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Richardson GA, De Genna NM, Willford JA, Goldschmidt L. Pathways from prenatal cocaine exposure to adult substance use and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 102:107335. [PMID: 38373556 PMCID: PMC10990782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This is a report from the most recent adult follow-up of the longest running cohort study of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), in which women were enrolled prenatally and offspring were assessed in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. In previous studies, PCE was linked to offspring behavior problems such as early substance use and externalizing behavior problems. The current analyses examine pathways from PCE to behavioral outcomes in offspring at the 25-year assessment. Prenatal cocaine exposure was moderate in this cohort; most women decreased or discontinued use after the first trimester. During the first and third trimesters, 38% and 11% used cocaine, respectively. This represents the most common pattern of PCE in non-treatment samples. At this phase, the adult offspring were, on average, 27.3 years old (range = 25-30), had 13.4 years of education, 83% were employed, 55% were Black, and 55% were female. Offspring who were exposed to cocaine during the first trimester were significantly more likely to use marijuana in the past year, report more arrests, and have poorer scores on a decision-making task, controlling for other prenatal substance exposure, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. In mediation analyses, there were indirect pathways from PCE to current marijuana use through early initiation of marijuana use and 21-year marijuana use, and through 15-year status offenses and 21-year marijuana use. There was also an indirect pathway from PCE to lifetime arrests through early initiation of marijuana use and 21-year Conduct Disorder, although the direct pathway from PCE to arrests also remained significant. These findings are consistent with those from previous phases and are an indication that there are detrimental associations with PCE that persist across developmental stages and into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale A Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Natacha M De Genna
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America
| | - Lidush Goldschmidt
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
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2
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Reynolds AM, Spaeth AM, Hale L, Williamson AA, LeBourgeois MK, Wong SD, Hartstein LE, Levenson JC, Kwon M, Hart CN, Greer A, Richardson CE, Gradisar M, Clementi MA, Simon SL, Reuter-Yuill LM, Picchietti DL, Wild S, Tarokh L, Sexton-Radek K, Malow BA, Lenker KP, Calhoun SL, Johnson DA, Lewin D, Carskadon MA. Pediatric sleep: current knowledge, gaps, and opportunities for the future. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad060. [PMID: 36881684 PMCID: PMC10334737 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This White Paper addresses the current gaps in knowledge, as well as opportunities for future studies in pediatric sleep. The Sleep Research Society's Pipeline Development Committee assembled a panel of experts tasked to provide information to those interested in learning more about the field of pediatric sleep, including trainees. We cover the scope of pediatric sleep, including epidemiological studies and the development of sleep and circadian rhythms in early childhood and adolescence. Additionally, we discuss current knowledge of insufficient sleep and circadian disruption, addressing the neuropsychological impact (affective functioning) and cardiometabolic consequences. A significant portion of this White Paper explores pediatric sleep disorders (including circadian rhythm disorders, insomnia, restless leg and periodic limb movement disorder, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea), as well as sleep and neurodevelopment disorders (e.g. autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Finally, we end with a discussion on sleep and public health policy. Although we have made strides in our knowledge of pediatric sleep, it is imperative that we address the gaps to the best of our knowledge and the pitfalls of our methodologies. For example, more work needs to be done to assess pediatric sleep using objective methodologies (i.e. actigraphy and polysomnography), to explore sleep disparities, to improve accessibility to evidence-based treatments, and to identify potential risks and protective markers of disorders in children. Expanding trainee exposure to pediatric sleep and elucidating future directions for study will significantly improve the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea M Spaeth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren Hale
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ariel A Williamson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sachi D Wong
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lauren E Hartstein
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jessica C Levenson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Misol Kwon
- Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Chantelle N Hart
- The Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Greer
- The Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cele E Richardson
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Michelle A Clementi
- Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stacey L Simon
- Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lilith M Reuter-Yuill
- Comprehensive Speech and Therapy Center, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Daniel L Picchietti
- University of Illinois School of Medicine, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, and University of Illinois School of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Salome Wild
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leila Tarokh
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Beth A Malow
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Burry Chair in Cognitive Childhood Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Sleep Disorders Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristina P Lenker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dayna A Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Lewin
- Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- Bradley Hospital Sleep Lab, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Reis LF, Surkan PJ, Atkins K, Garcia-Cerde R, Sanchez ZM. Risk Factors for Early Sexual Intercourse in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01519-8. [PMID: 36966237 PMCID: PMC10039773 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factors related to early sexual intercourse (ESI) among adolescents. We used PRISMA guidelines to identify eligible cohort studies published between January 1999 and December 2020. We searched on three databases: PubMed, Embase and LILACS. Studies were screened for quality and eligibility. Of 2787 identified studies, seven met our inclusion criteria. The studies examined a range of factors, which were organized into four dimensions - individual, family, social and environmental, and sociodemographic. Risk factors with strong associations for ESI were: adolescent and parental substance use, aggression and conduct disorders, family attachment, school achievement, family living situation, and maternal education. Three studies were birth cohorts. This review demonstrates the important roles of substance use, family attachment and academic factors in shaping adolescents' sexual behavior. A strength of this review is its focus on longitudinal studies, enabling exploration of exposures collected before initiation of sexual intercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F Reis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, 4° andar, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaitlyn Atkins
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Garcia-Cerde
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, 4° andar, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, 4° andar, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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4
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Williams R, Andreassi S, Moselli M, Fantini F, Tanzilli A, Lingiardi V, Laghi F. Relationship between Executive Functions, Social Cognition, and Attachment State of Mind in Adolescence: An Explorative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2836. [PMID: 36833531 PMCID: PMC9957111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The passage from pre-adolescence to adolescence is presented as a turning point for the achievement of those abilities in social understanding as they commonly appear in adulthood. Developmental perspectives point to the possible role of neuro-cognitive maturation and social experiences to facilitate this growth. This paper has the goal to goalsto propose a valid and reliable measure of the new quantitative and qualitative advancements in social understanding occurring in the adolescent passage; relying on this, the research has two main objectives (a) to establish the associations between the advancements in social understanding and the executive functions held responsible for the neuro-cognitive rearrangements of adolescence; (c) to evidence the significant associations between attachment models and the development of social understanding in this phase of life. METHODS 100 subjects (50 boys and 50 girls, aged 11-15) were administered with AICA, SCORS, CNT, Stroop Color-Word Test, and WISC-III. RESULTS Advancements in the complexity of self-other representations and mentalization of interpersonal exchanges significantly occurs in the passage from pre-adolescence to adolescence and seem to be promoted by increased performances in executive control and cognitive shifting. Dismissing state of mind with respect to attachment is associated with lower development of social understanding in adolescence. The neurocognitive reorganization that underlies the passage from pre-adolescence to adolescence seems to provide the scaffolding for more sophisticated interpretations of the social world. Past and current affective experience can boost or hinder the full deployment of such human maturational potential. Given the importance of social cognition for adjustment and psychopathology, clinical intervention should target the amelioration of individual and family abilities in social reasoning and mentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Williams
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Andreassi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Moselli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Fantini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tanzilli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Ferreri L, Rodriguez‐Fornells A. Memory modulations through musical pleasure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:5-10. [PMID: 35877116 PMCID: PMC9796331 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Music, thanks to its strong evocative power, is considered a powerful mnemonic tool for both normal and clinical populations. However, the mechanisms underpinning the music-driven benefits on memory remain unclear. In memory research, reward dopaminergic signals have been highlighted as a major modulator of memory traces consolidation. Over the last years, via behavioral and pharmacological approaches, we have investigated the hypothesis that dopaminergic-dependent musical pleasure is a crucial mechanism underpinning music-driven memory benefits. Our results show that the pleasure felt during music listening, modulated by both the dopaminergic transmission and participants' sensitivity to music reward, can increase episodic memory performance for the music itself as well as for nonmusical-associated information. In this commentary paper, we aim to review the main findings obtained from three different studies, in order to discuss current advances and future directions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreri
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly,Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lumière Lyon 2Institut de PsychologieLyonFrance
| | - Antoni Rodriguez‐Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity UnitBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain,Department of Cognition, Development and Education PsychologyUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,ICREAInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelonaSpain
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6
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The outcome-representation learning model: impairments in decision-making in adolescents with excess weight. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Impairments in decision-making have been suggested as a predisposing factor to obesity development. Individuals with excess weight display riskier decisions than normal weight people. Furthermore, adolescence is a period of life in which risky behavior may increase. We aimed to investigate decision making applying the Outcome-Representation-Learning (ORL) model to the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in adolescents with excess weight. Twenty-nine excess weight and twenty-eight normal weight adolescents, classified according to their age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) percentile, participated in the study. Decision-making was measured using the IGT. A Bayesian computational ORL model was applied to assess reward learning, punishment learning, forgetfulness, win perseverance and deck perseverance. The IGT net score was lower in excess weight than normal weight adolescents (β = 2.85; p < .027). Reward learning (95% HDI [0.011, 0.232]) was higher, while forgetfulness (95% HDI [− 0.711, − 0.181]) and deck perseverance (95% HDI [− 3.349, − 0.203]) were lower, in excess weight than normal weight adolescents. Excess weight adolescents seemed better at learning the most rewarding choices and showed a random strategy based on reward and novelty seeking. Consequently, excess weight adolescents made more disadvantageous selections, and performed worse in the IGT.
