promotions indicating curbside delivery/pick-up (28.0%) and/or online ordering (25.3%); 64.7% promoted their website or social media page. The most potent cannabis products were most often e-liquids (38.0%) or oils (24.7%); the least potent were often edibles (53.0%). The most expensive product was often bud/flower (58.0%); the least was joints (54.0%). The vast majority (≥81%) sold vaporizers, wrapping papers, and hookah/waterpipes/bongs, and 22.6% sold CBD products. Marketing strategies differed across cities, reflecting differences in state-specific regulations and/or gaps in compliance/enforcement. Findings underscore the need for ongoing cannabis retail surveillance to inform future regulatory and enforcement efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexandria Pannell
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Priyanka Sridharan
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tanvi Sapra
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aishwarya Rajamahanty
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuxian Cui
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Tony Yang
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Community of Policy, Populations and Systems, School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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O’Donnell R, Mohan A, Purves R, Maani N, Angus C, Egan M, Fitzgerald N. Mechanisms of impact of alcohol availability interventions from the perspective of 63 diverse alcohol licensing stakeholders: a qualitative interview study. DRUGS (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 31:338-347. [PMID: 38835541 PMCID: PMC11147450 DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2023.2205991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Aims Interventions restricting temporal and spatial availability of alcohol are associated with reduced harm, but the pathways by which specific interventions have impact are poorly understood. We examined mechanisms of impact from the perspective of diverse licensing stakeholders. Methods Fifty-three in-depth interviews were conducted with licensing stakeholders (from public health teams [PHTs], police, local authority licensing teams and lawyers, and alcohol premises licensing committees) from 20 local government areas. Interviewees were recruited as part of the Exploring the impact of alcohol licensing in England and Scotland (ExILEnS) study. Data were analyzed thematically and preliminary themes/subthemes were discussed during online groups with a different sample of public health and licensing professionals (n = 10). Findings Most interviewees struggled to articulate how availability interventions might lead to changes in alcohol consumption or harms. Five overarching mechanisms were identified: access, visibility, premises and area-level norms, affordability, and management of the night-time economy, with specific pathways identified for certain subgroups/premises types. The mechanisms by which alcohol availability interventions may impact on alcohol consumption and harms are diverse, but were poorly understood. Conclusions These findings will inform licensing and availability policy and advocacy, highlighting the need for further scrutiny of the evidence underpinning identified mechanisms, and primary research to address knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. O’Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - A. Mohan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - R. Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - N. Maani
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C. Angus
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M. Egan
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - N. Fitzgerald
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
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Gruenewald PJ, Sumetsky N, Mair C, Lee JP, Ponicki WR. Micro-temporal analyses of crime related to alcohol outlets: A comparison of outcomes over weekday, weekend, daytime and nighttime hours. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:902-911. [PMID: 36989160 PMCID: PMC10273326 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causal relationships between alcohol outlets and crime are inferred from their statistical associations across neighbourhoods. However, many unobserved covariates may confound these effects. Recognising that outlet sales vary by time of day and day of week, we assess whether areas with more bars/pubs, restaurants or off-premise outlets have more crime during days and times when alcohol sales are greatest. METHODS Annual administrative crime counts, sociodemographic data and other area characteristics of 336 Census block groups in Oakland, California, USA, were related to outlet densities from 2000 to 2015. Bayesian space-time Poisson models were used to measure associations between outlet densities and crime during: (i) weekday daytime; (ii) weekday nighttime; (iii) weekend daytime; and (iv) weekend nighttime periods (four seemingly unrelated equations). Comparisons of parameter estimates across equations provided an assessment of outlet effects on crime across days and times within the same analysis units using the same constellation of confounding covariates. RESULTS Assault and driving under the influence crime incidents during weekend evening hours were more frequent in Census block group areas with greater numbers of bar/pubs. Burglaries were consistently greater in areas with greater densities of restaurants. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The spatiotemporal signature relating densities of bars/pubs over weekend evening hours to assault and driving under the influence incidents suggests that these outlets are a critical source of these crimes across neighbourhoods. Prevention programs and policies that focus upon specific drinking establishments, days and times may be most effective in reducing assault and impaired driving incidents in neighbourhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | - Natalie Sumetsky
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences,
University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Social Dynamics and Community Health, University
of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences,
University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Social Dynamics and Community Health, University
of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Juliet P. Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | - William R. Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
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Phillips AZ, Mulia N, Subbaraman MS, Kershaw KN, Kerr WC, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. Does the relationship between alcohol retail environment and alcohol outcomes vary by depressive symptoms? Findings from a U.S. Survey of Black, Hispanic and White drinkers. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107463. [PMID: 36029722 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess whether associations between alcohol availability and consumption, drinking to drunkenness, and negative drinking consequences vary among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms. METHODS 10,482 current drinkers in 2005-2015 National Alcohol Surveys (50.0% female; 74.4% White, 8.7% Black, 11.1% Hispanic). Elevated depressive symptoms was defined as having symptoms suggestive of major depressive disorder (above CES-D8/PHQ-2 cut-offs) versus no/sub-threshold symptoms (below cut-offs). Inverse probability of treatment weighted and covariate adjusted Poisson models with robust standard errors estimated associations of ZIP-code bar density and off-premise outlet density (locations/1,000 residents), elevated depressive symptoms, and their interaction with past-year volume consumed, monthly drinking to drunkenness, and negative drinking consequences. Models were then stratified by sex and race and ethnicity. RESULTS Overall, 13.7% of respondents had elevated depressive symptoms. Regarding density, the only statistically significant association observed was between off-premise density and volume consumed (rate ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.0, 1.7). Elevated depressive symptoms were associated with higher volume consumed, prevalence of drinking to drunkenness, and prevalence of negative consequences when controlling for off-premise density or bar density. However, there was no evidence of interaction between symptoms and density in the full sample nor among subgroups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that, while elevated depressive symptoms do not alter associations between alcohol availability and alcohol use and problems, they remain associated with these outcomes among past-year drinkers in a U.S. general population sample even when accounting for differential availability. Addressing depressive symptoms should be considered along with other policies to reduce population-level drinking and alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn Z Phillips
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N. Lakeshore Drive Suite 1400, Chicago IL 60611, USA.
| | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. #450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Kiarri N Kershaw
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N. Lakeshore Drive Suite 1400, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - William C Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. #450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Moore SC, Woolley TE, White J. An Exploration of the Multiplicative Effect of "Other People" and Other Environmental Effects on Violence in the Night-Time Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16963. [PMID: 36554844 PMCID: PMC9779416 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of night-time environments (NTEs) in which alcohol is consumed and that contribute to violence are poorly described. We explore competing explanations for violence in the NTE, with a particular focus on the number of patrons and its association with assault-related visits to a hospital emergency department. Other environmental features including the weather and notable events were also considered. The primary aim was to stimulate debate around the causal mechanisms responsible for violence. METHODS Assault-related ED visits occurring between 8 pm and 4 am were recorded at the University Hospital of Wales, the single Emergency Department (ED) serving Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. Footfall was derived from the total number of unique MAC addresses recorded per hour collected from ten wireless fidelity monitoring tools located in the city centre. A narrative review of the literature concerning alcohol and violence informed exploratory analyses into the association between night-time footfall, sporting events, the weather, and other potential predictors of assault-related visits to the ED. We developed analytic methods from formal accounts of queueing. RESULTS International rugby matches at home, the weather (temperature), national holidays, the day of the week, and number of patrons in the NTE predicted assault-related injury (R2 = 0.70), with footfall yielding a positive non-linear exponential association consistent with predictions derived from mathematical models of queueing. DISCUSSION Assault-related visits to the ED have a non-linear association with the number of people socialising in the night-time environment and are further influenced by the weather and notable events. Opportunities for further research that might inform policy and interventions aimed at better managing NTEs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Moore
- Violence Research Group, Security, Crime & Intelligence Innovation Institute, SPARK, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Thomas E. Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Abacws, Senghennydd Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - James White
- Centre for Trials Research, DECIPHer, School of Medicine, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
