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Fang Y, Kang Z, Zhang W, Xiang Y, Cheng X, Gui M, Fang D. Core biomarkers analysis benefit for diagnosis on human intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:525. [PMID: 39127651 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis were at high risk of fetal distress, preterm birth and unexpected stillbirth. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) was mainly caused by disorder of bile acid metabolism, whereas the specific mechanism was obscure. METHODS We performed proteomics analysis of 10 ICP specimens and 10 placenta specimens from patients without ICP through data-independent acquisition (DIA) technique to disclose differentially expressed proteins. We executed metabolomic analysis of 30 ICP specimens and 30 placenta specimens from patients without ICP through UPLC-MS/MS to identify differentially expressed metabolites. Enrichment and correlation analysis was used to obtain the direct molecular insights of ICP development. The ICP rat models were constructed to validate pathological features. RESULTS The heatmap of proteomics analysis showed the top 30 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated proteins. The metabolomic analysis revealed 20 richer and 4 less abundant metabolites in ICP samples compared with placenta specimens from patients without ICP, and enrichment pathways by these metabolites included primary bile acid biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism, bile secretion, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, purine metabolism and metabolic pathways. Combined analysis of multiple omics results demonstrated that bile acids such as Glycohyocholic acid, Glycine deoxycholic acid, beta-Muricholic acid, Noncholic acid, cholic acid, Gamma-Mercholic Acid, alpha-Muricholic acid and Glycochenodeoxycholic Aicd were significantly associated with the expression of GLRX3, MYL1, MYH7, PGGT1B, ACTG1, SP3, LACTB2, C2CD5, APBB2, IPO9, MYH2, PPP3CC, PIN1, BLOC1S1, DNAJC7, RASAL2 and ATCN3 etc. The core protein ACAT2 was involved in lipid metabolic process and animal model showed that ACAT2 was up-regulated in placenta and liver of pregnant rats and fetal rats. The neonates had low birth weight and Safranin O-Fast green FCF staining of animal models showed that poor osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of fetal rats. CONCLUSION Multiple metabolites-alpha-Muricholic acid, beta-Muricholic acid, Glycine deoxycholic acid and Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid etc. were perfect biomarkers to predict occurrence of ICP. Bile acids were significantly associated with varieties of protein expression and these proteins were differentially expressed in ICP samples. Our study provided several biomarkers for ICP detection and potential therapeutic targets for ICP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Zhe Kang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Mian Gui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Dajun Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China.
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Wang Q, Shen W, Shao W, Hu H. Berberine alleviates cholesterol and bile acid metabolism disorders induced by high cholesterol diet in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 719:150088. [PMID: 38740003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) is a traditional Chinese herb with broad antimicrobial activity. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the metabolism of bile acids and cholesterol. Our study investigated the effects of BBR on alleviating cholesterol and bile acid metabolism disorders induced by high cholesterol diet in mice. Adult male C57BL/6J mice fed with high cholesterol diet (HC) containing 1.25 % cholesterol (HC group) or fed with chow diet containing 0.02 % cholesterol (Chow group) served as controls. BBR50 and BBR100 group mice were fed with HC, and oral BBR daily at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg respectively for 8 weeks. The results showed that BBR could reshape the homeostasis and composition of gut microbiota. The abundance of Clostridium genera was significantly inhibited by BBR, which resulted in a significant reduction of secondary bile acids within the enterohepatic circulation and a significant lower hydrophobic index of bile acids. The absorption of cholesterol in intestine, the deposition of cholesterol in liver and the excretion of cholesterol in biliary tract were significantly inhibited by BBR, which promoted the unsaturation of cholesterol in bile. These findings suggest the potential utility of BBR as a functional food to alleviate the negative effects of high cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Shen
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wang N, Chen S, Xie Y, Liu X, Xi Z, Li J, Xue C, Deng R, Min W, Kang R, Xie L. The Sanbi Decoction alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration in rats through intestinal flora and serum metabolic homeostasis modulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 127:155480. [PMID: 38484462 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is an essential cause of low back pain (LBP), the incidence of which has risen in recent years and is progressively younger, but treatment options are limited, placing a serious economic burden on society. Sanbi decoction (SBD) is an important classical formula for the treatment of IVDD, which can significantly improve patients' symptoms and is a promising alternative therapy. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of SBD in the treatment of IVDD and to explore the underlying mechanisms by using an integrated analytical approach of microbiomics and serum metabolomics, as well as by using molecular biology. METHODS A rat IVDD puncture model was established and treated by gavage with different concentrations of SBD, and clean faeces, serum, liver, kidney, and intervertebral disc (IVD) were collected after 4 weeks. We assessed the safety by liver and kidney weighing, functional tests and tissue staining, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) inflammatory factors in serum was detected by ELISA kits, and X-ray test, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and safranin O-fast green (SO/FG) staining were used to assess the efficacy. Finally, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing analysis on the faeces of different groups and untargeted metabolomics on serum and analyzed the association between them. RESULTS SBD can effectively reduce the inflammatory response, regulate the metabolic balance of extracellular matrix (ECM), improve symptoms, and restore IVD function. In addition, SBD can significantly improve the diversity of intestinal flora and maintain the balance. At the phylum level, SBD greatly increased the relative abundance of Patescibacteria and Actinobacteriota and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota. At the genus level, SBD significantly increased the relative abundance of Clostridia_UCG-014, Enterorhabdus, and Adlercreutzia, and decreased the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (p < 0.05). Untargeted metabolomics indicated that SBD significantly improved serum metabolites and altered serum expression of 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alphaPDD), euscaphic acid (EA), alpha-muricholic acid (α-MCA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and kynurenine (Kyn) (p < 0.05), and the metabolic pathways were mainly lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that SBD can extensively regulate intestinal flora and serum metabolic homeostasis to reduce inflammatory response, inhibit the degradation of ECM, restore IVD height and water content to achieve apparent therapeutic effect for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China
| | - Zhipeng Xi
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China
| | - Jingchi Li
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Congyang Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China
| | - Wen Min
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Ran Kang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China.
| | - Lin Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210028, China.
