1
|
Rhana P, Matsumoto C, Fong Z, Costa AD, Del Villar SG, Dixon RE, Santana LF. Fueling the heartbeat: Dynamic regulation of intracellular ATP during excitation-contraction coupling in ventricular myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318535121. [PMID: 38865270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318535121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The heart beats approximately 100,000 times per day in humans, imposing substantial energetic demands on cardiac muscle. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an essential energy source for normal function of cardiac muscle during each beat, as it powers ion transport, intracellular Ca2+ handling, and actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling. Despite this, the impact of excitation-contraction coupling on the intracellular ATP concentration ([ATP]i) in myocytes is poorly understood. Here, we conducted real-time measurements of [ATP]i in ventricular myocytes using a genetically encoded ATP fluorescent reporter. Our data reveal rapid beat-to-beat variations in [ATP]i. Notably, diastolic [ATP]i was <1 mM, which is eightfold to 10-fold lower than previously estimated. Accordingly, ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels were active at physiological [ATP]i. Cells exhibited two distinct types of ATP fluctuations during an action potential: net increases (Mode 1) or decreases (Mode 2) in [ATP]i. Mode 1 [ATP]i increases necessitated Ca2+ entry and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and were associated with increases in mitochondrial Ca2+. By contrast, decreases in mitochondrial Ca2+ accompanied Mode 2 [ATP]i decreases. Down-regulation of the protein mitofusin 2 reduced the magnitude of [ATP]i fluctuations, indicating that SR-mitochondrial coupling plays a crucial role in the dynamic control of ATP levels. Activation of β-adrenergic receptors decreased [ATP]i, underscoring the energetic impact of this signaling pathway. Finally, our work suggests that cross-bridge cycling is the largest consumer of ATP in a ventricular myocyte during an action potential. These findings provide insights into the energetic demands of EC coupling and highlight the dynamic nature of ATP concentrations in cardiac muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rhana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Collin Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Zhihui Fong
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alexandre D Costa
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Silvia G Del Villar
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rose E Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yen YC, Li Y, Chen CL, Klose T, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW, Tesmer JJG. Structure of adenylyl cyclase 5 in complex with Gβγ offers insights into ADCY5-related dyskinesia. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01263-0. [PMID: 38589608 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein, Gαs, but their response to Gβγ regulation is isoform specific. In the present study, we report cryo-electron microscope structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with Gβγ and a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. Gβγ binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the Gβγ interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. Gain-of-function mutations in AC5 associated with human familial dyskinesia are located at the interface of AC5 with Gβγ and show reduced conditional activation by Gβγ, emphasizing the importance of the observed interaction for motor function in humans. We propose a molecular mechanism wherein Gβγ either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core. As our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Hockmeyer Hall for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chung YK, Chan HY, Lee TY, Wong YH. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by GTPase-deficient Gα i is mechanistically different from that mediated by receptor-activated Gα i. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:218. [PMID: 38581012 PMCID: PMC10996109 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been a major focus in cell biology for decades. Numerous disorders are associated with GPCRs that utilize Gi proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase (AC) as well as regulate other effectors. Several early studies have successfully defined the AC-interacting domains of several members of Gαi by measuring the loss of activity upon homologous replacements of putative regions of constitutive active Gαi mutants. However, whether such findings can indeed be translated into the context of a receptor-activated Gαi have not been rigorously verified. To address this issue, an array of known and new chimeric mutations was introduced into GTPase-deficient Q204L (QL) and R178C (RC) mutants of Gαi1, followed by examinations on their ability to inhibit AC. Surprisingly, most chimeras failed to abolish the constitutive activity brought on by the QL mutation, while some were able to eliminate the inhibitory activity of RC mutants. Receptor-mediated inhibition of AC was similarly observed in the same chimeric constructs harbouring the pertussis toxin (PTX)-resistant C351I mutation. Moreover, RC-bearing loss-of-function chimeras appeared to be hyper-deactivated by endogenous RGS protein. Molecular docking revealed a potential interaction between AC and the α3/β5 loop of Gαi1. Subsequent cAMP assays support a cooperative action of the α3/β5 loop, the α4 helix, and the α4/β6 loop in mediating AC inhibition by Gαi1-i3. Our results unveiled a notable functional divergence between constitutively active mutants and receptor-activated Gαi1 to inhibit AC, and identified a previously unknown AC-interacting domain of Gαi subunits. These results collectively provide valuable insights on the mechanism of AC inhibition in the cellular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Kwan Chung
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ho Yung Chan
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tung Yeung Lee
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- Division of Life Science and Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and the Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maghsoudi S, Shuaib R, Van Bastelaere B, Dakshinamurti S. Adenylyl cyclase isoforms 5 and 6 in the cardiovascular system: complex regulation and divergent roles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1370506. [PMID: 38633617 PMCID: PMC11021717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1370506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are crucial effector enzymes that transduce divergent signals from upstream receptor pathways and are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP. The ten AC isoforms are categorized into four main groups; the class III or calcium-inhibited family of ACs comprises AC5 and AC6. These enzymes are very closely related in structure and have a paucity of selective activators or inhibitors, making it difficult to distinguish them experimentally. AC5 and AC6 are highly expressed in the heart and vasculature, as well as the spinal cord and brain; AC6 is also abundant in the lungs, kidney, and liver. However, while AC5 and AC6 have similar expression patterns with some redundant functions, they have distinct physiological roles due to differing regulation and cAMP signaling compartmentation. AC5 is critical in cardiac and vascular function; AC6 is a key effector of vasodilatory pathways in vascular myocytes and is enriched in fetal/neonatal tissues. Expression of both AC5 and AC6 decreases in heart failure; however, AC5 disruption is cardio-protective, while overexpression of AC6 rescues cardiac function in cardiac injury. This is a comprehensive review of the complex regulation of AC5 and AC6 in the cardiovascular system, highlighting overexpression and knockout studies as well as transgenic models illuminating each enzyme and focusing on post-translational modifications that regulate their cellular localization and biological functions. We also describe pharmacological challenges in the design of isoform-selective activators or inhibitors for AC5 and AC6, which may be relevant to developing new therapeutic approaches for several cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Maghsoudi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rabia Shuaib
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ben Van Bastelaere
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang L, Finlay DB, Green HM, Zhu X, Glass M, Duffull S. A quantitative pharmacology model for cannabinoid CB 1 receptor mediated by Gi/Gs protein competition. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1324-1340. [PMID: 38072805 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Orthosteric agonism of the CB1 receptor normally associates with Gi signalling resulting in a net inhibition of cAMP production. Empirical evidence shows CB1 causes a net cAMP stimulation through Gs coupling under two conditions: co-stimulation with the D2 receptor and high-level CB1 expression. Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for these paradoxical effects, (1) Gi is consumed by coupling to D2 or extra CB1 and excess CB1 binds to Gs and (2), the formation of dimers CB1 -CB1 or CB1 -D2 switches Gi/Gs preference. This study explored the mechanisms of Gi/Gs preference based on a mathematical model of the CB1 receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The model was based on Hypothesis 1 and known mechanisms. The model was calibrated to align with multiple types of data (cAMP, Gi dissociation and internalisation). The key step of Hypothesis 1 was examined by simulation from the model. An experiment was proposed to distinguish Hypothesis 1 and 2. KEY RESULTS The model successfully descripted multiple types of data under Hypothesis 1. Simulations from the model indicated that precoupling of G protein with receptors is necessary for this hypothesis. The model designed experiments to distinguish Hypothesis 1 and 2 by increasing Gi & Gs in parallel with CB1 overexpression. The two hypotheses result in distinct cAMP responses. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS A mathematical model of CB1 -regulated Gi/Gs pathways was developed. It indicated Hypothesis 1 is feasible and G protein precoupling is a key step causing cAMP signalling switch. The model-designed experiments provided guides for future experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hayley M Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Duffull