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Zahnow R, de Andrade D, Miller P, Taylor N, Coomber K. Where to next? An exploration of 'night-out' location progression and propensity to experience violence in night -time entertainment precincts. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 110:103874. [PMID: 36209573 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol related violence in night-time entertainment precincts (NEPs) is a significant public health concern. Studies suggest characteristics including venue density, bar hopping and permissive social norms facilitate violence in NEPs. Yet, we have a limited understanding of how individual drinking occasions progress within NEPs and how location sequence is associated with the propensity to experience violence in these spaces. METHODS In this study we apply sequence analysis and logistic regression to examine the association between location sequences and experiences of violence among a sample of NEP patrons (N=387). RESULTS We find that individuals who stay out longer and visit a greater number of unique location types are more likely to experience a violent event. We also find that attending a 'non-venue' pre-event such as a private party, gathering, sporting or celebratory event, is associated with elevated risk experiencing violence during a night out. CONCLUSION The findings offer important insights into the dynamic context in which risky drinking occasions may emerge and suggest that the context and location in which pre-drinking occurs should be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Zahnow
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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12
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LoParco CR, Walker A, Livingston MD, Khoshhal B, Gonzalez-Pons KM, Soule E, Treffers R, Rossheim ME. A national assessment of on-premise drinking establishments near public universities: Drink prices, drink specials, indoor tobacco use, and state-level alcohol laws. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2068-2076. [PMID: 36098371 PMCID: PMC9743012 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inexpensive drinks and price promotions increase alcohol consumption and have been observed at on-premise drinking establishments near large colleges. Some bars may sell tobacco products and allow indoor tobacco use to encourage patrons to stay and drink more. This study examined drink prices/specials and associated practices of on-premise drinking establishments including tobacco sales and policies regarding tobacco use. METHODS In 2018, telephone calls about prices/practices were made to 403 randomly selected bars/nightclubs within 2 miles of large residential universities in each U.S. state. The Alcohol Policy Information System provided data on state-level alcohol laws. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models examined associations between alcohol prices/specials, state laws, and establishment practices. RESULTS The average price for the least expensive draft beer and a vodka shot at each location were $3.62 (SD = $1.15) and $4.77 (SD = $1.16), respectively. Most establishments (65%) had happy hour specials, 6% had 2-for-1 specials, 91% sold food, 9% sold cigarettes, 8% allowed smoking indoors, and 18% permitted electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use indoors. Allowing e-cigarette use indoors (b = -0.54) and selling cigarettes (b = -0.79) were associated with lower vodka prices; allowing cigarette smoking indoors (b = -0.46) was associated with lower beer prices. Lower beer prices (OR = 1.38), selling food (OR = 2.97), and no state law banning happy hour specials altogether (OR = 4.24) or with full-day price reduction exemptions (OR = 12.74) were associated with higher odds of having happy hour specials. Allowing e-cigarette use indoors was associated with having 2-for-1 specials (OR = 6.38). CONCLUSION In bars near large public universities, beers and shots were often available for less than $5 and drink specials were prevalent. Further, some establishments allowed tobacco use indoors and/or sold cigarettes. Laws that increase alcohol taxes, set minimum drink prices, and ban the sale and indoor use of tobacco products at on-premise drinking locations are important harm reduction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy R LoParco
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Bita Khoshhal
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Eric Soule
- College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan Treffers
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew E Rossheim
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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13
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Morrison CN. Commentary on Gruenewald et al.: 'Even one more license may be "too many"'? Addiction 2022; 117:2623-2624. [PMID: 35792055 PMCID: PMC9543744 DOI: 10.1111/add.15979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityVICAustralia
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14
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Gruenewald PJ, Sumetsky N, Gaidus A, Ponicki W, Lee JP, Mair C. Assessing the impacts of alcohol outlets on crime as a natural experiment: agglomeration, churning and spatial effects. Addiction 2022; 117:2614-2622. [PMID: 35491751 DOI: 10.1111/add.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Retail alcohol outlets appear to open in neighborhoods with low land and structure rents near sources of demand; they may 'agglomerate', open near to one another or 'churn', replace one another, over time. We used the turnover in numbers of outlets over time to measure agglomeration and churning and the impacts of openings and closings of outlets on neighborhood crime. DESIGN Interrupted quasi-experiments using spatial panel population data from 3768 synthetic block areas over 6 years. SETTING City of Oakland, CA, USA. PARTICIPANTS City population. MEASUREMENTS Census-based socio-demographic estimates and counts of openings and closings of bars/pubs, restaurants and off-premises outlets related to assault, burglary and robbery crime incidents across synthetic Census blocks. Bayesian space-time models were used to assess agglomeration and churning and measure impacts of openings/closings on crime. FINDINGS Churning was substantial; openings followed closings for all outlets [bars/pubs, relative risk (RR) = 50.9, 95% credible interval (CI) = 3.0-449.9; restaurants, RR = 3.1, CI = 1.5-6.1; off-premises, RR = 23.5, CI = 2.0-129.8]. Bars/pub and restaurant openings agglomerated with other outlets (e.g., RR = 1.02, CI = 1.00-1.03 and RR = 1.01, CI = 1.00-1.01), but off-premises outlets did not. Covarying out effects related to outlet densities, bar/pub openings were related to a 3.5% increase in assaults (RR = 1.04, CI = 1.01-1.06) and 6.9% increase in robberies (RR = 1.07, CI = 1.03-1.11). Restaurant openings were related to a 5.3% increase in burglaries (RR = 1.05, CI = 1.04-1.06). Openings and closings of off-premises outlets were unrelated to all three crime types. CONCLUSIONS Retail alcohol outlets appear to follow a pattern of opening near to one another and replacing each other over time. Bar, pub and restaurant openings appear to be related to increases in neighborhood crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Sumetsky
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Juliet P Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PA, USA
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15
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Cameron MP. The relationship between alcohol outlets and crime is not an artefact of retail geography. Addiction 2022; 117:2215-2224. [PMID: 35315160 PMCID: PMC9541867 DOI: 10.1111/add.15880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In previous research, the spatial distribution of alcohol outlets has been shown to be related to the spatial distribution of crime. However, the spatial distribution of alcohol outlets is also related to the spatial distribution of other retail (and non-retail) activities. We measured whether a residual relationship between alcohol outlets and crime remains statistically significant after controlling for retail density. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional analysis of area unit data for Hamilton, New Zealand. MEASUREMENTS We constructed index measures of retail density using principal component analysis, based on counts of retail outlets (non-alcohol outlets alone and all outlets in total). We estimated the relationship between outlets and police calls-for-service using negative binomial regression, controlling for social deprivation, population and demographics. In our primary analysis, we employed a two-stage process that first accounted for the correlation between calls-for-service and retail density in a negative binomial regression model, then tested for correlation between alcohol outlet counts and the first-stage residuals. FINDINGS The spatial distributions of retail outlets of all types were highly correlated with each other, and all types of retail outlets (alcohol and non-alcohol) were correlated with crime, after controlling for social deprivation, population and demographics. After controlling for index measures of retail density and other controls, statistically significant semipartial correlations remained with counts of alcohol outlets of all types. For example, in our preferred specification, which controlled for non-alcohol retail density in the first stage, an additional off-licence alcohol outlet was associated with 97.34 (95% confidence interval = 36.66-158.0) additional police calls-for service. CONCLUSIONS There is a positive relationship between the spatial distribution of alcohol outlets and the spatial distribution of crime that appears to persist even after controlling for non-alcohol retail density. The relationship between alcohol outlets and crime is not simply an artefact of retail geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cameron
- School of Accounting, Finance and EconomicsUniversity of WaikatoHamilton,Te Ngira—Institute for Population ResearchUniversity of WaikatoHamilton
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16
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Caetano R, Vaeth PA, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Kaplan ZB, Annechino R. Trends and correlates of spatially aggregated alcohol-involved crashes among Whites and Hispanics in California. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1449-1459. [PMID: 35702933 PMCID: PMC9427699 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This paper examines trends and correlates of alcohol-involved motor vehicle crashes (AMVCs) in California between 2005 and 2016 among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites (Whites hereafter). Together these two groups comprise 76% of the state population. The paper also examines whether alcohol outlet density, percentage of Hispanics in census tract populations, and distance to the U.S./Mexico border are related to greater risks for AMVCs. The border is of interest given the greater availability of alcohol in the area. METHODS Crash data come from Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System maintained by the California Highway Patrol. Sociodemographic and community characteristics data from the U.S. Census and alcohol outlet density were aggregated to census tracts. Total motor vehicle crashes and AMVCs were related to these characteristics using hierarchical Bayesian Poisson space-time models. RESULTS There were over two million injury and fatality crashes during the period of analysis, of which 11% were AMVCs. About 1.7% of these crashes had fatalities. The rate of AMVCs increased among both Whites and Hispanics until 2008. After 2008, the rate among Whites declined through 2016 while the rate among Hispanics declined for 2 years (2009 and 2010) and increased thereafter. Crash distance from the border (RR = 1.016, 95% CI = 1.010 to 1.022) and percent Hispanic population (RR = 1.006; 95% CI = 1.003 to 1.009) were well-supported results with 95% credible intervals that did not include 1. The percentages of the following: bars/pubs, males, individuals aged 18 to 29 and 40 to 49 years, U.S. born population, individuals below the 150% poverty level, unemployed, housing vacant, and housing owner-occupied were all positively associated with AMVCs and well supported. CONCLUSIONS Between 2005 and 2016 the rate of AMVCs in California declined among Whites but not among Hispanics. Population-level indicators of percent Hispanic population, distance to the U.S. Mexico border, gender, age distribution, and socioeconomic stability were positively associated with crash rates, indicating that important contextual characteristics help determine the level of AMVC rates in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Caetano
- Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite
601, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A
| | - Patrice A.C. Vaeth
- Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite
601, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A
| | - Paul J. Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite
601, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A
| | - William R. Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite
601, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A
| | - Zoe B. Kaplan
- Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite
601, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A
| | - Rachelle Annechino
- Prevention Research Center, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite
601, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A
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17
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Rodrigues P, Hébert M, Philibert M. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and dating violence: does spatial scale matter? Int J Health Geogr 2022; 21:6. [PMID: 35725471 PMCID: PMC9210619 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-022-00306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dating violence (DV) is a public health problem that could have serious repercussions for the health and well-being of a large number of adolescents. Several neighborhood characteristics could influence these behaviors, but knowledge on such influences is still limited. This study aims at (1) evaluating the associations between neighborhood characteristics and DV, and (2) assessing how spatial scale influences the estimations of the latter associations. Methods The Québec Health Survey of High School Students (2016–2017) was used to describe DV. Neighborhoods were operationalized with polygon-based network buffers of varying sizes (ranging from 250 to 1000 m). Multiple data sources were used to describe neighborhood characteristics: crime rate, alcohol outlet density (on-premises and off-premises), walkability, greenness, green spaces density, and youth organizations density. Gendered-stratified logistic regressions were used for assessing the association between neighborhood characteristics and DV. Results For boys, off-premises alcohol outlet density (500 m) is associated with an increase in perpetrating psychological DV. Crime rate (500 m) is positively associated with physical or sexual DV perpetration, and crime rate (250 m) is positively associated with physical or sexual DV victimization. Greenness (1000 m) has a protective effect on psychological DV victimization. For girls, walkability (500 m to 1000 m) is associated with a decrease in perpetrating and experiencing psychological DV, and walkability (250 m) is negatively associated with physical or sexual DV victimization. Conclusions Several neighborhood characteristics are likely to influence DV, and their effects depend on the form of DV, gender, and spatial scale. Public policies should develop neighborhood-level interventions by improving neighborhood living conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12942-022-00306-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rodrigues
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Case postale 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Martine Hébert
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Case postale 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mathieu Philibert
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Case postale 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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18
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ANDERSON GOODELL ERINM, KUNTSCHE EMMANUEL, LABHART FLORIAN, THRUL JOHANNES. Drinking location moderates the association between social group size and alcohol consumption among young adults: An event-level study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:238-245. [PMID: 34233040 PMCID: PMC8738772 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have demonstrated relationships between social and environmental characteristics of the drinking context and alcohol use. However, the use of event-level data to investigate individual and joint relationships between such characteristics and alcohol use remains a gap in the literature. This study aimed to examine associations between drinking context (location and social group size) and alcohol consumption, and estimate the relationship between the interaction of context and alcohol consumption. METHODS Using an Internet-based cellphone-optimised assessment technique, 183 Swiss young adults (mean: 23 years; range: 17-37 years) completed hourly assessments from 8 pm to midnight Thursday through Saturday for five consecutive weeks. Participants contributed 3454 hourly questionnaires. The number of drinks, the number of friends present and location (off-premise-home, outdoors; on-premise-bars, restaurants) were assessed based on the previous hour. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to assess the relationships of interest. RESULTS Being off-premise compared to on-premise was associated with fewer hourly drinks consumed (b = -0.44, P < 0.001). Greater numbers of friends present were associated with more drinks consumed (b = 0.02, P < 0.001). The association between number of friends and number of drinks consumed was significantly stronger for off-premise compared to on-premise locations (b = 0.03, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Compared to off-premise locations, on-premise locations are associated with more hourly drinks consumed. However, the positive relationship between social group size and drinks consumed is significantly stronger for off-premise locations compared to on-premise locations. Findings have implications for tailored interventions focused on reducing alcohol consumption by young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - EMMANUEL KUNTSCHE
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - FLORIAN LABHART
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA,,Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland,,Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - JOHANNES THRUL
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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19
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Caetano R, Vaeth PA, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Kaplan Z. Drinking in Mexico by Whites and Hispanics on and off the US/Mexico border in California. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2021; 22:701-719. [PMID: 34878365 PMCID: PMC9200137 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.2011815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper compares drinking patterns of Whites and Hispanics who after crossing the U.S./Mexico border drink and do not drink in Mexico. Data came from a household survey of 1,209 adults 18 to 39 years of age in California. Residence near the US/Mexico border increases the likelihood of drinking in Mexico (AOR = 4.57; 95%CI = 2.45-8.52; p < .001). Hispanics (AOR = 1.91; 95%CI = 1.26-2.90; p < .01), those who drink more frequently (AOR = 1.05; 95%CI = 1.02-1.09; p < .01) and those who drink six or more drinks in day (AOR = 1.91; 95%CI = 1.26-2.29; p < .01) are more likely than Whites and lighter drinkers to report this behavior. Crossing the U.S./Mexico border to drink is influenced by living close to the border, Hispanic ethnicity, and drinking many drinks in a day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoe Kaplan
- Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, CA, USA
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20
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Mair C, Gruenewald PJ. Ecological momentary assessments of night-time drinking among California adolescents: bases for informing night-time preventive interventions. Addiction 2021; 116:3408-3421. [PMID: 34159671 PMCID: PMC8578195 DOI: 10.1111/add.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To inform the development of effective night-time preventive interventions, our goal was to assess adolescents' residence (i.e. being at) and transitions across contexts during evening hours and risks for drinking and drinking-related problems in relation to contexts and to these transitions. DESIGN Ecological momentary assessment and survey methods. SETTING Twelve mid-sized cities (50 000-500 000 population) in California, USA from December 2014 to September 2015. ANALYTICAL SAMPLE A total of 153 adolescents (mean age = 16.4, 46.2% female). MEASUREMENT Initial conditions (e.g. past-year heavy drinking, gender, best friend's approval of drinking); adolescents' residence (i.e. being at) and transitions between (a) their own homes, (b) others' homes and (c) public spaces (e.g. restaurants, parks, concert venues) at early, middle and late evening hours; drinking in these contexts at early, middle and late evening hours; and drinking-related problems across evening hours. FINDINGS Risks for drinking were 23.5 times greater in others' homes (P < 0.01) and somewhat less in public spaces [odds ratio (OR) = 6.01, P < 0.01], compared with own home. Risks for problems in any evening time were elevated in relation to being in others' homes (OR = 2.37, P < 0.05) and public spaces (OR = 2.71, P < 0.01) versus at own home. Drinking in others' homes was related to 5.9 times increase in odds of transitioning back to own home (OR = 5.93, P < 0.05), 11.9 times increase in odds of remaining in others' homes (OR = 11.86, P < 0.01) or 7.3 times increase in odds of transitioning from others' homes to public spaces (OR = 7.3, P < 0.05). Initial conditions were associated with being in states, drinking and problems during evening hours and transitions across states. CONCLUSIONS In California, adolescents who are older, female, Hispanic or have greater spending money may be more likely to be outside their own home during evening hours than adolescents who do not match those criteria. In turn, being outside one's home during evening hours appears to be related to greater risks for drinking and drinking-related problems. Finally, transitions between contexts increased differential risks for drinking such that, for example, drinking in others' homes was highly related to transitioning to public spaces and less to returning to own home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 De Soto Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Paul J. Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
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21
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Sebeelo TB. “Alcohol is life, it’s part of us”: Examining the Everyday Experiences of Alcohol Use in Botswana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF LEISURE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8164564 DOI: 10.1007/s41978-021-00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to control and regulate alcohol has recently gained steam in Botswana. Inspired by a public health perspective, the government of Botswana has recently increased the alcohol tax levy, reduced the hours of operation for bars and increased penalties for alcohol-related offences to control alcohol-related harm. While these reforms have been central to policymaking, and caused some controversy, not much is known about the everyday experiences of alcohol consumers in Botswana. Drawing from semi-structured interviews (n = 40) collected amongst drinkers over a five-year period, this paper examines the everyday use of alcohol in Botswana. The analysis demonstrates that alcohol use constitutes an important part of leisure and night-time economy (NTE) activities in Botswana. It is a functional social activity that is used by people to take time away from the routines and pressures of daily life. More importantly, it is pleasurable to people, enhances sociability, and partaken as a form of transaction between men and women in bars. There is need for policy makers to consider the embodied experiences of alcohol use when designing alcohol interventions in Botswana.
