1
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El Haber M, Gérard V, Kleinheins J, Ferronato C, Nozière B. Measuring the Surface Tension of Atmospheric Particles and Relevant Mixtures to Better Understand Key Atmospheric Processes. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39177157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol and aqueous particles are ubiquitous in Earth's atmosphere and play key roles in geochemical processes such as natural chemical cycles, cloud and fog formation, air pollution, visibility, climate forcing, etc. The surface tension of atmospheric particles can affect their size distribution, condensational growth, evaporation, and exchange of chemicals with the atmosphere, which, in turn, are important in the above-mentioned geochemical processes. However, because measuring this quantity is challenging, its role in atmospheric processes was dismissed for decades. Over the last 15 years, this field of research has seen some tremendous developments and is rapidly evolving. This review presents the state-of-the-art of this subject focusing on the experimental approaches. It also presents a unique inventory of experimental adsorption isotherms for over 130 mixtures of organic compounds in water of relevance for model development and validation. Potential future areas of research seeking to better determine the surface tension of atmospheric particles, better constrain laboratory investigations, or better understand the role of surface tension in various atmospheric processes, are discussed. We hope that this review appeals not only to atmospheric scientists but also to researchers from other fields, who could help identify new approaches and solutions to the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella El Haber
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Judith Kleinheins
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Barbara Nozière
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 114 28, Sweden
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2
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Brahana P, Patel R, Bharti B. Surface Science View of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in the Environment. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:173-185. [PMID: 39035868 PMCID: PMC11258754 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a notorious category of anthropogenic contaminants, detected across various environmental domains. Among these PFAS, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) stand out as a focal point in discussions due to their historical industrial utilization and environmental prominence. Their extensive industrial adoption is a direct consequence of their remarkable stability and outstanding amphiphilic properties. However, these very traits that have made PFAAs industrially desirable also render them environmentally catastrophic, leading to adverse consequences for ecosystems. The amphiphilic nature of PFAAs has made them highly unique in the landscape of anthropogenic contaminants and, thereby, difficult to study. We believe that well-established principles from surface science can connect the amphiphilic nature of PFAAs to their accumulation and transport in the environment. Specifically, we discuss the role of interfacial science in describing the stability, interfacial uptake (air-liquid and solid-liquid), and wetting capability of PFAAs. Surface science principles can provide new insights into the environmental fate of PFAAs, as well as provide context on their deleterious effects on both the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
J. Brahana
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ruchi Patel
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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3
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Fan T, Ren J, Liu C, Li Z, Liu J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jin X, Zhang F. Evidence of Surface-Tension Lowering of Atmospheric Aerosols by Organics from Field Observations in an Urban Atmosphere: Relation to Particle Size and Chemical Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11363-11375. [PMID: 38900148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Surface-active organics lower the aerosol surface tension (σs/a), leading to enhanced cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and potentially exerting impacts on the climate. Quantification of σs/a is mainly limited to laboratory or modeling work for particles with selected sizes and known chemical compositions. Inferred values from ambient aerosol populations are deficient. In this study, we propose a new method to derive σs/a by combining field measurements made at an urban site in northern China with the κ-Köhler theory. The results present new evidence that organics remarkably lower the surface tension of aerosols in a polluted atmosphere. Particles sized around 40 nm have an averaged σs/a of 53.8 mN m-1, while particles sized up to 100 nm show σs/a values approaching that of pure water. The dependence curve of σs/a with the organic mass resembles the behavior of dicarboxylic acids, suggesting their critical role in reducing the surface tension. The study further reveals that neglecting the σs/a lowering effect would result in lowered ultrafine CCN (diameter <100 nm) concentrations by 6.8-42.1% at a typical range of supersaturations in clouds, demonstrating the significant impact of surface tension on the CCN concentrations of urban aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Fan
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jingye Ren
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jieyao Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Bain A, Lalemi L, Croll Dawes N, Miles REH, Prophet AM, Wilson KR, Bzdek BR. Surfactant Partitioning Dynamics in Freshly Generated Aerosol Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16028-16038. [PMID: 38822805 PMCID: PMC11177314 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol droplets are unique microcompartments with relevance to areas as diverse as materials and chemical synthesis, atmospheric chemistry, and cloud formation. Observations of highly accelerated and unusual chemistry taking place in such droplets have challenged our understanding of chemical kinetics in these microscopic systems. Due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratios, interfacial processes can play a dominant role in governing chemical reactivity and other processes in droplets. Quantitative knowledge about droplet surface properties is required to explain reaction mechanisms and product yields. However, our understanding of the compositions and properties of these dynamic, microscopic interfaces is poor compared to our understanding of bulk processes. Here, we measure the dynamic surface tensions of 14-25 μm radius (11-65 pL) droplets containing a strong surfactant (either sodium dodecyl sulfate or octyl-β-D-thioglucopyranoside) using a stroboscopic imaging approach, enabling observation of the dynamics of surfactant partitioning to the droplet-air interface on time scales of 10s to 100s of microseconds after droplet generation. The experimental results are interpreted with a state-of-the-art kinetic model accounting for the unique high surface-area-to-volume ratio inherent to aerosol droplets, providing insights into both the surfactant diffusion and adsorption kinetics as well as the time-dependence of the interfacial surfactant concentration. This study demonstrates that microscopic droplet interfaces can take up to many milliseconds to reach equilibrium. Such time scales should be considered when attempting to explain observations of accelerated chemistry in microcompartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Lara Lalemi
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Nathan Croll Dawes
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Rachael E. H. Miles
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Alexander M. Prophet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan R. Bzdek
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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5
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Shi R, Zhang F, Shen Y, Shen J, Xu B, Kuang B, Xu Z, Jin L, Tang Q, Tian X, Wang Z. Aerosol liquid water in PM 2.5 and its roles in secondary aerosol formation at a regional site of Yangtze River Delta. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:684-696. [PMID: 38135431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) plays an important role in secondary aerosol formation. In this study, a whole year field campaign was conducted at Shanxi in north Zhejiang Province during 2021. ALWC estimated by ISORROPIA-II was then investigated to explore its characteristics and relationship with secondary aerosols. ALWC exhibited a highest value in spring (66.38 µg/m3), followed by winter (45.08 µg/m3), summer (41.64 µg/m3), and autumn (35.01 µg/m3), respectively. It was supposed that the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) were facilitated under higher ALWC conditions (RH > 80%), while the secondary organic species tended to form under lower ALWC levels. Higher RH (> 80%) promoted the NO3- formation via gas-particle partitioning, while SO42- was generated at a relative lower RH (> 50%). The ALWC was more sensitive to NO3- (R = 0.94) than SO42- (R = 0.90). Thus, the self-amplifying processes between the ALWC and SIA enhanced the particle mass growth. The sensitivity of ALWC and OX (NO2 + O3) to secondary organic carbon (SOC) varied in different seasons at Shanxi, more sensitive to aqueous-phase reactions (daytime R = 0.84; nighttime R = 0.54) than photochemical oxidation (daytime R = 0.23; nighttime R = 0.41) in wintertime with a high level of OX (daytime: 130-140 µg/m3; nighttime: 100-140 µg/m3). The self-amplifying process of ALWC and SIA and the aqueous-phase formation of SOC will enhance aerosol formation, contributing to air pollution and reduction of visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Shi
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yemin Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jiasi Shen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Bingye Xu
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Binyu Kuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengning Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China.