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7
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Weiss H, Luciana M. Neurobehavioral maturation of motor response inhibition in adolescence - A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104646. [PMID: 35367223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immature motor response inhibition in adolescence is considered contributory to adolescent risk-taking and externalizing behaviors. We review studies reporting age-related variations in motor response inhibition and MRI measurements from typically-developing adolescents. Reviewed studies measured response inhibition using one of three tasks-the Stop Signal Task, Go/No-Go, and Antisaccade Task. Task reliability appears to be particularly strong for the SST. Across tasks and study designs, results indicate that inhibitory control improves markedly through early adolescence. The trajectory of change in later adolescence and into young adulthood (i.e., linear or plateauing) varies depending on the task design. Neuroimaging studies identify adult-like response inhibition networks that are involved in behavioral development. The pros and cons of each task are discussed, including recommendations to guide future studies. Ongoing studies in large longitudinal datasets offer opportunities for further exploration of the shape of change in response inhibition, related neural regions, and associations with other affective and cognitive processes to identify potential impacts of motor response inhibition immaturities or individual differences on adolescent risk-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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8
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Gong Y, Yan J, Deng Y, Bao C, Yi Q, Liu J, Zhang Z. Examining impulsivity and risky decision making among school youth in balloon analogue risk task. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:127-137. [PMID: 35242659 PMCID: PMC8825929 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity trait as a risk factor which typically displayed in risk decision among school youth. This study aims to examine behavioral and cognitive problems of risky decision among Chinese young people aged 15-25 years. The balloon analogue risk task (BART) and event-related potential (ERP) were combine used to explore the neural mechanism of risky decision process whether infected by impulsivity trait. METHODS A total of 31 subjects were included, including 16 experimental subjects with risk behavior (RS), and 15 health control subjects with non-risk behavior (HC). BART were used to measure risk-taking propensity and ERP were to record in real time. RS vs. HC were compared to explain the relationship between impulsivity and risky decision. RESULTS Behavioral data in BART task shown that the RS subjects tended to make risky decisions. ERP results illustrate that P300 in RS subjects is more significant positive-going than HC that means dysfunction of cognitive control, and FRN in RS subjects is more negative-going than HC in negative feedback condition, which means individual with high impulsive would be more sensitive to unexpected outcome. CONCLUSIONS Impulsiveness is a risk factor for school adolescent, because RS subjects performed more risky decision than control group, the evidence indicate that individual with high impulsiveness would lead to be less sensitive to harmful consequences and more inclination to immediate rewards. Therefore, the inclination of risk taking can be powerfully informed by different levels of impulsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- Department of Nursing, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Nursing, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunlong Deng
- Department of Clinical Psychology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cuiyu Bao
- Office of Academic Affairs, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qifeng Yi
- Department of Nursing, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Nursing, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Flanagan EA, Erickson HC, Parchem SJ, Smith CV, Poland N, Nelson SC, Redman SD. Gender Differences in Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Condoms and Birth Control Among Chicago Adolescents. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Adolescent Dopamine Neurons Represent Reward Differently during Action and State Guided Learning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9419-9430. [PMID: 34611024 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1321-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal underpinning of learning cause-and-effect associations in the adolescent brain remains poorly understood. Two fundamental forms of associative learning are Pavlovian (classical) conditioning, where a stimulus is followed by an outcome, and operant (instrumental) conditioning, where outcome is contingent on action execution. Both forms of learning, when associated with a rewarding outcome, rely on midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). We find that, in adolescent male rats, reward-guided associative learning is encoded differently by midbrain dopamine neurons in each conditioning paradigm. Whereas simultaneously recorded VTA and SN adult neurons have a similar phasic response to reward delivery during both forms of conditioning, adolescent neurons display a muted reward response during operant but a profoundly larger reward response during Pavlovian conditioning. These results suggest that adolescent neurons assign a different value to reward when it is not gated by action. The learning rate of adolescents and adults during both forms of conditioning was similar, supporting the notion that differences in reward response in each paradigm may be because of differences in motivation and independent of state versus action value learning. Static characteristics of dopamine neurons, such as dopamine cell number and size, were similar in the VTA and SN of both ages, but there were age-related differences in stimulated dopamine release and correlated spike activity, suggesting that differences in reward responsiveness by adolescent dopamine neurons are not because of differences in intrinsic properties of these neurons but engagement of different dopaminergic networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reckless behavior and impulsive decision-making by adolescents suggest that motivated behavioral states are encoded differently by the adolescent brain. Motivated behavior, which is dependent on the function of the dopamine system, follows learning of cause-and-effect associations in the environment. We find that dopamine neurons in adolescents encode reward differently depending on the cause-and-effect relationship of the means to receive that reward. Compared with adults, reward contingent on action led to a muted response, whereas reward that followed a cue but was not gated by action produced an augmented phasic response. These data demonstrate an age-related difference in dopamine neuron response to reward that is not uniform and is guided by processes that differentiate between state and action values.