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22
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McGill E, Petticrew M, Marks D, McGrath M, Rinaldi C, Egan M. Applying a complex systems perspective to alcohol consumption and the prevention of alcohol-related harms in the 21st century: a scoping review. Addiction 2021; 116:2260-2288. [PMID: 33220118 DOI: 10.1111/add.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A complex systems perspective has been advocated to explore multi-faceted factors influencing public health issues, including alcohol consumption and associated harms. This scoping review aimed to identify studies that applied a complex systems perspective to alcohol consumption and the prevention of alcohol-related harms in order to summarize their characteristics and identify evidence gaps. METHODS Studies published between January 2000 and September 2020 in English were located by searching for terms synonymous with 'complex systems' and 'alcohol' in the Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Embase databases, and through handsearching and reference screening of included studies. Data were extracted on each study's aim, country, population, alcohol topic, system levels, funding, theory, methods, data sources, time-frames, system modifications and type of findings produced. RESULTS Eighty-seven individual studies and three systematic reviews were identified, the majority of which were conducted in the United States or Australia in the general population, university students or adolescents. Studies explored types and patterns of consumption behaviour and the local environments in which alcohol is consumed. Most studies focused on individual and local interactions and influences, with fewer examples exploring the relationships between these and regional, national and international subsystems. The body of literature is methodologically diverse and includes theory-led approaches, dynamic simulation models and social network analyses. The systematic reviews focused on primary network studies. CONCLUSIONS The use of a complex systems perspective has provided a variety of ways of conceptualizing and analyzing alcohol use and harm prevention efforts, but its focus ultimately has remained on predominantly individual- and/or local-level systems. A complex systems perspective represents an opportunity to address this gap by also considering the vertical dimensions that constrain, shape and influence alcohol consumption and related harms, but the literature to date has not fully captured this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McGill
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Petticrew
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dalya Marks
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael McGrath
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chiara Rinaldi
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matt Egan
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Lardier DT, Opara I, Lin Y, Roach E, Herrera A, Garcia-Reid P, Reid RJ. A Spatial Analysis of Alcohol Outlet Density Type, Abandoned Properties, and Police Calls on Aggravated Assault Rates in a Northeastern U.S. City. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1527-1535. [PMID: 34210249 PMCID: PMC8324007 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1942053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Community-based research and prevention scholarship has shown a growing interest in examining the impact of the ecological structure of neighborhoods on community violence. Ecological structures such as higher numbers of alcohol outlets and abandoned/vacant properties in geographically dense, poor, and socially isolated communities are critically important to consider. Further, disadvantaged urban communities are burdened by greater police presence with limited or no abatement in crime or violence. Purpose: Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping, spatial analysis techniques, and a negative binomial regression analyses, this study investigated the relationships between alcohol outlet density consisting of license C (i.e., combined on and off premises establishments) and license D (i.e., off premises establishments such as liquor stores), abandoned properties, and police calls to service on aggravated assault rates in a Northeastern United States urban city. Results: Negative binomial regression analysis results showed that license C alcohol outlet density count (IRR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.11), license D alcohol outlet density count (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.30), abandoned property count (IRR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.01), and police call to service counts (IRR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.50) were positively associated with aggravated assault rates. Analyses controlled for census data characteristics. Conclusions: The link between alcohol outlet density and violent crime has been established in public health research. However, this study represents an important contribution in recognizing the unique relationships between license C and license D alcohol outlet density, abandoned properties, and police calls to service with aggravated assaults in an urban neighborhood. Conclusions are drawn for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Lardier
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ijeoma Opara
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily Roach
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andriana Herrera
- Department of Public Health, College of Education and Human Services, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pauline Garcia-Reid
- Department of Family Science and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert J. Reid
- Department of Family Science and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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Taylor N, Livingston M, Coomber K, Mayshak R, Zahnow R, Ferris J, Chikritzhs T, Miller P. The combined impact of higher-risk on-license venue outlet density and trading hours on serious assaults in night-time entertainment precincts. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 223:108720. [PMID: 33866071 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Night-time entertainment precincts (NEPs) are clusters of higher-risk on-licence venues, that pose a significant burden on health and social order services. Outlet density and trading hours are two of the most well researched contributors to alcohol availability within NEPs; increases in outlet density and late-night trading hours within NEPs have been independently associated with increased assaults. This is the first study to examine both factors across cities to predict alcohol-related assaults. METHODS Licensing data were used to investigate the effect of outlet density and trading hours on police recorded serious assaults in nine NEPs (9 cross-sectional units) across Queensland from January 2010 to July 2018 at monthly intervals (102 longitudinal units). Multi-level models were used to determine i) whether precinct-level trading hours moderated the relationship between outlet density and serious assaults; and ii) the impact of outlets closing before 12am, 3am, and 5am on serious assaults. FINDINGS The positive relationship between outlet density and assaults was stronger in precincts with trading hours ending at 5am compared to 3am (IRR = 1.01, p = 0.03). The amount of venues closing before 12am was associated with reduced numbers of assaults (IRR = 0.97, p = 0.04), while venues closing between 12:01am-3am and 3:01am-5am were associated with increased assaults (IRR = 1.02, p<0.01; IRR = 1.01, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Late night service of alcohol creates more harm in areas of high outlet density, whereas early closing venues in areas where outlet density is low is associated with reduced number of assaults. This relationship should be taken into account in the development of future alcohol policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Taylor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Vic, 3220, Australia.
| | - Michael Livingston
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Kerri Coomber
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Vic, 3220, Australia
| | - Richelle Mayshak
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Vic, 3220, Australia
| | - Renee Zahnow
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, Vic, 3220, Australia
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25
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Caetano R, Vaeth PAC, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Kaplan Z, Annechino R. Proximity to the U.S./Mexico border, alcohol outlet density and population-based sociodemographic correlates of spatially aggregated violent crimes in California. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 58:42-47. [PMID: 33640486 PMCID: PMC8164990 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines trends and population-level correlates of violent crime rates from 2005 to 2017 in California, including proximity to the U.S./Mexico border and alcohol outlet density. Crime data come from the Crimes and Clearances report compiled by the California Department of Justice. These and U.S. Census data were aggregated at the level of 499 Law Enforcement Reporting Areas (LERA) that contributed to the report. Reported crime rates were related to area characteristics using hierarchical Bayesian Poisson space-time models. Violent crime rates declined 16% from 2005 to 2017. Crime rates were positively related to distance to the border, total alcohol outlet density, percent outlets that are bars and pubs, percent population Black, percent population Hispanic, percent population 30-49 years of age, percent population U.S. born, percent 150% below federal poverty level, percent high school graduate, and percent houses vacant. Violent crimes were negatively related to percent total outlets that are off-premise, percent population male, percent with higher than 2017 adjusted median income, percent owner occupied houses, and lower population density. In conclusion, several population level characteristics including ethnic composition, community socioeconomic stability, and alcohol availability are associated with violent crime rates. Contrary to public perceptions, violent crime rates increase as distance to the Mexico border increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Caetano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA.
