1
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A binary interaction map between turnip mosaic virus and Arabidopsis thaliana proteomes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:28. [PMID: 36631662 PMCID: PMC9834402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that have co-evolved with their hosts to establish an intricate network of protein-protein interactions. Here, we followed a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screening to identify 378 novel protein-protein interactions between turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and its natural host Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NIb as the viral protein with the largest number of contacts, including key salicylic acid-dependent transcription regulators. We verified a subset of 25 interactions in planta by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We then constructed and analyzed a network comprising 399 TuMV-A. thaliana interactions together with intravirus and intrahost connections. In particular, we found that the host proteins targeted by TuMV are enriched in different aspects of plant responses to infections, are more connected and have an increased capacity to spread information throughout the cell proteome, display higher expression levels, and have been subject to stronger purifying selection than expected by chance. The proviral or antiviral role of ten host proteins was validated by characterizing the infection dynamics in the corresponding mutant plants, supporting a proviral role for the transcriptional regulator TGA1. Comparison with similar studies with animal viruses, highlights shared fundamental features in their mode of action.
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2
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DIK I, HATIPOGLU D, GULERSOY E. Comparison of some cytokines, acute phase proteins and citrulline levels in healthy and canine distemper infected dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:76-82. [PMID: 36418074 PMCID: PMC9887225 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of severe disease in domestic and wild carnivores. Clinical diagnosis of CDV is challenging because of its similarity to other canine respiratory and intestinal diseases. We aimed to determine certain cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]), interferon (IFN)-γ, canine serum amyloid A (SAA), and canine citrulline (CIT) levels for the first time in CDV-positive dogs. For this purpose, 10 CDV-positive dogs with compatible clinical findings (i.e., neurological symptoms such as tremors and myoclonus, ocular and nasal discharge, and wheezing) and 10 healthy dogs based on the clinical examinations and rapid test results were enrolled. It was observed that the CIT, INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased in the CDV-positive dogs than that of the healthy ones (P<0.05). As a result, it was observed that CDV causes immunosuppression and accordingly, the inflammatory response might cause decreased cytokine and acute-phase protein synthesis. Therefore, it was concluded that further investigation of inflammatory pathways and CIT interactions may provide crucial clinical information at different stages of CDV, and aforementioned parameters may serve as important biomarkers for CDV in terms of demonstrating the presence of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmak DIK
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Durmus HATIPOGLU
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Türkiye,Correspondence to: Hatıpoglu D: , Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42075, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Erdem GULERSOY
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
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3
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Su CM, Du Y, Rowland RRR, Wang Q, Yoo D. Reprogramming viral immune evasion for a rational design of next-generation vaccines for RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172000. [PMID: 37138878 PMCID: PMC10149994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) are antiviral cytokines that constitute the innate immunity of hosts to fight against viral infections. Recent studies, however, have revealed the pleiotropic functions of IFNs, in addition to their antiviral activities, for the priming of activation and maturation of adaptive immunity. In turn, many viruses have developed various strategies to counteract the IFN response and to evade the host immune system for their benefits. The inefficient innate immunity and delayed adaptive response fail to clear of invading viruses and negatively affect the efficacy of vaccines. A better understanding of evasion strategies will provide opportunities to revert the viral IFN antagonism. Furthermore, IFN antagonism-deficient viruses can be generated by reverse genetics technology. Such viruses can potentially serve as next-generation vaccines that can induce effective and broad-spectrum responses for both innate and adaptive immunities for various pathogens. This review describes the recent advances in developing IFN antagonism-deficient viruses, their immune evasion and attenuated phenotypes in natural host animal species, and future potential as veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Su
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Raymond R. R. Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongwan Yoo,
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4
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Amurri L, Reynard O, Gerlier D, Horvat B, Iampietro M. Measles Virus-Induced Host Immunity and Mechanisms of Viral Evasion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122641. [PMID: 36560645 PMCID: PMC9781438 DOI: 10.3390/v14122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system deploys a complex network of cells and signaling pathways to protect host integrity against exogenous threats, including measles virus (MeV). However, throughout its evolutionary path, MeV developed various mechanisms to disrupt and evade immune responses. Despite an available vaccine, MeV remains an important re-emerging pathogen with a continuous increase in prevalence worldwide during the last decade. Considerable knowledge has been accumulated regarding MeV interactions with the innate immune system through two antagonistic aspects: recognition of the virus by cellular sensors and viral ability to inhibit the induction of the interferon cascade. Indeed, while the host could use several innate adaptors to sense MeV infection, the virus is adapted to unsettle defenses by obstructing host cell signaling pathways. Recent works have highlighted a novel aspect of innate immune response directed against MeV unexpectedly involving DNA-related sensing through activation of the cGAS/STING axis, even in the absence of any viral DNA intermediate. In addition, while MeV infection most often causes a mild disease and triggers a lifelong immunity, its tropism for invariant T-cells and memory T and B-cells provokes the elimination of one primary shield and the pre-existing immunity against previously encountered pathogens, known as "immune amnesia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Amurri
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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5
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Type I and Type II Interferon Antagonism Strategies Used by Paramyxoviridae: Previous and New Discoveries, in Comparison. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051107. [PMID: 35632848 PMCID: PMC9145045 DOI: 10.3390/v14051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses–as any other viruses–have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host’s cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.