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Yin Q, Yu J, Li J, Zhang T, Wang T, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Yao J. Enhancing milk quality and modulating rectal microbiota of dairy goats in starch-rich diet: the role of bile acid supplementation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:7. [PMID: 38247003 PMCID: PMC10801996 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets rich in starch have been shown to increase a risk of reducing milk fat content in dairy goats. While bile acids (BAs) have been used as a lipid emulsifier in monogastric and aquatic animals, their effect on ruminants is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of BAs supplementation on various aspects of dairy goat physiology, including milk composition, rumen fermentation, gut microbiota, and BA metabolism. RESULTS We randomly divided eighteen healthy primiparity lactating dairy goats (days in milk = 100 ± 6 d) into two groups and supplemented them with 0 or 4 g/d of BAs undergoing 5 weeks of feeding on a starch-rich diet. The results showed that BAs supplementation positively influenced milk yield and improved the quality of fatty acids in goat milk. BAs supplementation led to a reduction in saturated fatty acids (C16:0) and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-9 C18:1), resulting in a healthier milk fatty acid profile. We observed a significant increase in plasma total bile acid concentration while the proportion of rumen short-chain fatty acids was not affected. Furthermore, BAs supplementation induced significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, favoring the enrichment of specific bacterial groups and altering the balance of microbial populations. Correlation analysis revealed associations between specific bacterial groups (Bacillus and Christensenellaceae R-7 group) and BA types, suggesting a role for the gut microbiota in BA metabolism. Functional prediction analysis revealed notable changes in pathways associated with lipid metabolism, suggesting that BAs supplementation has the potential to modulate lipid-related processes. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential benefits of BAs supplementation in enhancing milk production, improving milk quality, and influencing metabolic pathways in dairy goats. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the broader implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junjian Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Zhu
- DAYU Bioengineering (Xi'an) Industrial Development Research Institute, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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Lai C, Chen L, Zhong X, Tang Z, Zhang B, Luo Y, Li C, Jin M, Chen X, Li J, Shi Y, Sun Y, Guo L. Long-term effects on liver metabolism induced by ceftriaxone sodium pretreatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122238. [PMID: 37506808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ceftriaxone is an emerging contaminant due to its potential harm, while its effects on liver are still need to be clarified. In this study, we first pretreated the 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice with high dose ceftriaxone sodium (Cef, 400 mg/mL, 0.2 mL per dose) for 8 days to prepare a gut dysbiosis model, then treated with normal feed for a two-month recovery period, and applied non-targeted metabolomics (including lipidomics) to investigate the variations of fecal and liver metabolome, and coupled with targeted determination of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). Lastly, the correlations and mediation analysis between the liver metabolism and gut metabolism/microbes were carried, and the potential mechanisms of the mal-effects on gut-liver axis induced by Cef pretreatment were accordingly discussed. Compared to the control group, Cef pretreatment reduced the rate of weight gain and hepatosomatic index, induced bile duct epithelial cells proliferated around the central vein and appearance of binucleated hepatocytes, decreased the ratio of total branching chains amino acids (BCAAs) to total aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in liver metabolome. In fecal metabolome, the total fecal SCFAs and BAs did not change significantly while butyric acid decreased and the primary BAs increased after Cef pretreatment. Correlation and mediation analysis revealed one potential mechanism that Cef may first change the intestinal microbiota (such as destroying its normal structure, reducing its abundance and the stability of the microbial network or certain microbe abundance like Alistipes), and then change the intestinal metabolism (such as acetate, caproate, propionate), leading to liver metabolic disorder (such as spermidine, inosine, cinnamaldehyde). This study proved the possibility of Cef-induced liver damage, displayed the overall metabolic profile of the liver following Cef pretreatment and provided a theoretical framework for further research into the mechanism of Cef-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengze Lai
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Linkang Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Guangzhou Liwan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengji Li
- Yunfu Disease Control and Prevention Center, Guang Dong Province, China
| | - Mengcheng Jin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yinying Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanqin Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lianxian Guo
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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Singh TP, Kadyan S, Devi H, Park G, Nagpal R. Gut microbiome as a therapeutic target for liver diseases. Life Sci 2023; 322:121685. [PMID: 37044173 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gut in regulating the physiology of different organs in a human body is increasingly acknowledged, to which the bidirectional communication between gut and liver is no exception. Liver health is modulated via different key components of gut-liver axis. The gut-derived products mainly generated from dietary components, microbial metabolites, toxins, or other antigens are sensed and transported to the liver through portal vein to which liver responds by secreting bile acids and antibodies. Therefore, maintaining a healthy gut microbiome can promote homeostasis of this gut-liver axis by regulating the intestinal barrier function and reducing the antigenic molecules. Conversely, liver secretions also regulate the gut microbiome composition. Disturbed homeostasis allows luminal antigens to reach liver leading to impaired liver functioning and instigating liver disorders. The perturbations in gut microbiome, permeability, and bile acid pool have been associated with several liver disorders, although precise mechanisms remain largely unresolved. Herein, we discuss functional fingerprints of a healthy gut-liver axis while contemplating mechanistic understanding of pathophysiology of liver diseases and plausible role of gut dysbiosis in different diseased states of liver. Further, novel therapeutic approaches to prevent the severity of liver disorders are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Saurabh Kadyan
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Harisha Devi
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Gwoncheol Park
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Guo Q, Hou X, Cui Q, Li S, Shen G, Luo Q, Wu H, Chen H, Liu Y, Chen A, Zhang Z. Pectin mediates the mechanism of host blood glucose regulation through intestinal flora. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6714-6736. [PMID: 36756885 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2173719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and interlayers. As a food component, pectin is benefit for regulating intestinal flora. Metabolites of intestinal flora, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are involved in blood glucose regulation. SCFAs promote insulin synthesis through the intestine-GPCRs-derived pathway and hepatic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to promote hepatic glycogen synthesis. On the one hand, BAs stimulate intestinal L cells and pancreatic α cells to secrete Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) through receptors G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). On the other hand, BAs promote hepatic glycogen synthesis through AMPK pathway. LPS inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines through Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thereby alleviating insulin resistance (IR). In brief, both SCFAs and BAs promote GLP-1 secretion through different pathways, employing strategies of increasing glucose consumption and decreasing glucose production to maintain normal glucose levels. Notably, pectin can also directly inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines through the -TLRs-MYD88 pathway. These data provide valuable information for further elucidating the relationship between pectin-intestinal flora-glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qiang Cui
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qingying Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hejun Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Anjun Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Lin D, Sun Q, Liu Z, Pan J, Zhu J, Wang S, Jia S, Zheng M, Li X, Gong F. Gut microbiota and bile acids partially mediate the improvement of fibroblast growth factor 21 on methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:199-218. [PMID: 36586452 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as well as gut dysbiosis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, has been proven to have a good effect on NAFLD. However, the modulating process between FGF21 and gut microbiota remains unclear in treating NAFLD. Here, the fecal microbiota composition of 30 patients with NAFLD who had undergone liver biopsy and 29 matched healthy participants were studied, together with the fecal bile acid (BA) profile. Treatment with FGF21 was given in methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD model C57BL/6 mice. An antibiotic cocktail and fecal microbiota transplantation were used to further confirm the benefits of FGF21 that were partially attributable to the change in gut microbiota. Patients with NAFLD had higher serum FGF21 levels and dysregulated fecal microbiota compositions and fecal BA profiles. In NAFLD mice, FGF21 significantly reduced steatohepatitis and collagen deposition in vivo and restored intestinal structure. FGF21 treatment also changed gut microbiota composition and regulated dysbiosis in BA metabolism. After treatment with an antibiotic cocktail, FGF21 partially alleviated hepatic and intestinal damage in NAFLD mice. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation from FGF21-treated mice showed benefits similar to FGF21 therapy. The improvement using FGF21 in MCD diet-induced NAFLD mice is partially mediated via gut microbiota and BA. Gut microbiota-regulated BA metabolism may be a potential target of FGF21 in improving NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Lin
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China; School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qiyan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiaxuan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Sining Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Duszka K. Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota. Cells 2022; 11:2337. [PMID: 35954180 PMCID: PMC9367564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, and is mainly derived from the diet, but can also be produced endogenously from cysteine. It plays multiple essential roles in the body, including development, energy production, osmoregulation, prevention of oxidative stress, and inflammation. Taurine is also crucial as a molecule used to conjugate bile acids (BAs). In the gastrointestinal tract, BAs deconjugation by enteric bacteria results in high levels of unconjugated BAs and free taurine. Depending on conjugation status and other bacterial modifications, BAs constitute a pool of related but highly diverse molecules, each with different properties concerning solubility and toxicity, capacity to activate or inhibit receptors of BAs, and direct and indirect impact on microbiota and the host, whereas free taurine has a largely protective impact on the host, serves as a source of energy for microbiota, regulates bacterial colonization and defends from pathogens. Several remarkable examples of the interaction between taurine and gut microbiota have recently been described. This review will introduce the necessary background information and lay out the latest discoveries in the interaction of the co-reliant triad of BAs, taurine, and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Cheng H, Liu J, Zhang D, Tan Y, Feng W, Peng C. Gut microbiota, bile acids, and nature compounds. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3102-3119. [PMID: 35701855 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds (NPs) have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy in various diseases and drug discovery. In the past decades, studies on gut microbiota have shown that the efficacy of NPs can be affected by the interactions between gut microbiota and NPs. On one hand, gut microbiota can metabolize NPs. On the other hand, NPs can influence the metabolism and composition of gut microbiota. Among gut microbiota metabolites, bile acids (BAs) have attracted widespread attention due to their effects on the body homeostasis and the development of diseases. Studies have also confirmed that NPs can regulate the metabolism of BAs and ultimately regulate the physiological function of the body and disease progresses. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the interactions among NPs, gut microbiota, and BAs. In addition, we also discuss the role of microbial BAs metabolism in understanding the toxicity and efficacy of NPs. Furthermore, we present personal insights into the future research directions of NPs and BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Molecular Basis of Bile Acid-FXR-FGF15/19 Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116046. [PMID: 35682726 PMCID: PMC9181207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of amphiphilic molecules consisting of a rigid steroid core attached to a hydroxyl group with a varying number, position, and orientation, and a hydrophilic side chain. While BAs act as detergents to solubilize lipophilic nutrients in the small intestine during digestion and absorption, they also act as hormones. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that forms a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), is activated by BAs in the enterohepatic circulation reabsorbed via transporters in the ileum and the colon, and plays a critical role in regulating gene expression involved in cholesterol, BA, and lipid metabolism in the liver. The FXR/RXRα heterodimer also exists in the distal ileum and regulates production of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/FGF19, a hormone traveling via the enterohepatic circulation that activates hepatic FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4)-β-klotho receptor complex and regulates gene expression involved in cholesterol, BA, and lipid metabolism, as well as those regulating cell proliferation. Agonists for FXR and analogs for FGF15/19 are currently recognized as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and cholestatic diseases.