| | | | | | | | - Zoe Kaplan
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA
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26
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Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Witbrodt J, Mericle AA, Polcin DL, Kaskutas LA. Testing a Socioecological Model of Relapse and Recovery from Alcohol Problems. Subst Abuse 2020; 14:1178221820933631. [PMID: 33192069 PMCID: PMC7594231 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820933631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study tests a socioecological model of relapse and recovery using latent class growth mixture modeling to identify neighborhood, social network and individual-level predictors of alcohol dependence trajectories among a large, longitudinal sample of problem drinkers recruited from substance use treatment settings. We identified four distinct alcohol dependence trajectories: Stable Recovery/Low (Class 1); Relapsing/Rising (Class 2); Late Recovery/Declining (Class 3); and Chronic/High (Class 4). Neighborhood context (poverty and density of bars), social network characteristics (less involvement with Alcoholics Anonymous [AA], continued affiliation with heavy drinkers), and individual predisposing (psychiatric severity) and need (returning to treatment) characteristics each distinguished individuals in the Relapsing/Rising class from individuals in the Stable Recovery/Low class. Social network characteristics (AA involvement and continued affiliation with heavy drinkers) were the primary distinguishing factors for individuals in the Chronic/High class compared to the Late Recovery/Declining class. Study findings can be used to promote recovery and help prevent relapse by: guiding development of community-level interventions to improve social and physical environments; identifying potentially modifiable factors (social network support for sobriety, participation in self-help) to reduce negative consequences among problem drinkers who remain in high-risk neighborhoods; and contributing to ongoing discussions about new and continued licensing of alcohol outlets and regulation of alcohol sales to prevent alcohol problems in high-risk areas and among high-risk people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Witbrodt
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute,
Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Amy A Mericle
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute,
Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Douglas L Polcin
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute,
Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Lee Ann Kaskutas
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute,
Emeryville, CA, USA
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27
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Redfern J, Sidorov K, Rosin PL, Corcoran P, Moore SC, Marshall D. Association of violence with urban points of interest. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239840. [PMID: 32970775 PMCID: PMC7514026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between alcohol outlets and violence has long been recognised, and is commonly used to inform policing and licensing policies (such as staggered closing times and zoning). Less investigated, however, is the association between violent crime and other urban points of interest, which while associated with the city centre alcohol consumption economy, are not explicitly alcohol outlets. Here, machine learning (specifically, LASSO regression) is used to model the distribution of violent crime for the central 9 km2 of ten large UK cities. Densities of 620 different Point of Interest types (sourced from Ordnance Survey) are used as predictors, with the 10 most explanatory variables being automatically selected for each city. Cross validation is used to test generalisability of each model. Results show that the inclusion of additional point of interest types produces a more accurate model, with significant increases in performance over a baseline univariate alcohol-outlet only model. Analysis of chosen variables for city-specific models shows potential candidates for new strategies on a per-city basis, with combined-model variables showing the general trend in POI/violence association across the UK. Although alcohol outlets remain the best individual predictor of violence, other points of interest should also be considered when modelling the distribution of violence in city centres. The presented method could be used to develop targeted, city-specific initiatives that go beyond alcohol outlets and also consider other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Redfern
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirill Sidorov
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Padraig Corcoran
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Moore
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Marshall
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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28
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Kajeepeta S, Theall KP, Kondo MC, Branas CC, Wallace ME, Jacoby SF, Morrison CN. The association between blighted property remediation and domestic crime by alcohol availability. Health Place 2020; 64:102364. [PMID: 32838890 PMCID: PMC7447840 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that place-based interventions reduce crime and interpersonal violence in urban settings. However, evidence concerning the impacts of these neighborhood interventions on domestic crime (crime between intimate partners, family, or household members) is inconclusive. We used data from a New Orleans, Louisiana, place-based blighted property remediation intervention to test the hypothesis that the intervention was associated with changes in domestic crime. Because there is evidence that alcohol availability is related to domestic crime, we also assessed whether this association was moderated by alcohol outlet density. We assessed overall associations using a difference-in-difference approach and assessed moderation using a triple-difference approach. The analytic sample consisted of 204 remediated lots and 612 non-remediated matched control lots over 84 months (2011-2017), for a total of 68,544 lot-months. In difference-in-differences analyses, the place-based intervention was associated with additional domestic crime incidence (β = 0.311, 95% CI: 0.016, 0.605; p = 0.039). In triple-difference analyses, on-premise bar density modified this association (β = -0.119, 95%CI: -0.147, -0.092; p < 0.001): in areas with higher bar density, increases in domestic crime were lower near remediated lots compared with control lots. Place-based interventions to reduce blighted properties may have contributed to fewer domestic crime incidents in areas with more bars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kajeepeta
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Katherine P Theall
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Michelle C Kondo
- Philadelphia Field Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Maeve E Wallace
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Sara F Jacoby
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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29
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Foster S, Hooper P, Divitini M, Knuiman M, Trapp G. Over the limit? Testing non-linear associations between alcohol outlets and young adults' alcohol consumption. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 39:664-670. [PMID: 32567116 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS By specifying a threshold at which the number of liquor licences has the most impact on local populations, authorities can work to restrict licence approvals and help prevent alcohol-related harm. DESIGN AND METHODS Raine Study Generation 2 participants reported their alcohol intake at 22 years (n = 843) and liquor licences within 1600 m of participants' homes were mapped. Analyses examined associations between licences (all licences, on-premise licences, liquor stores) and alcohol intake (g ethanol per day). Two models were fitted: (i) forced a straight-line relationship; and (ii) allowed a curved relationship via restricted cubic splines. RESULTS The straight-line and curved models showed significant relationships with all licences (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002 respectively) and on-premise licences (P = 0.006 and P = 0.01 respectively), but not liquor stores (P = 0.065 and P = 0.13 respectively). The straight-line model indicated that alcohol consumption increased, on average, by 0.15 g per day for each additional licence and 0.17 g per day for each additional on-premise licence. The curved model indicated that consumption increased by around 0.4 g per day for each additional licence from 0 to 10, but increases were negligible for additional licences beyond 10. The curved model provided a better overall fit to the data than the straight-line model (R2 9.52% vs. 9.18%), but the improvement in fit did not quite reach statistical significance (P = 0.08). The curvature was similar, but less pronounced for on-premise licences (R2 9.11% vs. 8.95%; P = 0.23). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a possible saturation point at which additional licences have a smaller effect on the alcohol intake of 22-year-olds living in metropolitan Perth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Foster
- Centre for Urban Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paula Hooper
- Australian Urban Design Research Centre, School of Design, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark Divitini
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Matthew Knuiman
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Georgina Trapp
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
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30
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Ghanem L, Lee JP, Sumetsky N, Pagano A, Gruenewald P, Mair C. Place management in off-premise alcohol outlets: Results of a multi-methods study in a six-city California area. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 80:102735. [PMID: 32416539 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between neighborhood crime and alcohol outlets are often theorized as resulting from poor place management. Barriers and supports to place management have been examined for on-premise (bars, restaurants) but not for off-premise alcohol outlets. Few studies have assessed place management issues across a range of off-premise outlet and neighborhood types, and none have included the perspectives of off-premise outlet managers themselves. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods within an ethnographic approach, we investigated barriers and supports to place management across off-premise outlets in a large urban area. METHODS We unobtrusively assessed outlet operating characteristics including crime prevention strategies at all 403 off-premise outlets in six contiguous California cities; interviewed managers in 40 outlets; and conducted extensive naturalistic observations in 15 of these 40 outlets. We analyzed data for frequencies and thematic content. RESULTS Small and independently operated off-premise outlets were the most common type of outlet in our study, but demonstrated fewer resources and more challenges to place management compared to large and chain establishments. Security guards were more observed in large and chain outlets. Small and independent outlets were more likely to post signs prohibiting loitering and to enable surveillance of interior spaces. Problems most commonly cited by managers were theft and loitering. Challenges to place management included physical and verbal threats from customers and intoxicated persons, and insufficient law enforcement. Managers evidenced some ability to assert authority over interior, private space, but less so over exterior, public space. CONCLUSIONS Although tasked with maintaining public health and safety, small and independent store managers reported challenges that are seldom acknowledged in policy or research literature. Managers may provide valuable insights on preventing and reducing neighborhood-level problems associated with off-premise alcohol outlets. Local communities should consider enhancing place management resources for managers of small and independent outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ghanem
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue #601, Berkeley CA 94704, United States.
| | - Juliet P Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue #601, Berkeley CA 94704, United States.
| | - Natalie Sumetsky
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 6136 Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Anna Pagano
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue #601, Berkeley CA 94704, United States.
| | - Paul Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue #601, Berkeley CA 94704, United States.
| | - Christina Mair
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 6136 Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Exposure to alcohol outlets, alcohol access, and alcohol consumption among adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107622. [PMID: 31760294 PMCID: PMC6961351 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents who live near more alcohol outlets tend to consume more alcohol, despite laws prohibiting alcohol purchases for people aged <21 years. We examined relationships between adolescents' exposure to alcohol outlets, the sources through which they access alcohol, and their alcohol consumption. METHODS Participants for this longitudinal study (n = 168) were aged 15-18 years and were from 10 cities in the San Francisco Bay Area. We collected survey data to measure participant characteristics, followed by 1 month of GPS tracking to measure exposure to alcohol outlets (separated into exposures near home and away from home for bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets). A follow-up survey approximately 1 year later measured alcohol access (through outlets, family members, peers aged <21 years, peers aged ≥21 years) and alcohol consumption (e.g. count of drinking days in last 30). Generalized structural equation models related exposure to alcohol outlets, alcohol access, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Exposure to bars and off-premise outlets near home was positively associated with accessing alcohol from peers aged <21, and in turn, accessing alcohol from peers aged <21 was positively associated with alcohol consumption. There was no direct association between exposure to alcohol outlets near home or away from home and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that reduce adolescents' access through peers aged <21 may reduce adolescents' alcohol consumption.
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32
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Mair C, Frankeberger J, Gruenewald PJ, Morrison CN, Freisthler B. Space and Place in Alcohol Research. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019; 6:412-422. [PMID: 34295613 PMCID: PMC8294477 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-019-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent literature on social and physical environments and their links to alcohol use and identify empirical research strategies that will lead to a better understanding of alcohol use in contexts. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has continued to describe the importance of neighborhood and regional contexts on alcohol use, while a smaller emerging scientific literature assesses the impacts of contexts on drinking. SUMMARY The dynamic, longitudinal, and multiscale processes by which social and physical structures affect social interactions and substance use have not yet been uncovered or quantified. In order to understand and quantify these processes, assessments of exposures (e.g., how individuals use space) and risks within specific locations are essential. Methods to better assess these exposures and risks include model-based survey approaches, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and other forms of ecologically- and temporally-specific analyses, affiliation network analyses, simulation models, and qualitative/multi-methods studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Jessica Frankeberger
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University
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Stringer R, White G, Gainey R, Triplett R. It Is More Than Just Alcohol: A Criminological Perspective on Routine Drinking Activities, Opportunity, and Alcohol-Related Crashes. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042619865011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This project expands on the “routine drinking activities” perspective by examining alcohol outlets, alcohol-related crashes, and theoretically derived contextual measures. Using census tract–level data from two U.S. cities, we draw on the prevention literature and routine activities theory to develop measures of alcohol availability and context. Spatially lagged regression models examined both direct and conditional relationships between alcohol outlets and alcohol-related crashes. Results indicate that the alcohol outlet and crash relationship was moderated by contextual factors (e.g., driving under the influence [DUI] enforcement and environmental hazards). Thus, alcohol availability may be just a part of a broader community system that affects the opportunity for alcohol-related crashes to occur.