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11
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Pozuelo JR, Kilford EJ. Adolescent health series: Adolescent neurocognitive development in Western and Sub-Saharan African contexts. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1333-1344. [PMID: 34270856 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transitional period of adolescence has long been associated with physical, social and behavioural change. During this time, adolescents start to develop their own self-identity, make important life decisions and acquire the necessary skills to successfully transition to adulthood. More recently, advances in brain imaging technology have enabled increased understanding of structural and functional changes in the human brain during this developmental period, and how they relate to social, emotional, motivational and cognitive development. The ability to integrate these developing cognitive processes in increasingly complex social contexts is a key aspect of mature decision-making, which has implications for adolescent health, educational, economic and social outcomes. Insights from the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience could increase our understanding of this influential stage of life and thus inform potential interventions to promote adolescent health, a critical goal for global health research. Many social changes occur during adolescence and the social environment shapes both brain and cognitive development and the decisions adolescents make. Thus, it is important to study adolescent neurocognitive development in socio-cultural context. Yet, despite evidence from Western studies that socio-cultural and economic factors impact on adolescent neurocognitive development, existing studies of adolescent neurocognitive development in sub-Saharan Africa are relatively scarce. We summarise research findings from Western and sub-Saharan African contexts and highlight areas where research is lacking. Longitudinal studies from more diverse global samples will be needed to build a comprehensive model of adolescent development, that characterises both commonalities in developmental trajectories, as well as the way these can meaningfully differ between both individuals and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Pozuelo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for the Study of African Economies, Blavatnik School of Government and Economics Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Kilford
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Kleih-Dahms SC, Botrel L, Kübler A. The influence of motivation and emotion on sensorimotor rhythm-based brain-computer interface performance. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13832. [PMID: 33945156 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While decades of research have investigated and technically improved brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled applications, relatively little is known about the psychological aspects of brain-computer interfacing. In 35 healthy students, we investigated whether extrinsic motivation manipulated via monetary reward and emotional state manipulated via video and music would influence behavioral and psychophysiological measures of performance with a sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based BCI. We found increased task-related brain activity in extrinsically motivated (rewarded) as compared with nonmotivated participants but no clear effect of emotional state manipulation. Our experiment investigated the short-term effect of motivation and emotion manipulation in a group of young healthy subjects, and thus, the significance for patients in the locked-in state, who may be in need of a BCI, remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loic Botrel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Harper J, Malone SM, Iacono WG. Parietal P3 and midfrontal theta prospectively predict the development of adolescent alcohol use. Psychol Med 2021; 51:416-425. [PMID: 31736455 PMCID: PMC7231637 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical adolescent alcohol use is highly prevalent and may have deleterious effects on important psychosocial and brain outcomes. Prior research has focused on identifying endophenotypes of pathological drinking, and the predictors of normative drinking remain understudied. This study investigated the incremental predictive value of two potential psychophysiological endophenotypes, P3 amplitude (an index of decision making) and midfrontal theta power (a correlate of attentional control), for prospectively predicting the expression and initiation of alcohol use emerging in adolescence. METHODS A large (N = 594) epidemiological sample was prospectively assessed at ages 11/14/17. Alcohol/substance use was assessed at all ages via a computerized self-report inventory. EEG was recorded at age-14 during a visual oddball task to elicit P3 and theta. RESULTS Reduced target-related P3 and theta at age-14 prospectively predicted drinking at age-17 independent of one another. Among alcohol-naive individuals at age-14, attenuated P3 and theta increased the odds of new-onset alcohol behaviors 3 years later. Importantly, the endophenotypes provided significant incremental predictive power of future non-clinical alcohol use beyond relevant risk factors (prior alcohol use; tobacco/illicit drug initiation; parental alcohol use disorder). CONCLUSIONS The current report is the first of our knowledge to demonstrate that deviations in parietal P3 and midfrontal theta prospectively predict the emergence of normative/non-pathological drinking. P3 and theta provide modest yet significant explanatory variance beyond prominent self-report and familial risk measures. Findings offer strong evidence supporting the predictive utility of P3 and theta as candidate endophenotypes for adolescent drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
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14
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Chetty-Makkan CM, Hoffmann CJ, Charalambous S, Botha C, Ntshuntshe S, Nkosi N, Kim HY. Youth Preferences for HIV Testing in South Africa: Findings from the Youth Action for Health (YA4H) Study Using a Discrete Choice Experiment. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:182-190. [PMID: 32607914 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and quantified preferences for HIV testing among South African youth (Nov 2018 to Mar 2019). Six attributes and levels were identified through qualitative methods: source of HIV information; incentive amount and type; social support; testing method; and location. Each participant chose one of two options that comprised six attributes across 18 questions. Conditional logistic regression estimated the degree of preference [β]. Of 130 participants, median age was 21 years (interquartile range 19-23 years), majority female (58%), and 85% previously tested for HIV. Testing alone over accompanied by a friend (β = 0.22 vs. - 0.35; p < 0.01); SMS text over paper brochures (β = 0.13 vs. - 0.10; p < 0.01); higher incentive values (R50) over no incentive (β = 0.09 vs. - 0.07; p = 0.01); and food vouchers over cash (β = 0.06 vs. β = - 0.08; p = 0.01) were preferred. Testing at a clinic or home and family encouragement were important. Tailoring HTS to youth preferences may increase HIV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice M Chetty-Makkan
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, 29 Queens Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Christopher J Hoffmann
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, 29 Queens Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- John Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Salome Charalambous
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, 29 Queens Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Claire Botha
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, 29 Queens Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Simphiwe Ntshuntshe
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, 29 Queens Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Nolwazi Nkosi
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, 29 Queens Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Public Health, New York, USA
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15
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Klugah-Brown B, Di X, Zweerings J, Mathiak K, Becker B, Biswal B. Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: A coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4459-4477. [PMID: 32964613 PMCID: PMC7555084 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delineating common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders (SUD) is imperative to understand the neurobiological basis of the addictive process and to inform substance‐specific treatment strategies. Given numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in different SUDs, a meta‐analysis could provide an opportunity to determine robust shared and substance‐specific alterations. The present study employed a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis covering fMRI studies in individuals with addictive cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use. The primary meta‐analysis demonstrated common alterations in primary dorsal striatal, and frontal circuits engaged in reward/salience processing, habit formation, and executive control across different substances and task‐paradigms. Subsequent sub‐analyses revealed substance‐specific alterations in frontal and limbic regions, with marked frontal and insula‐thalamic alterations in alcohol and nicotine use disorders respectively. Examining task‐specific alterations across substances revealed pronounced frontal alterations during cognitive processes yet stronger striatal alterations during reward‐related processes. Finally, an exploratory meta‐analysis revealed that neurofunctional alterations in striatal and frontal reward processing regions can already be determined with a high probability in studies with subjects with comparably short durations of use. Together the findings emphasize the role of dysregulations in frontostriatal circuits and dissociable contributions of these systems in the domains of reward‐related and cognitive processes which may contribute to substance‐specific behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jana Zweerings
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Lim SL, Martin LE, Catley D. Trial-by-Trial Fluctuations in Brain Responses to Stress Predict Subsequent Smoking Decisions That Occur Several Seconds Later. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:1019-1027. [PMID: 32828721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that determine self-regulation of smoking urges when a person encounters stress, we investigated brain network interactions of smoking self-regulation by employing a real-time smoking (nicotine delivery) decision paradigm and a brain-as-predictor neuroimaging approach. METHODS While in the functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner, 25 cigarette smokers who abstained from smoking overnight made 200 real smoking decisions regarding whether or not to take a puff of an electronic cigarette during 3 different stress conditions (cognitive stress, emotional stress, and no stress). Cognitive stress was induced by a concurrent working memory load, and emotional stress was induced by manipulating a chance of aversive electric shock. RESULTS Behaviorally, both cognitive and emotional stress manipulations increased the probability of making a decision to smoke (i.e., taking a puff). In magnetic resonance imaging trial-by-trial analyses, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity measured at the time of the stress cue significantly predicted future smoking decisions that occurred several seconds later. Furthermore, the influence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity on smoking decisions was mediated by the ventral striatum activity at the time of smoking decisions. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that brain responses at the time of a stressful moment determine subsequent trial-by-trial smoking decisions by systematically altering brain executive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and reward (ventral striatum) system network activities. Our results further suggest potential translational importance of neuroscientific approaches to predicting self-regulation failures at critical stressful moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Laura E Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Delwyn Catley
