1
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Zhang H, Wang W, Fan L, Li J, Ren Y, Li H, Gao R, Xu Y. The role of sulfur cycle in new particle formation: Cycloaddition reaction of SO 3 to H 2S. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:489-501. [PMID: 39095183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of sulfur cycle contributes significantly to the atmospheric nucleation process, which is the first step of new particle formation (NPF). In the present study, cycloaddition reaction mechanism of sulfur trioxide (SO3) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is a typical air pollutant and toxic gas detrimental to the environment were comprehensively investigate through theoretical calculations and Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code simulations. Gas-phase stability and nucleation potential of the product thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3, TSA) were further analyzed to evaluate its atmospheric impact. Without any catalysts, the H2S + SO3 reaction is infeasible with a barrier of 24.2 kcal/mol. Atmospheric nucleation precursors formic acid (FA), sulfuric acid (SA), and water (H2O) could effectively lower the reaction barriers as catalysts, even to a barrierless reaction with the efficiency of cis-SA > trans-FA > trans-SA > H2O. Subsequently, the gas-phase stability of TSA was investigated. A hydrolysis reaction barrier of up to 61.4 kcal/mol alone with an endothermic isomerization reaction barrier of 5.1 kcal/mol under the catalytic effect of SA demonstrates the sufficient stability of TSA. Furthermore, topological and kinetic analysis were conducted to determine the nucleation potential of TSA. Atmospheric clusters formed by TSA and atmospheric nucleation precursors (SA, ammonia NH3, and dimethylamine DMA) were thermodynamically stable. Moreover, the gradually decreasing evaporation coefficients for TSA-base clusters, particularly for TSA-DMA, suggests that TSA may participate in NPF where the concentration of base molecules are relatively higher. The present new reaction mechanism may contributes to a better understanding of atmospheric sulfur cycle and NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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Ning A, Shen J, Zhao B, Wang S, Cai R, Jiang J, Yan C, Fu X, Zhang Y, Li J, Ouyang D, Sun Y, Saiz-Lopez A, Francisco JS, Zhang X. Overlooked significance of iodic acid in new particle formation in the continental atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404595121. [PMID: 39047040 PMCID: PMC11295062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404595121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) substantially affects the global radiation balance and climate. Iodic acid (IA) is a key marine NPF driver that recently has also been detected inland. However, its impact on continental particle nucleation remains unclear. Here, we provide molecular-level evidence that IA greatly facilitates clustering of two typical land-based nucleating precursors: dimethylamine (DMA) and sulfuric acid (SA), thereby enhancing particle nucleation. Incorporating this mechanism into an atmospheric chemical transport model, we show that IA-induced enhancement could realize an increase of over 20% in the SA-DMA nucleation rate in iodine-rich regions of China. With declining anthropogenic pollution driven by carbon neutrality and clean air policies in China, IA could enhance nucleation rates by 1.5 to 50 times by 2060. Our results demonstrate the overlooked key role of IA in continental NPF nucleation and highlight the necessity for considering synergistic SA-IA-DMA nucleation in atmospheric modeling for correct representation of the climatic impacts of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Science, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Daiwei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yisheng Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6316
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6316
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
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3
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Ji Y, Luo W, Shi Q, Ma X, Wu Z, Zhang W, Gao Y, An T. Mechanisms of isomerization and hydration reactions of typical β-diketone at the air-droplet interface. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:225-234. [PMID: 38408823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Acetylacetone (AcAc) is a typical class of β-diketones with broad industrial applications due to the property of the keto-enol isomers, but its isomerization and chemical reactions at the air-droplet interface are still unclear. Hence, using combined molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry methods, the heterogeneous chemistry of AcAc at the air-droplet interface was investigated, including the attraction of AcAc isomers by the droplets, the distribution of isomers at the air-droplet interface, and the hydration reactions of isomers at the air-droplet interface. The results reveal that the preferential orientation of two AcAc isomers (keto- and enol-AcAc) to accumulate and accommodate at the acidic air-droplet interface. The isomerization of two AcAc isomers at the acidic air-droplet interface is more favorable than that at the neutral air-droplet interface because the "water bridge" structure is destroyed by H3O+, especially for the isomerization from keto-AcAc to enol-AcAc. At the acidic air-droplet interface, the carbonyl or hydroxyl O-atoms of two AcAc isomers display an energetical preference to hydration. Keto-diol is the dominant products to accumulate at the air-droplet interface, and excessive keto-diol can enter the droplet interior to engage in the oligomerization. The photooxidation reaction of AcAc will increase the acidity of the air-droplet interface, which indirectly facilitate the uptake and formation of more keto-diol. Our results provide an insight into the heterogeneous chemistry of β-diketones and their influence on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiyong Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuju Shi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqi Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Zhao B, Donahue NM, Zhang K, Mao L, Shrivastava M, Ma PL, Shen J, Wang S, Sun J, Gordon H, Tang S, Fast J, Wang M, Gao Y, Yan C, Singh B, Li Z, Huang L, Lou S, Lin G, Wang H, Jiang J, Ding A, Nie W, Qi X, Chi X, Wang L. Global variability in atmospheric new particle formation mechanisms. Nature 2024; 631:98-105. [PMID: 38867037 PMCID: PMC11222162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A key challenge in aerosol pollution studies and climate change assessment is to understand how atmospheric aerosol particles are initially formed1,2. Although new particle formation (NPF) mechanisms have been described at specific sites3-6, in most regions, such mechanisms remain uncertain to a large extent because of the limited ability of atmospheric models to simulate critical NPF processes1,7. Here we synthesize molecular-level experiments to develop comprehensive representations of 11 NPF mechanisms and the complex chemical transformation of precursor gases in a fully coupled global climate model. Combined simulations and observations show that the dominant NPF mechanisms are distinct worldwide and vary with region and altitude. Previously neglected or underrepresented mechanisms involving organics, amines, iodine oxoacids and HNO3 probably dominate NPF in most regions with high concentrations of aerosols or large aerosol radiative forcing; such regions include oceanic and human-polluted continental boundary layers, as well as the upper troposphere over rainforests and Asian monsoon regions. These underrepresented mechanisms also play notable roles in other areas, such as the upper troposphere of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Accordingly, NPF accounts for different fractions (10-80%) of the nuclei on which cloud forms at 0.5% supersaturation over various regions in the lower troposphere. The comprehensive simulation of global NPF mechanisms can help improve estimation and source attribution of the climate effects of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China.
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lizhuo Mao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Po-Lun Ma
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuaiqi Tang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jerome Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lyuyin Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Lou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangxing Lin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Haider KM, Focsa C, Decuq C, Esnault B, Lafouge F, Loubet B, Petitprez D, Ciuraru R. Chemical characterization of volatile organic compounds emitted by animal manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121453. [PMID: 38875988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal manure is considered a valuable organic fertilizer due to its important nutrient content enhancing soil fertility and plant growth in agriculture. Besides its beneficial role as fertilizer, animal manure represents a significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), playing a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. Understanding the composition of VOCs Understanding VOCs from animal manure is crucial for assessing their environmental impact, as they can cause air pollution, odors, and harm to human health and ecosystems. Laboratory studies enhance field measurements by providing a precise inventory of manure emissions, addressing gaps in existing literature. Both approaches complement each other in advancing our understanding of manure emissions. In this context, we conducted an experimental study involving various animal manures (cow, horse, sheep, and goat) taken from a farm in Grignon (near Paris, France). We employed atmospheric simulation chambers within a controlled laboratory environment. The analysis of VOCs involved the combination of Proton Transfer Reaction-Quadrupole ion guide-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-QiTOF-MS) and Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Using PTR-QiTOF-MS, 368 compounds were detected and quantified within the manure samples. The complementary analysis by TD-GC-MS enhanced our identification of VOCs. Our findings revealed various chemical groups of VOCs, including oxygenated compounds (e.g., ethanol, cresol, acetaldehyde, etc.), nitrogenated compounds (ammonia, trimethylamine, etc.), sulfur compounds (methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, etc.), aromatic compounds (phenols and indoles), terpenes (isoprene, D-limonene, etc.) and halogenated compounds. Cow manure exhibited the highest VOC emission fluxes, followed by goat, sheep, and horse manures. Notably, oxygenated VOCs were dominant contributors to total VOC emission fluxes in all samples. Statistical analysis highlighted the distinct nature of cow manure emissions, characterized by oxygenated compounds and nitrogenated compounds. In addition, goat manure was isolated from the other samples with high emissions of compounds having both oxygen and nitrogen atoms in their molecular formulas (e.g., CH3NO2). The experimental dataset obtained in this study provides an inventory reference for both VOCs and their emission fluxes in animal manures. Furthermore, it highlights odorant compounds and VOCs that serve as atmospheric aerosol precursor. Future studies can explore the effectiveness of various manure treatment methods to promote sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Haider
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, F-59000, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - C Focsa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - C Decuq
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - B Esnault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Lafouge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - B Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - D Petitprez
- Univ.Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - R Ciuraru
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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6
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Brean J, Rowell A, Beddows DC, Weinhold K, Mettke P, Merkel M, Tuch T, Rissanen M, Maso MD, Kumar A, Barua S, Iyer S, Karppinen A, Wiedensohler A, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Road Traffic Emissions Lead to Much Enhanced New Particle Formation through Increased Growth Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10664-10674. [PMID: 38850427 PMCID: PMC11191591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is a major source of atmospheric aerosol particles, including cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), by number globally. Previous research has highlighted that NPF is less frequent but more intense at roadsides compared to urban background. Here, we closely examine NPF at both background and roadside sites in urban Central Europe. We show that the concentration of oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) is greater at the roadside, and the condensation of OOMs along with sulfuric acid onto new particles is sufficient to explain the growth at both sites. We identify a hitherto unreported traffic-related OOM source contributing 29% and 16% to total OOMs at the roadside and background, respectively. Critically, this hitherto undiscovered OOM source is an essential component of urban NPF. Without their contribution to growth rates and the subsequent enhancements to particle survival, the number of >50 nm particles produced by NPF would be reduced by a factor of 21 at the roadside site. Reductions to hydrocarbon emissions from road traffic may thereby reduce particle numbers and CCN counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brean
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Rowell
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C.S. Beddows
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Peter Mettke
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | | | | | - Zongbo Shi
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and
Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Zhang X, Ma Z, Hao P, Ji S, Gao Y. Characteristics and health impacts of bioaerosols in animal barns: A comprehensive study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116381. [PMID: 38676963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Bioaerosols produced during animal production have potential adverse effects on the health of workers and animals. Our objective was to investigate characteristics, antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), and health risks of bioaerosols in various animal barns. Poultry and swine barns had high concentrations of airborne bacteria (11156 and 10917 CFU/m3, respectively). Acinetobacter, Clostridium sensu stricto, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus were dominant pathogenic bacteria in animal barns, with Firmicutes being the most abundant bacterial phylum. Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), there were more discriminative biomarkers in cattle barns than in poultry or swine barns, although the latter had the highest abundance of bacterial pathogens and high abundances of ARGs (including tetM, tetO, tetQ, tetW sul1, sul2, ermA, ermB) and intI1). Based on network analyses, there were higher co-occurrence patterns between bacteria and ARGs in bioaerosol from swine barns. Furthermore, in these barns, relative abundance of bacteria in bioaerosol samples was greatly affected by environmental factors, mainly temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of CO2, NH3, and PM2.5. This study provided novel data regarding airborne bio-contaminants in animal enclosures and an impetus to improve management to reduce potential health impacts on humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Peng Hao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shaoze Ji
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China.