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Certara, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chandra Jena B, Flaherty DP, O'Brien VP, Watts VJ. Biochemical pharmacology of adenylyl cyclases in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116160. [PMID: 38522554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Globally, despite extensive research and pharmacological advancement, cancer remains one of the most common causes of mortality. Understanding the signaling pathways involved in cancer progression is essential for the discovery of new drug targets. The adenylyl cyclase (AC) superfamily comprises glycoproteins that regulate intracellular signaling and convert ATP into cyclic AMP, an important second messenger. The present review highlights the involvement of ACs in cancer progression and suppression, broken down for each specific mammalian AC isoform. The precise mechanisms by which ACs contribute to cancer cell proliferation and invasion are not well understood and are variable among cancer types; however, AC overactivation, along with that of downstream regulators, presents a potential target for novel anticancer therapies. The expression patterns of ACs in numerous cancers are discussed. In addition, we highlight inhibitors of AC-related signaling that are currently under investigation, with a focus on possible anti-cancer strategies. Recent discoveries with small molecules regarding more direct modulation AC activity are also discussed in detail. A more comprehensive understanding of different components in AC-related signaling could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for personalized oncology and might enhance the efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy in the treatment of various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Valerie P O'Brien
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Val J Watts
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khanppnavar B, Schuster D, Lavriha P, Uliana F, Özel M, Mehta V, Leitner A, Picotti P, Korkhov VM. Regulatory sites of CaM-sensitive adenylyl cyclase AC8 revealed by cryo-EM and structural proteomics. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1513-1540. [PMID: 38351373 PMCID: PMC10933263 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane adenylyl cyclase AC8 is regulated by G proteins and calmodulin (CaM), mediating the crosstalk between the cAMP pathway and Ca2+ signalling. Despite the importance of AC8 in physiology, the structural basis of its regulation by G proteins and CaM is not well defined. Here, we report the 3.5 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the bovine AC8 bound to the stimulatory Gαs protein in the presence of Ca2+/CaM. The structure reveals the architecture of the ordered AC8 domains bound to Gαs and the small molecule activator forskolin. The extracellular surface of AC8 features a negatively charged pocket, a potential site for unknown interactors. Despite the well-resolved forskolin density, the captured state of AC8 does not favour tight nucleotide binding. The structural proteomics approaches, limited proteolysis and crosslinking mass spectrometry (LiP-MS and XL-MS), allowed us to identify the contact sites between AC8 and its regulators, CaM, Gαs, and Gβγ, as well as to infer the conformational changes induced by these interactions. Our results provide a framework for understanding the role of flexible regions in the mechanism of AC regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dina Schuster
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pia Lavriha
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Federico Uliana
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merve Özel
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ved Mehta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schuster D, Khanppnavar B, Kantarci I, Mehta V, Korkhov VM. Structural insights into membrane adenylyl cyclases, initiators of cAMP signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:156-168. [PMID: 38158273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Membrane adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. As effector proteins of G protein-coupled receptors and other signaling pathways, ACs receive and amplify signals from the cell surface, translating them into biochemical reactions in the intracellular space and integrating different signaling pathways. Despite their importance in signal transduction and physiology, our knowledge about the structure, function, regulation, and molecular interactions of ACs remains relatively scarce. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of these membrane enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schuster
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilayda Kantarci
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ved Mehta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Legueux-Cajgfinger Y, Velusamy M, Fathallah S, Vallin B, Duca L, Dauchez M, Vincent P, Limon I, Blaise R. Unraveling the inhibitory mechanism of adenylyl cyclase 8E: New insights into regulatory pathways of cAMP signal integration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119645. [PMID: 38016490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Adenylyl Cyclase 8E (AC8E), which lacks part of M1 transmembrane domain, has been previously shown to dimerize with AC3 and down-regulate its activity, but the molecular mechanism of this inhibitory effect has remained elusive. Here, we first show that AC8E also inhibits AC2 and AC6, highlighting the functional importance of this novel regulatory mechanism in the cAMP signaling pathway across AC families. We then completed the partial structure of Bos taurus AC9 using combinations of comparative modeling and fold recognition methods, and used this as a template to build the first full 3D-models of AC8 and AC8E. These models evidenced that the lack of M1 transmembrane domain of AC8E shifts the N-terminal domain, which impacts the orientation of the helical domains, thus affecting the catalytic site. This was confirmed in living cells with cAMP imaging, where we showed that the N-terminal domain is required for reducing cAMP production. Our data also show that AC8E prevents the translocation of other ACs towards the plasma membrane, further reducing the cAMP responsiveness to extracellular signals. This newly discovered dual inhibitory mechanism provides an additional level of regulation of cAMP-dependent signals integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Legueux-Cajgfinger
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mahesh Velusamy
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51095 Reims, France
| | - Samar Fathallah
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Vallin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51095 Reims, France
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51095 Reims, France
| | - Pierre Vincent
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France; IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Limon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Régis Blaise
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aplin C, Cerione RA. Probing the mechanism by which the retinal G protein transducin activates its biological effector PDE6. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105608. [PMID: 38159849 PMCID: PMC10838916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Phototransduction in retinal rods occurs when the G protein-coupled photoreceptor rhodopsin triggers the activation of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) by GTP-bound alpha subunits of the G protein transducin (GαT). Recently, we presented a cryo-EM structure for a complex between two GTP-bound recombinant GαT subunits and native PDE6, that included a bivalent antibody bound to the C-terminal ends of GαT and the inhibitor vardenafil occupying the active sites on the PDEα and PDEβ subunits. We proposed GαT-activated PDE6 by inducing a striking reorientation of the PDEγ subunits away from the catalytic sites. However, questions remained including whether in the absence of the antibody GαT binds to PDE6 in a similar manner as observed when the antibody is present, does GαT activate PDE6 by enabling the substrate cGMP to access the catalytic sites, and how does the lipid membrane enhance PDE6 activation? Here, we demonstrate that 2:1 GαT-PDE6 complexes form with either recombinant or retinal GαT in the absence of the GαT antibody. We show that GαT binding is not necessary for cGMP nor competitive inhibitors to access the active sites; instead, occupancy of the substrate binding sites enables GαT to bind and reposition the PDE6γ subunits to promote catalytic activity. Moreover, we demonstrate by reconstituting GαT-stimulated PDE6 activity in lipid bilayer nanodiscs that the membrane-induced enhancement results from an increase in the apparent binding affinity of GαT for PDE6. These findings provide new insights into how the retinal G protein stimulates rapid catalytic turnover by PDE6 required for dim light vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lun W, Yan Q, Guo X, Zhou M, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Mechanism of action of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in obesity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:468-491. [PMID: 38322325 PMCID: PMC10840437 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane protein receptors, and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a member of this family. As a membrane receptor, TGR5 is widely distributed in different parts of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, including the processes of energy consumption, weight loss and blood glucose homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that TGR5 plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders such as fatty liver, obesity and diabetes. With the global obesity situation becoming more and more serious, a comprehensive explanation of the mechanism of TGR5 and filling the gaps in knowledge concerning clinical ligand drugs are urgently needed. In this review, we mainly explain the anti-obesity mechanism of TGR5 to promote the further study of this target, and show the electron microscope structure of TGR5 and review recent studies on TGR5 ligands to illustrate the specific binding between TGR5 receptor binding sites and ligands, which can effectively provide new ideas for ligand research and promote drug research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Lun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qihao Yan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinghua Guo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minchuan Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd., Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Falzone ME, MacKinnon R. The mechanism of Gαq regulation of PLCβ3-catalyzed PIP2 hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315011120. [PMID: 37991948 PMCID: PMC10691244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315011120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PLCβ (Phospholipase Cβ) enzymes cleave phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) producing IP3 and DAG (diacylglycerol). PIP2 modulates the function of many ion channels, while IP3 and DAG regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein phosphorylation by protein kinase C, respectively. PLCβ enzymes are under the control of G protein coupled receptor signaling through direct interactions with G proteins Gβγ and Gαq and have been shown to be coincidence detectors for dual stimulation of Gαq and Gαi-coupled receptors. PLCβs are aqueous-soluble cytoplasmic enzymes but partition onto the membrane surface to access their lipid substrate, complicating their functional and structural characterization. Using newly developed methods, we recently showed that Gβγ activates PLCβ3 by recruiting it to the membrane. Using these same methods, here we show that Gαq increases the catalytic rate constant, kcat, of PLCβ3. Since stimulation of PLCβ3 by Gαq depends on an autoinhibitory element (the X-Y linker), we propose that Gαq produces partial relief of the X-Y linker autoinhibition through an allosteric mechanism. We also determined membrane-bound structures of the PLCβ3·Gαq and PLCβ3·Gβγ(2)·Gαq complexes, which show that these G proteins can bind simultaneously and independently of each other to regulate PLCβ3 activity. The structures rationalize a finding in the enzyme assay, that costimulation by both G proteins follows a product rule of each independent stimulus. We conclude that baseline activity of PLCβ3 is strongly suppressed, but the effect of G proteins, especially acting together, provides a robust stimulus upon G protein stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Falzone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Roderick MacKinnon