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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17
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Allen TA, Hallquist MN. Disinhibition and Detachment in Adolescence: A Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders. Psychopathology 2020; 53:205-212. [PMID: 32777787 PMCID: PMC7530016 DOI: 10.1159/000509984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Personality pathology often emerges during adolescence, but attempts to understand its neurocognitive basis have traditionally been undermined by problems associated with the categorical classification of personality disorders. In contrast, dimensional models of personality pathology, such as the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) in DSM-5, may provide a stronger foundation for neurobiological investigations of maladaptive individual differences in personality. As an example, we review studies of the adolescent development of reward processing and cognitive control and connect these systems to the normal personality hierarchy and to two dimensions included in the AMPD - Detachment and Disinhibition. We argue that by linking developmental changes in these systems to the AMPD, researchers will be better positioned to understand the relationship between neurocognitive development and the expression of personality pathology in adolescence and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - Michael N Hallquist
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Demidenko MI, Huntley ED, Jahn A, Thomason ME, Monk CS, Keating DP. Cortical and subcortical response to the anticipation of reward in high and average/low risk-taking adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 44:100798. [PMID: 32479377 PMCID: PMC7262007 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first neurodevelopmental models that sought to explain the influx of risky behaviors during adolescence were proposed, there have been a number of revisions, variations and criticisms. Despite providing a strong multi-disciplinary heuristic to explain the development of risk behavior, extant models have not yet reliably isolated neural systems that underlie risk behaviors in adolescence. To address this gap, we screened 2017 adolescents from an ongoing longitudinal study that assessed 15-health risk behaviors, targeting 104 adolescents (Age Range: 17-to-21.4), characterized as high-or-average/low risk-taking. Participants completed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) fMRI task, examining reward anticipation to "big win" versus "neutral". We examined neural response variation associated with both baseline and longitudinal (multi-wave) risk classifications. Analyses included examination of a priori regions of interest (ROIs); and exploratory non-parametric, whole-brain analyses. Hypothesis-driven ROI analysis revealed no significant differences between high- and average/low-risk profiles using either baseline or multi-wave classification. Results of whole-brain analyses differed according to whether risk assessment was based on baseline or multi-wave data. Despite significant mean-level task activation, these results do not generalize prior neural substrates implicated in reward anticipation and adolescent risk-taking. Further, these data indicate that whole-brain differences may depend on how risk-behavior profiles are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward D Huntley
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Andrew Jahn
- The Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Moriah E Thomason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone, New York, United States
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Daniel P Keating
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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19
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Yaple ZA, Yu R, Arsalidou M. Spatial migration of human reward processing with functional development: Evidence from quantitative meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3993-4009. [PMID: 32638450 PMCID: PMC7469823 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown notable age‐dependent differences in reward processing. We analyzed data from a total of 554 children, 1,059 adolescents, and 1,831 adults from 70 articles. Quantitative meta‐analyses results show that adults engage an extended set of regions that include anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, insula, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Adolescents engage the posterior cingulate and middle frontal gyri as well as the insula and amygdala, whereas children show concordance in right insula and striatal regions almost exclusively. Our data support the notion of reorganization of function over childhood and adolescence and may inform current hypotheses relating to decision‐making across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Yaple
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
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20
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McGrady ME, Prosser LA, Thompson AN, Pai ALH. Application of a Discrete Choice Experiment to Assess Adherence-Related Motivation Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 43:172-184. [PMID: 29049671 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop and pilot test a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to assess the specific factors likely to motivate a given adolescent or young adult with cancer to adhere to medications included in treatment protocols. Methods A multimethod and iterative approach was used. Twenty adolescents and young adults with cancer participated in DCE pilot testing and refinement. Hierarchical Bayes was used to estimate attribute and attribute-level preference scores for each participant. Results The final DCE included nine choice sets composed of four attributes. The resulting DCE was modified with feedback from 20 adolescents and young adults (M[SD] age = 18.66 [2.95]) with cancer. The DCE was understandable and relevant. The factors likely to motivate adolescents and young adults with cancer to be adherent differed across individuals. Conclusions DCEs including the measure developed in this manuscript offer a novel approach to understanding individual-level differences critical for informing adherence-promotion efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E McGrady
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.,Patient and Family Wellness Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Lisa A Prosser
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan
| | - Aimee N Thompson
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.,Patient and Family Wellness Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Ahna L H Pai
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.,Patient and Family Wellness Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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21
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Adolescent cognitive control, theta oscillations, and social observation. Neuroimage 2019; 198:13-30. [PMID: 31100431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) provide an organizing principle of cognitive control, allowing goal-directed behavior. In adults, theta power over medial-frontal cortex (MFC) underlies conflict/error monitoring, whereas theta connectivity between MFC and lateral-frontal regions reflects cognitive control recruitment. However, prior work has not separated theta responses that occur before and immediately after a motor response, nor explained how medial-lateral connectivity drives different kinds of control behaviors. Theta's role during adolescence, a developmental window characterized by a motivation-control mismatch also remains unclear. As social observation is known to influence motivation, this might be a particularly important context for studying adolescent theta dynamics. Here, adolescents performed a flanker task alone or under social observation. Focusing first on the nonsocial context, we parsed cognitive control into dissociable subprocesses, illustrating how theta indexes distinct components of cognitive control working together dynamically to produce goal-directed behavior. We separated theta power immediately before/after motor responses, identifying behavioral links to conflict monitoring and error monitoring, respectively. MFC connectivity was separated before/after responses and behaviorally-linked to reactive and proactive control, respectively. Finally, distinct forms of post-error control were dissociated, based on connectivity with rostral/caudal frontal cortex. Social observation was found to exclusively upregulate theta measures indexing post-response error monitoring and proactive control, as opposed to conflict monitoring and reactive control. Linking adolescent cognitive control to theta oscillations provides a bridge between non-invasive recordings in humans and mechanistic studies of neural oscillations in animal models; links to social observation provide insight into the motivation-control interactions that occur during adolescence.
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22
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Peers influence adolescent reward processing, but not response inhibition. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:284-295. [PMID: 29470796 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most adolescent risk taking occurs in the presence of peers. Prior research suggests that peers alter adolescents' decision making by increasing reward sensitivity and the engagement of regions involved in the processing of rewards, primarily the striatum. However, the potential influence of peers on the capacity for impulse control, and the associated recruitment of the brain's control circuitry, has not yet been adequately examined. In the current study, adolescents underwent functional neuroimaging while they completed interleaved rounds of risk-taking and response-inhibition tasks. Social context was manipulated such that the participants believed they were either playing alone and unobserved, or watched by an anonymous peer. Compared to those who completed the tasks alone, adolescents in the peer condition took more risks during the risk-taking task and exhibited relatively heightened activation of the striatum. Activity within this striatal region also predicted individual differences in overall risk taking. In contrast, the presence of peers had no effect on behavioral response inhibition and had minimal impact on the engagement of typical cognitive control regions. In a subregion of the anterior insula engaged mutually by both tasks, activity was again found to be sensitive to social context during the risk-taking task, but not during the response-inhibition task. These findings extend the evidence that the presence of peers biases adolescents towards risk taking by increasing reward sensitivity rather than disrupting cognitive control.