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8
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Kumar A, Iyer S, Barua S, Brean J, Besic E, Seal P, Dall’Osto M, Beddows DCS, Sarnela N, Jokinen T, Sipilä M, Harrison RM, Rissanen M. Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO 3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15562-15575. [PMID: 38771742 PMCID: PMC11157540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth's atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)-carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3--CI-APi-TOF; NO3--CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3--CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3--CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Emin Besic
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate &
Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The
Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Cai R, Mikkilä J, Bengs A, Koirala M, Mikkilä J, Holm S, Juuti P, Meder M, Partovi F, Shcherbinin A, Worsnop D, Ehn M, Kangasluoma J. Extending the Range of Detectable Trace Species with the Fast Polarity Switching of Chemical Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8604-8612. [PMID: 38691094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Chemical ionization (CI) atmospheric pressure interface mass spectrometry is a unique analytical technique for its low detection limits, softness to preserve molecular information, and selectivity for particular classes of species. Here, we present a fast polarity switching approach for highly sensitive online analysis of a wide range of trace species in complex samples using selective CI chemistries and high-resolution mass spectrometry. It is achieved by successfully coupling a multischeme chemical ionization inlet (MION) and an Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometer. The capability to flexibly combine ionization chemistries from both polarities effectively extends the detectability compared to using only one ionization chemistry, as commonly used positive and negative reagent ions tend to be sensitive to different classes of species. We tested the performance of the MION-Orbitrap using reactive gaseous organic species generated by α-pinene ozonolysis in an environmental chamber and a standard mixture of 71 pesticides. Diethylammonium and nitrate are used as reagent ions in positive and negative polarities. We show that with a mass resolving power of 280,000, the MION-Orbitrap can switch and measure both polarities within 1 min, which is sufficiently fast and stable to follow the temporal evolution of reactive organic species and the thermal desorption profile of pesticides. We detected 23 of the 71 pesticides in the mixture using only nitrate as the reagent ion. Facilitated by polarity switching, we also detected 47 pesticides using diethylammonium, improving the total number of detected species to 59. For reactive organic species generated by α-pinene ozonolysis, we show that combining diethylammonium and nitrate addresses the need to measure oxygenated molecules in atmospheric environments with a wide range of oxidation states. These results indicate that the polarity switching MION-Orbitrap can promisingly serve as a versatile tool for the nontargeted chemical analysis of trace species in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Karsa Ltd., A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Bengs
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mrisha Koirala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyri Mikkilä
- Karsa Ltd., A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian Holm
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paxton Juuti
- Karsa Ltd., A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melissa Meder
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fariba Partovi
- Karsa Ltd., A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Douglas Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Karsa Ltd., A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Chen TL, Hsiao TC, Chen AY, Chang KE, Lin TC, Griffith SM, Chou CCK. A traffic-induced shift of ultrafine particle sources under COVID-19 soft lockdown in a subtropical urban area. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108658. [PMID: 38640612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
During the unprecedented COVID-19 city lockdown, a unique opportunity arose to dissect the intricate dynamics of urban air quality, focusing on ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study delves into the nuanced interplay between traffic patterns and UFP emissions in a subtropical urban setting during the spring-summer transition of 2021. Leveraging meticulous roadside measurements near a traffic nexus, our investigation unravels the intricate relationship between particle number size distribution (PNSD), VOCs mixing ratios, and detailed vehicle activity metrics. The soft lockdown era, marked by a 20-27% dip in overall traffic yet a surprising surge in early morning motorcycle activity, presented a natural experiment. We observed a consequential shift in the urban aerosol regime: the decrease in primary emissions from traffic substantially amplified the role of aged particles and secondary aerosols. This shift was particularly pronounced under stagnant atmospheric conditions, where reduced dilution exacerbated the influence of alternative emission sources, notably solvent evaporation, and was further accentuated with the resumption of normal traffic flows. A distinct seasonal trend emerged as warmer months approached, with aromatic VOCs such as toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene not only increasing but also significantly contributing to more frequent particle growth events. These findings spotlight the criticality of targeted strategies at traffic hotspots, especially during periods susceptible to weak atmospheric dilution, to curb UFP and precursor emissions effectively. As we stand at the cusp of widespread vehicle electrification, this study underscores the imperative of a holistic approach to urban air quality management, embracing the complexities of primary emission reductions and the resultant shifts in atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Lun Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Albert Y Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-En Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Han H, Du H, Chen S, Xu Y, Ren L, Chen Y, Cai Y, Wang K, Yang X, Fu M, Ding Y, Fu P. Chemodiversity of organic nitrogen emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles is governed by engine displacements and driving speed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170792. [PMID: 38336060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) is believed to play a pivotal role in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in urban environments. Here, the characterization of organic nitrogen emitted by LDGVs with varying engine displacements at different speed phases was analyzed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) at molecular level. For the LDGV with small engine displacements, the nitrogen-containing organic (CHON) compounds exhibit higher abundance, molecular weight, oxygen content and aromaticity in the extra-high-speed phase. Conversely, for the LDGV with big engine displacements, more CHON compounds with elevated abundance, molecular weight, oxygen content and aromaticity were observed in the low-speed phase. Our study assumed that the formation of CHON compounds emitted from LDGVs is mainly the oxidation reaction during fuel combustion, so the potential precursor-product pairs related to oxidation process were used to study the degree of combustion reaction. The results show that the highest proportion of oxidation occurs during extra-high-speed phase for LDGV with small engine displacements, and during low-speed phase for LDGV with big engine displacements. These results offer a novel perspective for comprehending the mechanism behind vehicle emissions formation and contribute valuable insights for crafting effective air pollution regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Environmental Technology and Engineering Co., Ltd, China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Environmental Technology and Engineering Co., Ltd, China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Lihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Environmental Technology and Engineering Co., Ltd, China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yeguang Cai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Environmental Technology and Engineering Co., Ltd, China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Environmental Technology and Engineering Co., Ltd, China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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12
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Huang W, Junninen H, Garmash O, Lehtipalo K, Stolzenburg D, Lampilahti JLP, Ezhova E, Schallhart S, Rantala P, Aliaga D, Ahonen L, Sulo J, Quéléver LLJ, Cai R, Alekseychik P, Mazon SB, Yao L, Blichner SM, Zha Q, Mammarella I, Kirkby J, Kerminen VM, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Bianchi F. Potential pre-industrial-like new particle formation induced by pure biogenic organic vapors in Finnish peatland. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9191. [PMID: 38569045 PMCID: PMC10990286 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Pure biogenic new particle formation (NPF) induced by highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) could be an important mechanism for pre-industrial aerosol formation. However, it has not been unambiguously confirmed in the ambient due to the scarcity of truly pristine continental locations in the present-day atmosphere or the lack of chemical characterization of NPF precursors. Here, we report ambient observations of pure biogenic HOM-driven NPF over a peatland in southern Finland. Meteorological decoupling processes formed an "air pocket" (i.e., a very shallow surface layer) at night and favored NPF initiated entirely by biogenic HOM from this peatland, whose atmospheric environment closely resembles that of the pre-industrial era. Our study sheds light on pre-industrial aerosol formation, which represents the baseline for estimating the impact of present and future aerosol on climate, as well as on future NPF, the features of which may revert toward pre-industrial-like conditions due to air pollution mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Olga Garmash
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | - Janne L. P. Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Ezhova
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Simon Schallhart
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Pekka Rantala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Diego Aliaga
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lauri Ahonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Juha Sulo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lauriane L. J. Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Pavel Alekseychik
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Stephany B. Mazon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lei Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sara M. Blichner
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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13
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Li Y, Li X, Cai R, Yan C, Zheng G, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hua C, Kerminen VM, Liu Y, Kulmala M, Hao J, Smith JN, Jiang J. The Significant Role of New Particle Composition and Morphology on the HNO 3-Driven Growth of Particles down to Sub-10 nm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5442-5452. [PMID: 38478878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation and growth greatly influence air quality and the global climate. Recent CERN Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber experiments proposed that in cold urban atmospheres with highly supersaturated HNO3 and NH3, newly formed sub-10 nm nanoparticles can grow rapidly (up to 1000 nm h-1). Here, we present direct observational evidence that in winter Beijing with persistent highly supersaturated HNO3 and NH3, nitrate contributed less than ∼14% of the 8-40 nm nanoparticle composition, and overall growth rates were only ∼0.8-5 nm h-1. To explain the observed growth rates and particulate nitrate fraction, the effective mass accommodation coefficient of HNO3 (αHNO3) on the nanoparticles in urban Beijing needs to be 2-4 orders of magnitude lower than those in the CLOUD chamber. We propose that the inefficient uptake of HNO3 on nanoparticles is mainly due to the much higher particulate organic fraction and lower relative humidity in urban Beijing. To quantitatively reproduce the observed growth, we show that an inhomogeneous "inorganic core-organic shell" nanoparticle morphology might exist for nanoparticles in Beijing. This study emphasized that growth for nanoparticles down to sub-10 nm was largely influenced by their composition, which was previously ignored and should be considered in future studies on nanoparticle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Guangjie Zheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yiran Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yishuo Guo