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Wong WY, Chan BD, Sham TT, Lee MML, Chan CO, Chau CT, Mok DKW, Kwan YW, Tai WCS. Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Increasing Taurine-Conjugated Bile Acids and Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling via Stabilization of Iκ Bα. Front Nutr 2022; 9:816836. [PMID: 35529468 PMCID: PMC9069136 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.816836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic progressive intestinal inflammatory disease, characterized by an altered gut microbiota composition and accompanying alterations in circulatory bile acids. Increasing evidence supports the beneficial effect of probiotics intake on health. Introduction of probiotics to the intestines can modulate gut microbiota composition and in turn regulate the host immune system and modify the inflammatory response. Probiotics can also improve intestinal barrier function and exhibit a positive impact on host physiological and pathological conditions via gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Previous studies have demonstrated that Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) treatment could inhibit clinical manifestation of colitis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we employed the DSS-induced acute colitis mouse model to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of LcS and related mechanisms. Administration of LcS ameliorated the severity of DSS-induced colitis and enhanced intestinal integrity via induction of mucin-2 and occludin expression in colons. Fecal microbiota analysis showed that LcS increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial species in colitic mice, whereas the relative abundance of pathobionts was reduced. Additionally, LcS treatment modulated circulating bile acid profiles in colitic mice. In mice treated with LcS, we identified increased levels of primary taurine-conjugated bile acids, including taurocholic acid (TCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). LcS treatment also increased the levels of secondary taurine-conjugated bile acids, including taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Moreover, LcS treatment exhibited a suppressive effect on the hydroxylated primary bile acids α-muricholic acid (α-MCA) and β-muricholic acid (β-MCA). We further demonstrated that LcS treatment suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and nitric oxide (NO), and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 (IL-10) in colon tissues, potentially as a result of altered bile acid profiles. Mechanistically, we showed that LcS treatment suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling via stabilization of inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα). Altogether, we have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of LcS in DSS-induced colitis, providing new insights into its effect on bile acid metabolism and the related anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our findings provide support for the application of LcS in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Laboratory for Probiotic and Prebiotic Research in Human Health, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brandon Dow Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Laboratory for Probiotic and Prebiotic Research in Human Health, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tung-Ting Sham
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Magnolia Muk-Lan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Laboratory for Probiotic and Prebiotic Research in Human Health, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-On Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chung-Ting Chau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel Kam-Wah Mok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Laboratory for Probiotic and Prebiotic Research in Human Health, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wang L, Wang Z, Yu Y, Ren Z, Jia Y, Wang J, Li S, Jiang T. Metabolomics analysis of stool in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus after single-anastomosis duodenal-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1013959. [PMID: 36204098 PMCID: PMC9530139 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1013959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-anastomosis duodenal-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) is one of the most effective bariatric procedures in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanisms by which SADI-S improves T2DM are not well-known. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of SADI-S on metabolites in the stool of rats with T2DM. METHODS Twenty rats were fed on high-fat diet and administered with a low-dose (30mg/kg) of streptozotocin to establish T2DM models. The rats were then randomly assigned to the SADI-S group (n=10) and sham operation group (n=9). Stool samples were collected from all rats at 8 weeks after surgery and stored at -80 °C. Metabolomics analysis was performed to identify differential metabolites through ultra- performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS At 8-week after surgery, rats of the SADI-S group showed significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test 2-hour, glycated haemoglobin, and body weight compared with those of the sham group. A total of 245 differential metabolites were identified between the two groups. Among them, 16 metabolites such as branched-chain amino acids (valine), aromatic amino acid (phenylalanine), bile acid (cholic acid, lithocholic acid, and β-muricholic acid), short-chain fatty acid (isobutyric acid), and phospholipid [lysoPE(17:0), lysoPE(20:3) and lysoPS(16:0)] were associated to the T2DM remission after SADI-S. CONCLUSION SADI-S improves T2DM in rats by regulating phenylalanine biosynthesis, valine, phenylalanine, alanine, glutamate, proline, bile acid, and phospholipid metabolism pathways.
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The Synbiotic Combination of Akkermansia muciniphila and Quercetin Ameliorates Early Obesity and NAFLD through Gut Microbiota Reshaping and Bile Acid Metabolism Modulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122001. [PMID: 34943104 PMCID: PMC8698339 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a key role in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), so synbiotics could be a therapeutic alternative. We aim to evaluate a nutritional intervention together with the administration of the bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and the antioxidant quercetin in an in vivo model of early obesity and NAFLD. 21-day-old rats were fed with control or high-fat diet for six weeks. Then, all animals received control diet supplemented with/without quercetin and/or A. muciniphila for three weeks. Gut microbiota, NAFLD-related parameters, circulating bile acids (BAs) and liver gene expression were analyzed. The colonization with A. muciniphila was associated with less body fat, while synbiotic treatment caused a steatosis remission, linked to hepatic lipogenesis modulation. The synbiotic promoted higher abundance of Cyanobacteria and Oscillospira, and lower levels of Actinobacteria, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Roseburia. Moreover, it favored elevated unconjugated hydrophilic BAs plasma levels and enhanced hepatic expression of BA synthesis and transport genes. A. muciniphila correlated with circulating BAs and liver lipid and BA metabolism genes, suggesting a role of this bacterium in BA signaling. Beneficial effects of A. muciniphila and quercetin combination are driven by gut microbiota modulation, the shift in BAs and the gut-liver bile flow enhancement.