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Wamboldt A, Khan SR, Mellins CA, Wall MM, Reardon L, Hirsch JS. Wine night, 'bro-dinners', and jungle juice: Disaggregating practices of undergraduate binge drinking. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2019; 49:643-667. [PMID: 33833471 DOI: 10.1177/0022042619857549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Undergraduate binge drinking, a well-documented problem at US institutions of higher education, has been associated with a host of negative behavioral health outcomes such as sexual assault, poor academic functioning, and mental health problems. Scholars have extensively examined individual-and institutional-level risk factors for binge drinking on campuses. However, these data have not been effectively translated into interventions to reduce rates of binge drinking. To inform the development of additional evidence-based binge-drinking prevention programs for college campuses, this paper documents the varied goals and social contexts that constitute 'binge drinking', drawing on primarily ethnographic data. By disaggregating what survey research has largely examined as a unified outcome, we offer a descriptive account of the different reasons for and contexts in which students consume alcohol in amounts that constitute binge drinking: to meet new people at parties, to socialize with close friends, when hoping to find a sexual partner, when anticipating moving to a space where alcohol is more difficult to procure, to provide a way to move between affectively different situations, to cope with stress or anxiety, and to fit in. Our discussion links these motivations to factors beyond the individual and institutional levels, and points to modifiable social factors in university life as strategy for prevention. The implication of our argument is that acknowledging and responding to the varied motivations underlying students' alcohol use is one strategy to enhance campus binge-drinking prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wamboldt
- Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 606 W. 122 Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Shamus R Khan
- Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 606 W. 122 Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Claude Ann Mellins
- Departments of Psychiatry and Sociomedical Sciences, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Medical Center, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Melanie M Wall
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University Medical Center, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Leigh Reardon
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jennifer S Hirsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
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35
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Assessing Individuals' Exposure to Environmental Conditions Using Residence-based Measures, Activity Location-based Measures, and Activity Path-based Measures. Epidemiology 2019; 30:166-176. [PMID: 30721163 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many approaches are available to researchers who wish to measure individuals' exposure to environmental conditions. Different approaches may yield different estimates of associations with health outcomes. Taking adolescents' exposure to alcohol outlets as an example, we aimed to (1) compare exposure measures and (2) assess whether exposure measures were differentially associated with alcohol consumption. METHODS We tracked 231 adolescents 14-16 years of age from the San Francisco Bay Area for 4 weeks in 2015/2016 using global positioning systems (GPS). Participants were texted ecologic momentary assessment surveys six times per week, including assessment of alcohol consumption. We used GPS data to calculate exposure to alcohol outlets using three approach types: residence-based (e.g., within the home census tract), activity location-based (e.g., within buffer distances of frequently attended places), and activity path-based (e.g., average outlets per hour within buffer distances of GPS route lines). Spearman correlations compared exposure measures, and separate Tobit models assessed associations with the proportion of ecologic momentary assessment responses positive for alcohol consumption. RESULTS Measures were mostly strongly correlated within approach types (ρ ≥ 0.7), but weakly (ρ < 0.3) to moderately (0.3 ≤ ρ < 0.7) correlated between approach types. Associations with alcohol consumption were mostly inconsistent within and between approach types. Some of the residence-based measures (e.g., census tract: β = 8.3, 95% CI = 2.8, 13.8), none of the activity location-based approaches, and most of the activity path-based approaches (e.g., outlet-hours per hour, 100 m buffer: β = 8.3, 95% CI = 3.3, 13.3) were associated with alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Methodologic decisions regarding measurement of exposure to environmental conditions may affect study results.
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Tutenges S, Bøhling F. Designing drunkenness: How pubs, bars and nightclubs increase alcohol sales. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 70:15-21. [PMID: 31055239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using ethnographic data, this paper investigates the techniques used inside pubs, bars and nightclubs to solicit and sustain alcohol consumption among patrons. Focus is on venues with the majority of patrons belonging to the age group of approximately 15-35 years. The paper identifies a number of techniques, both overt and covert, including: alcohol advertising; special offers (e.g. 'Happy Hours' and 'all you can drink' specials); bartenders' use of strategic intimacy, flirtation, and encouragements to buy more; speed drinking devices (e.g. shot glasses, 'beer bongs' and large pitchers); and architectural features that hamper moderate drinking while accelerating the purchase and intake of alcohol. These techniques were used most extensively in low-priced venues with the youngest patrons (e.g. themed chain pubs) and less so in more expensive venues with more adult patrons (e.g. craft beer bars). The paper argues that youth-oriented drinking venues may be conceived as staged atmospheres of consumption where individuals are seduced and compelled into purchasing alcohol. A team of 12 researchers collected the data through interviews and observations in pubs, bars and nightclubs in four cities across Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tutenges
- Lund University, Department of Sociology, Paradisgatan 5, Box 114, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Frederik Bøhling
- Lund University, Department of Sociology, Paradisgatan 5, Box 114, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Castillo-Carniglia A, Pear VA, Tracy M, Keyes KM, Cerdá M. Limiting Alcohol Outlet Density to Prevent Alcohol Use and Violence: Estimating Policy Interventions Through Agent-Based Modeling. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:694-702. [PMID: 30608509 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing alcohol outlet density is well-documented to be associated with increased alcohol use and problems, leading to the policy recommendation that limiting outlet density will decrease alcohol problems. Yet few studies of decreasing problematic outlets and outlet density have been conducted. We estimated the association between closing alcohol outlets and alcohol use and alcohol-related violence, using an agent-based model of the adult population in New York City. The model was calibrated according to the empirical distribution of the parameters across the city's population, including the density of on- and off-premise alcohol outlets. Interventions capped the alcohol outlet distribution at the 90th to the 50th percentiles of the New York City density, and closed 5% to 25% of outlets with the highest levels of violence. Capping density led to a lower population of light drinkers (42.2% at baseline vs. 38.1% at the 50th percentile), while heavy drinking increased slightly (12.0% at baseline vs. 12.5% at the 50th percentile). Alcohol-related homicides and nonfatal violence remained unchanged. Closing the most violent outlets was not associated with changes in alcohol use or related problems. Results suggest that focusing solely on closing alcohol outlets might not be an effective strategy to reduce alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Castillo-Carniglia
- Society and Health Research Center, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Mayor, Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Veronica A Pear
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Melissa Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Slutske WS, Deutsch AR, Piasecki TM. Neighborhood alcohol outlet density and genetic influences on alcohol use: evidence for gene-environment interaction. Psychol Med 2019; 49:474-482. [PMID: 29730997 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic influences on alcohol involvement are likely to vary as a function of the 'alcohol environment,' given that exposure to alcohol is a necessary precondition for genetic risk to be expressed. However, few gene-environment interaction studies of alcohol involvement have focused on characteristics of the community-level alcohol environment. The goal of this study was to examine whether living in a community with more alcohol outlets would facilitate the expression of the genetic propensity to drink in a genetically-informed national survey of United States young adults. METHODS The participants were 2434 18-26-year-old twin, full-, and half-sibling pairs from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Participants completed in-home interviews in which alcohol use was assessed. Alcohol outlet densities were extracted from state-level liquor license databases aggregated at the census tract level to derive the density of outlets. RESULTS There was evidence that the estimates of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use varied as a function of the density of alcohol outlets in the community. For example, the heritability of the frequency of alcohol use for those residing in a neighborhood with ten or more outlets was 74% (95% confidence limits = 55-94%), compared with 16% (95% confidence limits = 0-34%) for those in a neighborhood with zero outlets. This moderating effect of alcohol outlet density was not explained by the state of residence, population density, or neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that living in a neighborhood with many alcohol outlets may be especially high-risk for those individuals who are genetically predisposed to frequently drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- University of Missouri,210 McAlester Hall,Columbia,MO 65211,USA
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Wolf JP, Dellor ED. Investigating Relationships Between Drinking Venues, Drinking Companions, and Corporal Punishment of Children. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:45-55. [PMID: 30453766 PMCID: PMC7988428 DOI: 10.1177/1077559518811955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Limited evidence suggests that how much a parent drinks in a particular venue, such as a bar, restaurant, or a friend's home, is associated with use of corporal punishment. However, these relationships could differ depending on their drinking companions (e.g., spouse or friends). In this study, weighted zero-inflated Poisson models were used to examine whether the relationships between venue-specific drinking frequency, heavier drinking, and corporal punishment are moderated by drinking companions in a mixed-mode sample of parents ( n = 1,599). The relationships between drinking frequency, heavier drinking, and corporal punishment varied by drinking companions, with some combinations being protective and others conferring risk. While most alcohol screening tools focus on individual alcohol use, more nuanced assessment examining where and with whom parents are drinking could be helpful in understanding risk of physical discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Price Wolf
- Division of Social Work, California State University, Sacramento, 600 J Street Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, 180 Grand Avenue, Oakland, CA 94612, United States
| | - Elinam D. Dellor
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, 180 Grand Avenue, Oakland, CA 94612, United States