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6
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Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Garout M, Alsubki RA, Alshahrani FS, Alfouzan WA, Alestad JH, Alsaleh AE, Al-Mozaini MA, Koritala T, Alotaibi S, Temsah MH, Akbar A, Ahmad R, Khalid Z, Muhammad J, Ahmed N. Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050680. [PMID: 35630096 PMCID: PMC9147347 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an RNA virus infectious disease mainly seen in children. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine against measles, it remains a health issue in children. Although it is a self-limiting disease, it becomes severe in undernourished and immune-compromised individuals. Measles infection is associated with secondary infections by opportunistic bacteria due to the immunosuppressive effects of the measles virus. Recent reports highlight that measles infection erases the already existing immune memory of various pathogens. This review covers the incidence, pathogenesis, measles variants, clinical presentations, secondary infections, elimination of measles virus on a global scale, and especially the immune responses related to measles infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatimah S. Alshahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A. Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Jeehan H. Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK;
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah E. Alsaleh
- Core Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha A. Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thoyaja Koritala
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, USA;
| | - Sultan Alotaibi
- Molecular Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Akbar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan;
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan; (R.A.); (Z.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Zainab Khalid
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan; (R.A.); (Z.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Javed Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan; (R.A.); (Z.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (N.A.)
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7
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Wyss M, Gradauskaite V, Ebert N, Thiel V, Zurbriggen A, Plattet P. Efficient Recovery of Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus from cDNA. Virus Res 2022; 316:198796. [PMID: 35568090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide insights into the biology of the attenuated canine distemper virus (CDV) Onderstepoort (OP) strain (large plaque forming variant), design next-generation multivalent vaccines, or further investigate its promising potential as an oncolytic vector, we employed contemporary modifications to establish an efficient OP-CDV-based reverse genetics platform. Successful viral rescue was obtained however only upon recovery of a completely conserved charged residue (V13E) residing at the N-terminal region of the large protein (L). Although L-V13 and L-V13E did not display drastic differences in cellular localization and physical interaction with P, efficient polymerase complex (P+L) activity was recorded only with L-V13E. Interestingly, grafting mNeonGreen to the viral N protein via a P2A ribosomal skipping sequence (OPneon) and its derivative V-protein-knockout variant (OPneon-Vko) exhibited delayed replication kinetics in cultured cells. Collectively, we established an efficient OP-CDV-based reverse genetics system that enables the design of various strategies potentially contributing to veterinary medicine and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Wyss
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vaiva Gradauskaite
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zurbriggen
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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8
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Wang C, Wang T, Duan L, Chen H, Hu R, Wang X, Jia Y, Chu Z, Liu H, Wang X, Zhang S, Xiao S, Wang J, Dang R, Yang Z. Evasion of Host Antiviral Innate Immunity by Paramyxovirus Accessory Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790191. [PMID: 35173691 PMCID: PMC8841848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For efficient replication, viruses have developed multiple strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. Paramyxoviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses that comprises diverse human and animal pathogens which jeopardize global public health and the economy. The accessory proteins expressed from the P gene by RNA editing or overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) are major viral immune evasion factors antagonizing type I interferon (IFN-I) production and other antiviral innate immune responses. However, the antagonistic mechanisms against antiviral innate immunity by accessory proteins differ among viruses. Here, we summarize the current understandings of immune evasion mechanisms by paramyxovirus accessory proteins, specifically how accessory proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathway to facilitate virus replication. Additionally, some cellular responses, which are also involved in viral replication, will be briefly summarized.