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15
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Xiao-Rong L, Ning M, Xi-Wang L, Shi-Hong L, Zhe Q, Li-Xia B, Ya-Jun Y, Jian-Yong L. Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Reveal the Underlying Mechanism of Aspirin Eugenol Ester Ameliorating Rat Hyperlipidemia via Inhibiting FXR to Induce CYP7A1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:733789. [PMID: 34899293 PMCID: PMC8656224 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.733789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an important lipid disorder and a risk factor for health. Aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a novel synthetic compound which is made up of two chemical structural units from aspirin and eugenol. Therapeutic effect of AEE on hyperlipidemia has been confirmed in animal model. But the action mechanism of AEE on hyperlipidemia is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of AEE on liver and feces metabolic profile through UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based untargeted metabolomics in hyperlipidemia hamster induced with high fat diet (HFD), and the effects of AEE on the expression of genes and proteins related to cholesterol and bile acid (BA) in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia SD rat. The concentrations of 26 bile acids (BAs) in the liver from hyperlipidemia SD rat were also quantified with the application of BA targeted metabolomics. The results of untargeted metabolomics showed that the underlying mechanism of AEE on hyperlipidemia was mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, energy metabolism, BA metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. AEE induced the expression of the BA-synthetic enzymes cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) by the inhibition of BA nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in liver, which resulted in accelerating the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids and excrete in feces. The results of BA targeted metabolomics showed that AEE elevated the glycine-conjugated BA level and decreased the tauro-conjugated BA level. In conclusion, this study found that AEE decreased FXR and increased CYP7A1 in the liver, which might be the possible molecular mechanisms and targets of AEE for anti-hyperlipidemia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao-Rong
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ma Ning
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liu Xi-Wang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Shi-Hong
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhe
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bai Li-Xia
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Ya-Jun
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Jian-Yong
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Jia L, Ma Y, Haywood J, Jiang L, Xue B, Shi H, Dawson PA, Yu L. NPC1L1 Deficiency Suppresses Ileal Fibroblast Growth Factor 15 Expression and Increases Bile Acid Pool Size in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice. Cells 2021; 10:3468. [PMID: 34943976 PMCID: PMC8700447 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol and is the target of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Genetic deletion of NPC1L1 or ezetimibe treatment protects mice from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this therapeutic benefit remain unknown. A major metabolic fate of cholesterol is its conversion to bile acids. We found that NPC1L1 knockout (L1-KO) mice fed an HFD had increased energy expenditure, bile acid pool size, and fecal bile acid excretion rates. The elevated bile acid pool in the HFD-fed L1-KO mice was enriched with tauro-β-muricholic acid. These changes in the L1-KO mice were associated with reduced ileal mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and increased hepatic mRNA expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7A1) and mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27A1). In addition, mRNA expression of the membrane bile acid receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) were elevated in brown adipose tissue of L1-KO mice, which is known to promote energy expenditure. Thus, altered bile acid homeostasis and signaling may play a role in protecting L1-KO mice against HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jia
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W, Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jamie Haywood
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
| | - Long Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
- Internal Medicine Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
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Jiang P, Yuan GH, Jiang BR, Zhang JY, Wang YQ, Lv HJ, Zhang Z, Wu JL, Wu Q, Li L. Effects of microplastics (MPs) and tributyltin (TBT) alone and in combination on bile acids and gut microbiota crosstalk in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112345. [PMID: 34020283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and tributyltin (TBT) are both potential environmental pollutants that enter organisms through the food chain and affect bodily functions. However, the effects and mechanisms of MPs and TBT exposure (especially the co-exposure of both pollutants) on mammals remain unclear. In this study, Ф5μm MPs (5MP) was administered alone or in combination with TBT to investigate the health risk of oral exposure in mice. All three treatments induced inflammation in the liver, altered gut microbiota composition and disturbed fecal bile acids profiles. In addition to decreasing triglyceride (TG) and increasing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and macrophage-expressed gene 1 (Mpeg1), 5MP induced hepatic cholestasis by stimulating the expression of the cholesterol hydroxylase enzymes CYP8B1 and CYP27A1, and inhibiting multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 3 (MRP2, MRP3), and bile-salt export pump (BSEP) to prevent bile acids for entering the blood and bile. Correspondingly, 5MP treatment decreased 7-ketolithocholic acid (7-ketoLCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA), which were positively correlated with decreased Bacteroides and Marvinbryantia and negatively correlated with increased Bifidobacterium. In addition, TBT increased interferon γ (IFNγ) and Mpeg1 levels to induce inflammation, accompanied by decreased 7-ketoLCA, tauro-alpha-muricholic acid (T-alpha-MCA) and alpha-muricholic acid (alpha-MCA) levels, which were negatively related to Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 and Bifidobacterium. Co-exposure to 5MP and TBT also decreased TG and induced bile acids accumulation in the liver due to inhibited BSEP, which might be attributed to the co-regulation of decreased T-alpha-MCA and Harryflintia. In conclusion, the administration of 5MP and TBT alone and in combination could cause gut microbiome dysbiosis and subsequently alter bile acids profiles, while the combined exposure of 5MP and TBT weakened the toxic effects of 5MP and TBT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Ge-Hui Yuan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Bao-Rong Jiang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Yu-Qian Wang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Hui-Jie Lv
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jia-Lin Wu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
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18
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Oteng AB, Higuchi S, Banks AS, Haeusler RA. Cyp2c-deficiency depletes muricholic acids and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity in male mice but promotes liver damage. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101326. [PMID: 34438105 PMCID: PMC8449133 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Murine-specific muricholic acids (MCAs) are reported to protect against obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, the response of mice with genetic depletion of MCA to an obesogenic diet has not been evaluated. We used Cyp2c-deficient (Cyp2c−/−) mice, which lack MCAs and thus have a human-like bile acid (BA) profile, to directly investigate the potential role of MCAs in diet-induced obesity. Methods Male and female Cyp2c−/− mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls were fed a standard chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks. We measured BA composition from a pool of liver, gallbladder, and intestine, as well as weekly body weight, food intake, lean and fat mass, systemic glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, intestinal lipid absorption, fecal lipid, and energy content. Results Cyp2c-deficiency depleted MCAs and caused other changes in BA composition, namely a decrease in the ratio of 12α-hydroxylated (12α-OH) BAs to non-12α-OH BAs, without altering the total BA levels. While WT male mice became obese after HFD feeding, Cyp2c−/− male mice were protected from obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Cyp2c−/− male mice also showed reduced intestinal lipid absorption and increased lipid excretion, which was reversed by oral gavage with the 12α-OH BA and taurocholic acid (TCA). Cyp2c−/− mice also showed increased liver damage, which appeared stronger in females. Conclusions MCA does not protect against diet-induced obesity but may protect against liver injury. Reduced lipid absorption in Cyp2c-deficient male mice is potentially due to a reduced ratio of 12α-OH/non-12α-OH BAs. Presence of MCA does not necessarily protect against diet-induced obesity. Cyp2c deficiency promotes resistance to diet-induced obesity in males. Cyp2c-knockout mice have decreased the ratio of 12α-OH/non-12α-OH BAs that promotes decreased intestinal lipid absorption. Cyp2c-knockout mice have improved glucose homeostasis. Cyp2c-deficiency promotes mild and severe liver injury in male and female mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sei Higuchi
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Jiang L, Schnabl B. Gut Microbiota in Liver Disease: What Do We Know and What Do We Not Know? Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:261-274. [PMID: 32490750 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut and the liver have a bidirectional communication via the biliary system and the portal vein. The intestinal microbiota and microbial products play an important role for modulating liver diseases such as alcohol-associated liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis, and cholestatic liver diseases. Here, we review the role of the gut microbiota and its products for the pathogenesis and therapy of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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20