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen Q, Gong W, Pan X, Cai J, Jiang Y, He M, Zhao S, Li Y, Yuan X, Li J. Comprehensive Analysis of CircRNA Expression Profiles in Multiple Tissues of Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16205. [PMID: 38003395 PMCID: PMC10671760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with diverse functions, and previous studies have reported that circRNAs are involved in the growth and development of pigs. However, studies about porcine circRNAs over the past few years have focused on a limited number of tissues. Based on 215 publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) samples, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of circRNAs in nine pig tissues, namely, the gallbladder, heart, liver, longissimus dorsi, lung, ovary, pituitary, skeletal muscle, and spleen. Here, we identified a total of 82,528 circRNAs and discovered 3818 novel circRNAs that were not reported in the CircAtlas database. Moreover, we obtained 492 housekeeping circRNAs and 3489 tissue-specific circRNAs. The housekeeping circRNAs were enriched in signaling pathways regulating basic biological tissue activities, such as chromatin remodeling, nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, and protein methylation. The tissue-specific circRNAs were enriched in signaling pathways related to tissue-specific functions, such as muscle system process in skeletal muscle, cilium organization in pituitary, and cortical cytoskeleton in ovary. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified 14 modules comprising 1377 hub circRNAs. Additionally, we explored circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks to elucidate the interaction relationships between tissue-specific circRNAs and tissue-specific genes. Furthermore, our conservation analysis revealed that 19.29% of circRNAs in pigs shared homologous positions with their counterparts in humans. In summary, this extensive profiling of housekeeping, tissue-specific, and co-expressed circRNAs provides valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms of pig transcriptional expression, ultimately deepening our understanding of genetic and biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingpeng Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wentao Gong
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiangchun Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiali Cai
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yao Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6149, Australia
| | - Mingran He
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shanghui Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yipeng Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.S.); (W.G.); (X.P.); (J.C.); (Y.J.); (M.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang L, Zhu X, Finlay DB, Green H, Glass M, Duffull SB. A kinetic model for positive allosteric modulator (PAM)-antagonists for the type 1 cannabinoid (CB 1 ) receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2661-2676. [PMID: 37277184 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptor is among the most abundant G protein-coupled receptors in brain. Allosteric ligands bind to a different site on receptors than the orthosteric ligand can have effects that are unique to the allosteric ligand and modulate orthosteric ligand activity. We propose a unified mathematical model describing the interaction effects of the allosteric ligand Org27569 and the orthosteric agonist CP55940 on CB1 receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A ternary complex model was constructed, which incorporated kinetic properties to describe the time course of effects of Org27569 and CP55940 reported in the literature: (i) enhanced receptor binding of CP55940, (ii) reduced internalisation and (iii), time-dependent modulation of cAMP. Underlying mechanisms of time-dependent modulation by Org27569 were evaluated by simulation. KEY RESULTS A hypothetical transitional state of CP55940-CB1 -Org27569, which can internalise but cannot inhibit cAMP, was shown to be necessary and was sufficient to describe the allosteric modulation by Org27569, prior to receptors adopting an inactive conformation. The model indicated that the formation of this transitional CP55940-CB1 -Org27569 state and final inactive CP55940-CB1 -Org27569 state contributes to the enhanced CP55940 binding. The inactive CP55940-CB1 -Org27569 cannot internalise or inhibit cAMP, leading to reduced internalisation and cessation of cAMP inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In conclusion, a kinetic mathematical model for CB1 receptor allosteric modulation was developed. However, a standard ternary complex model was not sufficient to capture the data and a hypothetical transitional state was required to describe the allosteric modulation properties of Org27569.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hayley Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Duffull
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Certara, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Armour SL, Frueh A, Chibalina MV, Dou H, Argemi-Muntadas L, Hamilton A, Katzilieris-Petras G, Carmeliet P, Davies B, Moritz T, Eliasson L, Rorsman P, Knudsen JG. Glucose Controls Glucagon Secretion by Regulating Fatty Acid Oxidation in Pancreatic α-Cells. Diabetes 2023; 72:1446-1459. [PMID: 37494670 PMCID: PMC10545563 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body glucose homeostasis is coordinated through secretion of glucagon and insulin from pancreatic islets. When glucose is low, glucagon is released from α-cells to stimulate hepatic glucose production. However, the mechanisms that regulate glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells remain unclear. Here we show that in α-cells, the interaction between fatty acid oxidation and glucose metabolism controls glucagon secretion. The glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon secretion relies on pyruvate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a activity and lowering of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by increases in glucose. This results in reduced intracellular ATP and leads to membrane repolarization and inhibition of glucagon secretion. These findings provide a new framework for the metabolic regulation of the α-cell, where regulation of fatty acid oxidation by glucose accounts for the stimulation and inhibition of glucagon secretion. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS It has become clear that dysregulation of glucagon secretion and α-cell function plays an important role in the development of diabetes, but we do not know how glucagon secretion is regulated. Here we asked whether glucose inhibits fatty acid oxidation in α-cells to regulate glucagon secretion. We found that fatty acid oxidation is required for the inhibitory effects of glucose on glucagon secretion through reductions in ATP. These findings provide a new framework for the regulation of glucagon secretion by glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Armour
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Frueh
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margarita V. Chibalina
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Haiqiang Dou
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidia Argemi-Muntadas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Hamilton
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Georgios Katzilieris-Petras
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Centre for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob G. Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qi C, Lavriha P, Bayraktar E, Vaithia A, Schuster D, Pannella M, Sala V, Picotti P, Bortolozzi M, Korkhov VM. Structures of wild-type and selected CMT1X mutant connexin 32 gap junction channels and hemichannels. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4890. [PMID: 37647412 PMCID: PMC10468125 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In myelinating Schwann cells, connection between myelin layers is mediated by gap junction channels (GJCs) formed by docked connexin 32 (Cx32) hemichannels (HCs). Mutations in Cx32 cause the X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1X), a degenerative neuropathy without a cure. A molecular link between Cx32 dysfunction and CMT1X pathogenesis is still missing. Here, we describe the high-resolution cryo-electron cryo-myography (cryo-EM) structures of the Cx32 GJC and HC, along with two CMT1X-linked mutants, W3S and R22G. While the structures of wild-type and mutant GJCs are virtually identical, the HCs show a major difference: In the W3S and R22G mutant HCs, the amino-terminal gating helix partially occludes the pore, consistent with a diminished HC activity. Our results suggest that HC dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of CMT1X.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pia Lavriha
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Erva Bayraktar
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anand Vaithia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dina Schuster
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Micaela Pannella
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Sala
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Volodymyr M. Korkhov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Falzone ME, MacKinnon R. The mechanism of Gα q regulation of PLCβ3 -catalyzed PIP2 hydrolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555394. [PMID: 37693483 PMCID: PMC10491199 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