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6
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Shen M, Li J, Liu Y, Dai W, Wang G, Qi W, Chen Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li L, Cao Y, Feng Q, Su H, Cao J. Comparison of acidity and chemical composition of summertime cloud water and aerosol at an alpine site in Northwest China: Implications for the neutral property of clouds in the free troposphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171775. [PMID: 38499095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol and cloud acidity are essential to human health, ecosystem health and productivity, as well as climate effects. The main chemical composition of cloud water greatly varies in different regions, resulting in substantial differences in the pH of cloud water. However, the influences of the anthropogenic emissions of acidic gases and substances, alkaline dust components, and dicarboxylic acids (diacids) on the ground concerning the acidity of cloud water in the free troposphere of the Guanzhong Plain, China, remain clear. In this study, cloud water and PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected in the troposphere (Mt. Hua, 2060 m a.s.l). The results indicated that the cloud water was alkaline (pH = 7.6) and PM2.5 was acidic (pH = 3.2). These results showed the neutral property of clouds collected in the heavily polluted Guanzhong Plain, although most previous studies always considered acidity as a marker of pollution. The sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) (SNA) of particulate matter and cloud water in the same period were compared. SO42- was dominant in particulate matters (accounting for 63.4 % of the total SNA) but substantially decreased in cloud water (only 30.1 % of the total SNA), whereas NO3- and NH4+ increased from 28.5 % and 8.2 % to 39.8 % and 30.2 %, respectively. This could be attributed to the complex formation mechanism and sources of SO42- and NO3- in the cloud. The results of ion balance indicated that a significant deficit of inorganic anion equivalents was observed in the cloud water samples. The high concentration of diacids in the cloud phase (1237.4 μg L-1) may facilitate the formation of salt complexes with NH4+, thus influencing the acidity of the cloud water. The pH of cloud water has increased in recent decades due to the sustained reduction of sulfur dioxide, which may also affect the acidity of future precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Su
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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7
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Choczynski JM, Shokoor B, Salazar J, Zuend A, Davies JF. Probing the evaporation dynamics of semi-volatile organic compounds to reveal the thermodynamics of liquid-liquid phase separated aerosol. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2963-2974. [PMID: 38404378 PMCID: PMC10882461 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a thermodynamically driven process that occurs in mixtures of low miscibility material. LLPS is an important process in chemical, biological, and environmental systems. In atmospheric chemistry, LLPS in aerosol containing internally-mixed organic and inorganic particles has been an area of significant interest, with particles separating to form organic-rich and aqueous phases on dehydration. This alters the optical properties of the particles, has been connected to changes in the cloud nucleation ability of the aerosol, and potentially changes the reactivity of particles towards gas-phase oxidants. Although the chemical systems that undergo LLPS have become quite well-characterized, the properties and processes of LLPS particles are quite poorly understood. In this work, we characterize LLPS in aerosol particles containing ammonium sulfate and triethylene glycol (3EG), a semi-volatile organic molecule. We explore the relative humidity (RH) conditions under which LLPS occurs and characterize the rate of evaporation of 3EG from well-mixed and LLPS particles as a function of RH. We show that the evaporation rates vary with RH due to changes in chemical activity, however no clear change in the dynamics following LLPS are observed. We interpret our observations using a thermodynamic model (AIOMFAC) coupled with an evaporation model and show that a significant increase in the activity coefficient of 3EG as the RH decreases, required for LLPS to occur, obscures a clear step-change in the evaporation rates following LLPS. By characterizing the evaporation rates, we estimate the composition of the organic-rich phase and compare our results to thermodynamic predictions. This study is the first to explore the connection between LLPS and the chemical evolution of aerosol particles via the evaporation of semi-volatile organic material. Ultimately, we reveal that the thermodynamics of non-ideal mixing are primarily responsible for the controlling both the rate of evaporation and the onset of LLPS, with LLPS itself having limited impact on the rate of evaporation in a fluid system. These results have significant implications for understanding and predicting the lifetime of aerosol particles, their effect on cloud formation, and the chemical evolution of multiphase systems by particle-gas partitioning and heterogeneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Choczynski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA
| | - Bilal Shokoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA
| | - Jorge Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA
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8
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Gregson FKA, Gerrebos NGA, Schervish M, Nikkho S, Schnitzler EG, Schwartz C, Carlsten C, Abbatt JPD, Kamal S, Shiraiwa M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior and Viscosity in Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol and Climatic Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14548-14557. [PMID: 37729583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoke particles generated by burning biomass consist mainly of organic aerosol termed biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). BBOA influences the climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation or acting as nuclei for cloud formation. The viscosity and the phase behavior (i.e., the number and type of phases present in a particle) are properties of BBOA that are expected to impact several climate-relevant processes but remain highly uncertain. We studied the phase behavior of BBOA using fluorescence microscopy and showed that BBOA particles comprise two organic phases (a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic phase) across a wide range of atmospheric relative humidity (RH). We determined the viscosity of the two phases at room temperature using a photobleaching method and showed that the two phases possess different RH-dependent viscosities. The viscosity of the hydrophobic phase is largely independent of the RH from 0 to 95%. We use the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation to extrapolate our results to colder and warmer temperatures, and based on the extrapolation, the hydrophobic phase is predicted to be glassy (viscosity >1012 Pa s) for temperatures less than 230 K and RHs below 95%, with possible implications for heterogeneous reaction kinetics and cloud formation in the atmosphere. Using a kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP), we investigated the effect of two phases on the atmospheric lifetime of brown carbon within BBOA, which is a climate-warming agent. We showed that the presence of two phases can increase the lifetime of brown carbon in the planetary boundary layer and polar regions compared to previous modeling studies. Hence, the presence of two phases can lead to an increase in the predicted warming effect of BBOA on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence K A Gregson
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nealan G A Gerrebos
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sepehr Nikkho
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Saeid Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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Burdette TC, Bramblett RL, Zimmermann K, Frossard AA. Influence of Air Mass Source Regions on Signatures of Surface-Active Organic Molecules in Size Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1578-1591. [PMID: 37609122 PMCID: PMC10441572 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles depend on their sources and lifetime in the atmosphere. In coastal regions, sources may include influences from marine, continental, anthropogenic, and natural emissions. In this study, particles in ten diameter-size ranges were collected, and particle number size distributions were measured, at Skidaway Island, GA in May and June 2018. Based on air mass back trajectories and concentrations of major ions in the particles, the air mass source regions were identified as Marine Influenced, Mixed, and Continental Influenced. Organic molecules were extracted from the particles using solid-phase extraction and characterized using tensiometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The presence of surfactants was confirmed in the extracts through the observation of significant surface tension depressions. The organic formulas contained high hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) and low oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, similar to surfactants and lipid-like molecules. In the Marine Influenced particles, the fraction of formulas identified as surfactant-like was negatively correlated with minimum surface tensions; as the surfactant fraction increased, the surface tension decreased. Analyses of fatty acid compounds demonstrated that organic compounds extracted from the Marine Influenced particles had the highest carbon numbers (18), compared to those of the Mixed (15) and Continental Influenced (9) particles. This suggests that the fatty acids in the Continental Influenced particles may have been more aged in the atmosphere and undergone fragmentation. This is one of the first studies to measure the chemical and physical properties of surfactants in size-resolved particles from different air mass source regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tret C. Burdette
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Rachel L. Bramblett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Kathryn Zimmermann
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia 30043, United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
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10
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Gen M, Hibara A, Phung PN, Miyazaki Y, Mochida M. In Situ Surface Tension Measurement of Deliquesced Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6100-6108. [PMID: 37462410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface tension of aerosol particles can potentially affect cloud droplet activation. Hence, direct measurement of the surface tensions of deliquesced aerosol particles is essential but is challenging. Here, we report in situ surface tension measurements based on a novel method that couples a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance (EDB) with quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS). The EDB-QELS is validated using surface tension measurements of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic droplets. The surface tension results reasonably agree with the reference values in the range of ∼50-90 mN m-1. We find a significant size dependence for sodium chloride droplets containing surface-active species (sodium dodecyl sulfate) in the size range of ∼5-18 μm. The surface tension increases from ∼55 to 80 mN m-1 with decreased size. Relative humidity (RH)-dependent surface tensions of mixed ammonium sulfate (AS) and polyethylene glycol droplets reveal the onset of liquid-liquid phase separation. Droplets containing water-soluble matter extracted from ambient aerosol samples and 2.3-2.9 M AS exhibit a ∼30% reduction in surface tension in the presence of ∼50 mmol-C L-1 water-soluble organic carbon, compared to pure water (∼72 mN m-1). The approach can offer size-resolved and RH-dependent surface tension measurements of deliquesced aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Gen
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akihide Hibara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W4-19 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Phuong Nguyet Phung
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuzo Miyazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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11