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW. Associations of Early Age of First Intoxication with Past Year Drinking Contexts and Problems. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1146-1153. [PMID: 30676855 PMCID: PMC6483821 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1563187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying associations between early drinking and problems are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated (a) associations between early age of first intoxication (≤15 years) and past year drinking in different contexts and (b) whether early age of first intoxication is differentially associated with problems in these contexts. METHODS We used survey data collected in 2013-2014 from 405 past-year adolescent drinkers in 24 midsized California cities. Data included demographics; drinking behaviors; age of first intoxication; frequency of being at and drinking at restaurants, bars/nightclubs, outdoor places, and home; and problems. We used multilevel logistic and negative binomial models to account for the clustering of adolescents within cities. Probabilities were corrected to maintain family-wise error rates. RESULTS Early age of first intoxication was associated with a 120% increase in the odds of drinking at outdoor settings (OR = 2.20, pc < .05). Early age of first intoxication was associated with increased numbers of problems related to drinking in restaurants (IRR = 5.72, pc < .001), outdoor settings (IRR = 3.40, pc < .001), and homes (IRR = 2.84, pc < .001). Later intoxication (≥16 years) was not significantly associated with increased drinking or problems in any of these contexts. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that underage drinkers who report early intoxication are more likely to drink at outdoor settings, but not other contexts. However, they may differentially experience drinking problems across contexts. To target youths who have experienced intoxication at an early age and to reduce problems, prevention interventions should focus on outdoor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- a Prevention Research Center , Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Joel W Grube
- a Prevention Research Center , Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Berkeley , CA , USA
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Maheswaran R, Green MA, Strong M, Brindley P, Angus C, Holmes J. Alcohol outlet density and alcohol related hospital admissions in England: a national small-area level ecological study. Addiction 2018; 113:2051-2059. [PMID: 30125420 PMCID: PMC6220934 DOI: 10.1111/add.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Excessive alcohol consumption has a substantial impact on public health services. A key element determining alcohol availability is alcohol outlet density. This study investigated the relationship between on-trade and off-trade outlets and hospital admission rates in local neighbourhoods. DESIGN National small-area level ecological study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All 32 482 lower layer super output census areas (LSOAs) in England (42 227 108 million people aged 15+ years). Densities for six outlet categories (outlets within a 1-km radius of residential postcode centroids, averaged for all postcodes within each LSOA) were calculated. MEASUREMENTS Main outcome measures were admissions due to acute or chronic conditions wholly or partially attributable to alcohol consumption from 2002/03 to 2013/14. FINDINGS There were 1 007 137 admissions wholly, and 2 153 874 admissions partially, attributable to alcohol over 12 years. After adjustment for confounding, higher densities of on-trade outlets (pubs, bars and nightclubs; restaurants licensed to sell alcohol; other on-trade outlets) and convenience stores were associated with higher admission rate ratios for acute and chronic wholly attributable conditions. For acute wholly attributable conditions, admission rate ratios were 13% (95% confidence interval = 11-15%), 9% (7-10%), 12% (10-14%) and 10% (9-12%) higher, respectively, in the highest relative to the lowest density categories by quartile. For chronic wholly attributable conditions, rate ratios were 22% (21-24%), 9% (7-11%), 19% (17-21%) and 7% (6-9%) higher, respectively. Supermarket density was associated with modestly higher acute and chronic admissions but other off-trade outlet density was associated only with higher admissions for chronic wholly attributable conditions. For partially attributable conditions, there were no strong patterns of association with outlet densities. CONCLUSIONS In England, higher densities of several categories of alcohol outlets appear to be associated with higher hospital admission rates for conditions wholly attributable to alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Maheswaran
- Public Health GIS Unit, School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Mark A. Green
- Department of Geography and PlanningUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Mark Strong
- Public Health GIS Unit, School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Paul Brindley
- Department of LandscapeUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Colin Angus
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - John Holmes
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Jin Z, Chang HH, Ponicki WR, Gaidus A, Waller LA, Morrison CN, Gruenewald PJ. Longitudinal impacts of two causal drivers of alcohol demand on outlet concentrations within community settings: Population size and income effects. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2018; 27:21-28. [PMID: 30409373 PMCID: PMC6233730 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed counts of licensed bars, restaurants and off-premise alcohol outlets within 53 California cities from 2000-2013. Poisson models were used to assess overall space-time associations between outlet numbers and population size and median household income in local and spatially adjacent block groups. We then separated covariate effects into distinct spatial and temporal components ("decomposed" models). Overall models showed that densities of all outlet types were generally greatest within block groups that had lower income, were adjacent to block groups with lower income, had greater populations, and were adjacent to block groups that had greater populations. Decomposed models demonstrate that over time greater income was associated with increased counts of bars, and greater population was associated with greater numbers of restaurants and off-premise outlets. Acknowledging the many negative consequences for populations living in areas of high outlet density, these effects are a predictable and powerful social determinant of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxuan Jin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States
| | - Andrew Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States.
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Nesoff ED, Milam AJ, Branas CC, Martins SS, Knowlton AR, Furr-Holden DM. Alcohol Outlets, Neighborhood Retail Environments, and Pedestrian Injury Risk. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1979-1987. [PMID: 30102415 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol outlet density has been associated with increased pedestrian injury risk. It is unclear whether this is because alcohol outlets are located in dense retail areas with heavy pedestrian traffic or whether alcohol outlets contribute a unique neighborhood risk. We aimed to compare the pedestrian injury rate around alcohol outlets to the rate around other, similar retail outlets that do not sell alcohol. METHODS A spatial analysis was conducted on census block groups in Baltimore City. Data included pedestrian injury emergency medical services (EMS) records from January 1, 2014 to April 15, 2015 (n = 848); locations of alcohol outlets licensed for off-premise (n = 726) and on-premise consumption (n = 531); and corner (n = 398) and convenience stores (n = 192) that do not sell alcohol. Negative binomial regression was used to determine the relationship between retail outlet count and pedestrian injuries, controlling for key confounding variables. Spatial autocorrelation was also assessed and variable selection adjusted accordingly. RESULTS Each additional off-premise alcohol outlet was associated with a 12.3% increase in the rate of neighborhood pedestrian injury when controlling for convenience and corner stores and other confounders (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.123, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.065, 1.184, p < 0.001). The attributable risk was 4.9% (95% CI = 0.3, 8.9) or 41 additional injuries. On-premise alcohol outlets were not significant predictors of neighborhood pedestrian injury rate in multivariable models (IRR = 0.972, 95% CI = 0.940, 1.004, p = 0.194). CONCLUSIONS Off-premise alcohol outlets are associated with pedestrian injury rate, even when controlling for other types of retail outlets. Findings reinforce the importance of alcohol outlets in understanding neighborhood pedestrian injury risk and may provide evidence for informing policy on liquor store licensing, zoning, and enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Nesoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Adam J Milam
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Amy R Knowlton
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Debra M Furr-Holden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan
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Cooke A, Freisthler B, Mulholland E. Examination of Market Segmentation among Medical Marijuana Dispensaries. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1463-1467. [PMID: 29303392 PMCID: PMC6141243 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1413391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As medical marijuana legislation becomes more common, concerns arise about the overconcentration of dispensaries, raising questions about the number of medicinal marijuana dispensaries (MMD) needed to serve medicinal users. OBJECTIVES This paper applies niche-marketing theory-which suggests dispensaries market to specific types of people-to examine if MMDs might be targeting recreational users. Observed differences between dispensary populations and between dispensary clients and local residents may indicate that dispensaries are drawing in patients based on factors other than medical need. METHODS Data were collected via exit surveys with patients at four dispensaries in Long Beach, CA. A total of 132 patients were surveyed regarding demographic data, purchase information, medical condition, and nearest cross street for their home address. Census tract information was collected for every dispensary. RESULTS Chi-squared tests show significant associations between dispensary visited and race (χ2 = 31.219, p < 0.001) and significant associations between medical condition and dispensary visited (χ2 = 22.123, p < 0.05). Lastly, we found that all four of the dispensaries had patients who were different from community residents in some characteristics. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences relating to race, medical condition, and distance traveled across dispensaries. Results suggest dispensary users do not necessarily reside in the same area in which dispensaries are located and do not necessarily reflect the local population. Taken together these results provide some support for market segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Cooke
- a Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health , University of California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | | | - Elycia Mulholland
- c Department of Social Welfare , Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California , Los Angeles , California , USA