PLCβ enzymes cleave PIP2 producing IP3 and DAG. PIP2 modulates the function of many ion channels, while IP3 and DAG regulate intracellular Ca 2+ levels and protein phosphorylation by protein kinase C, respectively. PLCβ enzymes are under the control of GPCR signaling through direct interactions with G proteins Gβγ and Gα q and have been shown to be coincidence detectors for dual stimulation of Gα q and G α i coupled receptors. PLCβs are aqueous-soluble cytoplasmic enzymes, but partition onto the membrane surface to access their lipid substrate, complicating their functional and structural characterization. Using newly developed methods, we recently showed that Gβγ activates PLCβ3 by recruiting it to the membrane. Using these same methods, here we show that Gα q increases the catalytic rate constant, k cat , of PLCβ3 . Since stimulation of PLCβ3 by Gα q depends on an autoinhibitory element (the X-Y linker), we propose that Gα q produces partial relief of the X-Y linker autoinhibition through an allosteric mechanism. We also determined membrane-bound structures of the PLCβ3-Gα q , and PLCβ3-Gβγ(2)-Gα q complexes, which show that these G proteins can bind simultaneously and independently of each other to regulate PLCβ3 activity. The structures rationalize a finding in the enzyme assay, that co-stimulation by both G proteins follows a product rule of each independent stimulus. We conclude that baseline activity of PLCβ3 is strongly suppressed, but the effect of G proteins, especially acting together, provides a robust stimulus upon G protein stimulation. Significance Statement For certain cellular signaling processes, the background activity of signaling enzymes must be minimal and stimulus-dependent activation robust. Nowhere is this truer than in signaling by PLCβ3 , whose activity regulates intracellular Ca 2+ , phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C, and the activity of numerous ion channels and membrane receptors. In this study we show how PLCβ3 enzymes are regulated by two kinds of G proteins, Gβγ and Gα q . Enzyme activity studies and structures on membranes show how these G proteins act by separate, independent mechanisms, leading to a product rule of co-stimulation when they act together. The findings explain how cells achieve robust stimulation of PLCβ3 in the setting of very low background activity, properties essential to cell health and survival.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu J, Wei L, Chen T, Wang H, Luo J, Chen X, Jiang Q, Xi Q, Sun J, Zhang L, Zhang Y. MiR-143 Targets SYK to Regulate NEFA Uptake and Contribute to Thermogenesis in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad114. [PMID: 37486737 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Excessive energy intake is the main cause of obesity, and stimulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis has emerged as an attractive tool for antiobesity. Although miR-143 has been reported to be associated with BAT thermogenesis, its role remains unclear. Here, we found that miR-143 had highest expression in adipose tissue, especially in BAT. During short-term cold exposure or CL316,243 was injected, miR-143 was markedly downregulated in BAT and subcutaneous WAT (scWAT). Moreover, knockout (KO) of miR-143 increases the body temperature of mice upon cold exposure, which may be due to the increased thermogenesis of BAT and scWAT. More importantly, supplementation of miR-143 in BAT of KO mice can inhibit the increase in body temperature in KO mice. Mechanistically, spleen tyrosine kinase was revealed for the first time as a new target of miR-143, and deletion of miR-143 facilitates fatty acid uptake in BAT. In addition, we found that brown adipocytes can promote fat mobilization of white adipocytes, and miR-143 may participate in this process. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that inactivation of adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9) in BAT inhibits thermogenesis through AC9-PKA-AMPK-CREB-UCP1 signaling pathway. Overall, our results reveal a novel function of miR-143 on thermogenesis, and a new functional link of the BAT and WAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hainan Experi-mental Animal Research Center), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Key Laboratory for Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hainan Experi-mental Animal Research Center), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Key Laboratory for Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou, Hainan 571100, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang-dong 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahn D, Provasi D, Duc NM, Xu J, Salas-Estrada L, Spasic A, Yun MW, Kang J, Gim D, Lee J, Du Y, Filizola M, Chung KY. Gαs slow conformational transition upon GTP binding and a novel Gαs regulator. iScience 2023; 26:106603. [PMID: 37128611 PMCID: PMC10148139 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G proteins are major signaling partners for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although stepwise structural changes during GPCR-G protein complex formation and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) release have been reported, no information is available with regard to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding. Here, we used a novel Bayesian integrative modeling framework that combines data from hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching, and metadynamics simulations to derive a kinetic model and atomic-level characterization of stepwise conformational changes incurred by the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR)-Gs complex after GDP release and GTP binding. Our data suggest rapid GTP binding and GTP-induced dissociation of Gαs from β2AR and Gβγ, as opposed to a slow closing of the Gαs α-helical domain (AHD). Yeast-two-hybrid screening using Gαs AHD as bait identified melanoma-associated antigen D2 (MAGE D2) as a novel AHD-binding protein, which was also shown to accelerate the GTP-induced closing of the Gαs AHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nguyen Minh Duc
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Xu
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leslie Salas-Estrada
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aleksandar Spasic
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Min Woo Yun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Gim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Du
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Won J, Kim J, Jeong H, Kim J, Feng S, Jeong B, Kwak M, Ko J, Im W, So I, Lee HH. Molecular architecture of the Gα i-bound TRPC5 ion channel. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2550. [PMID: 37137991 PMCID: PMC10156788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels serve as key molecular switches through which extracellular stimuli are transformed into intracellular effects, and it has long been postulated that ion channels are direct effector molecules of the alpha subunit of G-proteins (Gα). However, no complete structural evidence supporting the direct interaction between Gα and ion channels is available. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5)-Gαi3 complexes with a 4:4 stoichiometry in lipid nanodiscs. Remarkably, Gαi3 binds to the ankyrin repeat edge of TRPC5 ~ 50 Å away from the cell membrane. Electrophysiological analysis shows that Gαi3 increases the sensitivity of TRPC5 to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), thereby rendering TRPC5 more easily opened in the cell membrane, where the concentration of PIP2 is physiologically regulated. Our results demonstrate that ion channels are one of the direct effector molecules of Gα proteins triggered by GPCR activation-providing a structural framework for unraveling the crosstalk between two major classes of transmembrane proteins: GPCRs and ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongdae Won
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseop Jeong
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Shasha Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Kwak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yen YC, Li Y, Chen CL, Klose T, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW, Tesmer JJG. Isoform Specific Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase 5 by Gβγ. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539090. [PMID: 37205557 PMCID: PMC10187219 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein Gαs, but their response to Gβγ regulation is isoform-specific. For example, AC5 is conditionally activated by Gβγ. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with Gβγ and of a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. Gβγ binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the Gβγ interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. The interface with Gβγ involves AC5 residues that are subject to gain-of-function mutations in humans with familial dyskinesia, indicating that the observed interaction is important for motor function. A molecular mechanism wherein Gβγ either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core, is proposed. Because our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue CryoEM Facility, Suite 171, Hockmeyer Hall for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhatia V, Maghsoudi S, Hinton M, Bhagirath AY, Singh N, Jaggupilli A, Chelikani P, Dakshinamurti S. Characterization of Adenylyl Cyclase Isoform 6 Residues Interacting with Forskolin. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040572. [PMID: 37106773 PMCID: PMC10135528 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway, crucial for pulmonary vasodilation, is inhibited by hypoxia. Forskolin (FSK) binds allosterically to AC, stimulating ATP catalysis. As AC6 is the primary AC isoform in the pulmonary artery, selective reactivation of AC6 could provide targeted reinstatement of hypoxic AC activity. This requires elucidation of the FSK binding site in AC6. METHODS HEK293T cells stably overexpressing AC 5, 6, or 7 were incubated in normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (10% O2) or exposed to s-nitrosocysteine (CSNO). AC activity was measured using terbium norfloxacin assay; AC6 structure built by homology modeling; ligand docking to examine FSK-interacting amino acids; roles of selected residues determined by site-directed mutagenesis; FSK-dependent cAMP generation measured in wild-type and FSK-site mutants by biosensor-based live cell assay. RESULTS Only AC6 is inhibited by hypoxia and nitrosylation. Homology modeling and docking revealed residues T500, N503, and S1035 interacting with FSK. Mutation of T500, N503, or S1035 decreased FSK-stimulated AC activity. FSK site mutants were not further inhibited by hypoxia or CSNO; however, mutation of any of these residues prevented AC6 activation by FSK following hypoxia or CSNO treatment. CONCLUSIONS FSK-interacting amino acids are not involved in the hypoxic inhibition mechanism. This study provides direction to design FSK derivatives for selective activation of hypoxic AC6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhatia
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Saeid Maghsoudi
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Martha Hinton
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Anjali Y Bhagirath
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | | | - Prashen Chelikani