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Gong K, Ao J, Li K, Liu L, Liu Y, Xu G, Wang T, Cheng H, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wei H, George C, Mellouki A, Herrmann H, Wang L, Chen J, Ji M, Zhang L, Francisco JS. Imaging of pH distribution inside individual microdroplet by stimulated Raman microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219588120. [PMID: 37155894 PMCID: PMC10193990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219588120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerosol microdroplets as microreactors for many important atmospheric reactions are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. pH largely regulates the chemical processes within them; however, how pH and chemical species spatially distribute within an atmospheric microdroplet is still under intense debate. The challenge is to measure pH distribution within a tiny volume without affecting the chemical species distribution. We demonstrate a method based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy to visualize the three-dimensional pH distribution inside single microdroplets of varying sizes. We find that the surface of all microdroplets is more acidic, and a monotonic trend of pH decreasing is observed in the 2.9-μm aerosol microdroplet from center to edge, which is well supported by molecular dynamics simulation. However, bigger cloud microdroplet differs from small aerosol for pH distribution. This size-dependent pH distribution in microdroplets can be related to the surface-to-volume ratio. This work presents noncontact measurement and chemical imaging of pH distribution in microdroplets, filling the gap in our understanding of spatial pH in atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedong Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Kejian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Christian George
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne69626, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/The Observatory of Sciences of the Universe in the Center (CNRS/OSUC), Orléans Cedex 2, 45071, France
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, and RDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental, Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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12
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Huang JH, Zhang F, Shi YP, Cai JR, Chuang YH, Hu WP, Lee YY, Wang CC. Water Plays Multifunctional Roles in the Intervening Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols in Ozonolysis of Limonene: A Valence Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3765-3776. [PMID: 37052309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Although water may affect aqueous aerosol chemistry, how it intervenes in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) at the molecular level remains elusive. Ozonolysis of limonene is one of the most important sources of indoor SOAs. Here, we report the valence electronic properties of limonene aerosols and SOAs derived from limonene ozonolysis (Lim-SOAs) via aerosol vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, with a focus on the effects of water on Lim-SOAs. The first vertical ionization energy of limonene aerosols is measured to be 8.79 ± 0.07 eV. While water significantly increases the total photoelectron yield of Lim-SOAs, three photoelectron features attributable to Lim-SOAs each exhibit distinct dependence on the fraction of water in aerosols, implying that different formation pathways and molecular origins are involved in the formation of Lim-SOAs. Combined with density functional theory calculation and mass spectrometry measurements, this study reveals that water, particularly the water dimer, enhances the formation of Lim-SOAs by altering the ozonolysis energetics and pathways by intervening in its Criegee chemistry, acting as both a catalyst and a reactant. The atmospheric implication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hong Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 80424
| | - Fuyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 80424
| | - Yan-Pin Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 80424
| | - Jia-Rong Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 80424
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chuang
- Department of Chemistry and Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 80424
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C. 62102
| | - Yin-Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. 30076
| | - Chia C Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 80424
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13
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Jia L, Xu Y, Duan M. Explosive formation of secondary organic aerosol due to aerosol-fog interactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161338. [PMID: 36608824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles can profoundly affect the local environment and global climate. Explosive growths of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are frequently observed during serious haze evens, but their fundamental mechanism remains unclear. We used chamber experiments and kinetic model simulations to reveal the microphysical mechanism for explosive organic aerosol formation. The evolution of SOA with organic vapors under dry and highly humid conditions was determined based on a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. We found that the condensation of gas-phase organics could lead to the formation of cloud or fog droplets with relative humidity below 100 %; meanwhile, the aerosol-fog interaction could result in the explosive growth of SOA. Monomeric products from toluene oxidation were verified to primarily contribute to the increased SOA in super humid conditions, which are mainly assigned to be intermediate- and semi-volatile organic compounds. Moreover, we demonstrated that the decreasing temperatures could dramatically amplify organic compounds' co-condensing influence on SOA explosive formation and activation at relative humidity above 85 % and temperature below 20 °C. Our findings revealed that aerosol-fog interaction is the fundamental driving force for explosive organic aerosol formation. It indicates that overlooking the co-condensation of organic vapors with water could significantly underestimate SOA and liquid water content in 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - YongFu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - MinZheng Duan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Rafferty A, Vennes B, Bain A, Preston TC. Optical trapping and light scattering in atmospheric aerosol science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7066-7089. [PMID: 36852581 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and currently contribute a large uncertainty to climate models. Part of the endeavour to reduce this uncertainty takes the form of improving our understanding of aerosol at the microphysical level, thus enabling chemical and physical processes to be more accurately represented in larger scale models. In addition to modeling efforts, there is a need to develop new instruments and methodologies to interrogate the physicochemical properties of aerosol. This perspective presents the development, theory, and application of optical trapping, a powerful tool for single particle investigations of aerosol. After providing an overview of the role of aerosol in Earth's atmosphere and the microphysics of these particles, we present a brief history of optical trapping and a more detailed look at its application to aerosol particles. We also compare optical trapping to other single particle techniques. Understanding the interaction of light with single particles is essential for interpreting experimental measurements. In the final part of this perspective, we provide the relevant formalism for understanding both elastic and inelastic light scattering for single particles. The developments discussed here go beyond Mie theory and include both how particle and beam shape affect spectra. Throughout the entirety of this work, we highlight numerous references and examples, mostly from the last decade, of the application of optical trapping to systems that are relevant to the atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Vennes
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Masaya TW, Goulay F. A Molecular Dynamic Study of the Effects of Surface Partitioning on the OH Radical Interactions with Solutes in Multicomponent Aqueous Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:751-764. [PMID: 36639126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The surface-bulk partitioning of small saccharide and amide molecules in aqueous droplets was investigated using molecular dynamics. The air-particle interface was modeled using a 80 Å cubic water box containing a series of organic molecules and surrounded by gaseous OH radicals. The properties of the organic solutes within the interface and the water bulk were examined at a molecular level using density profiles and radial pair distribution functions. Molecules containing only polar functional groups such as urea and glucose are found predominantly in the water bulk, forming an exclusion layer near the water surface. Substitution of a single polar group by an alkyl group in sugars and amides leads to the migration of the molecule toward the interface. Within the first 2 nm from the water surface, surface-active solutes lose their rotational freedom and adopt a preferred orientation with the alkyl group pointing toward the surface. The different packing within the interface leads to different solvation shell structures and enhanced interaction between the organic molecules and absorbed OH radicals. The simulations provide quantitative information about the dimension, composition, and organization of the air-water interface as well as about the nonreactive interaction of the OH radicals with the organic solutes. It suggests that increased concentrations, preferred orientations, and decreased solvation near the air-water surface may lead to differences in reactivities between surface-active and surface-inactive molecules. The results are important to explain how heterogeneous oxidation mechanisms and kinetics within interfaces may differ from those of the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadini Wenyika Masaya
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Fabien Goulay
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
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16
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Lee WC, Deng Y, Zhou R, Itoh M, Mochida M, Kuwata M. Water Solubility Distribution of Organic Matter Accounts for the Discrepancy in Hygroscopicity among Sub- and Supersaturated Humidity Regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17924-17935. [PMID: 36346950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake properties of organic matter (OM) are critical for aerosol direct and indirect effects. OM contains various chemical species that have a wide range of water solubility. However, the role of water solubility on water uptake by OM has poorly been investigated. We experimentally retrieved water solubility distributions of water-soluble OM (WSOM) from combustion of mosquito coil and tropical peat using the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. In addition, hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of solubility-segregated WSOM were measured. The dominant fraction of WSOM from mosquito coil smoldering was highly soluble (water solubility (S) > 10-2 g cm-3), while that from peat combustion contained ∼40% of less-soluble species (S < 10-3 g cm-3). The difference in water solubility distributions induced changes in the roles of less water-soluble fractions (S < 10-3 g cm-3) on CCN activity. Namely, the less water-soluble fraction from mosquito coil combustion fully dissolved at the point of critical supersaturation, while that for tropical peat smoldering was limited by water solubility. The present result suggests that water solubility distributions of OM, rather than its bulk chemical property, need to be quantified for understanding the water uptake process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lee
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Yange Deng
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo651-2103, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme, 138602Singapore
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17