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - James N Smith
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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14
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Chang Y, Feng YN, Cheng L, Hu J, Zhu L, Tan W, Zhong H, Zhang Y, Huang RJ, Sun Y. Trimethylamine from Subtropical Forests Rival Total Farmland Emissions in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5453-5460. [PMID: 38477969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Many types of living plants release gaseous trimethylamine (TMA), making it a potentially important contributor to new particle formation (NPF) in remote areas. However, a panoramic view of the importance of forest biogenic TMA at the regional scale is lacking. Here, we pioneered nationwide mobile measurements of TMA across a transect of contiguous farmland in eastern China and a transect of subtropical forests in southern China. In contrast to the farmland route, TMA concentrations measured during the subtropical forest route correlated significantly with isoprene, suggesting potential TMA emissions from leaves. Our high time-resolved concentrations obtained from a weak photo-oxidizing atmosphere reflected freshly emitted TMA, indicating the highest emission intensity from irrigated dryland (set as the baseline of 10), followed by paddy field (7.1), subtropical evergreen forests (5.9), and subtropical broadleaf and mixed forests (4.3). Extrapolating their proportions roughly to China, subtropical forests alone, which constitute half of the total forest area, account for nearly 70% of the TMA emissions from the nation's total farmland. Our estimates, despite the uncertainties, take the first step toward large-scale assessment of forest biogenic amines, highlighting the need for observational and modeling studies to consider this hitherto overlooked source of TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu-Ning Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wen Tan
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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15
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Zhang H, Wang J, Dong B, Xu F, Liu H, Zhang Q, Zong W, Shi X. New mechanism for the participation of aromatic oxidation products in atmospheric nucleation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170487. [PMID: 38296079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are recognized as important precursors for new particle formation (NPF) in the urban atmosphere. The paper theoretically studied the formation of OOMs by styrene oxidation processes initiated by OH radicals, focusing on the OOMs nucleation mechanism. The results found that in the presence of an H2SO4 molecule, lowly oxygenated organic molecules containing a benzene ring (LOMBs) can form stable clusters and grow to the scale of a critical nucleus through pi-pi stacking and OH hydrogen bonding. In addition, LOMBs are more readily generated in a styrene-oxidized system in the presence/absence of NOx than highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs). The reaction of OH radicals with other aromatics containing a branched chain on the benzene ring produces LOMBs to varying degrees, with pi-pi stacking playing an essential role. This result suggests that, in the presence of H2SO4 molecules, LOMBs may play a more significant role in promoting nucleation than HOMs. Our findings serve as a pivotal foundation for future investigations into the oxidation and nucleation processes of diverse aromatics in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidi Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Juanbao Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Biao Dong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Houfeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiangli Shi
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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16
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Xue J, Shao X, Li J, Li J, Trabelsi T, Francisco JS, Zeng X. Observation of the Water-HNSO 2 Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5455-5460. [PMID: 38359146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Sulfamic acid (NH2SO3H, SFA) is supposed to play an important role in aerosol new particle formation (NPF) in the atmosphere, and its formation mainly arises from the SO3-NH3 reaction system in which weakly bonded donor-acceptor complexes such as SO3···NH3 and isomeric HNSO2···H2O have been proposed as the key intermediates. In this study, we reveal the first spectroscopic observation of HNSO2···H2O in two forms in a solid Ar matrix at 10 K. The major form consists of two intermolecular H bonds by forming a six-membered ring structure with a calculated dissociation energy of 7.6 kcal mol-1 at the CCSD(T)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The less stable form resembles SO3···H2O in containing a pure chalcogen bond (S···O) with a dissociation energy of 7.2 kcal mol-1. The characterization of HNSO2···H2O with matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy is supported by D- and 18O-isotope labeling and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environment Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environment Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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17
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Marten R, Xiao M, Wang M, Kong W, He XC, Stolzenburg D, Pfeifer J, Marie G, Wang DS, Elser M, Baccarini A, Lee CP, Amorim A, Baalbaki R, Bell DM, Bertozzi B, Caudillo L, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, Heinritzi M, Lampimäki M, Lehtipalo K, Manninen HE, Mentler B, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Philippov M, Rörup B, Scholz W, Shen J, Tham YJ, Tomé A, Wagner AC, Weber SK, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Curtius J, Kulmala M, Volkamer R, Worsnop DR, Dommen J, Flagan RC, Kirkby J, McPherson Donahue N, Lamkaddam H, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I. Assessing the importance of nitric acid and ammonia for particle growth in the polluted boundary layer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2024; 4:265-274. [PMID: 38371605 PMCID: PMC10867809 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Aerosols formed and grown by gas-to-particle processes are a major contributor to smog and haze in megacities, despite the competition between growth and loss rates. Rapid growth rates from ammonium nitrate formation have the potential to sustain particle number in typical urban polluted conditions. This process requires supersaturation of gas-phase ammonia and nitric acid with respect to ammonium nitrate saturation ratios. Urban environments are inhomogeneous. In the troposphere, vertical mixing is fast, and aerosols may experience rapidly changing temperatures. In areas close to sources of pollution, gas-phase concentrations can also be highly variable. In this work we present results from nucleation experiments at -10 °C and 5 °C in the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We verify, using a kinetic model, how long supersaturation is likely to be sustained under urban conditions with temperature and concentration inhomogeneities, and the impact it may have on the particle size distribution. We show that rapid and strong temperature changes of 1 °C min-1 are needed to cause rapid growth of nanoparticles through ammonium nitrate formation. Furthermore, inhomogeneous emissions of ammonia in cities may also cause rapid growth of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Weimeng Kong
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Institute for Materials Chemistry, TU Wien 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- Atmospheric Processes and Their Impact, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Antonio Amorim
- CENTRA, FCUL, University of Lisbon 1749-016 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder 215 UCB Boulder 80309 CO USA
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Markus Lampimäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky prospekt, 53 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - António Tomé
- IDL-Universidade da Beira Interior 6201-001 Covilhã Portugal
| | - Andrea C Wagner
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Chemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder 215 UCB Boulder 80309 CO USA
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University FI-33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder 215 UCB Boulder 80309 CO USA
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Aerodyne Research 01821 Billerica MA USA
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Neil McPherson Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University 1521 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
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18
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Dong Z, Francisco JS, Long B. Ammonolysis of Glyoxal at the Air-Water Nanodroplet Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316060. [PMID: 38084872 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The reactions of glyoxal (CHO)2 ) with amines in cloud processes contribute to the formation of brown carbon and oligomer particles in the atmosphere. However, their molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, we investigate the ammonolysis mechanisms of glyoxal with amines at the air-water nanodroplet interface. We identified three and two distinct pathways for the ammonolysis of glyoxal with dimethylamine and methylamine by using metadynamics simulations at the air-water nanodroplet interface, respectively. Notably, the stepwise pathways mediated by the water dimer for the reactions of glyoxal with dimethylamine and methylamine display the lowest free energy barriers of 3.6 and 4.9 kcal ⋅ mol-1 , respectively. These results showed that the air-water nanodroplet ammonolysis reactions of glyoxal with dimethylamine and methylamine were more feasible and occurred at faster rates than the corresponding gas phase ammonolysis, the OH+(CHO)2 reaction, and the aqueous phase reaction of glyoxal, leading to the dominant removal of glyoxal. Our results provide new and important insight into the reactions between carbonyl compounds and amines, which are crucial in forming nitrogen-containing aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zegang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA-19104, USA
| | - Bo Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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19