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen Z, Antoni FA. Human adenylyl cyclase 9 is auto-stimulated by its isoform-specific C-terminal domain. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201791. [PMID: 36657828 PMCID: PMC9873982 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transmembrane adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9) is not regulated by heterotrimeric G proteins. Key to the resistance to stimulation by Gs-coupled receptors (GsRs) is auto-inhibition by the COOH-terminal domain (C2b). The present study investigated the role of the C2b domain in the regulation of cyclic AMP production by AC9 in HEK293FT cells expressing the GloSensor22F cyclic AMP-reporter protein. Surprisingly, we found C2b to be essential for sustaining the basal output of cyclic AMP by AC9. A human mutation (E326D) in the parallel coiled-coil formed by the signalling helices of AC9 dramatically increased basal activity, which was also dependent on the C2b domain. Intriguingly, the same mutation enabled stimulation of AC9 by GsRs. In summary, auto-regulation by the C2b domain of AC9 sustains its basal activity and quenches activation by GsR. Thus, AC9 appears to be tailored to support constitutive activation of cyclic AMP effector systems. A switch from this paradigm to stimulation by GsRs may be occasioned by conformational changes at the coiled-coil or removal of the C2b domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Chen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ferenc A Antoni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang SK, Picard LP, Rahmatullah RSM, Pandey A, Van Eps N, Sunahara RK, Ernst OP, Sljoka A, Prosser RS. Mapping the conformational landscape of the stimulatory heterotrimeric G protein. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:502-511. [PMID: 36997760 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins serve as membrane-associated signaling hubs, in concert with their cognate G-protein-coupled receptors. Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to monitor the conformational equilibria of the human stimulatory G-protein α subunit (Gsα) alone, in the intact Gsαβ1γ2 heterotrimer or in complex with membrane-embedded human adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). The results reveal a concerted equilibrium that is strongly affected by nucleotide and interactions with the βγ subunit, the lipid bilayer and A2AR. The α1 helix of Gsα exhibits significant intermediate timescale dynamics. The α4β6 loop and α5 helix undergo membrane/receptor interactions and order-disorder transitions respectively, associated with G-protein activation. The αN helix adopts a key functional state that serves as an allosteric conduit between the βγ subunit and receptor, while a significant fraction of the ensemble remains tethered to the membrane and receptor upon activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kate Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rima S M Rahmatullah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aditya Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ned Van Eps
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adnan Sljoka
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - R Scott Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elsabbagh S, Landau M, Gross H, Schultz A, Schultz JE. Heme b inhibits class III adenylyl cyclases. Cell Signal 2023; 103:110568. [PMID: 36565898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acidic lipid extracts from mouse liver, kidney, heart, brain, and lung inhibited human pseudoheterodimeric adenylyl cyclases (hACs) expressed in HEK293 cells. Using an acidic lipid extract from bovine lung, a combined MS- and bioassay-guided fractionation identified heme b as inhibitor of membrane-bound ACs. IC50 concentrations were 8-12 μM for the hAC isoforms. Hemopexin and bacterial hemophore attenuated heme b inhibition of hAC5. Structurally related compounds, such as hematin, protoporphyrin IX, and biliverdin, were significantly less effective. Monomeric bacterial class III ACs (mycobacterial ACs Rv1625c; Rv3645; Rv1264; cyanobacterial AC CyaG) were inhibited by heme b with similar efficiency. Surprisingly, structurally related chlorophyll a similarly inhibited hAC5. Heme b inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation in HEK293 cells. Using cortical membranes from mouse brain hemin efficiently and reversibly inhibited basal and Gsα-stimulated AC activity. The physiological relevance of heme b inhibition of the cAMP generating system in certain pathologies is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elsabbagh
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Landau
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita Schultz
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim E Schultz
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang LK, Zhang J, Liu D, Han TY, Qin QS, Wang AQ, Dong B. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone and its cognate receptor present in primitive chordate ascidian: Molecular identification and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:401-412. [PMID: 36592853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormone (GPH) system is fundamentally significant in regulating the physiology of chordates, such as thyroid activity and gonadal function. However, the knowledge of the GPH system in the primitive chordate ascidian species is largely lacking. Here, we reported an ancestral GPH system in the ascidian (Styela clava), which consists of GPH α subunit (Sc-GPA2), GPH β subunit (Sc-GPB5), and the cognate leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (Sc-GPHR). Comparative structure analysis revealed that distinct from vertebrate GPH β subunits, Sc-GPB5 was less conserved, showing an atypical N-terminal sequence with a type II transmembrane domain instead of a typical signal peptide. By investigating the presence of recombinant Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 in cell lysates and culture media of HEK293T cells, we confirmed that these two subunits could be secreted out of the cells via distinct secretory pathways. The deglycosylation experiments demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation only occurred on the conserved cysteine residue (N78) of Sc-GPA2, whereas Sc-GPB5 was non-glycosylated. Although Sc-GPB5 exhibited distinct topology and biochemical properties in contrast to its chordate counterparts, it could still interact with Sc-GPA2 to form a heterodimer. The Sc-GPHR was then confirmed to be activated by tethered Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer on the Gs-cAMP pathway, suggesting that Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer-initiated Gs-cAMP signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved in chordates. Furthermore, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR results revealed the co-expression patterns of Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 with Sc-GPHR transcripts, respectively in ascidian larvae and adults, highlighting the potential functions of Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer as an autocrine/paracrine neurohormone in regulating metamorphosis of larvae and physiological functions of adults. Our study systematically investigated the GPA2/GPB5-GPHR system in ascidian for the first time, which offers insights into understanding the function and evolution of the GPH system within the chordate lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Liu
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tong-Ye Han
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi-Shu Qin
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu J, Wang H, Zeng D, Xiong J, Luo J, Chen X, Chen T, Xi Q, Sun J, Ren X, Zhang Y. The novel importance of miR-143 in obesity regulation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:100-108. [PMID: 36528726 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and substantially increased risk of metabolic diseases have become a global epidemic. microRNAs have attracted a great deal of attention as a potential therapeutic target for obesity. MiR-143 has been known to specifically promote adipocyte differentiation by downregulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5. Our latest study found that miR-143 knockout is against diet-induced obesity by promoting brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and inhibiting white adipose tissue adipogenesis. Moreover, LPS- or IL-6-induced inhibition of miR-143 expression in brown adipocytes promotes thermogenesis by targeting adenylate cyclase 9. In this review, we will summarize the expression and functions of miR-143 in different tissues, the influence of obesity on miR-143 in various tissues, the important role of adipose-derived miR-143 in the development of obesity, the role of miR-143 in immune cells and thermoregulation and discuss the potential significance and application prospects of miR-143 in obesity management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dewei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiali Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Ocean College of Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, 066003, China.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ferré S, Sarasola LI, Quiroz C, Ciruela F. Presynaptic adenosine receptor heteromers as key modulators of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109329. [PMID: 36375695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. In the present essay we first review the extensive evidence that indicates this modulation is mediated by adenosine A1 and A2A receptors (A1Rs and A2ARs) differentially expressed by the components of the striatal microcircuit that include cortico-striatal glutamatergic and mesencephalic dopaminergic terminals, and the cholinergic interneuron. This microcircuit mediates the ability of striatal glutamate release to locally promote dopamine release through the intermediate activation of cholinergic interneurons. A1Rs and A2ARs are colocalized in the cortico-striatal glutamatergic terminals, where they form A1R-A2AR and A2AR-cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) heteromers. We then evaluate recent findings on the unique properties of A1R-A2AR and A2AR-CB1R heteromers, which depend on their different quaternary tetrameric structure. These properties involve different allosteric mechanisms in the two receptor heteromers that provide fine-tune modulation of adenosine and endocannabinoid-mediated striatal glutamate release. Finally, we evaluate the evidence supporting the use of different heteromers containing striatal adenosine receptors as targets for drug development for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome, based on the ability or inability of the A2AR to demonstrate constitutive activity in the different heteromers, and the ability of some A2AR ligands to act preferentially as neutral antagonists or inverse agonists, or to have preferential affinity for a specific A2AR heteromer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Laura I Sarasola