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Hartery S, MacInnis J, Chang RYW. Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate on the Production of Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Breaking Waves. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2944-2954. [PMID: 36561195 PMCID: PMC9762400 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While sea spray particles are highly soluble by nature, and are thus excellent seeds for nascent cloud droplets, organic compounds such as surfactants have previously been identified within aerosol particles, bulk seawater, and the sea-surface microlayer in various oceans and seas. As the presence of dissolved surfactants within spray particles may limit their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and since the abundance of CCN available during cloud formation is known to affect cloud albedo, the presence of surfactants in the marine environment can affect the local radiation balance. In this work, we added a model surfactant commonly used in households and industry (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS) to a control solution of NaCl and observed its effects on the number of CCN produced by artificial breaking waves. We found that the addition of SDBS modified the number of CCN produced by a breaking wave analogue in three main ways: (I) by reducing the hygroscopicity of the resulting particulate; (II) by producing finer particulates than the control NaCl solution; and (III) by reducing the total number of particles produced overall. In addition, measurements of the absorption of ultraviolet light (λ = 224 nm) were used to quantify the concentration of SDBS in bulk water samples and aerosol extracts. We found that SDBS was significantly enriched in aerosol extracts relative to the bulk water even when the concentration of SDBS in the bulk water was below the limit of detection (LOD) of our quantitation methods. Thus, the surfactant studied will influence the production of CCN even when present in minute concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John MacInnis
- Department of Physics &
Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2J5, Canada
| | - Rachel Y.-W. Chang
- Department of Physics &
Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2J5, Canada
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18
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Qian Y, Brown JB, Huang-Fu ZC, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang S, Dadap JI, Rao Y. In situ analysis of the bulk and surface chemical compositions of organic aerosol particles. Commun Chem 2022; 5:58. [PMID: 36698010 PMCID: PMC9814772 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemical and physical properties of particles is an important scientific, engineering, and medical issue that is crucial to air quality, human health, and environmental chemistry. Of special interest are aerosol particles floating in the air for both indoor virus transmission and outdoor atmospheric chemistry. The growth of bio- and organic-aerosol particles in the air is intimately correlated with chemical structures and their reactions in the gas phase at aerosol particle surfaces and in-particle phases. However, direct measurements of chemical structures at aerosol particle surfaces in the air are lacking. Here we demonstrate in situ surface-specific vibrational sum frequency scattering (VSFS) to directly identify chemical structures of molecules at aerosol particle surfaces. Furthermore, our setup allows us to simultaneously probe hyper-Raman scattering (HRS) spectra in the particle phase. We examined polarized VSFS spectra of propionic acid at aerosol particle surfaces and in particle bulk. More importantly, the surface adsorption free energy of propionic acid onto aerosol particles was found to be less negative than that at the air/water interface. These results challenge the long-standing hypothesis that molecular behaviors at the air/water interface are the same as those at aerosol particle surfaces. Our approach opens a new avenue in revealing surface compositions and chemical aging in the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere as well as chemical analysis of indoor and outdoor viral aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Jesse B. Brown
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Zhi-Chao Huang-Fu
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Hui Wang
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - ShanYi Wang
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA ,grid.470930.90000 0001 2182 2351Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Jerry I. Dadap
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Yi Rao
- grid.53857.3c0000 0001 2185 8768Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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19
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Bouzidi H, Fayad L, Coeur C, Houzel N, Petitprez D, Faccinetto A, Wu J, Tomas A, Ondráček J, Schwarz J, Ždímal V, Zuend A. Hygroscopic growth and CCN activity of secondary organic aerosol produced from dark ozonolysis of γ-terpinene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153010. [PMID: 35026240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic growth factor (GF) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles produced during dark ozonolysis of γ-terpinene under different reaction conditions were investigated. The SOA particles were produced in the presence or absence of cyclohexane, an OH scavenger; 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, an anthropogenic volatile organic compound; and (NH4)2SO4 seed particles. A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer was used to determine the GFs of the SOA particles at RHs ≤ 93%. For some experiments, a CCN counter was used for size-resolved measurement of CCN activation at supersaturation (S) in the range of 0.1 to 1%. The single hygroscopicity parameter κ was derived from both the GF and CCN measurements. Under subsaturated conditions, all the SOA (except those in the presence of the (NH4)2SO4 seeds) showed small GF values. These GFs demonstrated that SOA mass loading affected the GF. A decrease in the SOA mass loading led to increased GF and corresponding κGFvalues. However, in a supersaturation regime, the SOA mass loading and the size of the particles did not significantly alter the CCN activity of the SOA. Our CCN measurements showed higher κCCN values (κCCN = 0.20-0.24) than those observed in most monoterpene ozonolysis studies (κCCN = 0.1-0.14). This difference may have been due to the presence of the two endocyclic double bonds in the γ-terpinene structure, which may have affected the SOA chemical composition, in contrast to monoterpenes that contain an exocyclic double bond. Our comparisons of sub- and supersaturated conditions showed a larger range of κ values than other experiments. Average κCCN/κGF ratios of ~7 and 14 were obtained in the unseeded SOA experiments at low and high SOA mass loadings, respectively. The average κCCN of 0.23 indicated that the SOA produced during ozonolysis of γ-terpinene exhibited fairly high CCN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Bouzidi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France; Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic; IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Layal Fayad
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Cecile Coeur
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Nicolas Houzel
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | | | | | - Junteng Wu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS PC2A, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
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20
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An Experimental Study on Processing TC4 with Nano Particle Surfactant Mixed Micro EDM. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206074. [PMID: 34683662 PMCID: PMC8540445 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Micro electrical discharge machining (micro EDM) is able to remove conductive material by non-contact instantaneous high temperature, which is more suitable for machining titanium and its alloys compared with traditional machining methods. To further improve the machining efficiency and machined surface quality of micro EDM, the nano particle surfactant mixed micro EDM method is put forward in this paper. Experiments were conducted to explore the effect of nano particle surfactant on the micro EDM performance of titanium alloy. The results show that the material removal rate of micro EDM in dielectric mixed with TiO2 is the highest when open-circuit voltage is 100 V, followed by Al2O3 and ZrO2. Lower tool wear rate can be produced by using dielectric mixed with nano particle surfactant. The taper ratio of micro EDM in dielectric mixed with nano particle surfactant is higher than that in deionized water. The surface roughness Ra of micro EDM in dielectric mixed with TiO2 can be 50% lower than that in deionized water. It is helpful to improve the machining performance by adding surface surfactant in the dielectric of micro EDM.
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21
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Bellcross A, Bé AG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Molecular Chirality and Cloud Activation Potentials of Dimeric α-Pinene Oxidation Products. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16653-16662. [PMID: 34605643 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The surface activity of ten atmospherically relevant α-pinene-derived dimers having varying terminal functional groups and backbone stereochemistry is reported. We find ∼10% differences in surface activity between diastereomers of the same dimer, demonstrating that surface activity depends upon backbone stereochemistry. Octanol-water (KOW) and octanol-ammonium sulfate partitioning coefficient (KOAS) measurements of our standards align well with the surface activity measurements, with the more surface-active dimers exhibiting increased hydrophobicity. Our findings establish a link between molecular chirality and cloud activation potential of secondary organic aerosol particles. Given the diurnal variations in enantiomeric excess of biogenic emissions, possible contributions of such a link to biosphere:atmosphere feedbacks as well as aerosol particle viscosity and phase separation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleia Bellcross
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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22
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Burdette TC, Frossard AA. Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 108:164-174. [PMID: 34465430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%-47%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tret C Burdette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA, 30606, USA
| | - Amanda A Frossard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA, 30606, USA.
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23
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Kohli RK, Davies JF. Measuring the Chemical Evolution of Levitated Particles: A Study on the Evaporation of Multicomponent Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12472-12479. [PMID: 34455787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle levitation methods provide an effective platform for probing the physical properties of atmospheric aerosol via micrometer-sized particles. Until recently, chemical composition measurements on levitated particles were limited to spectroscopy, yielding only basic chemical information. Here, we describe, benchmark, and discuss the applications of an approach for probing the physical properties and chemical composition of single levitated particles using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Using a linear quadrupole electrodynamic balance (LQ-EDB) coupled to paper spray mass spectrometry, we report accurate measurements of the evolving size within 5 nm (using broadband light scattering) and relative composition (using MS) of evaporating multicomponent levitated particles in real time. Measurements of the evaporation dynamics of semivolatile organic particles containing a range of n-ethylene glycols (n = 3, 4, and 6) in various binary and ternary mixtures were made under dry conditions and compared with predictions from a gas-phase diffusion evaporation model. Under assumptions of ideal mixing, excellent agreement for both size and composition evolution between measurements and models were obtained for these mixtures. At increased relative humidity, the presence of water in particles causes the assumption of ideality to break down, and the evaporative mass flux becomes a function of the mole fraction and activity coefficient. Through compositionally resolved evaporation measurements and thermodynamic models, we characterize the activity of organic components in multicomponent particles. Our results demonstrate that the LQ-EDB-MS platform can identify time-dependent size and compositional changes with high precision and reproducibility, yielding an effective methodology for future studies on chemical aging and gas-particle partitioning in suspended particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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24