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23
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Abstract
Many processes in the human body - including brain function - are regulated over the 24-hour cycle, and there are strong associations between disrupted circadian rhythms (for example, sleep-wake cycles) and disorders of the CNS. Brain disorders such as autism, depression and Parkinson disease typically develop at certain stages of life, and circadian rhythms are important during each stage of life for the regulation of processes that may influence the development of these disorders. Here, we describe circadian disruptions observed in various brain disorders throughout the human lifespan and highlight emerging evidence suggesting these disruptions affect the brain. Currently, much of the evidence linking brain disorders and circadian dysfunction is correlational, and so whether and what kind of causal relationships might exist are unclear. We therefore identify remaining questions that may direct future research towards a better understanding of the links between circadian disruption and CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colleen A McClung
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Qu Y, Pomerantz EM, Wu G. Countering Youth's Negative Stereotypes of Teens Fosters Constructive Behavior. Child Dev 2018; 91:197-213. [PMID: 30307613 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence can be a time of unconstructive behavior for many youth. This research examined if an intervention countering youth's stereotypes of teens as irresponsible fosters their constructive behavior. In two experimental intervention studies (Ns = 124 and 319) with seventh graders, stereotypes of teens as irresponsible were described as inaccurate portrayals; youth then provided their own observations of teens acting responsibly. Youth in this counterstereotyping intervention (vs. the control) held higher intentions for academic engagement and performed better on an academic task (i.e., a word-search puzzle). Over the 3 days following the intervention, their academic engagement was higher. Youth's risk taking was also reduced. Redirecting youth to see teens as responsible has the potential to provide a foundation for flourishing.
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25
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Luciana M, Bjork JM, Nagel BJ, Barch DM, Gonzalez R, Nixon SJ, Banich MT. Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: Overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) baseline neurocognition battery. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 32:67-79. [PMID: 29525452 PMCID: PMC6039970 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by numerous social, hormonal and physical changes, as well as a marked increase in risk-taking behaviors. Dual systems models attribute adolescent risk-taking to tensions between developing capacities for cognitive control and motivational strivings, which may peak at this time. A comprehensive understanding of neurocognitive development during the adolescent period is necessary to permit the distinction between premorbid vulnerabilities and consequences of behaviors such as substance use. Thus, the prospective assessment of cognitive development is fundamental to the aims of the newly launched Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Consortium. This paper details the rationale for ABC'lected measures of neurocognition, presents preliminary descriptive data on an initial sample of 2299 participants, and provides a context for how this large-scale project can inform our understanding of adolescent neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luciana
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - J M Bjork
- Virginia Commonwealth University, United States.
| | - B J Nagel
- Oregon Health Sciences University, United States.
| | - D M Barch
- Washington University, St. Louis, United States.
| | - R Gonzalez
- Florida International University, United States.
| | - S J Nixon
- University of Florida, United States.
| | - M T Banich
- University of Colorado, Boulder, United States.
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26
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Anandakumar J, Mills KL, Earl EA, Irwin L, Miranda-Dominguez O, Demeter DV, Walton-Weston A, Karalunas S, Nigg J, Fair DA. Individual differences in functional brain connectivity predict temporal discounting preference in the transition to adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 34:101-113. [PMID: 30121543 PMCID: PMC6969312 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by distinct changes in behavior, including how one values waiting for a large reward compared to receiving an immediate, yet smaller, reward. While previous research has emphasized the relationship between this preference and age, it is also proposed that this behavior is related to circuitry between valuation and cognitive control systems. In this study, we examined how age and intrinsic functional connectivity strength within and between these neural systems relate to changes in discounting behavior across the transition into adolescence. We used mixed-effects modeling and linear regression to assess the contributions of age and connectivity strength in predicting discounting behavior. First, we identified relevant connections in a longitudinal sample of 64 individuals who completed MRI scans and behavioral assessments 2-3 times across ages 7-15 years (137 scans). We then repeated the analysis in a separate, cross-sectional, sample of 84 individuals (7-13 years). Both samples showed an age-related increase in preference for waiting for larger rewards. Connectivity strength within and between valuation and cognitive control systems accounted for further variance not explained by age. These results suggest that individual differences in functionalbrain organization can account for behavioral changes typically associated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeya Anandakumar
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kathryn L Mills
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States.
| | - Eric A Earl
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lourdes Irwin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Damion V Demeter
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra Walton-Weston
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sarah Karalunas
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joel Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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27
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Logan RW, Hasler BP, Forbes EE, Franzen PL, Torregrossa MM, Huang YH, Buysse DJ, Clark DB, McClung CA. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:987-996. [PMID: 29373120 PMCID: PMC5972052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes, including substance use disorders. These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally become delayed, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. In addition, school start times are often earlier in adolescence and the use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies toward increased reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence and suggest areas that warrant additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Brant P Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter L Franzen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Duncan B Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine.