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu C, Liang X, Chen X, Liang M, Zheng J, Wan B, Luo S. Characterizing the Specific Recognition of Xanthurenic Acid by GEP1 and GEP1-GCα Interactions in cGMP Signaling Pathway in Gametogenesis of Malaria Parasites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032561. [PMID: 36768882 PMCID: PMC9916804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametogenesis is an essential step for malaria parasite transmission and is activated in mosquito by signals including temperature drop, pH change, and mosquito-derived xanthurenic acid (XA). Recently, a membrane protein gametogenesis essential protein 1 (GEP1) was found to be responsible for sensing these signals and interacting with a giant guanylate cyclase α (GCα) to activate the cGMP-PKG-Ca2+ signaling pathway for malaria parasite gametogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms for this process remain unclear. In this study, we used AlphaFold2 to predict the structure of GEP1 and found that it consists of a conserved N-terminal helical domain and a transmembrane domain that adopts a structure similar to that of cationic amino acid transporters. Molecular docking results showed that XA binds to GEP1 via a pocket similar to the ligand binding sites of known amino acid transporters. In addition, truncations of this N-terminal sequence significantly enhanced the expression, solubility, and stability of GEP1. In addition, we found that GEP1 interacts with GCα via its C-terminal region, which is interrupted by mutations of a few conserved residues. These findings provide further insights into the molecular mechanism for the XA recognition by GEP1 and the activation of the gametogenesis of malaria parasites through GEP1-GCα interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoge Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Miaomiao Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingbing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shukun Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou C, Peng K, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zheng X, Yue B, Du C, Wu Y. Comparative Analyses Reveal the Genetic Mechanism of Ambergris Production in the Sperm Whale Based on the Chromosome-Level Genome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030361. [PMID: 36766250 PMCID: PMC9913093 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm whales are a marine mammal famous for the aromatic substance, the ambergris, produced from its colon. Little is known about the biological processes of ambergris production, and this study aims to investigate the genetic mechanism of ambergris production in the sperm whale based on its chromosome-level genome. Comparative genomics analyses found 1207 expanded gene families and 321 positive selected genes (PSGs) in the sperm whale, and functional enrichment analyses suggested revelatory pathways and terms related to the metabolism of steroids, terpenoids, and aldosterone, as well as microbiota interaction and immune network in the intestine. Furthermore, two sperm-whale-specific missense mutations (Tyr393His and Leu567Val) were detected in the PSG LIPE, which has been reported to play vital roles in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In total, 46 CYP genes and 22 HSD genes were annotated, and then mapped to sperm whale chromosomes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of CYP genes in six mammals found that CYP2E1, CYP51A and CYP8 subfamilies exhibited relative expansion in the sperm whale. Our results could help understand the genetic mechanism of ambergris production, and further reveal the convergent evolution pattern among animals that produce similar odorants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kexin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Rusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chao Du
- Baotou Teachers College, Baotou 014060, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cai Y, Chen X, Li P, Ren W, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhu P, Toyoda H, Xu L. Phosphorylation status of a conserved residue in the adenylate cyclase of Botrytis cinerea is involved in regulating photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythm, and pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1112584. [PMID: 36876105 PMCID: PMC9975511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase (AC) regulates growth, reproduction, and pathogenicity in many fungi by synthesizing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and activating downstream protein kinase A (PKA). Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic plant-pathogenic fungus. It shows a typical photomorphogenic phenotype of conidiation under light and sclerotia formation under dark; both are important reproduction structures for the dispersal and stress resistance of the fungus. The report of B. cinerea adenylate cyclase (BAC) mutation showed it affects the production of conidia and sclerotia. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the cAMP signaling pathways in photomorphogenesis have not been clarified. In this study, the S1407 site was proven to be an important conserved residue in the PP2C domain which poses a remarkable impact on the phosphorylation levels and enzyme activity of the BAC and the overall phosphorylation status of total proteins. The point mutation bacS1407P , complementation bacP1407S , phosphomimetic mutation bacS1407D , and phosphodeficient mutation bacS1407A strains were used for comparison with the light receptor white-collar mutant Δbcwcl1 to elucidate the relationship between the cAMP signaling pathway and the light response. The comparison of photomorphogenesis and pathogenicity phenotype, evaluation of circadian clock components, and expression analysis of light response transcription factor genes Bcltf1, Bcltf2, and Bcltf3 showed that the cAMP signaling pathway could stabilize the circadian rhythm that is associated with pathogenicity, conidiation, and sclerotium production. Collectively, this reveals that the conserved S1407 residue of BAC is a vital phosphorylation site to regulate the cAMP signaling pathway and affects the photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythm, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Cai
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiheng Ren
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinkuan Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu J, Zeng D, Luo J, Wang H, Xiong J, Chen X, Chen T, Sun J, Xi Q, Zhang Y. LPS-Induced Inhibition of miR-143 Expression in Brown Adipocytes Promotes Thermogenesis and Fever. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13805. [PMID: 36430282 PMCID: PMC9696956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is an important part of inflammatory response to infection. Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is known to be potently influenced by systemic inflammation, the role of BAT during infection-induced fever remains largely unknown. Here, we injected mice with a low dose of LPS and found that low-dose LPS can directly induce thermogenesis of brown adipocytes. It is known that miR-143 is highly expressed in the BAT, and miR-143 knockout mice exhibited stronger thermogenesis under cold exposure. Interestingly, miR-143 was negatively correlated with an LPS-induced increase of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels, and the IL-6 pathway may mediate the inhibition of miR-143 expression. Moreover, miR-143 is down-regulated by LPS, and overexpression of miR-143 in brown adipocytes by lentivirus could rescue the enhancement of UCP1 protein expression caused by LPS, hinting miR-143 may be an important regulator of the thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. More importantly, the knockout of miR-143 further enhanced the LPS-induced increase of body temperature and BAT thermogenesis, and this result was further confirmed by in vitro experiments by using primary brown adipocytes. Mechanistically, adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9) is a new target gene of miR-143 and LPS increases BAT thermogenesis by a way of inhibiting miR-143 expression, a negative regulator for AC9. Our study considerably improves our collective understanding of the important function of miR-143 in inflammatory BAT thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiali Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schultz JE. The evolutionary conservation of eukaryotic membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase isoforms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1009797. [PMID: 36238545 PMCID: PMC9552081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1009797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nine membrane-delimited eukaryotic adenylyl cyclases are pseudoheterodimers with an identical domain order of seven (nine) distinct subdomains. Bioinformatics show that the protein evolved from a monomeric bacterial progenitor by gene duplication and fusion probably in a primordial eukaryotic cell around 1.5 billion years ago. Over a timespan of about 1 billion years, the first fusion product diverged into nine highly distinct pseudoheterodimeric isoforms. The evolutionary diversification ended approximately 0.5 billion years ago because the present isoforms are found in the living fossil coelacanth, a fish. Except for the two catalytic domains, C1 and C2, the mAC isoforms are fully diverged. Yet, within each isoform a high extent of conservation of respective subdomains is found. This applies to the C- and N-termini, a long linker region between the protein halves (C1b), two short cyclase-transducing-elements (CTE) and notably to the two hexahelical membrane domains TM1 and TM2. Except for the membrane anchor all subdomains were previously implicated in regulatory modalities. The bioinformatic results unequivocally indicate that the membrane anchors must possess an important regulatory function specifically tailored for each mAC isoform.
Collapse
|
34
|
Mehta V, Khanppnavar B, Schuster D, Kantarci I, Vercellino I, Kosturanova A, Iype T, Stefanic S, Picotti P, Korkhov VM. Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cya, an evolutionary ancestor of the mammalian membrane adenylyl cyclases. eLife 2022; 11:77032. [PMID: 35980026 PMCID: PMC9433096 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenylyl cyclase (AC) Rv1625c / Cya is an evolutionary ancestor of the mammalian membrane ACs and a model system for studies of their structure and function. Although the vital role of ACs in cellular signaling is well established, the function of their transmembrane (TM) regions remains unknown. Here we describe the cryo-EM structure of Cya bound to a stabilizing nanobody at 3.6 Å resolution. The TM helices 1-5 form a structurally conserved domain that facilitates the assembly of the helical and catalytic domains. The TM region contains discrete pockets accessible from the extracellular and cytosolic side of the membrane. Neutralization of the negatively charged extracellular pocket Ex1 destabilizes the cytosolic helical domain and reduces the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The TM domain acts as a functional component of Cya, guiding the assembly of the catalytic domain and providing the means for direct regulation of catalytic activity in response to extracellular ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ved Mehta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dina Schuster
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilayda Kantarci