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Chang YP, Devi Y, Chen CH. Micro-droplet Trapping and Manipulation: Understanding Aerosol Better for a Healthier Environment. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1644-1660. [PMID: 33999498 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physicochemical properties and heterogeneous processes of aerosols is key not only to elucidate the impacts of aerosols on the atmosphere and humans but also to exploit their further applications, especially for a healthier environment. Experiments that allow for spatially control of single aerosol particles and investigations on the fundamental properties and heterogeneous chemistry at the single-particle level have flourished during the last few decades, and significant breakthroughs in recent years promise better control and novel applications aimed at resolving key issues in aerosol science. Here we propose graphene oxide (GO) aerosols as prototype aerosols containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and GO can behave as two-dimensional surfactants which could modify the interfacial properties of aerosols. We describe the techniques of trapping single particles and furthermore the current status of the optical spectroscopy and chemistry of GO. The current applications of these single-particle trapping techniques are summarized and interesting future applications of GO aerosols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yanita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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25
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Wang X, Qin Y, Qin J, Long X, Qi T, Chen R, Xiao K, Tan J. Spectroscopic insight into the pH-dependent interactions between atmospheric heavy metals (Cu and Zn) and water-soluble organic compounds in PM 2.5. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:145261. [PMID: 33550065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Taking Cu and Zn as examples, the pH-dependent interactions between atmospheric heavy metals (AHMs) and water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) in PM2.5 were analyzed by a combination of UV-vis absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). We found metal-H ion exchange, complexation and electrostatic adsorption might occur between AHMs and WSOCs, and were generally enhanced with the increase of pH. Furthermore, these interactions were strengthened with the stepwise addition of [Cu2+] (from 0 to 500 μmol·L-1), but had a relatively slight change with the stepwise addition of [Zn2+] (from 0 to 500 μmol·L-1) generally. This indicated that the above interactions depended on the types and the concentrations of AHMs. Carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl and aromatic structures of WSOCs were the major binding sites with AHMs. Humic acid-like substances were the dominant components of WSOCs binding with AHMs. The ratios of the apparent fluorescence quantum yields of the low and the high conjugation fractions of WSOCs (QExL/H) declined by more than 28% as adding [Cu2+], indicating the formers had more strong complexing capacity with AHMs. AHMs might significantly impact the light absorption capacity and the wavelength dependence of WSOCs. The humification index (HIXem) declined more than 15% as adding [Cu2+] at pH 5.6 and 7.5, indicating AHMs might weaken the oxidation capacity of WSOCs. These results implied the interactions between AHMs and WSOCs might play a profound role in atmospheric environment, human health, and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xinxin Long
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Ting Qi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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26
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Groth R, Cravigan LT, Niazi S, Ristovski Z, Johnson GR. In situ measurements of human cough aerosol hygroscopicity. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210209. [PMID: 33947221 PMCID: PMC8097516 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The airborne dynamics of respiratory droplets, and the transmission routes of pathogens embedded within them, are governed primarily by the diameter of the particles. These particles are composed of the fluid which lines the respiratory tract, and is primarily mucins and salts, which will interact with the atmosphere and evaporate to reach an equilibrium diameter. Measuring organic volume fraction (OVF) of cough aerosol has proved challenging due to large variability and low material volume produced after coughing. Here, the diametric hygroscopic growth factors (GF) of the cough aerosol produced by healthy participants were measured in situ using a rotating aerosol suspension chamber and a humidification tandem differential mobility analyser. Using hygroscopicity models, it was estimated that the average OVF in the evaporated cough aerosol was 0.88 ± 0.07 and the average GF at 90% relative humidity (RH) was 1.31 ± 0.03. To reach equilibrium in dry air the droplets will reduce in diameter by a factor of approximately 2.8 with an evaporation factor of 0.36 ± 0.05. Hysteresis was observed in cough aerosol at RH = ∼35% and RH = ∼65% for efflorescence and deliquescence, respectively, and may depend on the OVF. The same behaviour and GF were observed in nebulized bovine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Groth
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke T. Cravigan
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graham R. Johnson
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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27
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Sun T, Ben-Amotz D, Wyslouzil BE. The freezing behavior of aqueous n-alcohol nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9991-10005. [PMID: 33870962 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We generate water-rich aerosols containing 1-propanol and 1-pentanol in a supersonic nozzle to study the effects of these solutes on the freezing behavior of water. Condensation and freezing are characterized by two complementary techniques, pressure trace measurements and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. When 1-pentanol and 1-propanol are present, condensation occurs at higher temperatures because particle formation from the vapor phase is enhanced by the decrease in interfacial free energy of mixed aqueous-alcohol critical clusters relative to those of pure water. FTIR results suggest that when ∼6 nm radius droplets freeze, the tetrahedral structure of the ice is well preserved up to an overall alcohol mole fraction of 0.031 for 1-propanol and 0.043 for 1-pentanol. In this concentration range, the ice nucleation temperature decreases continuously with increasing 1-propanol concentration, whereas the onset of freezing is not significantly perturbed by 1-pentanol up to a mole fraction of 0.03. Furthermore, once freezing starts the ice nucleation rates in the aqueous-alcohol droplets are very close to those for pure water. In contrast, at the highest mole fractions of either alcohol it is not clear whether droplets freeze to form crystalline ice since the final state of the particles cannot be adequately characterized with the available experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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28
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Lee HD, Tivanski AV. Atomic Force Microscopy: An Emerging Tool in Measuring the Phase State and Surface Tension of Individual Aerosol Particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:235-252. [PMID: 33428467 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are suspended particulate matter of varying composition, size, and mixing state. Challenges remain in understanding the impact of aerosols on the climate, atmosphere, and human health. The effect of aerosols depends on their physicochemical properties, such as their hygroscopicity, phase state, and surface tension. These properties are dynamic with respect to the highly variable relative humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. Thus, experimental approaches that permit the measurement of these dynamic properties are required. Such measurements also need to be performed on individual, submicrometer-, and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles, as individual atmospheric particles from the same source can exhibit great variability in their form and function. In this context, this review focuses on the recent emergence of atomic force microscopy as an experimental tool in physical, analytical, and atmospheric chemistry that enables such measurements. Remaining challenges are noted and suggestions for future studies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol D Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
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29
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Li Z, Huang Z, Cai Z, Li H, Li A, Qiao Y, Yang J, Song Y. Vapor-Induced Liquid Collection and Microfluidics on Superlyophilic Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3454-3462. [PMID: 33423458 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid manipulation on solid surfaces has attracted a lot of attention for liquid collection and droplet-based microfluidics. However, manipulation strategies mainly depend on chemical modification and artificial structures. Here, we demonstrate a feasible and general strategy based on the self-shrinkage of the droplet induced via specific vapors to efficiently collect liquids and flexibly carry out droplet-based reactions. The vapor-induced self-shrinkage is driven by Marangoni flow originating from molecular adsorption and diffusion. Under a specific vapor environment, the self-shrinking droplet exhibits unique features including reversible responsiveness, high mobility, and autocoalescence. Accordingly, by building a specific vapor environment, the thin liquid films and random liquid films on superlyophilic substrates can be recovered with a collection rate of more than 95%. Moreover, the vapor system can be used to construct a high-efficiency chemical reaction device. The findings and profound understandings are significant for the development of the liquid collection and droplet-based microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhandong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Zheren Cai
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huizeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - An Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yali Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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30
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Abstract
Aerosol droplets play a critical role in the development of weather patterns, yet are notoriously difficult to analyze because of their small size, transient nature and potentially complex composition. As a result, there has been a surge in recent years in the development of analysis techniques aimed at the study of aerosol droplets, namely of their surface tension properties, which are thought to play a great role in aerosol/cloud growth and subsequently having an impact on the resulting weather patterns. To capture the state of the field at this key time, we have collected and described some of the most relevant and influential studies, with a focus on those that have had the most impact. This review will present and describe the most used analytical techniques for studying the surface tension of micrometer-sized aqueous droplets, with a focus on historical trends and how the current techniques are posed to revolutionize the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Mott
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mao Fukuyama
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akihide Hibara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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31