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Berg CJ, Henriksen L, Cavazos-Rehg PA, Haardoerfer R, Freisthler B. The emerging marijuana retail environment: Key lessons learned from tobacco and alcohol retail research. Addict Behav 2018; 81:26-31. [PMID: 29421347 PMCID: PMC5845833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The emerging retail market for recreational marijuana use warrants research and surveillance as such markets are established in more US states. This research can be informed by the existing literature regarding tobacco and alcohol, which highlights the impact of spatial access to tobacco and alcohol retailers and exposure to tobacco and alcohol marketing on smoking and drinking among youth and young adults. Prior research indicates that tobacco and alcohol retailers, as well as medical marijuana dispensaries, are disproportionately located in neighborhoods characterized by socioeconomic disadvantage and by higher proportions of racial/ethnic minorities and young adults. Moreover, retail marketing or point-of-sale practices may differentially target subpopulations and differ by neighborhood demography and local policy. This literature and the methods employed for studying the tobacco and alcohol market could inform research on the retail environment for marijuana, as current gaps exist. In particular, much of the existing literature involves cross-sectional research designs; longitudinal studies are needed. Moreover, standardized measures are needed for systematic monitoring of industry marketing practices and to conduct research examining neighborhood differences in exposure to retail marketing for marijuana and its contribution to use modality and frequency, alone and in combination with nicotine and alcohol. The use of standardized measures for tobacco and alcohol marketing have been critical to develop an evidence base from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that document the impact of retail marketing on substance use by adolescents and adults. Similar research is needed to establish an evidence base to inform federal, state, and local regulations of marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1070 Arastradero Rd, suite 353, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Patricia A Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Regine Haardoerfer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Bridget Freisthler
- College of Social Work, Ohio State University, 1947 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Lasebikan VO, Ayinde O, Odunleye M, Adeyefa B, Adepoju S, Fakunle S. Prevalence of alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders among outdoor drinkers in public open places in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:400. [PMID: 29580226 PMCID: PMC5870070 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a rapid shift in the social context of drinking, with a large proportion of regular drinkers favouring outdoor-open space drinking, such as motor-parks, by the road sides, the majority of which are unlicensed premises for drinking. METHOD This study determined the prevalence and determinants of harmful or hazardous alcohol use and possible dependence, defined as a "likely alcohol use disorder" (AUD) in a community sample of 1119 patrons of open space drinking places in Ibadan, Nigeria, using the AUDIT. Scores of 8 and above signified a likely AUD. The associations between a likely AUD and demographic characteristics were sought using Chi square statistics and binary regression analysis was used to determine the effects of multiple confounding variables on a likely AUD using the SPSS version 20.0 software. RESULTS Of the entire population, the prevalence of likely AUD was 39.5%, and 44.4% out of the drinking population Multivariate analysis showed that Islamic religion was a negative predictor for likely AUD, OR = 0.13, 95% CI (0.06-0.26), while rural residence, OR = 1.84, 95% CI (1.34-2.53) and cigarette smoking OR = 1.81, 95% CI (1.37-2.40) were predictive of likely AUD. CONCLUSION Outdoor-open space drinkers are likely to have AUD compared with the general population. Open space drinking has a huge public health implication because of the associated health risks and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Lasebikan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, PMB 5116, Nigeria.
| | - Olatunde Ayinde
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mayokun Odunleye
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babajide Adeyefa
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samson Adepoju
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Shina Fakunle
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Gorman DM, Ponicki WR, Zheng Q, Han D, Gruenewald PJ, Gaidus AJ. Violent crime redistribution in a city following a substantial increase in the number of off-sale alcohol outlets: A Bayesian analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:348-355. [PMID: 29168249 PMCID: PMC6231714 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS This study examined whether the introduction of a large number of off-premise alcohol outlets into a city over a brief period of time could affect rates of violent crime. DESIGN AND METHODS The study analysed annual counts of violent crime across 172 US Census block groups in Lubbock, Texas from 2006 through 2011. Spatial Poisson models related annual violent crime counts within each block group to off-premise and on-premise alcohol outlets active during this time period as well as neighbourhood socio-demographic characteristics. The effects of alcohol outlets were assessed both within block groups and across adjacent block groups. RESULTS On-premise outlets had a small, significant positive association with violence within a given block group. A similar well-supported local effect for off-premise outlets was not found. However, the spatially lagged effect for off-sale premises was well-supported, indicating that greater densities of these outlets were related to greater rates of violent crime in adjacent areas. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS While these analyses confirmed a previous time-series analysis in finding no city-wide effect of the increase in off-premise outlets, they do suggest that such outlets in a local area may be related to violence in nearby geographic areas. They indicate the importance of examining neighbourhood-specific effects of alcohol outlets on violence in addition to the city-wide effects. They also present further evidence supporting the need to examine the differential effects of on-sale and off-sale premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Gorman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, USA
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Daikwon Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, USA
| | - Andrew J Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, USA
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48
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Abstract
Agent-based modeling is a computational approach in which agents with a specified set of characteristics interact with each other and with their environment according to predefined rules. We review key areas in public health where agent-based modeling has been adopted, including both communicable and noncommunicable disease, health behaviors, and social epidemiology. We also describe the main strengths and limitations of this approach for questions with public health relevance. Finally, we describe both methodologic and substantive future directions that we believe will enhance the value of agent-based modeling for public health. In particular, advances in model validation, comparisons with other causal modeling procedures, and the expansion of the models to consider comorbidity and joint influences more systematically will improve the utility of this approach to inform public health research, practice, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA;
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616, USA;
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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49
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Rhew IC, Kosterman R, Duncan GE, Mair C. Examination of Cross-Sectional Associations of Neighborhood Deprivation and Alcohol Outlet Density With Hazardous Drinking Using a Twin Design. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:68-73. [PMID: 29227233 PMCID: PMC5894858 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and alcohol outlet density are associated with hazardous drinking using a co-twin design to control for confounding because of genetic and shared environmental factors. METHOD The study sample included cross-sectional data from 1,996 same-sex adult twin pairs (mean age = 36.6; 65.9% female) from the Washington State Twin Registry. The Singh Index was used to characterize neighborhood social deprivation for participants' census tract of residence. Geocoded alcohol outlet data were used to create a measure of census tract alcohol outlet density. The three-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption scale (AUDIT-C) was used to measure the level of hazardous drinking. Poisson mixed-effects models were used to examine associations between neighborhood factors and AUDIT-C score. Covariates included household income, level of education completed, non-White race, sex, and rurality of residence. RESULTS Accounting for covariates, there was a statistically significant within-pair association between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and a higher level of hazardous drinking. There was no within-pair association between the density of alcohol outlets and hazardous drinking. Associations did not differ by zygosity. CONCLUSIONS The socioeconomic conditions of the neighborhood may play an important role in the development of alcohol misuse even after accounting for genetic and shared environmental influences. Twin designs may be a promising complementary approach to investigating the role of neighborhood characteristics on alcohol and substance use. Further research is needed to better understand the ways through which and for whom neighborhood characteristics may influence hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac C. Rhew
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Correspondence may be sent to Isaac C. Rhew at the Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA 98105, or via email at:
| | - Rick Kosterman
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Glen E. Duncan
- Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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50
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Bourdeau B, Miller BA, Voas RB, Johnson MB, Byrnes HF. Social Drinking Groups and Risk Experience in Nightclubs: Latent Class Analysis. HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2017; 19:316-335. [PMID: 30271266 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2017.1393048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nightclubs are a setting in which young adults purposefully seek out experiences, such as drug use and alcohol intoxication that can expose them to physical harm. While physical harm occurs fairly frequently within clubs, many patrons have safe clubbing experiences. Further, not all patrons experience potential harms the same way, as there are differences in aggression and intoxication. In this article we draw on data from a research study in which we sought to better understand the role of social drinking groups in experiences of risk within nightclubs, as the majority of patrons attend with others. We collected data from 1,642 patrons comprising 615 social drinking groups as they entered and exited nightclubs in a major U.S. city. We focused on six experiences that might cause physical harm: alcohol impairment, alcohol intoxication, drug use, physical aggression, sexual aggression, and impaired driving. We aggregated patron responses across social groups and used latent class statistical analysis to determine if and how experiences tended to co-occur within groups. This analysis indicated there were five distinct classes which we named Limited Vulnerability, Aggression Vulnerability, Substance Users, Impaired Drivers and Multi-Issue. We assessed the groups within each class for distinctions on characteristics and group context. We found differences in the groups in each class, such as groups containing romantic dyads experienced less risk, while those groups with greater familiarity, greater concern for safety, and higher expectations for consumption experienced more risk. Group composition has an impact on the experiences within a club on a given night, in particular when it comes to risk and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bourdeau
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Brenda A Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Robert B Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark B Johnson
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - Hilary F Byrnes
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Oakland, California, USA
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