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Irene Vercellino
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Angela Kosturanova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tarun Iype
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sasa Stefanic
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Parfenov AA, Vyshtakalyuk AB, Galyametdinova IV, Semenov VE, Zobov VV. Antiapoptotic Effect of Pyrimidine-Derived Drug Xymedon and Its Conjugate with L-Ascorbic Acid on Chang Liver Cells Under Apoptosis Induced by d-Galactosamine. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-01010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Seth A, Landau M, Shevchenko A, Traikov S, Schultz A, Elsabbagh S, Schultz JE. Distinct glycerophospholipids potentiate Gsα-activated adenylyl cyclase activity. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110396. [PMID: 35787445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nine mammalian adenylyl cyclases (AC) are pseudoheterodimers with two hexahelical membrane domains, which are isoform-specifically conserved. Previously we proposed that these membrane domains are orphan receptors (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13098; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109538). Lipids extracted from fetal bovine serum at pH 1 inhibited several mAC activities. Guided by a lipidomic analysis we tested glycerophospholipids as potential ligands. Contrary to expectations we surprisingly discovered that 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidic acid (SDPA) potentiated Gsα-activated activity of human AC isoform 3 seven-fold. The specificity of fatty acyl esters at glycerol positions 1 and 2 was rather stringent. 1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylserine and 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine significantly potentiated several Gsα-activated mAC isoforms to different extents. SDPA appears not interact with forskolin activation of AC isoform 3. SDPA enhanced Gsα-activated AC activities in membranes from mouse brain cortex. The action of SDPA was reversible. Unexpectedly, SDPA did not affect cAMP generation in HEK293 cells stimulated by isoproterenol, PGE2 and adenosine, virtually excluding a role as an extracellular ligand and, instead, suggesting an intracellular role. In summary, we discovered a new dimension of intracellular AC regulation by chemically defined glycerophospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Seth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Landau
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anita Schultz
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sherif Elsabbagh
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim E Schultz
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
De Oliveira PA, Moreno E, Casajuana-Martin N, Casadó-Anguera V, Cai NS, Camacho-Hernandez GA, Zhu H, Bonifazi A, Hall MD, Weinshenker D, Newman AH, Logothetis DE, Casadó V, Plant LD, Pardo L, Ferré S. Preferential Gs protein coupling of the galanin Gal 1 receptor in the µ-opioid-Gal 1 receptor heterotetramer. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106322. [PMID: 35750299 PMCID: PMC9462584 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that heteromers of µ-opioid receptors (MORs) and galanin Gal1 receptors (Gal1Rs) localized in the mesencephalon mediate the dopaminergic effects of opioids. The present study reports converging evidence, using a peptide-interfering approach combined with biophysical and biochemical techniques, including total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, for a predominant homodimeric structure of MOR and Gal1R when expressed individually, and for their preference to form functional heterotetramers when co-expressed. Results show that a heteromerization-dependent change in the Gal1R homodimeric interface leads to a switch in G-protein coupling from inhibitory Gi to stimulatory Gs proteins. The MOR-Gal1R heterotetramer, which is thus bound to Gs via the Gal1R homodimer and Gi via the MOR homodimer, provides the framework for a canonical Gs-Gi antagonist interaction at the adenylyl cyclase level. These novel results shed light on the intense debate about the oligomeric quaternary structure of G protein-coupled receptors, their predilection for heteromer formation, and the resulting functional significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gisela Andrea Camacho-Hernandez
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hu Zhu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
van Keulen SC, Martin J, Colizzi F, Frezza E, Trpevski D, Diaz NC, Vidossich P, Rothlisberger U, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Wade RC, Carloni P. Multiscale molecular simulations to investigate adenylyl cyclase‐based signaling in the brain. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siri C. van Keulen
- Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Science for Life, Faculty of Science – Chemistry Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Martin
- CNRS, UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Francesco Colizzi
- Molecular Ocean Laboratory, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography Institute of Marine Sciences, ICM‐CSIC Barcelona Spain
| | - Elisa Frezza
- Université Paris Cité, CiTCoM, CNRS Paris France
| | - Daniel Trpevski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm
| | - Nuria Cirauqui Diaz
- CNRS, UMR 5086 Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery Lab Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa Italy
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm
- Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institute Stockholm
| | - Rebecca C. Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS) Heidelberg Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ‐ZMBH Alliance, and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS‐5) “Computational biomedicine” Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- INM‐11 JARA‐Institute: Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Crans DC, Brown M, Roess DA. Vanadium compounds promote biocatalysis in cells through actions on cell membranes. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
40
|
Ferré S, Ciruela F, Dessauer CW, González-Maeso J, Hébert TE, Jockers R, Logothetis DE, Pardo L. G protein-coupled receptor-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs). Pharmacol Ther 2022; 231:107977. [PMID: 34480967 PMCID: PMC9375844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of receptors involved in cellular signaling across the plasma membrane and a major class of drug targets. The canonical model for GPCR signaling involves three components - the GPCR, a heterotrimeric G protein and a proximal plasma membrane effector - that have been generally thought to be freely mobile molecules able to interact by 'collision coupling'. Here, we synthesize evidence that supports the existence of GPCR-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs) comprised of specific GPCRs, G proteins, plasma membrane effector molecules and other associated transmembrane proteins that are pre-assembled prior to receptor activation by agonists, which then leads to subsequent rearrangement of the GEMMA components. The GEMMA concept offers an alternative and complementary model to the canonical collision-coupling model, allowing more efficient interactions between specific signaling components, as well as the integration of the concept of GPCR oligomerization as well as GPCR interactions with orphan receptors, truncated GPCRs and other membrane-localized GPCR-associated proteins. Collision-coupling and pre-assembled mechanisms are not exclusive and likely both operate in the cell, providing a spectrum of signaling modalities which explains the differential properties of a multitude of GPCRs in their different cellular environments. Here, we explore the unique pharmacological characteristics of individual GEMMAs, which could provide new opportunities to therapeutically modulate GPCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Addiction, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen W. Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Terence E. Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Ralf Jockers
- University of Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Diomedes E. Logothetis
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9) is a membrane-bound enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP. The enzyme is weakly activated by forskolin, fully activated by the G protein Gαs subunit and is autoinhibited by the AC9 C-terminus. Although our recent structural studies of the AC9-Gαs complex provided the framework for understanding AC9 autoinhibition, the conformational changes that AC9 undergoes in response to activator binding remains poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of AC9 in several distinct states: (i) AC9 bound to a nucleotide inhibitor MANT-GTP, (ii) bound to an artificial activator (DARPin C4) and MANT-GTP, (iii) bound to DARPin C4 and a nucleotide analogue ATPαS, (iv) bound to Gαs and MANT-GTP. The artificial activator DARPin C4 partially activates AC9 by binding at a site that overlaps with the Gαs binding site. Together with the previously observed occluded and forskolin-bound conformations, structural comparisons of AC9 in the four conformations described here show that secondary structure rearrangements in the region surrounding the forskolin binding site are essential for AC9 activation. Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP and play an important role in cellular signaling. Here, the authors use cryo-EM to trace the conformational changes resulting from binding to partial and full activators to one of these enzymes, AC9.
Collapse
|
42
|
Broser M. Far-Red Absorbing Rhodopsins, Insights From Heterodimeric Rhodopsin-Cyclases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:806922. [PMID: 35127823 PMCID: PMC8815786 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.806922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered Rhodopsin-cyclases from Chytridiomycota fungi show completely unexpected properties for microbial rhodopsins. These photoreceptors function exclusively as heterodimers, with the two subunits that have very different retinal chromophores. Among them is the bimodal photoswitchable Neorhodopsin (NeoR), which exhibits a near-infrared absorbing, highly fluorescent state. These are features that have never been described for any retinal photoreceptor. Here these properties are discussed in the context of color-tuning approaches of retinal chromophores, which have been extensively studied since the discovery of the first microbial rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, in 1971 (Oesterhelt et al., Nature New Biology, 1971, 233 (39), 149–152). Further a brief review about the concept of heterodimerization is given, which is widely present in class III cyclases but is unknown for rhodopsins. NIR-sensitive retinal chromophores have greatly expanded our understanding of the spectral range of natural retinal photoreceptors and provide a novel perspective for the development of optogenetic tools.