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Lydon-Staley DM, Geier CF. Age-Varying Associations Between Cigarette Smoking, Sensation Seeking, and Impulse Control Through Adolescence and Young Adulthood. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2018; 28:354-367. [PMID: 28891119 PMCID: PMC5845819 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensation seeking (SS) and impulse control (IC) are constructs at the core of dual systems models of adolescent risk taking. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, age-varying associations between SS and IC (predictors) and both any smoking in the previous 30 days and daily smoking (outcomes) were examined. The association between SS and both any smoking in the previous 30 days and daily smoking was strongest during adolescence. IC was consistently associated with any smoking in the previous 30 days and daily smoking, with the strongest association emerging during the mid-20s to early 30s. The results provide a nuanced perspective on when the components of dual systems models may be most related to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Lydon-Staley
- Corresponding author: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 119 Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802. . Phone: 814-867-6472
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29
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Du B, Cao B, He W, Li F. Different Electrophysiological Responses to Informative Value of Feedback Between Children and Adults. Front Psychol 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 29666592 PMCID: PMC5891721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn from feedback is important for children's adaptive behavior and school learning. Feedback has two main components, informative value and valence. How to disentangle these two components and what is the developmental neural correlates of using the informative value of feedback is still an open question. In this study, 23 children (7-10 years old) and 19 adults (19-22 years old) were asked to perform a rule induction task, in which they were required to find a rule, based on the informative value of feedback. Behavioral results indicated that the likelihood of correct searching behavior under negative feedback was low for children. Event-related potentials showed that (1) the effect of valence was processed in a wide time window, particularly in the N2 component; (2) the encoding process of the informative value of negative feedback began later for children than for adults; (3) a clear P300 was observed for adults; for children, however, P300 was absent in the frontal region; and (4) children processed the informative value of feedback chiefly in the left sites during the P300 time window, whereas adults did not show this laterality. These results suggested that children were less sensitive to the informative value of negative feedback possibly because of the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Bihua Cao
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiqi He
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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30
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Almy B, Kuskowski M, Malone SM, Myers E, Luciana M. A longitudinal analysis of adolescent decision-making with the Iowa Gambling Task. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:689-702. [PMID: 29154644 PMCID: PMC5886802 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have used the standard Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to assess decision-making in adolescence given increased risk-taking during this developmental period. Most studies are cross-sectional and do not observe behavioral trajectories over time, limiting interpretation. This longitudinal study investigated healthy adolescents' and young adults' IGT performance across a 10-year span. A total of 189 individuals (aged 9-23 at baseline) completed a baseline session and were followed at 2-year intervals yielding 5 time-points. IGT deck contingencies were shuffled over time to reduce practice effects. IGT performance (good minus bad decisions) was measured at each assessment point and separated into 3 metrics: overall performance (all blocks), decision-making under ambiguity (blocks 1 and 2), and decision-making under risk (blocks 3, 4, and 5). Covariates included estimated intelligence and affective dispositions as measured by the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation System (BIS/BAS) Scales. A linear effect of age yielded the best fit when comparing linear and quadratic effects of age on overall IGT performance. Age and intelligence positively predicted overall performance, whereas affective approach tendencies (BAS) negatively predicted overall performance. Practice effects were observed and controlled for. Models of ambiguity and risk metrics yielded different patterns of significant predictors. Age predicted better performance and affective approach tendencies predicted worse performance for both metrics. Intelligence was a significant predictor for risk, but not ambiguity. This longitudinal study extends prior work by showing age-related improvements in reward-based decision-making and associating those improvements with cognitive and affective variables. Implications of the results for adolescent development are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Almy
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Ste. 333, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Michael Kuskowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen M. Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Evan Myers
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Ste. 333, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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31
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Abstract
There is general agreement that both motivation and cognitive control play critical roles in shaping goal-directed behavior, but only recently has scientific interest focused around the question of motivation-control interactions. Here we briefly survey this literature, organizing contemporary findings around three issues: 1) whether motivation preferentially impacts cognitive control processes, 2) the neural mechanisms that underlie motivation-cognition interactions, and 3) why motivation might be relevant for overcoming the costs of control. Dopamine (DA) is discussed as a key neuromodulator in these motivation-cognition interactions. We conclude by highlighting open issues, specifically Pavlovian versus instrumental control distinctions and effects of motivational valence and conflict, which could benefit from future research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie M Yee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis
| | - Todd S Braver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis
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32
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Harper J, Malone SM, Iacono WG. Testing the effects of adolescent alcohol use on adult conflict-related theta dynamics. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2358-2368. [PMID: 28935223 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescent alcohol use (AAU) is associated with brain anomalies, but less is known about long-term neurocognitive effects. Despite theoretical models linking AAU to diminished cognitive control, empirical work testing this relationship with specific cognitive control neural correlates (e.g., prefrontal theta-band EEG dynamics) remains scarce. A longitudinal twin design was used to test the hypothesis that greater AAU is associated with reduced conflict-related EEG theta-band dynamics in adulthood, and to examine the genetic/environmental etiology of this association. METHODS In a large (N=718) population-based prospective twin sample, AAU was assessed at ages 11/14/17. Twins completed a flanker task at age 29 to elicit EEG theta-band medial frontal cortex (MFC) power and medial-dorsal prefrontal cortex (MFC-dPFC) connectivity. Two complementary analytic methods (cotwin control analysis; biometric modeling) were used to disentangle the genetic/shared environmental risk towards AAU from possible alcohol exposure effects on theta dynamics. RESULTS AAU was negatively associated with adult cognitive control-related theta-band MFC power and MFC-dPFC functional connectivity. Genetic influences primarily underlie these associations. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide strong evidence that genetic factors underlie the comorbidity between AAU and diminished cognitive control-related theta dynamics in adulthood. SIGNIFICANCE Conflict-related theta-band dynamics appear to be candidate brain-based endophenotypes/mechanisms for AAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA.
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33
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Steinberg L, Icenogle G, Shulman EP, Breiner K, Chein J, Bacchini D, Chang L, Chaudhary N, Giunta LD, Dodge KA, Fanti KA, Lansford JE, Malone PS, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Tirado LMU, Alampay LP, Al-Hassan SM, Takash HMS. Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation. Dev Sci 2017; 21. [PMID: 28150391 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking portrays the period as one characterized by a combination of heightened sensation seeking and still-maturing self-regulation, but most tests of this model have been conducted in the United States or Western Europe. In the present study, these propositions are tested in an international sample of more than 5000 individuals between ages 10 and 30 years from 11 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, using a multi-method test battery that includes both self-report and performance-based measures of both constructs. Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self-regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26. Although there were some variations in the magnitude of the observed age trends, the developmental patterns were largely similar across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.,King Abdulaziz University
| | - Grace Icenogle
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Kaitlyn Breiner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jason Chein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dario Bacchini
- Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Nandita Chaudhary
- Department of Human Development and Childhood Studies, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Kostas A Fanti
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Patrick S Malone
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Paul Oburu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | | | - Ann T Skinner
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | - Sombat Tapanya
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | | | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, the Philippines
| | - Suha M Al-Hassan
- Queen Rania Faculty for Childhood, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Hanan M S Takash
- Queen Rania Faculty for Childhood, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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34
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Icenogle G, Steinberg L, Olino TM, Shulman EP, Chein J, Alampay LP, Al-Hassan SM, Takash HMS, Bacchini D, Chang L, Chaudhary N, Di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Fanti KA, Lansford JE, Malone PS, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Uribe Tirado LM. Puberty Predicts Approach But Not Avoidance on the Iowa Gambling Task in a Multinational Sample. Child Dev 2016; 88:1598-1614. [PMID: 28869665 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, sensation seeking and impulse control follow different developmental trajectories across adolescence and are governed by two different brain systems. The authors tested whether different underlying processes also drive age differences in reward approach and cost avoidance. Using a modified Iowa Gambling Task in a multinational, cross-sectional sample of 3,234 adolescents (ages 9-17; M = 12.87, SD = 2.36), pubertal maturation, but not age, predicted reward approach, mediated through higher sensation seeking. In contrast, age, but not pubertal maturation, predicted increased cost avoidance, mediated through greater impulse control. These findings add to evidence that adolescent behavior is best understood as the product of two interacting, but independently developing, brain systems.