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S. Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127771. [PMID: 32799139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The review initiates with current state of information on the atmospheric reaction mechanism of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and its fate in the atmosphere. The plants release BVOCs, i.e., isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) upon oxidation. These oxidation reactions are primarily influenced by solar radiations along with other meteorological parameters viz.; temperature and relative humidity, therefore, the chemistry behind SOA formation is different during day than the night time. The review throws light upon the day and nighttime formation mechanism of SOA, recent advancements in the analytical techniques available for the measurements, and its impact on the environment. Studies have revealed that day time SOA formation is dominated by OH and O3, however, NOx initiated SOA production is dominated during night. The formation mechanism addresses that the gaseous products of VOCs are firstly formed and then partitioned over the pre-existing particles. New particle formation and biomass-derived aerosols are found to be responsible for enhanced SOA formation. 2-Dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (2D-GC/MS) is observed to be best for the analysis of organic aerosols. Radiative forcing (RF) SOA is observed to be a useful parameter to evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA and reviewed studies have shown mean RF in the ranges of -0.27 to +0.20 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
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Huang D, Wang J, Xia H, Zhang Y, Bao F, Li M, Chen C, Zhao J. Enhanced Photochemical Volatile Organic Compounds Release from Fatty Acids by Surface-Enriched Fe(III). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13448-13457. [PMID: 33081467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Both Fe(III) and fatty acids are ubiquitous and important species in environmental waters. Because they are amphipathic, many fatty acids are surface active and prone to enrichment at the air-water interface. Here, we report that by using nonanoic acid (NA) as a model fatty acid, coexisting Fe(III), even at concentrations as low as 1 μM, markedly enhanced the photochemical release of NA-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as octanal and octane into the air. Further studies indicated that the surface-enriched fatty acids dramatically increase the local concentration of Fe(III) at the water surface, which enables Fe(III)-mediated photochemical reactions to take place at the air-water interface, and the VOCs facilely produced by fatty acid photooxidation can then be released into the air. Moreover, the product distribution in the Fe(III)-mediated reactions was largely different from that in other photochemical systems, and a mechanism based on photochemical decarboxylation is proposed. Considering that the coexistence of fatty acids and Fe(III) in the environment is common, the enhanced photochemical release of VOCs by surface-enriched fatty acids and Fe(III) may be an important channel for the atmospheric emission of VOCs, which are known to play an essential role in the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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33
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Qian Y, Deng GH, Rao Y. In Situ Spectroscopic Probing of Polarity and Molecular Configuration at Aerosol Particle Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6763-6771. [PMID: 32787224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of aerosol particles in the atmosphere is related to chemical reactions in the gas and particle phases and at aerosol particle surfaces. While research regarding the gas and particle phases of aerosols is well-documented, physical properties and chemical reactivities at aerosol particle surfaces have not been studied extensively but have long been recognized. In particular, in situ measurements of aerosol particle surfaces are just emerging. The main reason is a lack of suitable surface-specific analytical techniques for direct measurements of aerosol particles under ambient conditions. Here we develop in situ surface-specific electronic sum frequency scattering (ESFS) to directly identify spectroscopic behaviors of molecules at aerosol particle surfaces. As an example, we applied an ESFS probe, malachite green (MG). We examined electronic spectra of MG at aerosol particle surfaces and found that the polarity of the surfaces is less polar than that in bulk. Our quantitative orientational analysis shows that MG is orientated with a polar angle of 25°-35° at the spherical particle surfaces of aerosols. The adsorption free energy of MG at the aerosol surfaces was found to be -20.75 ± 0.32 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that at the air/water interface. These results provide new insights into aerosol particle surfaces for further understanding the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Gang-Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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34
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Freedman MA. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Supermicrometer and Submicrometer Aerosol Particles. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1102-1110. [PMID: 32432453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusThe interactions of aerosol particles with light and clouds are among the most uncertain aspects of anthropogenic climate forcings. The effects of aerosol particles on climate depend on their optical properties, heterogeneous chemistry, water uptake behavior, and ice nucleation activity. These properties in turn depend on aerosol physics and chemistry including composition, size, shape, internal structure (morphology), and phase state. The greatest numbers of particles are found at small, submicrometer sizes, and the properties of aerosol particles can differ on the nanoscale compared with measurements of bulk materials. As a result, our focus has been on characterizing the phase transitions of aerosol particles in both supermicrometer and submicrometer particles. The phase transition of particular interest for us has been liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which occurs when components of a solution phase separate due to a difference in solubilities. For example, organic compounds can have limited solubility in salt solutions especially as the water content decreases, increasing the concentration of the salt solution, and causing phase separation between organic-rich and inorganic-rich phases. To characterize the systems of interest, we primarily use optical microscopy for supermicrometer particles and cryogenic-transmission microscopy for submicrometer particles.This Account details our main results to date for the phase transitions of supermicrometer particles and the morphology of submicrometer aerosol. We have found that the relative humidity (RH) at which LLPS occurs (separation RH; SRH) is highly sensitive to the composition of the particles. For supermicrometer particles, SRH decreases as the pH is lowered to atmospherically relevant values. SRH also decreases when non-phase-separating organic compounds are added to the particles. For submicrometer particles, a size dependence of morphology is observed in systems that undergo LLPS in supermicrometer particles. In the limit of slow drying rates, particles <30 nm are homogeneous and larger particles are phase-separated. This size dependence of aerosol morphology arises because small particles cannot overcome the activation barrier needed to form a new phase when phase separation occurs by a nucleation and growth mechanism. The inhibition of LLPS in small particles is observed for mixtures of ammonium sulfate with single organic compounds as well as complex organics like α-pinene secondary organic matter. The morphology of particles affects activation diameters for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. These results more generally have implications for aerosol properties that affect the climate system. In addition, LLPS is also widely studied in materials and biological chemistry, and our results could potentially translate to implications for these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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35
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Kaur Kohli R, Davies JF. Paper spray mass spectrometry for the analysis of picoliter droplets. Analyst 2020; 145:2639-2648. [PMID: 32064475 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02534k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental efforts have shown that single particle levitation methods may be effectively coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) using paper spray (PS) ionization for compositional analysis of picoliter droplets. In this work, we characterize the response of PS-MS to analytes delivered in the form of picoliter droplets and explore its potential for identification and quantification of these samples. Using a microdroplet dispenser to generate droplets, we demonstrate sensitivity to a range of oxygenated organic molecules typical of compounds found in atmospheric secondary organic aerosol. We assess experimental factors that influence the reproducibility and sensitivity of the method and explore the linearity of the system response to increasing analyte mass in droplets containing single or multicomponent analytes. We show that the ratio of analyte signal from multicomponent samples may be used to characterize the relative composition of the system. These measurements demonstrate that the droplet PS-MS method is an effective tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of single picoliter droplets containing picogram levels of analyte. The potential applications of this technique for characterizing the composition of levitated particles will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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36
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Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Xin R, Yu G, Jin R, Dong K, Wang B. Effect of particle hydrophilicity on the separation performance of a novel cyclone. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles cool Earth’s climate by serving as cloud droplet seeds. This cooling effect represents both the single most uncertain and the largest negative radiative forcing. Cloud droplet activation is strongly influenced by aerosol particle surface tension, which in climate models is assumed equivalent to that of pure water. We directly measure the surface tensions of surfactant-coated, high surface-to-volume ratio droplets, demonstrating that their surface tensions are significantly lower than pure water but do not match the surface tension of the solution from which they were produced and depend on finite droplet size. These results suggest surfactants could potentially significantly modify radiative forcing and highlight the need for a better understanding of atmospheric surfactant concentrations and properties. Surface tension influences the fraction of atmospheric particles that become cloud droplets. Although surfactants are an important component of aerosol mass, the surface tension of activating aerosol particles is still unresolved, with most climate models assuming activating particles have a surface tension equal to that of water. By studying picoliter droplet coalescence, we demonstrate that surfactants can significantly reduce the surface tension of finite-sized droplets below the value for water, consistent with recent field measurements. Significantly, this surface tension reduction is droplet size-dependent and does not correspond exactly to the macroscopic solution value. A fully independent monolayer partitioning model confirms the observed finite-size-dependent surface tension arises from the high surface-to-volume ratio in finite-sized droplets and enables predictions of aerosol hygroscopic growth. This model, constrained by the laboratory measurements, is consistent with a reduction in critical supersaturation for activation, potentially substantially increasing cloud droplet number concentration and modifying radiative cooling relative to current estimates assuming a water surface tension. The results highlight the need for improved constraints on the identities, properties, and concentrations of atmospheric aerosol surfactants in multiple environments and are broadly applicable to any discipline where finite volume effects are operative, such as studies of the competition between reaction rates within the bulk and at the surface of confined volumes and explorations of the influence of surfactants on dried particle morphology from spray driers.