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Jiang L, Zhang H, Xiao D, Wei H, Chen Y. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR): Structures and ligands. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2148-2159. [PMID: 33995909 PMCID: PMC8091178 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid activated nuclear receptor (BAR) and is mainly expressed in the liver and intestine. Upon ligand binding, FXR regulates key genes involved in the metabolic process of bile acid synthesis, transport and reabsorption and is also involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Because of its important functions, FXR is considered as a promising drug target for the therapy of bile acid-related liver diseases. With the approval of obeticholic acid (OCA) as the first small molecule to target FXR, many other small molecules are being evaluated in clinical trials. This review summarizes the structures of FXR, especially its ligand binding domain, and the development of small molecules (including agonists and antagonists) targeting FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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21
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Axling U, Cavalera M, Degerman E, Gåfvels M, Eggertsen G, Holm C. Increased whole body energy expenditure and protection against diet-induced obesity in Cyp8b1-deficient mice is accompanied by altered adipose tissue features. Adipocyte 2020; 9:587-599. [PMID: 33016185 PMCID: PMC7553510 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1827519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate mechanisms whereby bile acids exert beneficial metabolic effects, using the Cyp8b1−/- mouse as model. These mice are unable to synthesize cholic acid, resulting in increased synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid and enlarged bile acid pool. Cyp8b1−/- mice were found to be protected against high-fat diet induced obesity. Bomb calorimetry measurements showed increased faecal energy output in Cyp8b1−/mice. Indirect calorimetry measurements demonstrated increased energy expenditure in Cyp8b1−/- mice. Meal tolerance tests revealed no differences in glucose disposal, but the insulin response was lower in Cyp8b1−/- mice. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, as well as static incubations of isolated islets, showed no difference between the groups, whereas insulin tolerance tests demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity in Cyp8b1−/- mice. The genes encoding mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and type 2-iodothyronine deiodinase were upregulated in brown adipose tissue of Cyp8b1/- mice and Western blot analyses showed increased abundance of TFAM, and a trend towards increased abundance of UCP1. The upregulation of TFAM and UCP1 was accompanied by increased mitochondrial density, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. White adipocytes of Cyp8b1−/- mice exhibited increased responsiveness to both catecholamines and insulin in lipolysis experiments and increased insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. In conclusion, increased energy expenditure, mitochondrial density of brown adipocytes and faecal energy output may all contribute to the protection against diet-induced obesity of Cyp8b1−/- mice. Enhanced insulin sensitivity of Cyp8b1−/- mice is accompanied by increased hormonal responsiveness of white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Axling
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michele Cavalera
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Degerman
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Gåfvels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gösta Eggertsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Holm
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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van de Peppel IP, Verkade HJ, Jonker JW. Metabolic consequences of ileal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G619-G625. [PMID: 32938201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00308.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids comprises a tightly regulated process of hepatic bile acid secretion, intestinal reabsorption and transport back to the liver. Disruption of this process has significant consequences for gastrointestinal, liver and whole body homeostasis and therefore offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this review we discuss the effects of (pharmacological) interruption of the enterohepatic circulation at different levels. Recently, several studies have been published on ileal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, targeting the apical-sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2), as therapy for various diseases. However, ambiguous results have been reported and in-depth mechanistic insights are lacking. Here we discuss these novel studies and review the current knowledge on the consequences of ASBT inhibition and its potential effects on physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Ma J, Hong Y, Zheng N, Xie G, Lyu Y, Gu Y, Xi C, Chen L, Wu G, Li Y, Tao X, Zhong J, Huang Z, Wu W, Yuan L, Lin M, Lu X, Zhang W, Jia W, Sheng L, Li H. Gut microbiota remodeling reverses aging-associated inflammation and dysregulation of systemic bile acid homeostasis in mice sex-specifically. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1450-1474. [PMID: 32515683 PMCID: PMC7524276 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1763770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is usually characterized with inflammation and disordered bile acids (BAs) homeostasis, as well as gut dysbiosis. The pathophysiological changes during aging are also sexual specific. However, it remains unclear about the modulating process among gut microbiota, BA metabolism, and inflammation during aging. In this study, we established a direct link between gut microbiota and BA profile changes in the liver, serum, and four intestinal segments of both sexes during aging and gut microbiota remodeling by co-housing old mice with young ones. We found aging reduced Actinobacteria in male mice but increased Firmicutes in female mice. Among the top 10 altered genera with aging, 4 genera changed oppositely between male and female mice, and most of the changes were reversed by co-housing in both sexes. Gut microbiota remodeling by co-housing partly rescued the systemically dysregulated BA homeostasis induced by aging in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. Aging had greater impacts on hepatic BA profile in females, but intestinal BA profile in males. In addition, aging increased hepatic and colonic deoxycholic acid in male mice, but reduced them in females. Moreover, muricholic acids shifted markedly in the intestine, especially in old male mice, and partially reversed by co-housing. Notably, the ratios of primary to secondary BAs in the liver, serum, and all four intestinal segments were increased in old mice and reduced by co-housing in both sexes. Together, the presented data revealed that sex divergent changes of gut microbiota and BA profile in multiple body compartments during aging and gut microbiota remodeling, highlighting the sex-specific prevention and treatment of aging-related disorders by targeting gut microbiota-regulated BA metabolism should particularly be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Ma
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Human Metabolomics Institute, Inc, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu Gu
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuchu Xi
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Tao
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lin
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Lu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Phytochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China,Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China,Wei Jia Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lili Sheng
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Lili Sheng Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Houkai Li
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Houkai Li Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, China
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24
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Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:47-63. [PMID: 34290896 PMCID: PMC8291349 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of CYP7A1 gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of bile acid feedback regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in the last three decades. Discovery of bile acid-activated receptors and their roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism have been translated to the development of bile acid-based drug therapies for the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will provide an update on the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and mechanistic insights of the regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid synthesis in the last 40 years.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Enteric hyperoxaluria is commonly observed in malabsorptive conditions including Roux en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Its incidence is increasing secondary to an increased prevalence of both disorders. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking the gut microbiota to the risk of enteric hyperoxaluria. RECENT FINDINGS In enteric hyperoxaluria, fat malabsorption leads to increased binding of calcium to free fatty acids resulting in more soluble oxalate in the intestinal lumen. Bile acids and free fatty acids in the lumen also cause increased gut permeability allowing more passive absorption of oxalate. In recent years, there is more interest in the role of the gut microbiota in modulating urinary oxalate excretion in enteric hyperoxaluria, stemming from our knowledge that microbiota in the intestines can degrade oxalate. Oxalobacter formigenes reduced urinary oxalate in animal models of RYGB. The contribution of other oxalate-degrading organisms and the microbiota community to the pathophysiology of enteric hyperoxaluria are also currently under investigation. SUMMARY Gut microbiota might play a role in modulating the risk of enteric hyperoxaluria through oxalate degradation and bile acid metabolism. O. formigenes is a promising therapeutic target in this population; however, further studies in humans are needed to test its effectiveness.