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Yang C, Dong H, Chen Y, Xu L, Chen G, Fan X, Wang Y, Tham YJ, Lin Z, Li M, Hong Y, Chen J. New Insights on the Formation of Nucleation Mode Particles in a Coastal City Based on a Machine Learning Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1187-1198. [PMID: 38117945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles have profound implications for the global climate and human health. Among them, ultrafine particles dominate in terms of the number concentration and exhibit enhanced toxic effects as a result of their large total surface area. Therefore, understanding the driving factors behind ultrafine particle behavior is crucial. Machine learning (ML) provides a promising approach for handling complex relationships. In this study, three ML models were constructed on the basis of field observations to simulate the particle number concentration of nucleation mode (PNCN). All three models exhibited robust PNCN reproduction (R2 > 0.80), with the random forest (RF) model excelling on the test data (R2 = 0.89). Multiple methods of feature importance analysis revealed that ultraviolet (UV), H2SO4, low-volatility oxygenated organic molecules (LOOMs), temperature, and O3 were the primary factors influencing PNCN. Bivariate partial dependency plots (PDPs) indicated that during nighttime and overcast conditions, the presence of H2SO4 and LOOMs may play a crucial role in influencing PNCN. Additionally, integrating additional detailed information related to emissions or meteorology would further enhance the model performance. This pilot study shows that ML can be a novel approach for simulating atmospheric pollutants and contributes to a better understanding of the formation and growth mechanisms of nucleation mode particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hesong Dong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Lin
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
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20
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Liu YR, Jiang Y. Growth mechanism prediction for nanoparticles via structure matching polymerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1267-1273. [PMID: 38105690 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04702d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Exploring structural and component evolution remains a challenging scientific problem for nanoscience. We propose a novel approach called principle of minimization of structure matching polymerization (SMP) change to rapidly explore the global minimum structure on the potential energy surface (PES). The new method can map low-dimensional stable structures to high-dimensional local minima, and this will make it possible for us to study the growth mechanisms of nanoparticles. Some new lowest-energy structures were found by SMP methods for sulfuric acid (SA)-dimethylamine (DMA) systems relative to previous studies. Additionally, we found that the growth process of boron clusters is mainly that the small-size boron clusters are continuously added to large-size boron clusters by structure matching for Bn (n = 2-36) systems, Bm + Bk → Bn, where m + k = n and 1 ≤ k ≤ 3. The SMP approach can greatly improve the search efficiency of other unbiased global optimization algorithms, such as basin-hopping (BH) and genetic algorithm (GA), with an enhancement of up to 19- and 7-fold relative to traditional BH and GA algorithms for searching the global minima of Bn (n = 14-22) systems. The SMP approach is general and flexible and can be applied to different kinds of problems, such as material structure design, crystal structure prediction, and new drug generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Rong Liu
- Public Experimental Teaching Center, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 61700, China.
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Vanadium and Titanium, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 61700, China
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21
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An N, Wang H, Li J, He L, Gao Y, Li L, Wang Q, Cui Z, Qu K, Hu Q. The characteristics of trimethylamine N-oxide content in different classes of marine animals over the coastal and offshore areas of China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115706. [PMID: 37951126 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is widely present in marine animals. However, the characteristics of TMAO content in different classes of marine animals are insufficiently understood. In this study, the TMAO content in 79 marine animals (48 species, 7 classes) collected in the coastal and offshore areas of China during year 2019-2022 was analysed. The results showed that the TMAO content of the total samples varied from 0 to 139.19 mmol kg-1. The TMAO content in the classes Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta and Holothuroidea varied from 0.06 ± 0.09 to 0.38 ± 0.63 mmol kg-1, but it varied from 30.20 ± 24.20 to 75.90 ± 38.59 mmol kg-1 in the classes Crustacea, Cephalopoda, and Osteichthyes. The TMAO content in the latter 3 classes was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the former 4 classes. It was inferred that the significant difference was related to the food sources or physiological metabolic mechanisms of different classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- College of fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- CNOOC Energy Technology & Services Limited, Safety & Environmental Protection Branch, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Lanlan He
- College of fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- College of fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- College of fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Qingkui Wang
- College of fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Keming Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qingjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
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22
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Shao X, Wu Z, Wang L, Rauhut G, Zeng X. Identification and Photochemistry of the Mercaptomethyl Radical. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10450-10456. [PMID: 37962268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The mercaptomethyl radical (·CH2SH) is a higher-energy isomer of the methylthio radical (CH3S·) that has been proposed as an important intermediate in atmospheric and interstellar sulfur chemistry. Herein, we report the spectroscopic identification of ·CH2SH during the UV (365 nm) photolysis of CH3S· in a solid Ar-matrix at 10 K. Upon subsequent irradiation at 266 nm, the dehydrogenation of ·CH2SH to yield CS via the intermediacy of the elusive thioformyl radical (HCS·) has also been observed. The characterization of ·CH2SH and HCS· with matrix-isolation IR and UV-vis spectroscopy is supported by 13C-isotope labeling and quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)-F12a/cc-pVTZ-F12 level using configuration-selective vibrational configuration interaction theory (VCI). The disclosed photochemistry of ·CH2SH provides new insight into understanding the chemical evolution of organosulfur molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guntram Rauhut
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Zhang Q, Jia S, Chen W, Mao J, Yang L, Krishnan P, Sarkar S, Shao M, Wang X. Contribution of marine biological emissions to gaseous methylamines in the atmosphere: An emission inventory based on multi-source data sets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165285. [PMID: 37414159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylamines are a class of highly reactive organic alkaline gases in the atmosphere. At present, the gridded emission inventories of amines used in the atmospheric numerical model is mostly based on the amine/ammonia ratio method and do not consider the air-sea exchange of methylamines, which oversimplifies the emission scenario. Marine biological emissions (MBE), an important source of methylamines, has been insufficiently investigated. These shortcomings in the inventories can limit the simulation of amines by numerical models in the context of compound pollution in China. To acquire a more complete gridded inventory of amines (monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamines (DMA), and trimethylamines (TMA)), we established a more reasonable MBE inventory of amines by using multi-source data sets (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Chlorophyll-a (Chla), Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), NH3 column concentration (NH3), and Wind Speed (WS)), and merged it with the anthropogenic emissions (AE) inventory (by adopting the amine/ammonia ratio method and the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC)). The new methodology can reveal the air-sea exchange fluxes and direction of different amines. Oceans can act as a sink for DMA and source for TMA while it can be either a source or sink for MMA. The concentration of amines above the coastal area increased significantly when the MBE was merged to the AE inventory. TMA and MMA showed significant increases, TMA increased by 43,917.0 %, and 804.0 %, in July 2015 and December 2019, respectively; while MMA increased by 2635.4 % and 0.37 % during the same periods; however, only slight changes were observed in the DMA concentration (-3.9 % in July 2015, and 1.1 % in December 2019). WS, Chla, and the total dissolved concentration of amines ([C+(s)tot]) were found to be the dominant factors affecting MBE fluxes. In addition, the emission fluxes and spatial distribution of AE, and wet deposition also affect the simulation of amines concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Padmaja Krishnan
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Cheng Y, Zhang T, Ou T, Wang R. Atmospheric Chemistry of NH 2SO 3H in Polluted Areas: An Unexpected Isomerization of NH 2SO 3H in Acid-Polluted Regions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8935-8942. [PMID: 37844321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
NH2SO3H is an effective nucleation agent for the formation of atmospheric aerosols and cloud particles. So, the ammonolysis of SO3 to form NH2SO3H without and with neutral (H2O) and basic (NH3) trace gases has been extensively investigated. However, the acidic trace gas X (X = H2SO4 and CH3SO3H)-assisted ammonolysis of SO3 is still up for debate. In this work, a comprehensive theoretical investigation of X-assisted ammonolysis of SO3 and its reverse reaction (the isomerization of NH2SO3H to form SO3-···NH3+) was carried out in the gas phase and at the air-water interface. The gas-phase results show that X-assisted isomerization of NH2SO3H to form SO3-···NH3+ is more energetically and kinetically favorable than its reverse reaction and the isomerization of NH2SO3H in the presence of H2O and NH3. Such unexpected findings revealed that gas-phase NH2SO3H is highly reactive in the presence of acidic trace gas in contrast to the high stability of NH2SO3H in neutral and basic conditions. At the air-water interface, the X-assisted isomerization reaction of NH2SO3H involves multiple water molecules. The loop structure of the reaction center (X···NH2SO3H···3H2O) promotes the transfer of protons in the water molecules to form the SO3-···NH3+ ion pair, which can then interact with several interfacial water molecules to form ammonium bisulfate. These interfacial reaction channels follow a stepwise mechanism and proceed at the picosecond time-scale. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the atmospheric behavior of NH2SO3H in polluted acidic trace gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zehui Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
| | - Tianlei Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ou
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, P. R. China
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25
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Dai L, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Chen D, Wu R. Particle number size distributions and formation and growth rates of different new particle formation types of a megacity in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 131:11-25. [PMID: 37225372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To understand the contribution of new particle formation (NPF) events to ambient fine particle pollution, measurements of particle size distributions, trace gases and meteorological conditions, were conducted at a suburban site (NJU) from October to December 2016 and at an industrial site (NUIST) from September to November 2015 in Nanjing. According to the temporal evolution of the particle size distributions, three types NPF events were observed: typical NPF (Type A), moderate NPF events (Type B) and strong NPF (Type C) events. The favorable conditions for Type A events included low relative humidity, low concentration of pre-existing particles, and high solar radiation. The favorable conditions of Type B events were similar to Type A, except for a higher concentration of pre-existing particles. Type C events were more likely to happen with the higher relative humidity, lower solar radiation and continuous growth of pre-existing particle concentration. The formation rate of 3 nm (J3) was the lowest for Type A events and highest for Type C events. In contrast, the growth rates of 10 nm and 40 nm particles were the highest for Type A, and lowest for Type C. Results show that NPF events with only higher J3 would lead to the accumulation of nucleation mode particles. Sulfuric acid was important for the formation of particles but had little effect on the growth of particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