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38
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Lin JJ, Kristensen TB, Calderón SM, Malila J, Prisle NL. Effects of surface tension time-evolution for CCN activation of a complex organic surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:271-284. [PMID: 31912080 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physical processes and time scales underlying the evolution of surface tension in atmospheric solution droplets are largely unaccounted for in present models describing cloud droplet formation. Adsorption of surface-active molecules at the surface of a solution droplet depresses the droplet surface tension but also depletes solute from the droplet bulk, which have opposing and sometimes canceling effects in cloud droplet formation. In this work, we study the effect of time-evolving surface tension for cloud droplet activation of particles composed of Nordic Aquatic Fulvic Acid (NAFA) mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl). We model the formation of cloud droplets using Köhler theory with surface tension depression and bulk/surface partitioning evaluated from two different thermodynamic surface models. Continuous ternary parameterizations were constructed from surface tension measurements of macroscopic droplets at different time steps after the formation of a droplet surface. The predicted results are compared to previous measurements of mixed NAFA-NaCl cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and a bulk solution model that does not take the NAFA bulk/surface partitioning equilibrium into account. Whereas the bulk model shows a trend in cloud droplet formation following that of macroscopic surface tension depression with time, the variation with time essentially disappears when bulk/surface partitioning is taken explicitly into account during droplet activation. For all equilibrium time steps considered, the effect of surface tension depression in the NAFA-NaCl system is counteracted by the depletion of solute from the finite-sized droplet bulk phase. Our study highlights that a comprehensive data set is necessary to obtain continuous parameterizations of surface tension and other solution properties required to fully account for the bulk/surface partitioning in growing droplets. To our knowledge, no similar data set currently exists for other aqueous organic systems of atmospheric interest. Additional work is necessary to deconvolve the effects of bulk/surface partitioning in the context of time-evolution on cloud droplet activation and to determine whether the results presented here can be further generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Lin
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | | | - Silvia M Calderón
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Jussi Malila
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Nønne L Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
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39
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Mull HF, Aroeira GJR, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. The atmospheric importance of methylamine additions to Criegee intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22555-22566. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03781h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The methylamine addition to Criegee intermediates is investigated using high level ab initio methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F. Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | | | - Justin M. Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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40
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Zhao Z, Tolentino R, Lee J, Vuong A, Yang X, Zhang H. Interfacial Dimerization by Organic Radical Reactions during Heterogeneous Oxidative Aging of Oxygenated Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10782-10792. [PMID: 31765152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative aging of atmospheric organic aerosols (OA) substantially modifies their chemical compositions, physical properties, and hence the various environmental impacts. Here, we report observations of a previously unrecognized process leading to dimer formation during heterogeneous •OH-initiated oxidative aging of oxygenated OA. Isomer-resolved ion mobility mass spectrometry measurements and reaction-diffusion kinetic simulations are in good agreement, elucidating new mechanisms of dimerization by organic radical (i.e., peroxy and alkoxy radicals) cross reactions using glutaric acid as a surrogate oxygenated OA. These radical reactions are predicted to occur more prominently near the gas-particle interface following oxidation, especially in diffusion-limited viscous OA particles. Chemical structure analysis shows that esters dominate the detected dimers, followed by organic peroxides and ethers, highlighting the importance of acyl peroxy and acyloxy radicals. Simulations suggest that the reported dimer formation through the new interfacial mechanism could be appreciable under both laboratory and ambient conditions. Therefore, the dimers that are formed and enriched at the gas-particle interface are expected to play a crucial role in the effective reactivity, volatility, viscosity, and hygroscopicity of aged OA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Ricardo Tolentino
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Austin Vuong
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology , University of California at Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California at Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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41
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Key drivers of cloud response to surface-active organics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5214. [PMID: 31740670 PMCID: PMC6861266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions constitute the largest source of uncertainty in global radiative forcing estimates, hampering our understanding of climate evolution. Recent empirical evidence suggests surface tension depression by organic aerosol to significantly influence the formation of cloud droplets, and hence cloud optical properties. In climate models, however, surface tension of water is generally assumed when predicting cloud droplet concentrations. Here we show that the sensitivity of cloud microphysics, optical properties and shortwave radiative effects to the surface phase are dictated by an interplay between the aerosol particle size distribution, composition, water availability and atmospheric dynamics. We demonstrate that accounting for the surface phase becomes essential in clean environments in which ultrafine particle sources are present. Through detailed sensitivity analysis, quantitative constraints on the key drivers – aerosol particle number concentrations, organic fraction and fixed updraft velocity – are derived for instances of significant cloud microphysical susceptibilities to the surface phase. Aerosol-cloud interactions are a large source of uncertainty in radiative forcing estimates. Here, the authors show that the radiative effects of clouds are influenced by a combination of aerosol particle distribution, environmental conditions and atmosphere dynamics.
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42
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Gérard V, Noziere B, Fine L, Ferronato C, Singh DK, Frossard AA, Cohen RC, Asmi E, Lihavainen H, Kivekäs N, Aurela M, Brus D, Frka S, Cvitešić Kušan A. Concentrations and Adsorption Isotherms for Amphiphilic Surfactants in PM 1 Aerosols from Different Regions of Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12379-12388. [PMID: 31553874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the activation of submicrometer particles into cloud droplets in the atmosphere remains a challenge. The importance of surface tension, σ (mN m-1), in these processes has been evidenced by several works, but information on the "surfactants" lowering σ in actual atmospheric particles remains scarce. In this work, PM1 aerosols from urban, coastal, and remote regions of Europe (Lyon, France, Rogoznica, Croatia, and Pallas, Finland, respectively) were investigated and found to contain amphiphilic surfactants in concentrations up to 2.8 μg m-3 in the air and 1.3 M in the particle dry volume. In Pallas, correlations with the PM1 chemical composition showed that amphiphilic surfactants were present in the entire range of particle sizes, supporting recent works. This implied that they were present in hundreds to thousands of particles cm-3 and not only in a few large particles, as it has been hypothesized. Their adsorption isotherms and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were also determined. The low CMC obtained (3 × 10-5-9 × 10-3 M) implies that surface tension depression should be significant for all the particles containing these compounds, even at activation (growth factor ∼ 10). Amphiphilic surfactants are thus likely to enhance the CCN ability of submicrometer atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Barbara Noziere
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Ludovic Fine
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Amanda A Frossard
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Heikki Lihavainen
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
- Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System , 9171 Longyearbyen , Norway
| | - Niku Kivekäs
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - David Brus
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb 10000 , Croatia
| | - Ana Cvitešić Kušan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb 10000 , Croatia
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43
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Abstract
Advancements in designing complex models for atmospheric aerosol science and aerosol-cloud interactions rely vitally on accurately measuring the physicochemical properties of microscopic particles. Optical tweezers are a laboratory-based platform that can provide access to such measurements as they are able to isolate individual particles from an ensemble. The surprising ability of a focused beam of light to trap and hold a single particle can be conceptually understood in the ray optics regime using momentum transfer and Newton's second law. The same radiation pressure that results in stable trapping will also exert a deforming optical stress on the surface of the particle. For micron-sized aqueous droplets held in the air, the deformation will be on the order of a few nanometers or less, clearly not observable through optical microscopy. In this study, we utilize cavity-enhanced Raman scattering and a phenomenon known as thermal locking to measure small deformations in optically trapped droplets. With the aid of light-scattering calculations and a model that balances the hydrostatic pressure, surface tension, and optical pressure across the air-droplet interface, we can accurately determine surface tension from our measurements. Our approach is applied to 2 systems of atmospheric interest: aqueous organic and inorganic aerosol.
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44
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Frossard AA, Gérard V, Duplessis P, Kinsey JD, Lu X, Zhu Y, Bisgrove J, Maben JR, Long MS, Chang RYW, Beaupré SR, Kieber DJ, Keene WC, Nozière B, Cohen RC. Properties of Seawater Surfactants Associated with Primary Marine Aerosol Particles Produced by Bursting Bubbles at a Model Air-Sea Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9407-9417. [PMID: 31329419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants account for minor fractions of total organic carbon in the ocean but can significantly influence the production of primary marine aerosol particles (PMA) at the sea surface via modulation of bubble surface tension. During September and October 2016, model PMA (mPMA) were produced from seawater by bursting bubbles at two biologically productive and two oligotrophic stations in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Total concentrations of surfactants extracted from mPMA and seawater were quantified and characterized via measurements of surface tension isotherms and critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). Surfactant CMCs in biologically productive seawater were lower than those in the oligotrophic seawater suggesting that surfactant mixtures in the two regions were chemically distinct. mPMA surfactants were enriched in all regions relative to those in the associated seawater. Surface tension isotherms indicate that mPMA surfactants were weaker than corresponding seawater surfactants. mPMA from biologically productive seawater contained higher concentrations of surfactants than those produced from oligotrophic seawater, supporting the hypothesis that seawater surfactant properties modulate mPMA surfactant concentrations. Diel variability in concentrations of seawater and mPMA surfactants in some regions is consistent with biological and/or photochemical processing. This work demonstrates direct links between surfactants in mPMA and those in the associated seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Frossard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON) , CNRS, Université Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne 69626 , France
| | - Patrick Duplessis
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Joanna D Kinsey
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences , Quinnipiac University , Hamden , Connecticut 06518 , United States
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11790 , United States
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse , New York 13210 , United States
| | - John Bisgrove
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse , New York 13210 , United States
| | - John R Maben
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22903 , United States
| | - Michael S Long
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Rachel Y-W Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Steven R Beaupré
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11790 , United States
| | - David J Kieber
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse , New York 13210 , United States
| | - William C Keene
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22903 , United States
| | - Barbara Nozière
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON) , CNRS, Université Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne 69626 , France
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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45
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Riva M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Olson NE, Boyer HC, Narayan S, Yee LD, Green HS, Cui T, Zhang Z, Baumann K, Fort M, Edgerton E, Budisulistiorini SH, Rose CA, Ribeiro IO, e Oliveira RL, dos Santos EO, Machado CMD, Szopa S, Zhao Y, Alves EG, de Sá SS, Hu W, Knipping EM, Shaw SL, Duvoisin S, de Souza RAF, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Pye HOT, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Vizuete W, Martin ST, Thornton JA, Dutcher CS, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8682-8694. [PMID: 31335134 PMCID: PMC6823602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), key isoprene oxidation products, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur compounds. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate concentration ratio (IEPOX/Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory measurements. Characterization of the total sulfur aerosol observed at Look Rock, Tennessee, from 2007 to 2016 shows that organosulfur mass fractions will likely continue to increase with ongoing declines in anthropogenic Sulfinorg, consistent with our laboratory findings. We further demonstrate that organosulfur compounds greatly modify critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights demonstrate that changes in SO2 emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX/Sulfinorg will play an important role in understanding the historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on the global climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hallie C. Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shweta Narayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hilary S. Green
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Mike Fort
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Sri H. Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Rose
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Igor O. Ribeiro
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rafael L. e Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Erickson O. dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Cristine M. D. Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Sophie Szopa
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-IPSL, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliane G. Alves
- Environment Dynamics Department, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067, Brazil
| | - Suzane S. de Sá
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Duvoisin
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A. F. de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jose-Luis Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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46
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Upshur MA, Vega MM, Bé AG, Chase HM, Zhang Y, Tuladhar A, Chase ZA, Fu L, Ebben CJ, Wang Z, Martin ST, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Synthesis and surface spectroscopy of α-pinene isotopologues and their corresponding secondary organic material. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8390-8398. [PMID: 31803417 PMCID: PMC6844218 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and surface-specific spectroscopic analysis of α-pinene isotopologues and their corresponding secondary organic material is reported.