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26
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Liu J, Li Y, Sun C, Liu S, Yan Y, Pan H, Fan M, Xue L, Nie C, Zhang H, Qian H, Ying H, Wang L. Geniposide reduces cholesterol accumulation and increases its excretion by regulating the FXR-mediated liver-gut crosstalk of bile acids. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:21-56. [PMID: 31853951 PMCID: PMC7171925 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal reclamation of bile acids is crucial for the maintenance of their enterohepatic circulation. The majority of bile acids are actively absorbed via specific transport proteins that are highly expressed in the distal ileum. The uptake of bile acids by intestinal epithelial cells modulates the activation of cytosolic and membrane receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), which has a profound effect on hepatic synthesis of bile acids as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Extensive research has focused on delineating the processes of bile acid absorption and determining the contribution of dysregulated ileal signaling in the development of intestinal and hepatic disorders. For example, a decrease in the levels of the bile acid-induced ileal hormone FGF15/19 is implicated in bile acid-induced diarrhea (BAD). Conversely, the increase in bile acid absorption with subsequent overload of bile acids could be involved in the pathophysiology of liver and metabolic disorders such as fatty liver diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review article will attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in the intestinal handling of bile acids, the pathological implications of disrupted intestinal bile acid homeostasis, and the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bile acid-related disorders. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:21-56, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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28
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Chen J, Zheng M, Liu J, Luo Y, Yang W, Yang J, Liu J, Zhou J, Xu C, Zhao F, Su M, Zang S, Shi J. Ratio of Conjugated Chenodeoxycholic to Muricholic Acids is Associated with Severity of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:2055-2066. [PMID: 31657148 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bile acids (BAs) are important molecules in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This study aimed to investigate BA profile alterations in Chinese nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. METHODS BA profiles in serum and liver tissues were determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in patients from two different clinical centers. RESULTS A total of 134 participants were enrolled in this study to serve as the training (n = 87) and validation (n = 47) cohorts. The ratio of circulating conjugated chenodeoxycholic acids to muricholic acids (P = 0.001) was elevated from healthy controls to non-NASH individuals to NASH individuals in a stepwise manner in the training cohort and was positively associated with the histological severity of NASH: steatosis (R2 = 0.12), lobular inflammation (R2 = 0.12), ballooning (R2 = 0.11), and fibrosis stage (R2 = 0.18). The ratio was elevated in the validation cohort of NASH patients (P < 0.001), and it was able to predict NASH (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 75%) and significant fibrosis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 71%) in these two cohorts. Moreover, this elevated ratio and impaired farnesoid X receptor signaling were found in the NASH liver. CONCLUSIONS Altered BA profile in NASH is closely associated with the severity of liver lesions, and it has the potential for predicting NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Transformation Medical platform, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Transformation Medical platform, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingxing Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Faling Zhao
- Department of Statistics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingming Su
- Metabo-profile Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shufei Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Liver Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Petrov PD, García-Mediavilla MV, Guzmán C, Porras D, Nistal E, Martínez-Flórez S, Castell JV, González-Gallego J, Sánchez-Campos S, Jover R. A Network Involving Gut Microbiota, Circulating Bile Acids, and Hepatic Metabolism Genes That Protects Against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900487. [PMID: 31322321 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis by multiple mechanisms not yet completely understood. Novel differential features between germ-free mice (GFm) transplanted with protective or non-protective cecal microbiota against NAFLD are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Gut microbiota composition, plasma, and fecal bile acids (BAs) and liver mRNAs are quantified in GFm recipients from four donor mice differing in NAFLD severity (control diet, high-fat diet [HFD]-responder, HFD-non-responder, and quercetin-supplemented HFD). Transplanted GFm are on control or HFD for 16-weeks. Multivariate analysis shows that GFm colonized with microbiota from HFD-non-responder and quercetin supplemented-HFD donors (protected against NAFLD) clusters together, whereas GFm colonized with microbiota from control and HFD-responder mice (non-protected against NAFLD) establishes another cluster. Protected phenotype is associated with increased gut Desulfovibrio and Oscillospira, reduced gut Bacteroides and Oribacterium, lower primary and higher secondary BAs in plasma and feces, induction of hepatic BA transporters, and repression of hepatic lipogenic and BA synthesis genes. CONCLUSION Protective gut microbiota associates with increased specific secondary BAs, which likely inhibit lipogenic pathways and enhance bile flow in the liver. This novel cross-talk between gut and liver, via plasma BAs, that promotes protection against NAFLD may have clinical and nutritional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Dianov Petrov
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, Tower A, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria García-Mediavilla
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, Tower A, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Porras
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Esther Nistal
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071, León, Spain.,Department of Gastroenterology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CAULE), Altos de Nava s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Susana Martínez-Flórez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071, León, Spain
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, Tower A, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, Tower A, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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Liu T, Song X, Khan S, Li Y, Guo Z, Li C, Wang S, Dong W, Liu W, Wang B, Cao H. The gut microbiota at the intersection of bile acids and intestinal carcinogenesis: An old story, yet mesmerizing. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1780-1790. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Chuqiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Wenxiao Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Wentian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
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31
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The influence of the host microbiome on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced hyperthermia and vice versa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4313. [PMID: 30867489 PMCID: PMC6416279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) can be life-threatening. Here, we investigate the role of the gut microbiome and TGR5 bile acid receptors in MDMA-mediated hyperthermia. Fourteen days prior to treatment with MDMA, male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water or water treated with antibiotics. Animals that had received antibiotics displayed a reduction in gut bacteria and an attenuated hyperthermic response to MDMA. MDMA treated animals showed increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and TGR5 expression levels in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle while increased expression of UCP3 was observed only in skeletal muscle. Antibiotics prior to MDMA administration significantly blunted these increases in gene expression. Furthermore, inhibition of the TGR5 receptor with triamterene or of deiodinase II downstream of the TGR5 receptor with iopanoic acid also resulted in the attenuation of MDMA-induced hyperthermia. MDMA-treatment enriched the relative proportion of a Proteus mirabilis strain in the ceca of animals not pre-treated with antibiotics. These findings suggest a contributing role for the gut microbiota in MDMA-mediated hyperthermia and that MDMA treatment can trigger a rapid remodeling of the composition of the gut microbiome.
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32
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Khan TJ, Hasan MN, Azhar EI, Yasir M. Association of gut dysbiosis with intestinal metabolites in response to antibiotic treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Stipanuk MH, Jurkowska H, Niewiadomski J, Mazor KM, Roman HB, Hirschberger LL. Identification of Taurine-Responsive Genes in Murine Liver Using the Cdo1-Null Mouse Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:475-495. [PMID: 28849476 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine dioxygenase (Cdo1)-null mouse is unable to synthesize hypotaurine and taurine by the cysteine/cysteine sulfinate pathway and has very low taurine levels in all tissues. The lack of taurine is associated with a lack of taurine conjugation of bile acids, a dramatic increase in the total and unconjugated hepatic bile acid pools, and an increase in betaine and other molecules that serve as organic osmolytes. We used the Cdo1-mouse model to determine the effects of taurine deficiency on expression of proteins involved in sulfur amino acid and bile acid metabolism. We identified cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (Csad), betaine:homocysteine methytransferase (Bhmt), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), and cytochrome P450 3A11 (Cyp3a11) as genes whose hepatic expression is strongly regulated in response to taurine depletion in the Cdo1-null mouse. Dietary taurine supplementation of Cdo1-null mice restored hepatic levels of these four proteins and their respective mRNAs to wild-type levels, whereas dietary taurine supplementation had no effect on abundance of these proteins or mRNAs in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha H Stipanuk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Halina Jurkowska
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Kevin M Mazor
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heather B Roman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Pathak P, Xie C, Nichols RG, Ferrell JM, Boehme S, Krausz KW, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ, Chiang JYL. Intestine farnesoid X receptor agonist and the gut microbiota activate G-protein bile acid receptor-1 signaling to improve metabolism. Hepatology 2018; 68:1574-1588. [PMID: 29486523 PMCID: PMC6111007 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (aka Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5 [TGR5]) to regulate bile acid metabolism and glucose and insulin sensitivity. FXR and TGR5 are coexpressed in the enteroendocrine L cells, but their roles in integrated regulation of metabolism are not completely understood. We reported recently that activation of FXR induces TGR5 to stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion to improve insulin sensitivity and hepatic metabolism. In this study, we used the intestine-restricted FXR agonist fexaramine (FEX) to study the effect of activation of intestinal FXR on the gut microbiome, bile acid metabolism, and FXR and TGR5 signaling. The current study revealed that FEX markedly increased taurolithocholic acid, increased secretion of fibroblast growth factors 15 and 21 and GLP-1, improved insulin and glucose tolerance, and promoted white adipose tissue browning in mice. Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences of the gut microbiome identified the FEX-induced and lithocholic acid-producing bacteria Acetatifactor and Bacteroides. Antibiotic treatment completely reversed the FEX-induced metabolic phenotypes and inhibited taurolithocholic acid synthesis, adipose tissue browning, and liver bile acid synthesis gene expression but further increased intestinal FXR target gene expression. FEX treatment effectively improved lipid profiles, increased GLP-1 secretion, improved glucose and insulin tolerance, and promoted adipose tissue browning, while antibiotic treatment reversed the beneficial metabolic effects of FEX in obese and diabetic mice. CONCLUSION This study uncovered a mechanism in which activation of intestinal FXR shaped the gut microbiota to activate TGR5/GLP-1 signaling to improve hepatic glucose and insulin sensitivity and increase adipose tissue browning; the gut microbiota plays a critical role in bile acid metabolism and signaling to regulate metabolic homeostasis in health and disease. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pathak
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert G. Nichols
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John Y. L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
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35