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26
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Tao L, Zhou Z, Tao J, Zhang L, Wu C, Li J, Yue D, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Yuan Z, Huang J, Wang B. High contribution of new particle formation to ultrafine particles in four seasons in an urban atmosphere in south China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 889:164202. [PMID: 37207765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultra fine particles (UFP) cover the size range of both nucleation mode particles (NUC, Dp < 25 nm) and Aitken mode particles (AIT, 25 nm < Dp < 100 nm), and play important roles in radiative forcing and human health. In this study, we identified new particle formation (NPF) events and undefined events, explored their potential formation mechanism, and quantified their contributions to UFP number concentration (NUFP) in urban Dongguan of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Field campaigns were carried out in four seasons in 2019 to measure particle number concentration in the size range of 4.7-673.2 nm, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gaseous pollutants, chemical compositions in PM2.5, and meteorological parameters. The frequency of the occurrence of NPF, as indicated by a significant increase in NUC number concentration (NNUC), was 26 %, and that of the undefined event, as indicated by substantial increases in NNUC or AIT number concentration (NAIT), was 32 % during the whole campaign period. The NPF events mainly occurred in autumn (with a frequency of 59 %) and winter (33 %) and only occasionally in spring (4 %) and summer (4 %). On the contrary, the frequencies of the undefined events were higher in spring (52 %) and summer (38 %) than in autumn (19 %) and winter (22 %). The burst periods of the NPF events mainly occurred before 11:00 Local Time (LT), while those of the undefined events mainly occurred after 11:00 LT. Accompanied to NPF events were low concentrations of VOCs and high concentrations of O3. The undefined events by NUC or AIT were associated with the upwind transport of newly formed particles. Source apportionment analysis suggested that NPF and undefined events were the largest contributor to NNUC (51 ± 28 %), NAIT (41 ± 26 %), and NUFP (45 ± 27 %), while coal combustion and biomass burning, and traffic emission were the second largest contributor to NNUC (22 ± 20 %) and NAIT (39 ± 28 %), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Dongguan Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheng Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Yuan
- Sailbri Cooper Inc., Tigard, Oregon, United States
| | - Junjun Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Chang Y, Ling Q, Ge X, Yuan X, Zhou S, Cheng K, Mao J, Huang D, Hu Q, Lu J, Cui S, Gao Y, Lu Y, Zhu L, Tan W, Guo S, Hu M, Wang H, Huang C, Huang RJ, Zhang Y, Hu J. Nonagricultural emissions enhance dimethylamine and modulate urban atmospheric nucleation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00352-3. [PMID: 37328366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase dimethylamine (DMA) has recently been identified as one of the most important vapors to initiate new particle formation (NPF), even in China's polluted atmosphere. Nevertheless, there remains a fundamental need for understanding the atmospheric life cycle of DMA, particularly in urban areas. Here we pioneered large-scale mobile observations of the DMA concentrations within cities and across two pan-region transects of north-to-south (∼700 km) and west-to-east (∼2000 km) in China. Unexpectedly, DMA concentrations (mean ± 1σ) in South China with scattered croplands (0.018 ± 0.010 ppbv) were over three times higher than those in the north with contiguous croplands (0.005 ± 0.001 ppbv), suggesting that nonagricultural activities may be an important source of DMA. Particularly in non-rural regions, incidental pulsed industrial emissions led to some of the highest DMA concentration levels in the world (>2.3 ppbv). Besides, in highly urbanized areas of Shanghai, supported by direct source-emission measurements, the spatial pattern of DMA was generally correlated with population (R2 = 0.31) due to associated residential emissions rather than vehicular emissions. Chemical transport simulations further show that in the most populated regions of Shanghai, residential DMA emissions can contribute for up to 78% of particle number concentrations. Shanghai is a case study for populous megacities, and the impacts of nonagricultural emissions on local DMA concentration and nucleation are likely similar for other major urban regions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qingyang Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shengqian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianjiong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shijie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yaqing Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wen Tan
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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28
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Ma F, Xie HB, Zhang R, Su L, Jiang Q, Tang W, Chen J, Engsvang M, Elm J, He XC. Enhancement of Atmospheric Nucleation Precursors on Iodic Acid-Induced Nucleation: Predictive Model and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6944-6954. [PMID: 37083433 PMCID: PMC10157892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Iodic acid (IA) has recently been recognized as a key driver for new particle formation (NPF) in marine atmospheres. However, the knowledge of which atmospheric vapors can enhance IA-induced NPF remains limited. The unique halogen bond (XB)-forming capacity of IA makes it difficult to evaluate the enhancing potential (EP) of target compounds on IA-induced NPF based on widely studied sulfuric acid systems. Herein, we employed a three-step procedure to evaluate the EP of potential atmospheric nucleation precursors on IA-induced NPF. First, we evaluated the EP of 63 precursors by simulating the formation free energies (ΔG) of the IA-containing dimer clusters. Among all dimer clusters, 44 contained XBs, demonstrating that XBs are frequently formed. Based on the calculated ΔG values, a quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed for evaluating the EP of other precursors. Second, amines and O/S-atom-containing acids were found to have high EP, with diethylamine (DEA) yielding the highest potential to enhance IA-induced nucleation by combining both the calculated ΔG and atmospheric concentration of considered 63 precursors. Finally, by studying larger (IA)1-3(DEA)1-3 clusters, we found that the IA-DEA system with merely 0.1 ppt (2.5×106 cm-3) DEA yields comparable nucleation rates to that of the IA-iodous acid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Rongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lihao Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weihao Tang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Morten Engsvang
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
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29
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Yu J, Li C, Wang E, Peng Z. Self-Assembly Preparation of Al 2O 3/MoS 2 Bifunctional Catalyst for Highly Efficient Reduction of SO 2 to Elemental Sulfur. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Yang
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunshan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erqiang Wang
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Peng
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Brean J, Rowell A, Beddows DCS, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Estimates of Future New Particle Formation under Different Emission Scenarios in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4741-4750. [PMID: 36930743 PMCID: PMC10061929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is a leading source of particulate matter by number and a contributor to particle mass during haze events. Reductions in emissions of air pollutants, many of which are NPF precursors, are expected in the move toward carbon neutrality or net-zero. Expected changes to pollutant emissions are used to investigate future changes to NPF processes, in comparison to a simulation of current conditions. The projected changes to SO2 emissions are key in changing future NPF number, with different scenarios producing either a doubling or near total reduction in sulfuric acid-amine particle formation rates. Particle growth rates are projected to change little in all but the strictest emission control scenarios. These changes will reduce the particle mass arising by NPF substantially, thus showing a further cobenefit of net-zero policies. Major uncertainties remain in future NPF including the volatility of oxygenated organic molecules resulting from changes to NOx and amine emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Rowell
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and
Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Zhang Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Li G, Xie H, Jiang L. Autoxidation Mechanism and Kinetics of Methacrolein in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2819-2829. [PMID: 36939326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the autoxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is crucial to understanding the formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols, but it has been proven to be challenging due to the complexity of reactions under atmospheric conditions. Here, we report a comprehensive theoretical study of atmospheric autoxidation in VOCs exemplified by the atmospherically important methacrolein (MACR), a major oxidation product of isoprene. The results indicate that the Cl-adducts and H-abstraction products of MACR readily react with O2 and undergo subsequent isomerizations via H-shift and cyclization, forming a large variety of lowly and highly oxygenated organic molecules. In particular, the first- and third-generation oxidation products derived from the Cl-adducts and the methyl-H-abstraction complexes are dominated in the atmospheric autoxidation, for which the fractional yields are remarkably affected by the NO concentration. The present findings have important implications for a systematical understanding of the oxidation processes of isoprene-derived compounds in the atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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32