Atmospheric aerosol–cloud interactions remain among the least understood processes within the climate system, leaving large uncertainties in the prediction of future climates. In particular, the nature of the surfaces of aerosol particles formed from biogenic terpenes, such as α-pinene, is poorly understood despite the importance of surface phenomena in their formation, growth, radiative properties, and ultimate fate. Herein we report the coupling of a site-specific deuterium labeling strategy with vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to probe the surface C–H oscillators in α-pinene-derived secondary organic aerosol material (SOM) generated in an atmospheric flow tube reactor. Three α-pinene isotopologues with methylene bridge, bridgehead methine, allylic, and vinyl deuteration were synthesized and their vapor phase SFG spectra were compared to that of unlabeled α-pinene. Subsequent analysis of the SFG spectra of their corresponding SOM revealed that deuteration of the bridge methylene C–H oscillators present on the cyclobutane ring in α-pinene leads to a considerable signal intensity decrease (ca. 30–40%), meriting speculation that the cyclobutane moiety remains largely intact within the surface bound species present in the SOM formed upon α-pinene oxidation. These insights provide further clues as to the complexity of aerosol particle surfaces, and establish a framework for future investigations of the heterogeneous interactions between precursor terpenes and particle surfaces that lead to aerosol particle growth under dynamically changing conditions in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Marvin M Vega
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Hilary M Chase
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Yue Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA
| | - Aashish Tuladhar
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , WA 99352 , USA
| | - Zizwe A Chase
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , WA 99352 , USA
| | - Li Fu
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , WA 99352 , USA
| | - Carlena J Ebben
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Zheming Wang
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , WA 99352 , USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . ;
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47
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Lee WC, Chen J, Budisulistiorini SH, Itoh M, Shiodera S, Kuwata M. Polarity-Dependent Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Laboratory-Generated Biomass-Burning Revealed by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8047-8056. [PMID: 31194524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarity distribution of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is an important factor in determining the hygroscopic and cloud nucleation abilities of organic aerosol particles. We applied a novel framework to quantitatively classify WSOM based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which often serves as a proxy of polarity. In this study, WSOM was generated in a laboratory biomass-burning experiment by smoldering of Indonesian peat and vegetation samples. The fractionated WSOM was analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, spectrofluorometer, and time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Several deconvolution methods, including positive matrix factorization, parallel factor analysis, and least-squares analysis, were applied to the measured spectra, resulting in three classes of WSOM. The highly polar fraction of WSOM, which predominantly exists in the range of log KOW < 0, is highly oxygenated and exhibits similar optical properties as those of light-absorbing humic-like substances (HULIS, termed after the humic substances due to the similarity in chemical characteristics). WSOM in the least-polar fraction, which mainly distributes in log KOW > 1, mostly consists of hydrocarbon-like and high molecular weight species. In between the most- and least-polar fraction, WSOM in the marginally polar fraction likely contains aromatic compounds. The analyses have also suggested the existence of HULIS with different polarities. Comparison with previous studies indicates that only WSOM in the highly polar fraction (log KOW < 0) likely contributes to water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Chen
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
| | | | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Hyogo 651-2103 , Japan
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature , Kyoto 603-8047 , Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Asian School of the Environment , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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48
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Jacobs MI, Xu B, Kostko O, Wiegel AA, Houle FA, Ahmed M, Wilson KR. Using Nanoparticle X-ray Spectroscopy to Probe the Formation of Reactive Chemical Gradients in Diffusion-Limited Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6034-6044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron A. Wiegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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49
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Blanco YS, Topel Ö, Bajnóczi ÉG, Werner J, Björneholm O, Persson I. Chemical equilibria of aqueous ammonium-carboxylate systems in aqueous bulk, close to and at the water-air interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12434-12445. [PMID: 31143906 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the water-air interface and a number of water molecule layers just below it, the surface region, have significantly different physico-chemical properties, such as lower relative permittivity and density, than bulk water. The properties in the surface region of water favor weakly hydrated species as neutral molecules, while ions requiring strong hydration and shielding of their charge are disfavored. In this study the equilibria NH4+(aq) + RCOO-(aq) ⇌ NH3(aq) + RCOOH(aq) are investigated for R = CnH2n+1, n = 0-8, as open systems, where ammonia and small carboxylic acids in the gas phase above the water surface are removed from the system by a gentle controlled flow of nitrogen to mimic the transport of volatile compounds from water droplets into air. It is shown that this non-equilibrium transport of chemicals can be sufficiently large to cause a change of the chemical content of the aqueous bulk. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the relative concentration of alkyl carboxylic acids and their conjugated alkyl carboxylates in aqueous surfaces using a micro-jet. These studies confirm that neutral alkyl carboxylic acids are accumulated in the surface region, while charged species, as alkyl carboxylates, are depleted. The XPS studies show also that the hydrophobic alkyl chains are oriented upwards into regions with lower relative permittivity and density, thus perpendicular to the aqueous surface. These combined results show that there are several chemical equilibria between the aqueous bulk and the surface region. The analytical studies show that the release of mainly ammonia is dependent on its concentration in the surface region, as long as the solubility of the carboxylic acid in the surface region is sufficiently high to avoid a precipitation in/on the water-air interface. However, for n-octyl- and n-nonylcarboxylic acid the solubility is sufficiently low to cause precipitation. The combined analytical and surface speciation studies in this work show that the equilibria involving the surface region are fast. The results from this study increase the knowledge about the distribution of chemical species in the surface region at and close to the water-air interface, and the transport of chemicals from water to air in open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Salamanca Blanco
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Önder Topel
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Éva G Bajnóczi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Josephina Werner
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Qiu J, Ishizuka S, Tonokura K, Enami S. Interfacial vs Bulk Ozonolysis of Nerolidol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5750-5757. [PMID: 31017766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozone readily reacts with olefins with the formation of more reactive Criegee intermediates (CIs). The transient CIs impact HO x cycles, and they play a role in new particle formation in the troposphere. Oxidation by O3 occurs both in the gas-phase, in the liquid phase, and at air-water and air-aerosol interfaces. In light of the importance of O3 in environmental and engineered chemical transformations, we have investigated the ozonolysis mechanisms of a triolefin C15-alcohol, nerolidol (Nero, a biogenic sesquiterpene), at the air-water interface in the presence of acetonitrile. Surface-sensitive pneumatic ionization mass spectrometric detection of α-hydroxy-hydroperoxides and functionalized carboxylates, generated by the hydration and isomerization of CIs, respectively, enables us to evaluate the relative reactivity of each C=C toward O3. In addition, we compare bulk-phase ozonolysis chemistry to similar reactions taking place at the air-water interface. Our experimental results show that O3 reacts primarily with the (CH3)2C=CH- and -(CH3)C=CH- moieties (>∼98%), while the O3 attack on the terminal -HC=CH2 site (<∼2%) is a minor pathway during both interfacial and bulk ozonolysis. The presence of functionalized-carboxylates on interfaces but not in bulk-phase reactions with O3 indicates that the isomerization of the CIs is not hindered at the air-water interface due to the lower availability of water .
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Qiu
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa 277-8563 , Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ishizuka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Kenichi Tonokura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa 277-8563 , Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
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