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de Boer JF, Bloks VW, Verkade E, Heiner-Fokkema MR, Kuipers F. New insights in the multiple roles of bile acids and their signaling pathways in metabolic control. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:194-202. [PMID: 29553998 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a growing awareness that individual bile acid species exert different physiological functions, beyond their classical roles in bile formation and fat absorption, due to differential stimulatory effects on the bile-acid-activated receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and takeda G receptor 5 (TGR5). This review integrates recent findings on the role of individual bile acids and their receptors in metabolic control, with special emphasis on cholesterol homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS The consequences of altered bile acid metabolism, for example, in type 2 diabetes and during aging, on metabolic control is increasingly recognized but full impact hereof remains to be elucidated. These effects interact with those of newly developed pharmacological FXR and TGR5 modulators that aim to improve metabolic health. Studies in genetically modified mice have provided important new insights, for example, establishment of the role of intestinal FXR in control of the transintestinal cholesterol excretion pathway. However, translation from mice to men is hampered by the presence of rodent-specific bile acid species with special features. SUMMARY Specific bile acids and their signaling pathways play important roles in control of (cholesterol) metabolism. Deeper insight into the interactions between endogenous (i.e., bile acids) and pharmacological modulators of FXR and TGR5 is needed to optimize therapeutic benefit of the latter. The recent identification of cytochrome P450 2C70 as key enzyme in the formation of rodent-specific hydrophilic muricholic acids allows for the development of adequate mouse models for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - M Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Bile acids facilitate intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion to maintain bile acid homeostasis, which is essential for protecting liver and other tissues and cells from cholesterol and bile acid toxicity. Bile acid metabolism is tightly regulated by bile acid synthesis in the liver and bile acid biotransformation in the intestine. Bile acids are endogenous ligands that activate a complex network of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor and membrane G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 to regulate hepatic lipid and glucose metabolic homeostasis and energy metabolism. The gut-to-liver axis plays a critical role in the regulation of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, bile acid pool size, and bile acid composition. Bile acids control gut bacteria overgrowth, and gut bacteria metabolize bile acids to regulate host metabolism. Alteration of bile acid metabolism by high-fat diets, sleep disruption, alcohol, and drugs reshapes gut microbiome and causes dysbiosis, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Gender differences in bile acid metabolism, FXR signaling, and gut microbiota have been linked to higher prevalence of fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in males. Alteration of bile acid homeostasis contributes to cholestatic liver diseases, inflammatory diseases in the digestive system, obesity, and diabetes. Bile acid-activated receptors are potential therapeutic targets for developing drugs to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y. L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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37
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Li CY, Dempsey JL, Wang D, Lee S, Weigel KM, Fei Q, Bhatt DK, Prasad B, Raftery D, Gu H, Cui JY. PBDEs Altered Gut Microbiome and Bile Acid Homeostasis in Male C57BL/6 Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1226-1240. [PMID: 29769268 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent environmental contaminants with well characterized toxicities in host organs. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of xenobiotic biotransformation; however, little is known about its interactions with PBDEs. Primary bile acids (BAs) are metabolized by the gut microbiome into more lipophilic secondary BAs that may be absorbed and interact with certain host receptors. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that PBDEs cause dysbiosis and aberrant regulation of BA homeostasis. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6 conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice were orally gavaged with corn oil (10 mg/kg), BDE-47 (100 μmol/kg), or BDE-99 (100 μmol/kg) once daily for 4 days (n = 3-5/group). Gut microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing of the large intestinal content in CV mice. Both BDE-47 and BDE-99 profoundly decreased the alpha diversity of gut microbiome and differentially regulated 45 bacterial species. Both PBDE congeners increased Akkermansia muciniphila and Erysipelotrichaceae Allobaculum spp., which have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antiobesity functions. Targeted metabolomics of 56 BAs was conducted in serum, liver, and small and large intestinal content of CV and GF mice. BDE-99 increased many unconjugated BAs in multiple biocompartments in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. This correlated with an increase in microbial 7α-dehydroxylation enzymes for secondary BA synthesis and increased expression of host intestinal transporters for BA absorption. Targeted proteomics showed that PBDEs downregulated host BA-synthesizing enzymes and transporters in livers of CV but not GF mice. In conclusion, there is a novel interaction between PBDEs and the endogenous BA-signaling through modification of the "gut-liver axis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Yanfei Li
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Joseph L Dempsey
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - SooWan Lee
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Kris M Weigel
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Qiang Fei
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Deepak Kumar Bhatt
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.F., J.L.D., S.L., K.M.W., J.Y.C.) and Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.) and Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (D.W., Q.F., D.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (H.G.); Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China (D.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China (Q.F.)
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38
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Martínez G, Diéguez SN, Rodríguez E, Decundo JM, Romanelli A, Fernández Paggi MB, Pérez Gaudio DS, Amanto FA, Soraci AL. Effect of Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum extracts on bile production in pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1456441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Nelly Diéguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez
- Área Estadística, Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta María Decundo
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Romanelli
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Fernández Paggi
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denisa Soledad Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Andrés Amanto
- Área de Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Luis Soraci
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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39
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von Hardenberg S, Gnewuch C, Schmitz G, Borlak J. ApoE is a major determinant of hepatic bile acid homeostasis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 52:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Li TT, Li TH, Peng J, He B, Liu LS, Wei DH, Jiang ZS, Zheng XL, Tang ZH. TM6SF2: A novel target for plasma lipid regulation. Atherosclerosis 2018; 268:170-176. [PMID: 29232562 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Abstract
Bile acids are derived from cholesterol to facilitate intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary secretion of cholesterol. Recent studies have identified bile acids as signaling molecules that activate nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (Gpbar-1, also known as TGR5) to maintain metabolic homeostasis and protect liver and other tissues and cells from bile acid toxicity. Bile acid homeostasis is regulated by a complex mechanism of feedback and feedforward regulation that is not completely understood. This review will cover recent advances in bile acid signaling and emerging concepts about the classic and alternative bile acid synthesis pathway, bile acid composition and bile acid pool size, and intestinal bile acid signaling and gut microbiome in regulation of bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yl Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA
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42
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Mertens KL, Kalsbeek A, Soeters MR, Eggink HM. Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:617. [PMID: 29163019 PMCID: PMC5681992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of influencing metabolic processes via receptors such as FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). These effects of bile acids are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, but can affect different tissues throughout the organism. It is still unclear whether these effects also involve signaling of bile acids to the central nervous system (CNS). Bile acid signaling to the CNS encompasses both direct and indirect pathways. Bile acids can act directly in the brain via central FXR and TGR5 signaling. In addition, there are two indirect pathways that involve intermediate agents released upon interaction with bile acids receptors in the gut. Activation of intestinal FXR and TGR5 receptors can result in the release of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), both capable of signaling to the CNS. We conclude that when plasma bile acids levels are high all three pathways may contribute in signal transmission to the CNS. However, under normal physiological circumstances, the indirect pathway involving GLP-1 may evoke the most substantial effect in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Mertens
- Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Eggink
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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43
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Cao L, Che Y, Meng T, Deng S, Zhang J, Zhao M, Xu W, Wang D, Pu Z, Wang G, Hao H. Repression of intestinal transporters and FXR-FGF15 signaling explains bile acids dysregulation in experimental colitis-associated colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63665-63679. [PMID: 28969019 PMCID: PMC5609951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important endogenous signaling molecules that play vital roles in the pathological development of various diseases including colitis-associated cancer (CAC). BAs were previously found dysregulated under conditions of CAC; however, the exact patterns and underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Based on the development of a method for comprehensive analysis of BAs, this study aims to elucidate the dysregulation patterns and involved mechanisms in a typical CAC model induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). CAC mice showed decreased BAs transformation in gut and glucuronidation in colon, leading to accumulation of primary BAs but reduction of secondary BAs in colon. CAC mice were characterized by an accumulation of BAs in various compartments except ileum, which is in line with repressed ileal FXR-FGF15 feedback signaling and the increased expression of hepatic CYP7A1. The compromised ileal FXR-FGF15 signaling was caused in part by the reduced absorption of FXR ligands including free and tauro-conjungated BAs due to the downregulation of various transporters of BAs in the ileum of CAC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tuo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhichen Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Ursodeoxycholic Acid Suppresses Lipogenesis in Mouse Liver: Possible Role of the Decrease in β-Muricholic Acid, a Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonist. Lipids 2017; 52:335-344. [PMID: 28315136 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a major nuclear receptor of bile acids; its activation suppresses sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c)-mediated lipogenesis and decreases the lipid contents in the liver. There are many reports showing that the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) suppresses lipogenesis and reduces the lipid contents in the liver of experimental animals. Since UDCA is not recognized as an FXR agonist, these effects of UDCA cannot be readily explained by its direct activation of FXR. We observed that the dietary administration of UDCA in mice decreased the expression levels of SREBP1c and its target lipogenic genes. Alpha- and β-muricholic acids (MCA) and cholic acid (CA) were the major bile acids in the mouse liver but their contents decreased upon UDCA administration. The hepatic contents of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid (DCA) were relatively low but were not changed by UDCA. UDCA did not show FXR agonistic or antagonistic potency in in vitro FXR transactivation assay. Taking these together, we deduced that the above-mentioned change in hepatic bile acid composition induced upon UDCA administration might cause the relative increase in the FXR activity in the liver, mainly by the reduction in the content of β-MCA, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, which suggests a mechanism by which UDCA suppresses lipogenesis and decreases the lipid contents in the mouse liver.