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Sheng Z, Zhang F, Wu T, Yang L. Variation of nitrate and nitrite in condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants under the simulated rapid condensing conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137934. [PMID: 36702403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, condensation temperature, H2O vapor, SO2, SO3 and NH3 were studied to explore the formation mechanism of nitrate ions (NO3-) and nitrite ions (NO2-) in condensable particulate matter (CPM) discharged by ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants. Some important results were obtained: (i) The concentration of NO3- and NO2- increased with the decrease of condensation temperature, and H2O vapor could also promote the formation of NO3- and NO2-. (ii) The effects of SO2 and SO3 varied at different saturated states of flue gas, which was caused by the redox reaction of SO2 and NOX or the formation of H2SO4. (iii) NH3 could promote the nucleation of NO3- and NO2-, and the promotion effect also existed in the existence of SO2 or SO3. It is worth mentioning that SO3 and SO2 might synergistically inhibit the formation of NO3- and NO2-, regardless of the presence of NH3. The research results would enrich peoples understanding of the chemical and physical characteristics of NO3- and NO2- in CPM and provide a basic reference for the control of CPM emitted from coal-fired power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Sheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Fuyang Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Liu L, Li S, Zu H, Zhang X. Unexpectedly significant stabilizing mechanism of iodous acid on iodic acid nucleation under different atmospheric conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159832. [PMID: 36404466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iodous acid (HIO2) has been shown to play a stabilizing role in the nucleation of iodic acid (HIO3) (He et al., 2021). However, the stabilization effect and specific stabilizing mechanism of HIO2 on HIO3 nucleation under different atmospheric conditions remain unclear. Therefore, we studied these two issues under different temperatures and nucleation precursor concentrations using density functional theory combined with the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code. We found that HIO2 can form clusters with HIO3 via strong hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, and proton-transfer, substantially enhancing the stability of HIO3 clusters and decreasing the energy barrier of HIO3-based cluster formation at different temperatures and nucleation precursor concentrations. The particle formation rate and cluster concentrations of HIO3-HIO2 nucleation were negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with HIO2 concentration. The enhancements by HIO2 on the particle formation rate and cluster concentration of HIO3 nucleation were positively correlated with temperature and HIO2 concentration. Interestingly, even at a low HIO2 concentration (1.0 × 105 molecules cm-3), the enhancement on the particle formation rate and cluster concentration of HIO3 nucleation by HIO2 were both unexpectedly up to 4.1 × 104-fold at 283 K. Therefore, HIO3-HIO2 nucleation can be extremely rapid in cold regions, and the enhancement by HIO2 can be significant, especially in warm regions even at relatively high HIO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin, Tianjin 300451, China
| | - Haotian Zu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Park DH, Kim JE, Park JS, Choi JS, Kim SW. Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown in China on new particle formation and particle number size distribution in three regional background sites in Asian continental outflow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159904. [PMID: 36328264 PMCID: PMC9622020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the curtailment of atmospheric condensing precursor gases during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown (LD) period, unexpected haze events via the formation of new particles and their subsequent growth have been identified. This study investigated the impact of emission reduction during the Chinese LD period on the new particle formation (NPF) frequency and corresponding particle number size distribution (PNSD) at three regional background atmospheric monitoring sites in the western coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula. During this duration, the number concentrations of the nucleation- (<25 nm) and accumulation-mode (>90 nm) particles significantly decreased in Baengryeong (BRY), showing decreases of 34% and 29%, respectively. Unlike BRY, the PNSD in Anmyeon (AMY), which is influenced by nearby industrial emissions, remained nearly unchanged during the LD period, possibly because the reduction in industrial emissions was not significant during the social distancing period enforced by Korea. Bongseong (BOS) showed a similar variation to that of BRY; however, the magnitude of the reduction was weaker because of its higher altitude compared to other sites. The cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function technique was applied to the measured PNSDs at the three sites to objectively classify NPF events. Because mode 1 of cyclostationary loading vectors commonly represented the typical diurnal variation of PNSD during regional NPF events at three sites, mode 1 of the corresponding principal component time series was used for NPF classification. The NPF frequency decreased by 7%, 1%, and 7% in BRY, AMY, and BOS, respectively, despite favorable meteorological conditions, such as increased temperature and insolation during the LD period. The diurnal variation in the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) proxy implied that the H2SO4 proxy acted as a determining factor for NPF events during the NPF occurrence time (8-12 local hours) in AMY and BOS; however, NPF occurrence in BRY was not connected to the H2SO4 proxy level. This suggests that BRY was more likely to be influenced by the reduction in organic species in the continental upwind regions, while the occurrence of NPF events in AMY and BOS can be suppressed in association with the distinct reduction in inorganic compounds represented by the H2SO4 proxy during the LD period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyeon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Climate Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Climate & Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Choi
- Climate & Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Trechera P, Garcia-Marlès M, Liu X, Reche C, Pérez N, Savadkoohi M, Beddows D, Salma I, Vörösmarty M, Casans A, Casquero-Vera JA, Hueglin C, Marchand N, Chazeau B, Gille G, Kalkavouras P, Mihalopoulos N, Ondracek J, Zikova N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Green DC, Tremper AH, Norman M, Vratolis S, Eleftheriadis K, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Alonso-Blanco E, Gerwig H, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Merkel M, Bastian S, Petit JE, Favez O, Crumeyrolle S, Ferlay N, Martins Dos Santos S, Putaud JP, Timonen H, Lampilahti J, Asbach C, Wolf C, Kaminski H, Altug H, Hoffmann B, Rich DQ, Pandolfi M, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. Phenomenology of ultrafine particle concentrations and size distribution across urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107744. [PMID: 36696793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The 2017-2019 hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) from 26 sites in Europe and 1 in the US were evaluated focusing on 16 urban background (UB) and 6 traffic (TR) sites in the framework of Research Infrastructures services reinforcing air quality monitoring capacities in European URBAN & industrial areaS (RI-URBANS) project. The main objective was to describe the phenomenology of urban ultrafine particles (UFP) in Europe with a significant air quality focus. The varying lower size detection limits made it difficult to compare PN concentrations (PNC), particularly PN10-25, from different cities. PNCs follow a TR > UB > Suburban (SUB) order. PNC and Black Carbon (BC) progressively increase from Northern Europe to Southern Europe and from Western to Eastern Europe. At the UB sites, typical traffic rush hour PNC peaks are evident, many also showing midday-morning PNC peaks anti-correlated with BC. These peaks result from increased PN10-25, suggesting significant PNC contributions from nucleation, fumigation and shipping. Site types to be identified by daily and seasonal PNC and BC patterns are: (i) PNC mainly driven by traffic emissions, with marked correlations with BC on different time scales; (ii) marked midday/morning PNC peaks and a seasonal anti-correlation with PNC/BC; (iii) both traffic peaks and midday peaks without marked seasonal patterns. Groups (ii) and (iii) included cities with high insolation. PNC, especially PN25-800, was positively correlated with BC, NO2, CO and PM for several sites. The variable correlation of PNSD with different urban pollutants demonstrates that these do not reflect the variability of UFP in urban environments. Specific monitoring of PNSD is needed if nanoparticles and their associated health impacts are to be assessed. Implementation of the CEN-ACTRIS recommendations for PNSD measurements would provide comparable measurements, and measurements of <10 nm PNC are needed for full evaluation of the health effects of this size fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trechera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Industrial & TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), Manresa, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadia Zikova
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 1Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 1Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Holger Gerwig
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Ferlay
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | | | | | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christof Asbach
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology to Filtration & Aerosol Research, Institute of Energy and Environmental technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Wolf
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology to Filtration & Aerosol Research, Institute of Energy and Environmental technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Kaminski
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology to Filtration & Aerosol Research, Institute of Energy and Environmental technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Yang XY, Cao F, Fan MY, Lin YC, Xie F, Zhang YL. Seasonal variations of low molecular alkyl amines in PM 2.5 in a North China Plain industrial city: Importance of secondary formation and combustion emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159371. [PMID: 36240920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric amines have unique acid-neutralizing capacity and play an important role in atmospheric chemical reactions. An integrated observation of PM2.5 samples (from Dec 2015 to Nov 15, 2016) was conducted in a typical industrial city (Xuzhou), China. Concentrations of total measured amines (∑amines, including methylamine (MA), ethylamine (EA), dimethylamine (DMA), propanamine (PA) and trimethylamine (TMA) + diethylamine (DEA)) were 172.0 ± 98.2 ng m-3, accounting 1.5 ± 0.6 ‰ of PM2.5 mass. ∑amines were higher in winter (249.0 ± 112.3 ng m-3) and spring (192.4 ± 75.9 ng m-3) than in summer (114.7 ± 33.3 ng m-3) and autumn (103.7 ± 34.3 ng m-3). Concentrations of MA and EA (the dominant amines) were highest in winter, while DMA, PA and TMA + DEA showed opposite seasonality. EA/MA ratios ranged from 0.04 to 8.7 with a median value of 0.3, and the averaged EA/MA ratio was 2.0 in winter, indicating large contribution of EA. Environmental factors including temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric oxidizing capacity (O3 and Ox represented) were found to influence concentrations of amines in PM2.5. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model identified secondary products (41.6 %), combustion emissions (39.8 %), soil and waste incineration emissions (13.2 %) and biological emissions and aging products (5.4 %) as the 4 sources of amines in PM2.5. MA was mainly secondary products (82.5 %) and had high contribution of local secondary formation, while EA was mainly derived from combustion emissions (83.7 %) and influenced by regional transportation. In winter, combustion emissions (including coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic emissions, contributed 57.7 %) surpassed secondary products (31.6 %) as the predominant sources of amines, especially under the influence of regional transportation (75.7 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Yang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mei-Yi Fan
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Feng Xie
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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37