Collapse
|
43
|
A new visual design language for biological structures in a cell. Structure 2022; 30:485-497.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
44
|
Bhagirath AY, Bhatia V, Medapati MR, Singh N, Hinton M, Chelikani P, Dakshinamurti S. Critical cysteines in the functional interaction of adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 with Gαs. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 4:180-196. [PMID: 35664968 PMCID: PMC9159366 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) by G‐protein Gαs catalyzes the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a key second messenger that regulates diverse physiological responses. There are 10 AC isoforms present in humans, with AC5 and AC6 proposed to play vital roles in cardiac function. We have previously shown that under hypoxic conditions, AC6 is amenable to post‐translational modification by nitrosylation, resulting in decreased AC catalytic activity. Using a computational model of the AC6–Gαs complex, we predicted key nitrosylation‐amenable cysteine residues involved in the interaction of AC6 with Gαs and pursued a structure–function analysis of these cysteine residues in both AC6 and Gαs. Our results based on site‐directed mutagenesis of AC6 and Gαs, a constitutively active Gαs, AC activity, and live cell intracellular cAMP assays suggest that Cys1004 in AC6 (subunit C2) and Cys237 in Gαs are present at the AC–Gαs interface and are important for the activation of AC6 by Gαs. We further provide mechanistic evidence to show that mutating Cys 1004 in the second catalytic domain of AC6 makes it amenable to inhibition by Gαi, which may account for decreased functional activity of AC6 when this residue is unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Y. Bhagirath
- Biology of Breathing Theme Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM) Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Vikram Bhatia
- Biology of Breathing Theme Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM) Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Martha Hinton
- Biology of Breathing Theme Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM) Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Biology of Breathing Theme Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM) Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Oral Biology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Biology of Breathing Theme Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM) Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Pediatrics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS. Physiological Roles of Mammalian Transmembrane Adenylyl Cyclase Isoforms. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:815-857. [PMID: 34698552 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1-9, that serve as major effector enzymes of G protein-coupled receptors. The transmembrane ACs display varying expression patterns across tissues, giving potential for them having a wide array of physiologic roles. Cells express multiple AC isoforms, implying that ACs have redundant functions. Furthermore, all transmembrane ACs are activated by Gαs so it was long assumed that all ACs are activated by Gαs-coupled GPCRs. AC isoforms partition to different microdomains of the plasma membrane and form prearranged signaling complexes with specific GPCRs that contribute to cAMP signaling compartments. This compartmentation allows for a diversity of cellular and physiological responses by enabling unique signaling events to be triggered by different pools of cAMP. Isoform specific pharmacological activators or inhibitors are lacking for most ACs, making knockdown and overexpression the primary tools for examining the physiological roles of a given isoform. Much progress has been made in understanding the physiological effects mediated through individual transmembrane ACs. GPCR-AC-cAMP signaling pathways play significant roles in regulating functions of every cell and tissue, so understanding each AC isoform's role holds potential for uncovering new approaches for treating a vast array of pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F Ostrom
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fischer P, Mukherjee S, Schiewer E, Broser M, Bartl F, Hegemann P. The inner mechanics of rhodopsin guanylyl cyclase during cGMP-formation revealed by real-time FTIR spectroscopy. eLife 2021; 10:e71384. [PMID: 34665128 PMCID: PMC8575461 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymerhodopsins represent a recently discovered class of rhodopsins which includes histidine kinase rhodopsin, rhodopsin phosphodiesterases, and rhodopsin guanylyl cyclases (RGCs). The regulatory influence of the rhodopsin domain on the enzyme activity is only partially understood and holds the key for a deeper understanding of intra-molecular signaling pathways. Here, we present a UV-Vis and FTIR study about the light-induced dynamics of a RGC from the fungus Catenaria anguillulae, which provides insights into the catalytic process. After the spectroscopic characterization of the late rhodopsin photoproducts, we analyzed truncated variants and revealed the involvement of the cytosolic N-terminus in the structural rearrangements upon photo-activation of the protein. We tracked the catalytic reaction of RGC and the free GC domain independently by UV-light induced release of GTP from the photolabile NPE-GTP substrate. Our results show substrate binding to the dark-adapted RGC and GC alike and reveal differences between the constructs attributable to the regulatory influence of the rhodopsin on the conformation of the binding pocket. By monitoring the phosphate rearrangement during cGMP and pyrophosphate formation in light-activated RGC, we were able to confirm the M state as the active state of the protein. The described setup and experimental design enable real-time monitoring of substrate turnover in light-activated enzymes on a molecular scale, thus opening the pathway to a deeper understanding of enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fischer
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Shatanik Mukherjee
- Institute of Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Enrico Schiewer
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Broser
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Franz Bartl
- Institute of Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Church TW, Tewatia P, Hannan S, Antunes J, Eriksson O, Smart TG, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Gold MG. AKAP79 enables calcineurin to directly suppress protein kinase A activity. eLife 2021; 10:e68164. [PMID: 34612814 PMCID: PMC8560092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between the second messengers cAMP and Ca2+ is a hallmark of dynamic cellular processes. A common motif is the opposition of the Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin and the major cAMP receptor, protein kinase A (PKA). Calcineurin dephosphorylates sites primed by PKA to bring about changes including synaptic long-term depression (LTD). AKAP79 supports signaling of this type by anchoring PKA and calcineurin in tandem. In this study, we discovered that AKAP79 increases the rate of calcineurin dephosphorylation of type II PKA regulatory subunits by an order of magnitude. Fluorescent PKA activity reporter assays, supported by kinetic modeling, show how AKAP79-enhanced calcineurin activity enables suppression of PKA without altering cAMP levels by increasing PKA catalytic subunit capture rate. Experiments with hippocampal neurons indicate that this mechanism contributes toward LTD. This non-canonical mode of PKA regulation may underlie many other cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Church
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Parul Tewatia
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Saad Hannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - João Antunes
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Olivia Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matthew G Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Colizzi F, Orozco M. Probing allosteric regulations with coevolution-driven molecular simulations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0786. [PMID: 34516882 PMCID: PMC8442858 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein-mediated allosteric regulations are essential in biology, but their quantitative characterization continues to posit formidable challenges for both experiments and computations. Here, we combine coevolutionary information, multiscale molecular simulations, and free-energy methods to interrogate and quantify the allosteric regulation of functional changes in protein complexes. We apply this approach to investigate the regulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) by stimulatory and inhibitory G proteins—a prototypical allosteric system that has long escaped from in-depth molecular characterization. We reveal a surprisingly simple ON/OFF regulation of AC functional dynamics through multiple pathways of information transfer. The binding of G proteins reshapes the free-energy landscape of AC following the classical population-shift paradigm. The model agrees with structural and biochemical data and reveals previously unknown experimentally consistent intermediates. Our approach showcases a general strategy to explore uncharted functional space in complex biomolecular regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Colizzi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Modesto Orozco
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yu R, Shen X, Liu M, Liu X, Yin Z, Li X, Feng W, Hu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. The rice blast fungus MoRgs1 functioning in cAMP signaling and pathogenicity is regulated by casein kinase MoCk2 phosphorylation and modulated by membrane protein MoEmc2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009657. [PMID: 34133468 PMCID: PMC8208561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP-binding protein (G-protein) and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) mediated signal transduction are critical in the growth and virulence of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We have previously reported that there are eight RGS and RGS-like proteins named MoRgs1 to MoRgs8 playing distinct and shared regulatory functions in M. oryzae and that MoRgs1 has a more prominent role compared to others in the fungus. To further explore the unique regulatory mechanism of MoRgs1, we screened a M. oryzae cDNA library for genes encoding MoRgs1-interacting proteins and identified MoCkb2, one of the two regulatory subunits of the casein kinase (CK) 2 MoCk2. We found that MoCkb2 and the sole catalytic subunit MoCka1 are required for the phosphorylation of MoRgs1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and late endosome (LE). We further found that an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein complex (EMC) subunit, MoEmc2, modulates the phosphorylation of MoRgs1 by MoCk2. Interestingly, this phosphorylation is also essential for the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) function of MoRgs1. The balance among MoRgs1, MoCk2, and MoEmc2 ensures normal operation of the G-protein MoMagA-cAMP signaling required for appressorium formation and pathogenicity of the fungus. This has been the first report that an EMC subunit is directly linked to G-protein signaling through modulation of an RGS-casein kinase interaction. G-proteins play a significant role in signal perception and transduction during pathogen and host interactions. In the rice blast fungus M. oryzae, previous studies demonstrated that G-protein/cAMP signaling are important for appressorium formation and pathogenicity. One of the eight regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins, MoRgs1, targets G-protein MoMagA to regulate cAMP levels and growth and virulence of the fungus; however, how MoRgs1 exhibits this function and its own regulation indifferent from other RGS and RGS-like proteins are not clear. We here demonstrated that MoRgs1 is subject to regulation by the casein kinase 2 MoCk2 through protein phosphorylation, and this regulation is also essential for the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) function of MoRgs1. We also showed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane complex (EMC) subunit MoEmc2 modulates MoCk2-mediated MoRgs1 phosphorylation. Balanced interactions among MoRgs1, MoEmc2, and MoCk2 ensure normal appressorium formation and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuetong Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, and Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nubbemeyer B, Pepanian A, Paul George AA, Imhof D. Strategies towards Targeting Gαi/s Proteins: Scanning of Protein-Protein Interaction Sites To Overcome Inaccessibility. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1696-1715. [PMID: 33615736 PMCID: PMC8252600 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are classified into four subfamilies and play a key role in signal transduction. They transmit extracellular signals to intracellular effectors subsequent to the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targeted by over 30 % of FDA-approved drugs. However, addressing G proteins as drug targets represents a compelling alternative, for example, when G proteins act independently of the corresponding GPCRs, or in cases of complex multifunctional diseases, when a large number of different GPCRs are involved. In contrast to Gαq, efforts to target Gαi/s by suitable chemical compounds has not been successful so far. Here, a comprehensive analysis was conducted examining the most important interface regions of Gαi/s with its upstream and downstream interaction partners. By assigning the existing compounds and the performed approaches to the respective interfaces, the druggability of the individual interfaces was ranked to provide perspectives for selective targeting of Gαi/s in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Nubbemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and BioanalyticsPharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of BonnAn der Immenburg 453121BonnGermany
| | - Anna Pepanian
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and BioanalyticsPharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of BonnAn der Immenburg 453121BonnGermany
| | | | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and BioanalyticsPharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of BonnAn der Immenburg 453121BonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|