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9
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Siering O, Cattaneo R, Pfaller CK. C Proteins: Controllers of Orderly Paramyxovirus Replication and of the Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010137. [PMID: 35062341 PMCID: PMC8778822 DOI: 10.3390/v14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particles of many paramyxoviruses include small amounts of proteins with a molecular weight of about 20 kDa. These proteins, termed “C”, are basic, have low amino acid homology and some secondary structure conservation. C proteins are encoded in alternative reading frames of the phosphoprotein gene. Some viruses express nested sets of C proteins that exert their functions in different locations: In the nucleus, they interfere with cellular transcription factors that elicit innate immune responses; in the cytoplasm, they associate with viral ribonucleocapsids and control polymerase processivity and orderly replication, thereby minimizing the activation of innate immunity. In addition, certain C proteins can directly bind to, and interfere with the function of, several cytoplasmic proteins required for interferon induction, interferon signaling and inflammation. Some C proteins are also required for efficient virus particle assembly and budding. C-deficient viruses can be grown in certain transformed cell lines but are not pathogenic in natural hosts. C proteins affect the same host functions as other phosphoprotein gene-encoded proteins named V but use different strategies for this purpose. Multiple independent systems to counteract host defenses may ensure efficient immune evasion and facilitate virus adaptation to new hosts and tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Siering
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Christian K. Pfaller
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
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10
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Santos-Terra J, Deckmann I, Fontes-Dutra M, Schwingel GB, Bambini-Junior V, Gottfried C. Transcription factors in neurodevelopmental and associated psychiatric disorders: A potential convergence for genetic and environmental risk factors. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:545-578. [PMID: 34240460 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous and highly prevalent group of psychiatric conditions marked by impairments in the nervous system. Their onset occurs during gestation, and the alterations are observed throughout the postnatal life. Although many genetic and environmental risk factors have been described in this context, the interactions between them challenge the understanding of the pathways associated with NDDs. Transcription factors (TFs)-a group of over 1,600 proteins that can interact with DNA, regulating gene expression through modulation of RNA synthesis-represent a point of convergence for different risk factors. In addition, TFs organize critical processes like angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier formation, myelination, neuronal migration, immune activation, and many others in a time and location-dependent way. In this review, we summarize important TF alterations in NDD and associated disorders, along with specific impairments observed in animal models, and, finally, establish hypotheses to explain how these proteins may be critical mediators in the context of genome-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Santos-Terra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Iohanna Deckmann
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Mellanie Fontes-Dutra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Gustavo Brum Schwingel
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
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11
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Mara K, Dai M, Brice AM, Alexander MR, Tribolet L, Layton DS, Bean AGD. Investigating the Interaction between Negative Strand RNA Viruses and Their Hosts for Enhanced Vaccine Development and Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010059. [PMID: 33477334 PMCID: PMC7830660 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has highlighted the ever-increasing risk of human to human spread of zoonotic pathogens. A number of medically-relevant zoonotic pathogens are negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs). NSVs are derived from different virus families. Examples like Ebola are known for causing severe symptoms and high mortality rates. Some, like influenza, are known for their ease of person-to-person transmission and lack of pre-existing immunity, enabling rapid spread across many countries around the globe. Containment of outbreaks of NSVs can be difficult owing to their unpredictability and the absence of effective control measures, such as vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. In addition, there remains a lack of essential knowledge of the host–pathogen response that are induced by NSVs, particularly of the immune responses that provide protection. Vaccines are the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases. In fact, in the event of a pandemic, appropriate vaccine design and speed of vaccine supply is the most critical factor in protecting the population, as vaccination is the only sustainable defense. Vaccines need to be safe, efficient, and cost-effective, which is influenced by our understanding of the host–pathogen interface. Additionally, some of the major challenges of vaccines are the establishment of a long-lasting immunity offering cross protection to emerging strains. Although many NSVs are controlled through immunisations, for some, vaccine design has failed or efficacy has proven unreliable. The key behind designing a successful vaccine is understanding the host–pathogen interaction and the host immune response towards NSVs. In this paper, we review the recent research in vaccine design against NSVs and explore the immune responses induced by these viruses. The generation of a robust and integrated approach to development capability and vaccine manufacture can collaboratively support the management of outbreaking NSV disease health risks.