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Zhang H, Chu B, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Zhang P, Ma Q, Wang Q, He H. Titanium Dioxide Promotes New Particle Formation: A Smog Chamber Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:920-928. [PMID: 36592345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 is a widely used material in building coatings. Many studies have revealed that TiO2 promotes the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and the subsequent sulfate formation. However, whether and how much TiO2 contributes to the gaseous H2SO4 and subsequent new particle formation (NPF) still remains unclear. Herein, we used a 1 m3 quartz smog chamber to investigate NPF in the presence of TiO2. The experimental results indicated that TiO2 could greatly promote NPF. The increases in particle formation rate (J) and growth rate due to the presence of TiO2 were quantified, and the promotion effect was attributed to the production of gaseous H2SO4. The promotion effect of TiO2 on SO2 oxidation and subsequent NPF decreased gradually due to the formation of surface sulfate but did not disappear completely, instead partly recovering after washing with water. Moreover, the promotion effect of TiO2 on NPF was observed regardless of differences in RH, and the most significant promotion effect of TiO2 associated with the strongest NPF occurred at an RH of 20%. Based on the experimental evidence, the environmental impact of TiO2 on gaseous H2SO4 and particle pollution in urban areas was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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38
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Peng C, Deng C, Lei T, Zheng J, Zhao J, Wang D, Wu Z, Wang L, Chen Y, Liu M, Jiang J, Ye A, Ge M, Wang W. Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:183-202. [PMID: 36521983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles, helping us to better understand the formation and growth of new particles. In this paper, we firstly review these state-of-the-art techniques for investigating the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles (e.g., the gas-phase precursor species, molecular clusters, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition). Secondly, we present findings from recent field studies on the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, utilizing several advanced techniques. Furthermore, perspectives are proposed for technique development and improvements in measuring atmospheric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Dongbin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anpei Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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39
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Zhu S, Yan C, Zheng J, Chen C, Ning H, Yang D, Wang M, Ma Y, Zhan J, Hua C, Yin R, Li Y, Liu Y, Jiang J, Yao L, Wang L, Kulmala M, Worsnop DR. Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17545-17555. [PMID: 36441962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline gases, including NH3, C1-3-amines, C1-3-amides, and C1-3-imines, were measured in situ using a water cluster-CIMS in urban Beijing during the wintertime of 2018, with a campaign average of 2.8 ± 2.0 ppbv, 5.2 ± 4.3, 101.1 ± 94.5, and 5.2 ± 5.4 pptv, respectively. Source apportionment analysis constrained by emission profiles of in-use motor vehicles was performed using a SoFi-PMF software package, and five emission sources were identified as gasoline-powered vehicles (GV), diesel-powered vehicles (DV), septic system emission (SS), soil emission (SE), and combustion-related sources (CS). SS was the dominant NH3 source (60.0%), followed by DV (18.6%), SE (13.1%), CS (4.3%), and GV (4.0%). GV and DV were responsible for 69.9 and 85.2% of C1- and C2-amines emissions, respectively. Most of the C3-amines were emitted from nonmotor vehicular sources (SS = 61.3%; SE = 17.8%; CS = 9.1%). DV accounted for 71.9 and 34.1% of C1- and C2-amides emissions, respectively. CS was mainly comprised of amides and imines, likely originating from the pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing compounds. Our results suggested that motor vehicle exhausts can not only contribute to criteria air pollutants emission but also promote new particle formation, which has not been well recognized and considered in current regulations. Urban residential septic system was the predominant contributor to background NH3. Enhanced NH3 emissions from soil and combustion-related sources were the major cause of PM2.5 buildup during the haze events. Combustion-related sources, together with motor vehicles, were responsible for most of the observed amides and imines and may be of public health concern within the vicinity of these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Jun Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Chen Chen
- NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Heshan Ning
- NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Dongsen Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Ming Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
- NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States
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40
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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41
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Dust emission reduction enhanced gas-to-particle conversion of ammonia in the North China Plain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6887. [PMID: 36371439 PMCID: PMC9653376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium salt is an important component of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and has significant impacts on air quality, climate, and natural ecosystems. However, a fundamental understanding of the conversion kinetics from ammonia to ammonium in unique environments of high aerosol loading is lacking. Here, we report the uptake coefficient of ammonia (γNH3) on ambient PM2.5 varying from 2.2 × 10-4 to 6.0 × 10-4 in the North China Plain. It is significantly lower than those on the model particles under simple conditions reported in the literature. The probability-weighted γNH3 increases obviously, which is well explained by the annual decrease in aerosol pH due to the significant decline in alkali and alkali earth metal contents from the emission source of dust. Our results elaborate on the complex interactions between primary emissions and the secondary formation of aerosols and the important role of dust in atmospheric chemistry.
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42
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Bready CJ, Fowler VR, Juechter LA, Kurfman LA, Mazaleski GE, Shields GC. The driving effects of common atmospheric molecules for formation of prenucleation clusters: the case of sulfuric acid, formic acid, nitric acid, ammonia, and dimethyl amine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1469-1486. [PMID: 36561556 PMCID: PMC9648633 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
How secondary aerosols form is critical as aerosols' impact on Earth's climate is one of the main sources of uncertainty for understanding global warming. The beginning stages for formation of prenucleation complexes, that lead to larger aerosols, are difficult to decipher experimentally. We present a computational chemistry study of the interactions between three different acid molecules and two different bases. By combining a comprehensive search routine covering many thousands of configurations at the semiempirical level with high level quantum chemical calculations of approximately 1000 clusters for every possible combination of clusters containing a sulfuric acid molecule, a formic acid molecule, a nitric acid molecule, an ammonia molecule, a dimethylamine molecule, and 0-5 water molecules, we have completed an exhaustive search of the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS//ωB97X-D/6-31++G** Gibbs free energy surface for this system. We find that the detailed geometries of each minimum free energy cluster are often more important than traditional acid or base strength. Addition of a water molecule to a dry cluster can enhance stabilization, and we find that the (SA)(NA)(A)(DMA)(W) cluster has special stability. Equilibrium calculations of SA, FA, NA, A, DMA, and water using our quantum chemical ΔG° values for cluster formation and realistic estimates of the concentrations of these monomers in the atmosphere reveals that nitric acid can drive early stages of particle formation just as efficiently as sulfuric acid. Our results lead us to believe that particle formation in the atmosphere results from the combination of many different molecules that are able to form highly stable complexes with acid molecules such as SA, NA, and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J. Bready
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Vance R. Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Leah A. Juechter
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Luke A. Kurfman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - Grace E. Mazaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
| | - George C. Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman UniversityGreenvilleSouth Carolina 29613USA
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43
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Zhong QE, Cheng C, Li M, Yang S, Wang Z, Yun L, Liu S, Mao L, Fu Z, Zhou Z. Insights into the different mixing states and formation processes of amine-containing single particles in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157440. [PMID: 35868389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation processes of particulate amines are closely related to their emission sources and secondary reactions, which can be revealed through the investigation of their real-time mixing states in individual particles. The mixing states of methylamine (MA)-, trimethylamine (TMA)-, and diethylamine (DEA)-containing particles were studied using a high-performance single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in Guangzhou, China, in January 2020. The sharp increase in TMA particles was found to be closely associated with the increase in the ambient relative humidity (RH), while the MA- and DEA-containing particles were not similarly influenced by the changes in the RH. The prominent enrichment of secondary oxygenated organics in DEA particles during the daytime was consistent with the active period of photochemistry, implying that the sharp decrease in DEA particles in the afternoon was likely due to photo-oxidation of the DEA. The number fraction (Nf) of DEA particles, the Nf of the nitrate in the DEA particles, and the abundance of nitrate increased as the NOx content all increased during the nighttime, suggesting that the formation of DEA·HNO3 salt was the dominant pathway of particulate DEA production. These results are consistent with our previous measurements in Nanjing, confirming the general and distinct mixing states of TMA and DEA particles. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that the total fraction of the more oxidized organics factor and the less oxidized organics factor were much higher in the DEA particles (26.9 %) than in the TMA particles (9 %), confirming the significant enrichment of oxygenated species in the DEA particles. The different mixing states of the amines revealed the unique response of each type of amine to the same atmospheric environment, and the prominent mixing states of the DEA with secondary oxygenated species suggest the potential role of DEA in tracing the evolution of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi En Zhong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Suxia Yang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zaihua Wang
- Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lijun Yun
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sulin Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Mao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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44