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35
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Spear LP. Reward-centricity and attenuated aversions: An adolescent phenotype emerging from studies in laboratory animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:121-134. [PMID: 27524639 PMCID: PMC5612441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an evolutionarily conserved developmental period, with neural circuits and behaviors contributing to the detection, procurement, and receipt of rewards bearing similarity across species. Studies with laboratory animals suggest that adolescence is typified by a "reward-centric" phenotype-an increased sensitivity to rewards relative to adults. In contrast, adolescent rodents are reportedly less sensitive to the aversive properties of many drugs and naturally aversive stimuli. Alterations within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine and endocannabinoid systems likely contribute to an adolescent reward-sensitive, yet aversion-resistant, phenotype. Although early hypotheses postulated that developmental changes in dopaminergic circuitry would result in a "reward deficiency" syndrome, evidence now suggests the opposite: that adolescents are uniquely poised to seek out hedonic stimuli, experience greater "pleasure" from rewards, and consume rewarding stimuli in excess. Future studies that more clearly define the role of specific brain regions and neurotransmitter systems in the expression of behaviors toward reward- and aversive-related cues and stimuli are necessary to more fully understand an adolescent-proclivity for and vulnerability to rewards and drugs of potential abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Developmental Alcohol Exposure Research Center, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Linda P Spear
- Developmental Alcohol Exposure Research Center, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA
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36
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Kessler L, Hewig J, Weichold K, Silbereisen RK, Miltner WHR. Feedback negativity and decision-making behavior in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) in adolescents is modulated by peer presence. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:260-269. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Kessler
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Department of Psychology I; Julius Maximilians University Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Karina Weichold
- Department of Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Rainer K. Silbereisen
- Center for Applied Developmental Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. R. Miltner
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
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37
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Kennedy JT, Collins PF, Luciana M. Higher Adolescent Body Mass Index Is Associated with Lower Regional Gray and White Matter Volumes and Lower Levels of Positive Emotionality. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:413. [PMID: 27660604 PMCID: PMC5015489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent obesity is associated with an increased chance of developing serious health risks later in life. Identifying the neurobiological and personality factors related to increases in adiposity is important to understanding what drives maladaptive consummatory and exercise behaviors that result in obesity. Previous research has largely focused on adults with few findings published on interactions among adiposity, brain structure, and personality. In this study, Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to identify associations between gray and white matter volumes and increasing adiposity, as measured by Body Mass Index percentile (BMI%), in 137 adolescents (age range: 9–20 years, BMI% range: 5.16–99.56). Variations in gray and white matter volume and BMI% were then linked to individual differences in personality measures from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). After controlling for age and other covariates, BMI% correlated negatively with gray matter volume in the bilateral caudate (right: partial r = −0.338, left: r = −0.404), medial prefrontal cortex (partial r = −0.339), anterior cingulate (partial r = −0.312), bilateral frontal pole (right: partial r = −0.368, left: r = −0.316), and uncus (partial r = −0.475) as well as white matter volume bilaterally in the anterior limb of the internal capsule (right: partial r = −0.34, left: r = −0.386), extending to the left middle frontal subgyral white matter. Agentic Positive Emotionality (PEM-AG) was correlated negatively with BMI% (partial r = −0.384). PEM-AG was correlated positively with gray matter volume in the right uncus (partial r = 0.329). These results suggest that higher levels of adiposity in adolescents are associated with lower trait levels in reward-related personality domains, as well as structural variations in brain regions associated with reward processing, control, and sensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kennedy
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
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38
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Luciana M. Commentary on the Special Issue on the Adolescent Brain: Incentive-based striving and the adolescent brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:339-342. [PMID: 27320959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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39
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Kim Y, Simon NW, Wood J, Moghaddam B. Reward Anticipation Is Encoded Differently by Adolescent Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:878-86. [PMID: 26067679 PMCID: PMC4636980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the neurobiology of the adolescent brain is fundamental to our understanding of the etiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction, the symptoms of which often manifest during this developmental period. Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are strongly implicated in adolescent behavioral and psychiatric vulnerabilities, but little is known about how adolescent VTA neurons encode information during motivated behavior. METHODS We recorded daily from VTA neurons in adolescent and adult rats during learning and maintenance of a cued, reward-motivated instrumental task and extinction from this task. RESULTS During performance of the same motivated behavior, identical events were encoded differently by adult and adolescent VTA neurons. Adolescent VTA neurons with dopamine-like characteristics lacked a reward anticipation signal and showed a smaller response to reward delivery compared with adults. After extinction, however, these neurons maintained a strong phasic response to cues formerly predictive of reward opportunity. CONCLUSIONS Anticipatory neuronal activity in the VTA supports preparatory attention and is implicated in error prediction signaling. Absence of this activity, combined with persistent representations of previously rewarded experiences, may provide a mechanism for rash decision making in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas W Simon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesse Wood
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bita Moghaddam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania..
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40
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Victor EC, Hariri AR. A neuroscience perspective on sexual risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:471-87. [PMID: 26611719 PMCID: PMC4828296 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Late adolescence and emerging adulthood (specifically ages 15-24) represent a period of heightened sexual risk taking resulting in the greatest annual rates of sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies in the US population. Ongoing efforts to prevent such negative consequences are likely to benefit from a deepening of our understanding of biological mechanisms through which sexual risk taking emerges and biases decision making during this critical window. Here we present a neuroscience framework from which a mechanistic examination of sexual risk taking can be advanced. Specifically, we adapt the neurodevelopmental triadic model, which outlines how motivated behavior is governed by three systems: approach, avoidance, and regulation, to sexual decision making and subsequent risk behavior. We further propose a testable hypothesis of the triadic model, wherein relatively decreased threat-related amygdala reactivity and increased reward-related ventral striatum reactivity leads to sexual risk taking, which is particularly exaggerated during adolescence and young adulthood when there is an overexpression of dopaminergic neurons coupled with immature top-down prefrontal cortex regulation. We conclude by discussing how future research based on our adapted triadic model can inform ongoing efforts to improve intervention and prevention efforts.
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41
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Shulman EP, Smith AR, Silva K, Icenogle G, Duell N, Chein J, Steinberg L. The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 17:103-17. [PMID: 26774291 PMCID: PMC6990093 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the dual systems perspective, risk taking peaks during adolescence because activation of an early-maturing socioemotional-incentive processing system amplifies adolescents' affinity for exciting, pleasurable, and novel activities at a time when a still immature cognitive control system is not yet strong enough to consistently restrain potentially hazardous impulses. We review evidence from both the psychological and neuroimaging literatures that has emerged since 2008, when this perspective was originally articulated. Although there are occasional exceptions to the general trends, studies show that, as predicted, psychological and neural manifestations of reward sensitivity increase between childhood and adolescence, peak sometime during the late teen years, and decline thereafter, whereas psychological and neural reflections of better cognitive control increase gradually and linearly throughout adolescence and into the early 20s. While some forms of real-world risky behavior peak at a later age than predicted, this likely reflects differential opportunities for risk-taking in late adolescence and young adulthood, rather than neurobiological differences that make this age group more reckless. Although it is admittedly an oversimplification, as a heuristic device, the dual systems model provides a far more accurate account of adolescent risk taking than prior models that have attributed adolescent recklessness to cognitive deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Shulman
- Brock University, Psychology Department, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Ashley R Smith
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Karol Silva
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Grace Icenogle
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Natasha Duell
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Jason Chein
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; King Abdulaziz University, Abdullah Sulayman, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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42
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Luciana M. Executive Function in Adolescence: A Commentary on Regulatory Control and Depression in Adolescents: Findings From Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:84-9. [PMID: 26743038 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This commentary addresses the manner in which executive control processes and their development is impacted by major depressive episodes during adolescence. Strengths of the articles within this special issue include the breadth of executive functions that were examined, incorporation of biological probes to understand neural mechanisms involved in observed impairments, the use of longitudinal paradigms to assess developmental timing, consideration and modeling of comorbid conditions, and the identification of individual difference factors that may serve as both liabilities and resilience factors. This work is timely; a close examination of negative emotions and how they change during adolescence is needed if we are to fully understand motivation-cognition interactions and how they are impaired by psychopathology.