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12
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Screening interferon antagonists from accessory proteins encoded by P gene for immune escape of Caprine parainfluenza virus 3. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108980. [PMID: 33445054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Caprine parainfluenza virus 3 (CPIV3) is a novel Paramyxovirus that is isolated from goats suffering from respiratory diseases. Presently, the pathogenesis of CPIV3 infection has not yet been fully characterized. The Type I interferon (IFN) is a key mediator of innate antiviral responses, as many viruses have developed strategies to circumvent IFN response, whether or how CPIV3 antagonizes type I IFN antiviral effects have not yet been characterized. This study observed that CPIV3 was resistant to IFN-α treatment and antagonized IFN-α antiviral responses on MDBK and goat tracheal epithelial (GTE) cell models. Western blot analysis showed that CPIV3 infection reduced STAT1 expression and phosphorylation, which inhibited IFN-α signal transduction on GTE cells. By screening and utilizing specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), three CPIV3 accessory proteins C, V and D were identified during the virus infection process on the GTE cell models. Accessory proteins C and V, but not protein D, was identified to antagonize IFN-α antiviral signaling. Furthermore, accessory protein C, but not protein V, reduced the level of IFN-α driven phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1), and then inhibit STAT1 signaling. Genetic variation analysis to the PIV3 accessory protein C has found two highly variable regions (VR), with VR2 (31-70th aa) being involved in for the CPIV3 accessory protein C to hijack the STAT1 signaling activation. The above data indicated that CPIV3 is capable of inhibiting IFN-α signal transduction by reducing STAT1 expression and activation, and that the accessory protein C, plays vital roles in the immune escape process.
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Viral pathogen-induced mechanisms to antagonize mammalian interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1423-1444. [PMID: 33084946 PMCID: PMC7576986 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral responses of interferons (IFNs) are crucial in the host immune response, playing a relevant role in controlling viralw infections. Three types of IFNs, type I (IFN-α, IFN-β), II (IFN-γ) and III (IFN-λ), are classified according to their receptor usage, mode of induction, biological activity and amino acid sequence. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of type I IFN responses and different mechanisms that viruses employ to circumvent this response. In the first part, we will give an overview of the different induction and signaling cascades induced in the cell by IFN-I after virus encounter. Next, highlights of some of the mechanisms used by viruses to counteract the IFN induction will be described. And finally, we will address different mechanism used by viruses to interference with the IFN signaling cascade and the blockade of IFN induced antiviral activities.
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14
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The Measles Virus V Protein Binding Site to STAT2 Overlaps That of IRF9. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01169-20. [PMID: 32581091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01169-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is a highly immunotropic and contagious pathogen that can even diminish preexisting antibodies and remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of effective vaccines. MeV is one of the most extensively studied viruses with respect to the mechanisms of JAK-STAT antagonism. Of the three proteins translated from the MeV P gene, P and V are essential for inactivation of this pathway. However, the lack of data from direct analyses of the underlying interactions means that the detailed molecular mechanism of antagonism remains unresolved. Here, we prepared recombinant MeV V protein, which is responsible for human JAK-STAT antagonism, and a panel of variants, enabling the biophysical characterization of V protein, including direct V/STAT1 and V/STAT2 interaction assays. Unambiguous direct interactions between the host and viral factors, in the absence of other factors such as Jak1 or Tyk2, were observed, and the dissociation constants were quantified for the first time. Our data indicate that interactions between the C-terminal region of V and STAT2 is 1 order of magnitude stronger than that of the N-terminal region of V and STAT1. We also clarified that these interactions are completely independent of each other. Moreover, results of size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that addition of MeV-V displaces STAT2-core, a rigid region of STAT2 lacking the N- and C-terminal domains, from preformed complexes of STAT2-core/IRF-associated domain (IRF9). These results provide a novel model whereby MeV-V can not only inhibit the STAT2/IRF9 interaction but also disrupt preassembled interferon-stimulated gene factor 3.IMPORTANCE To evade host immunity, many pathogenic viruses inactivate host Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways using diverse strategies. Measles virus utilizes P and V proteins to counteract this signaling pathway. Data derived largely from cell-based assays have indicated several amino acid residues of P and V proteins as important. However, biophysical properties of V protein or its direct interaction with STAT molecules using purified proteins have not been studied. We have developed novel molecular tools enabling us to identify a novel molecular mechanism for immune evasion whereby V protein disrupts critical immune complexes, providing a clear strategy by which measles virus can suppress interferon-mediated antiviral gene expression.