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Syamlal SK, Sarath Kumar CB, Reji RP, Roshal PS, Sivalingam Y, Surya VJ. Hydration effect of selected atmospheric gases with finite water clusters: A quantum chemical investigation towards atmospheric implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135947. [PMID: 35948098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water vapor in atmosphere is ubiquitous, and it varies according to geographical locations. Various toxic and non-toxic gases co-exist with water vapor/moisture in the atmosphere. This computational study addresses the fact that how those gases interact with water vapor. We have done quantum chemical density functional theory calculations to probe the interaction of certain gases with a finite number of water molecules in gas phase with various functionals/basis sets. An ensemble of 14 gas molecules comprising various diatomic, triatomic, and polyatomic gases have been chosen for the investigations. The intermolecular interactions are understood from the interaction energy, electrostatic potential, frontier molecular orbitals, energy gap, and natural bond orbital analyses. Furthermore, quantum molecular descriptors such as electronegativity, chemical potential, chemical hardness and electrophilicity index are calculated to have deep insight on chemical nature of the gas molecules. Additionally, we have done implicit solvent modelling using PCM, and the corresponding solvation energies have been calculated. Interestingly, all the calculations and analyses have projected the similar results that Cl2, SO2, and NH3 have very high interaction with the water clusters. To mimic various altitudes (0 km, 5 km and 10 km) in the atmosphere, thermochemistry calculations have been carried out at different temperature and pressure values. The Gibbs free energies of formation suggest that the hydration of Cl2 is higher followed by O2, SO2 and NH3 at all altitudes. Remarkably, it is found that the formation of hydrated clusters of Cl2 and O2 with 4H2O are thermodynamically favourable. On the other hand, SO2 and NH3 requires 5H2O and 3H2O to form thermodynamically favourable clusters. In summary, it is anticipated that this kind of extensive computational studies facilitate to understand the structural, electronic, chemical and thermochemical properties of hydrated atmospheric gases that leads to the formation of prenucleation clusters followed by atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Syamlal
- Novel, Advanced, and Applied Materials (NAAM) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C B Sarath Kumar
- Novel, Advanced, and Applied Materials (NAAM) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rence P Reji
- Novel, Advanced, and Applied Materials (NAAM) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P S Roshal
- Novel, Advanced, and Applied Materials (NAAM) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yuvaraj Sivalingam
- Laboratory of Sensors, Energy, and Electronic Devices (Lab SEED), Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velappa Jayaraman Surya
- Novel, Advanced, and Applied Materials (NAAM) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
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45
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Lin X, Huang M, Zhu M, Zhao W, Gu X, Zhang W. Theoretical study on atmospheric gaseous reactions of glyoxal with sulfuric acid and ammonia. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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46
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Towards fully ab initio simulation of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6067. [PMID: 36241616 PMCID: PMC9568664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol nucleation contributes to approximately half of the worldwide cloud condensation nuclei. Despite the importance of climate, detailed nucleation mechanisms are still poorly understood. Understanding aerosol nucleation dynamics is hindered by the nonreactivity of force fields (FFs) and high computational costs due to the rare event nature of aerosol nucleation. Developing reactive FFs for nucleation systems is even more challenging than developing covalently bonded materials because of the wide size range and high dimensional characteristics of noncovalent hydrogen bonding bridging clusters. Here, we propose a general workflow that is also applicable to other systems to train an accurate reactive FF based on a deep neural network (DNN) and further bridge DNN-FF-based molecular dynamics (MD) with a cluster kinetics model based on Poisson distributions of reactive events to overcome the high computational costs of direct MD. We found that previously reported acid-base formation rates tend to be significantly underestimated, especially in polluted environments, emphasizing that acid-base nucleation observed in multiple environments should be revisited.
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47
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Zhang R, Xie HB, Ma F, Chen J, Iyer S, Simon M, Heinritzi M, Shen J, Tham YJ, Kurtén T, Worsnop DR, Kirkby J, Curtius J, Sipilä M, Kulmala M, He XC. Critical Role of Iodous Acid in Neutral Iodine Oxoacid Nucleation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14166-14177. [PMID: 36126141 PMCID: PMC9536010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation of neutral iodine particles has recently been found to involve both iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2). However, the precise role of HIO2 in iodine oxoacid nucleation remains unclear. Herein, we probe such a role by investigating the cluster formation mechanisms and kinetics of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n (m = 0-4, n = 0-4) clusters with quantum chemical calculations and atmospheric cluster dynamics modeling. When compared with HIO3, we find that HIO2 binds more strongly with HIO3 and also more strongly with HIO2. After accounting for ambient vapor concentrations, the fastest nucleation rate is predicted for mixed HIO3-HIO2 clusters rather than for pure HIO3 or HIO2 ones. Our calculations reveal that the strong binding results from HIO2 exhibiting a base behavior (accepting a proton from HIO3) and forming stronger halogen bonds. Moreover, the binding energies of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n clusters show a far more tolerant choice of growth paths when compared with the strict stoichiometry required for sulfuric acid-base nucleation. Our predicted cluster formation rates and dimer concentrations are acceptably consistent with those measured by the Cosmic Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment. This study suggests that HIO2 could facilitate the nucleation of other acids beyond HIO3 in regions where base vapors such as ammonia or amines are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- . Phone: +86-411-84707251
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School
of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne
Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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48
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Sharkey AM, Hartig AM, Dang AJ, Chatterjee A, Williams BJ, Parker KM. Amine Volatilization from Herbicide Salts: Implications for Herbicide Formulations and Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13644-13653. [PMID: 36150089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amines are frequently included in formulations of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba to increase herbicide solubility and reduce herbicide volatilization by producing herbicide-amine salts. Amines, which typically have higher vapor pressures than the corresponding herbicides, could potentially volatilize from these salts and enter the atmosphere, where they may impact atmospheric chemistry, human health, and climate. Amine volatilization from herbicide-amine salts may additionally contribute to volatilization of dicamba and 2,4-D. In this study, we established that amines applied in herbicide-amine salt formulations undergo extensive volatilization. Both dimethylamine and isopropylamine volatilized when aqueous salt solutions were dried to a residue at ∼20 °C, while lower-vapor pressure amines like diglycolamine and n,n-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine did not. However, all four amines volatilized from salt residues at 40-80 °C. Because amine loss typically exceeded herbicide loss, we proposed that neutral amines dominated volatilization and that higher temperatures altered their protonation state and vapor pressure. Due to an estimated 4.0 Gg N/yr applied as amines to major U.S. crops, amine emissions from herbicide-amine salts may be important on regional scales. Further characterization of worldwide herbicide-amine use would enable this contribution to be compared to the 285 Gg N/yr of methylamines emitted globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda M Sharkey
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anna M Hartig
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Audrey J Dang
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anamika Chatterjee
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Brent J Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Resolving the amine-promoted hydrolysis mechanism of N 2O 5 under tropospheric conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205668119. [PMID: 36122231 PMCID: PMC9522417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205668119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of N2O5 under tropospheric conditions plays a critical role in assessing the fate of O3, OH, and NOx in the atmosphere. However, its removal mechanism has not been fully understood, and little is known about the role of entropy. Herein, we propose a removal path of N2O5 on the water clusters/droplet with the existence of amine, which entails a low free-energy barrier of 4.46 and 3.76 kcal/mol on a water trimer and droplet, respectively, at room temperature. The free-energy barrier exhibits strong temperature dependence; a barrierless hydrolysis process of N2O5 at low temperature (≤150 K) is observed. By coupling constrained ab initio molecular dynamics (constrained AIMD) simulations with thermodynamic integration methods, we quantitively evaluated the entropic contributions to the free energy and compared NH3-, methylamine (MA)-, and dimethylamine (DMA)-promoted hydrolysis of N2O5 on water clusters and droplet. Our results demonstrate that methylation of NH3 stabilizes the product state and promotes hydrolysis of N2O5 by reducing the free-energy barriers. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the internal coordinate distribution of the reaction center and the relative position of surrounding species reveals that the significant entropic contribution primarily results from the ensemble effect of configurations observed in the AIMD simulations. Such an ensemble effect becomes more significant with more water molecules included. Lowering the temperature effectively minimizes the entropic contribution, making the hydrolysis more exothermic and barrierless. This study sheds light on the importance of the promoting effect of amines and the entropic effect on gas-phase hydrolysis reactions, which may have far-reaching implications in atmospheric chemistry.
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Wang C, Liu Y, Huang T, Feng Y, Wang Z, Lu R, Jiang S. Sulfuric acid-dimethylamine particle formation enhanced by functional organic acids: an integrated experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23540-23550. [PMID: 36129069 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01671k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), which has been observed globally in clean and polluted environments, is an important source of boundary-layer aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei, but the fundamental mechanisms leading to multi-component aerosol formation have not been well understood. Here, we use experiments and quantum chemical calculations to better understand the involvement of carboxylic acids in initial NPF from gas phase mixtures of carboxylic acid, sulfuric acid (SA), dimethylamine, and water. A turbulent flow tube coupled to an ultrafine condensation particle counter with particle size magnifier has been set up to measure NPF. Experimental results show that pyruvic acid (PA), succinic acid (SUA), and malic acid (MA) can enhance sulfuric acid-dimethylamine nucleation in the order PA < SUA < MA with a greater enhancement observed at lower SA concentrations. Computational results indicate that the carboxylic and hydroxyl groups are related to the enhancement. This experiment-theory study shows the formation of multi-component aerosol particles and the role of the organic functional group, which may aid in understanding the role of organics in aerosol nucleation and growth in polluted areas, and help to choose organic molecules of specific structures for simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei, Anhui, 238024, China
| | - Yirong Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Yajuan Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Zhongquan Wang
- Department of Physics, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, China
| | - Runqi Lu
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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