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43
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Klimes-Dougan B, Garber J. Regulatory Control and Depression in Adolescents: Findings from Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:1-5. [PMID: 26743331 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judy Garber
- b Psychology and Human Development , Vanderbilt University
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44
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Marek S, Hwang K, Foran W, Hallquist MN, Luna B. The Contribution of Network Organization and Integration to the Development of Cognitive Control. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002328. [PMID: 26713863 PMCID: PMC4694653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control, which continues to mature throughout adolescence, is supported by the ability for well-defined organized brain networks to flexibly integrate information. However, the development of intrinsic brain network organization and its relationship to observed improvements in cognitive control are not well understood. In the present study, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), graph theory, the antisaccade task, and rigorous head motion control to characterize and relate developmental changes in network organization, connectivity strength, and integration to inhibitory control development. Subjects were 192 10–26-y-olds who were imaged during 5 min of rest. In contrast to initial studies, our results indicate that network organization is stable throughout adolescence. However, cross-network integration, predominantly of the cingulo-opercular/salience network, increased with age. Importantly, this increased integration of the cingulo-opercular/salience network significantly moderated the robust effect of age on the latency to initiate a correct inhibitory control response. These results provide compelling evidence that the transition to adult-level inhibitory control is dependent upon the refinement and strengthening of integration between specialized networks. Our findings support a novel, two-stage model of neural development, in which networks stabilize prior to adolescence and subsequently increase their integration to support the cross-domain incorporation of information processing critical for mature cognitive control. This study reveals that although the organization of functional brain networks remains stable during adolescence, between-network integration continues to increase, underlying maturation in cognitive control. Adolescence is a unique period of brain development, with major changes occurring across the brain at many different levels of brain functioning. At the macroscopic level, the brain is composed of individual regions that collaborate in networks to perform diverse cognitive functions. Some networks of brain regions perform lower-level sensorimotor processing, while other networks orchestrate more complex functions, such as cognitive control. The affiliation of each region to a network is referred to as network organization. Brain regions not only can communicate with other regions belonging to their own network but also with regions in other networks. Brain regions that communicate with regions belonging to other networks display a high level of integration since they link their network with another network. We found that during adolescence, network organization does not change. However, integration continues to increase, underscoring the notion that brain function becomes more distributed and collaborative during this unique period of development. Furthermore, this increased network integration underlies improvements in cognitive control. Thus, we provide a network-based account for improvements in cognitive functioning during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Marek
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kai Hwang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - William Foran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Hallquist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
Adolescence is a phase of lifespan associated with greater independence, and thus greater demands to make self-guided decisions in the face of risks, uncertainty, and varying proximal and distal outcomes. A new wave of developmental research takes a neuroeconomic approach to specify what decision processes are changing during adolescence, along what trajectory they are changing, and what neurodevelopmental processes support these changes. Evidence is mounting to suggest that multiple decision processes are tuned differently in adolescents and adults including reward reactivity, uncertainty-tolerance, delay discounting, and experiential assessments of value and risk. Unique interactions between prefrontal cortical, striatal, and salience processing systems during adolescence both constrain and amplify various component processes of mature decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Hartley
- Sackler Institute of Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Leah H Somerville
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University 52 Oxford Street, Room 290, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Silverman MH, Jedd K, Luciana M. Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 2015; 122:427-39. [PMID: 26254587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral responses to, and the neural processing of, rewards change dramatically during adolescence and may contribute to observed increases in risk-taking during this developmental period. Functional MRI (fMRI) studies suggest differences between adolescents and adults in neural activation during reward processing, but findings are contradictory, and effects have been found in non-predicted directions. The current study uses an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach for quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies to: (1) confirm the network of brain regions involved in adolescents' reward processing, (2) identify regions involved in specific stages (anticipation, outcome) and valence (positive, negative) of reward processing, and (3) identify differences in activation likelihood between adolescent and adult reward-related brain activation. Results reveal a subcortical network of brain regions involved in adolescent reward processing similar to that found in adults with major hubs including the ventral and dorsal striatum, insula, and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Contrast analyses find that adolescents exhibit greater likelihood of activation in the insula while processing anticipation relative to outcome and greater likelihood of activation in the putamen and amygdala during outcome relative to anticipation. While processing positive compared to negative valence, adolescents show increased likelihood for activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral striatum. Contrasting adolescent reward processing with the existing ALE of adult reward processing reveals increased likelihood for activation in limbic, frontolimbic, and striatal regions in adolescents compared with adults. Unlike adolescents, adults also activate executive control regions of the frontal and parietal lobes. These findings support hypothesized elevations in motivated activity during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav H Silverman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kelly Jedd
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 717 Delaware, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Multilevel assessment of the neurobiological threat system in depressed adolescents: interplay between the limbic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1321-35. [PMID: 25422964 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Integrative, multilevel approaches investigating neurobiological systems relevant to threat detection promise to advance understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study we considered key neuronal and hormonal systems in adolescents with MDD and healthy controls (HC). The goals of this study were to identify group differences and to examine the association of neuronal and hormonal systems. MDD and HC adolescents (N = 79) aged 12-19 years were enrolled. Key brain measures included amygdala volume and amygdala activation to an emotion face-viewing task. Key hormone measures included cortisol levels during a social stress task and during the brain scan. MDD and HC adolescents showed group differences on amygdala functioning and patterns of cortisol levels. Amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli was positively associated with cortisol responses. In addition, amygdala volume was correlated with cortisol responses, but the pattern differed in depressed versus healthy adolescents, most notably for unmedicated MDD adolescents. The findings highlight the value of using multilevel assessment strategies to enhance understanding of pathophysiology of adolescent MDD, particularly regarding how closely related biological threat systems function together while undergoing significant developmental shifts.
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Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by heightened risk-taking, including substance misuse. These behavioral patterns are influenced by ontogenic changes in neurotransmitter systems, particularly the dopamine system, which is fundamentally involved in the neural coding of reward and motivated approach behavior. During adolescence, this system evidences a peak in activity. At the same time, the dopamine (DA) system is neuroplastically altered by substance abuse, impacting subsequent function. Here, we describe properties of the dopamine system that change with typical adolescent development and that are altered with substance abuse. Much of this work has been gleaned from animal models due to limitations in measuring dopamine in pediatric samples. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to examine structures that are heavily DA-innervated; they measure morphological and functional changes with age and with drug exposure. Presenting marijuana abuse as an exemplar, we consider recent findings that support an adolescent peak in DA-driven reward-seeking behavior and related deviations in motivational systems that are associated with marijuana abuse/dependence. Clinicians are advised that (1) chronic adolescent marijuana use may lead to deficiencies in incentive motivation, (2) that this state is due to marijuana's interactions with the developing DA system, and (3) that treatment strategies should be directed to remediating resultant deficiencies in goal-directed activity.
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Mechanisms of motivation-cognition interaction: challenges and opportunities. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 14:443-72. [PMID: 24920442 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rejuvenation of interest in studies of motivation-cognition interactions arising from many different areas of psychology and neuroscience. The present issue of Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience provides a sampling of some of the latest research from a number of these different areas. In this introductory article, we provide an overview of the current state of the field, in terms of key research developments and candidate neural mechanisms receiving focused investigation as potential sources of motivation-cognition interaction. However, our primary goal is conceptual: to highlight the distinct perspectives taken by different research areas, in terms of how motivation is defined, the relevant dimensions and dissociations that are emphasized, and the theoretical questions being targeted. Together, these distinctions present both challenges and opportunities for efforts aiming toward a more unified and cross-disciplinary approach. We identify a set of pressing research questions calling for this sort of cross-disciplinary approach, with the explicit goal of encouraging integrative and collaborative investigations directed toward them.
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