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Jensen MR, Yabukarski F, Communie G, Condamine E, Mas C, Volchkova V, Tarbouriech N, Bourhis JM, Volchkov V, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Structural Description of the Nipah Virus Phosphoprotein and Its Interaction with STAT1. Biophys J 2020; 118:2470-2488. [PMID: 32348724 PMCID: PMC7231922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural characterization of modular proteins containing long intrinsically disordered regions intercalated with folded domains is complicated by their conformational diversity and flexibility and requires the integration of multiple experimental approaches. Nipah virus (NiV) phosphoprotein, an essential component of the viral RNA transcription/replication machine and a component of the viral arsenal that hijacks cellular components and counteracts host immune responses, is a prototypical model for such modular proteins. Curiously, the phosphoprotein of NiV is significantly longer than the corresponding protein of other paramyxoviruses. Here, we combine multiple biophysical methods, including x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and small angle x-ray scattering, to characterize the structure of this protein and provide an atomistic representation of the full-length protein in the form of a conformational ensemble. We show that full-length NiV phosphoprotein is tetrameric, and we solve the crystal structure of its tetramerization domain. Using NMR spectroscopy and small angle x-ray scattering, we show that the long N-terminal intrinsically disordered region and the linker connecting the tetramerization domain to the C-terminal X domain exchange between multiple conformations while containing short regions of residual secondary structure. Some of these transient helices are known to interact with partners, whereas others represent putative binding sites for yet unidentified proteins. Finally, using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry, we map a region of the phosphoprotein, comprising residues between 110 and 140 and common to the V and W proteins, that binds with weak affinity to STAT1 and confirm the involvement of key amino acids of the viral protein in this interaction. This provides new, to our knowledge, insights into how the phosphoprotein and the nonstructural V and W proteins of NiV perform their multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Communie
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Condamine
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Mas
- Integrated Structural Biology Grenoble CNRS, CEA, University Grenoble Alpes, EMBL, Grenoble, France
| | - Valentina Volchkova
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERMU1111-CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Tarbouriech
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bourhis
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Viktor Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERMU1111-CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.
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Yang Y, Zhou D, Zhao B, Cao Y, Yu J, Yan H, Zhao W, Zhang E, Yang J, Zhong M, Hu Q, Deng L, Yan H. Immunoglobulin A Targeting on the N-Terminal Moiety of Viral Phosphoprotein Prevents Measles Virus from Evading Interferon-β Signaling. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:844-856. [PMID: 32119519 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can inhibit intracellular viral replication during its transport across the epithelial cells. We find a monoclonal IgA antibody 7F1-IgA against the N-terminal moiety of the phosphoprotein (PNT) of measles virus (MV), which inhibits the intracellular replication of MV in Caco-2 cells but not in interferon-deficient Vero-pIgR cells. Transcytosis of 7F1-IgA across the MV-infected Caco-2 cells enhances the production of interferon-β (IFN-β) and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes, rendering Caco-2 cells with higher antiviral immunity. 7F1-IgA specifically interacts with MV phosphoprotein inside the MV-infected Caco-2 cell and prevents MV phosphoprotein from inhibiting the phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT1. The intraepithelial interaction between 7F1-IgA and the viral phosphoprotein results in an earlier and stronger phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT1 and, consequently, a more efficient nuclear translocation of STAT1 for the activation of the type I interferon pathway. Thus, IgA against phosphoprotein prevents a virus from evading type I IFN signaling and confers host epithelial cells efficient innate antiviral immunity, which potentiates a new antiviral target and an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Bali Zhao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Li Deng