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45
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Mistry RH, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Absence of intestinal microbiota increases ß-cyclodextrin stimulated reverse cholesterol transport. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28087885 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Non-digestible oligosaccharides are used as prebiotics for perceived health benefits, among these modulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. The present study characterized the impact of dietary ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD, 10%, w/w), a cyclic oligosaccharide, on sterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in conventional and also germ-free mice to establish dependency on metabolism by intestinal bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS In conventional ßCD-fed C57BL/6J wild-type mice plasma cholesterol decreased significantly (-40%, p < 0.05), largely within HDL, while fecal neutral sterol excretion increased (3-fold, p < 0.01) and fecal bile acid excretion was unchanged. Hepatic cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol secretion were unaltered. Changes in cholesterol metabolism translated into increased macrophage-to-feces RCT in ßCD-administered mice (1.5-fold, p < 0.05). In germ-free C57BL/6J mice ßCD similarly lowered plasma cholesterol (-40%, p < 0.05). However, ßCD increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (7.5-fold, p < 0.01), bile acid excretion (2-fold, p < 0.05) and RCT (2.5-fold, p < 0.01) even more substantially in germ-free mice compared with the effect in conventional mice. CONCLUSION In summary, this study demonstrates that ßCD lowers plasma cholesterol levels and increases fecal cholesterol excretion from a RCT-relevant pool. Intestinal bacteria decrease the impact of ßCD on RCT. These data suggest that dietary ßCD might have cardiovascular health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima H Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Mistry RH, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Reverse Cholesterol Transport Is Increased in Germ-Free Mice-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:419-422. [PMID: 28062491 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal microbiota is emerging as a clinically relevant modulator of atherosclerotic risk. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is an atheroprotective metabolic pathway. How the microbiota impacts RCT has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize (cholesterol) metabolism and RCT in germ-free mice compared with conventional mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS In chow-fed germ-free mice, plasma cholesterol was unchanged, whereas liver cholesterol content was higher (1.5-fold; P<0.05) than in conventional controls. Biliary secretion of cholesterol (2-fold; P<0.001) and bile acids (3-fold; P<0.001) was substantially increased in the germ-free model, whereas fecal neutral sterol excretion was unaltered, and fecal bile acid excretion was decreased (P<0.01). However, fecal bile acid profiles of germ-free mice were dominated by the presence of β-muricholic acid (P<0.001), pointing toward a higher contribution of the alternative acidic pathway to total bile acid synthesis in these mice. As expected, secondary bile acids were absent in the germ-free model. In vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT was increased >2-fold (P<0.01) in the absence of intestinal bacteria. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the absence of the intestinal microbiota stimulates RCT >2-fold. Thereby, our results support the importance of intestinal bacteria for metabolic regulation and indicate that specific targeting of the microbiota bears therapeutic potential to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima H Mistry
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Staley C, Weingarden AR, Khoruts A, Sadowsky MJ. Interaction of gut microbiota with bile acid metabolism and its influence on disease states. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:47-64. [PMID: 27888332 PMCID: PMC5203956 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary bile acids serve important roles in cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, host-microbe interactions, and regulatory pathways in the human host. While most bile acids are reabsorbed and recycled via enterohepatic cycling, ∼5% serve as substrates for bacterial biotransformation in the colon. Enzymes involved in various transformations have been characterized from cultured gut bacteria and reveal taxa-specific distribution. More recently, bioinformatic approaches have revealed greater diversity in isoforms of these enzymes, and the microbial species in which they are found. Thus, the functional roles played by the bile acid-transforming gut microbiota and the distribution of resulting secondary bile acids, in the bile acid pool, may be profoundly affected by microbial community structure and function. Bile acids and the composition of the bile acid pool have historically been hypothesized to be associated with several disease states, including recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and several cancers. Recently, however, emphasis has been placed on how microbial communities in the dysbiotic gut may alter the bile acid pool to potentially cause or mitigate disease onset. This review highlights the current understanding of the interactions between the gut microbial community, bile acid biotransformation, and disease states, and addresses future directions to better understand these complex associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Staley
- BioTechnology Institute, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Alexa R Weingarden
- BioTechnology Institute, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- BioTechnology Institute, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, Center for Immunology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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48
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Govindarajan K, MacSharry J, Casey PG, Shanahan F, Joyce SA, Gahan CGM. Unconjugated Bile Acids Influence Expression of Circadian Genes: A Potential Mechanism for Microbe-Host Crosstalk. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167319. [PMID: 27907092 PMCID: PMC5132238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruptions to circadian rhythm in mice and humans have been associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The gut microbiota is known to be essential for the maintenance of circadian rhythm in the host suggesting a role for microbe-host interactions in the regulation of the peripheral circadian clock. Previous work suggested a role for gut bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity in the regulation of host circadian gene expression. Here we demonstrate that unconjugated bile acids, known to be generated through the BSH activity of the gut microbiota, are potentially chronobiological regulators of host circadian gene expression. We utilised a synchronised Caco-2 epithelial colorectal cell model and demonstrated that unconjugated bile acids, but not the equivalent tauro-conjugated bile salts, enhance the expression levels of genes involved in circadian rhythm. In addition oral administration of mice with unconjugated bile acids significantly altered expression levels of circadian clock genes in the ileum and colon as well as the liver with significant changes to expression of hepatic regulators of circadian rhythm (including Dbp) and associated genes (Per2, Per3 and Cry2). The data demonstrate a potential mechanism for microbe-host crosstalk that significantly impacts upon host circadian gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick G. Casey
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (CGMG); (SAJ)
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (CGMG); (SAJ)
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Abstract
In addition to their well-known function as dietary lipid detergents, bile acids have emerged as important signalling molecules that regulate energy homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted that disrupted bile acid metabolism is associated with metabolism disorders such as dyslipidaemia, intestinal chronic inflammatory diseases and obesity. In particular, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications in bile acid metabolism. Bile acids bind and modulate the activity of transmembrane and nuclear receptors (NR). Among these receptors, the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) and the NR farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are implicated in the regulation of bile acid, lipid, glucose and energy homeostasis. The role of these receptors in the intestine in energy metabolism regulation has been recently highlighted. More precisely, recent studies have shown that FXR is important for glucose homeostasis in particular in metabolic disorders such as T2D and obesity. This review highlights the growing importance of the bile acid receptors TGR5 and FXR in the intestine as key regulators of glucose metabolism and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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50
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Rudling M. Understanding mouse bile acid formation: Is it time to unwind why mice and rats make unique bile acids? J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2097-2098. [PMID: 27777318 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.c072876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Rudling
- Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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