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Ayasoufi K, Pfaller CK. Seek and hide: the manipulating interplay of measles virus with the innate immune system. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:18-30. [PMID: 32330821 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections with pathogens. It provides direct antiviral mechanisms to suppress the viral life cycle at multiple steps. Innate immune cells are specialized to recognize pathogen infections and activate and modulate adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation, co-stimulation and release of cytokines and chemokines. Measles virus, which causes long-lasting immunosuppression and immune-amnesia, primarily infects and replicates in innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells and B cells. To achieve efficient replication, measles virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate innate immune responses by both stimulation and blocking of specific signals necessary for antiviral immunity. This review will highlight our current knowledge in this and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Ayasoufi
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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18
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Vaidya SR, Kasibhatla SM, Bhattad DR, Ramtirthkar MR, Kale MM, Raut CG, Kulkarni-Kale U. Characterization of diversity of measles viruses in India: Genomic sequencing and comparative genomics studies. J Infect 2020; 80:301-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Nonstructural Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces STAT2 Degradation To Inhibit Interferon Signaling. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01352-19. [PMID: 31462568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01352-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a crucial role in host antiviral response by activating the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway to induce the expression of myriad genes. STAT2 is a key player in the IFN-activated JAK/STAT signaling. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important viral pathogen, causing huge losses to the swine industry. PRRSV infection elicits a meager protective immune response in pigs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of PRRSV on STAT2 signaling. Here, we demonstrated that PRRSV downregulated STAT2 to inhibit IFN-activated signaling. PRRSV strains of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 species reduced the STAT2 protein level, whereas the STAT2 transcript level had minimal change. PRRSV reduced the STAT2 level in a dose-dependent manner and shortened STAT2 half-life significantly from approximately 30 to 5 h. PRRSV-induced STAT2 degradation could be restored by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and lactacystin. In addition, PRRSV nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) was identified to interact with and reduce STAT2. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of nsp11 was responsible for STAT2 degradation and interacted with STAT2 NTD and the coiled-coil domain. Mutagenesis analysis showed that the amino acid residue K59 of nsp11 was indispensable for inducing STAT2 reduction. Mutant PRRSV with the K59A mutation generated by reverse genetics almost lost the ability to reduce STAT2. Together, these results demonstrate that PRRSV nsp11 antagonizes IFN signaling via mediating STAT2 degradation and provide further insights into the PRRSV interference of the innate immunity.IMPORTANCE PRRSV infection elicits a meager protective immune response in pigs. One of the possible reasons is that PRRSV antagonizes interferon induction and its downstream signaling. Interferons are key components in the innate immunity and play crucial roles against viral infection and in the activation of adaptive immune response via JAK/STAT signaling. STAT2 is indispensable in the JAK/STAT signaling since it is also involved in activation of antiviral activity in the absence of STAT1. Here, we discovered that PRRSV nsp11 downregulates STAT2. Interestingly, the N-terminal domain of nsp11 is responsible for inducing STAT2 degradation and directly interacts with STAT2 N-terminal domain. We also identified a crucial amino acid residue K59 in nsp11 since a mutation of it led to loss of the ability to downregulate STAT2. A mutant PRRSV with mutation of K59 had minimal effect on STAT2 reduction. Our data provide further insights into PRRSV interference with interferon signaling.
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20
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Kennedy JM, Earle JP, Omar S, Abdullah H, Nielsen O, Roelke-Parker ME, Cosby SL. Canine and Phocine Distemper Viruses: Global Spread and Genetic Basis of Jumping Species Barriers. Viruses 2019; 11:E944. [PMID: 31615092 PMCID: PMC6833027 DOI: 10.3390/v11100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus morbillivirus, in the order Mononegavirales. CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, and there is evidence of morbillivirus infection of seals and other species in Antarctica. Recently, CDV has spread to felines and other wildlife species in the Serengeti and South Africa. Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences between disease and non-disease causing CDV strains may relate to pathogenicity in domestic dogs and wildlife. Of most concern are reports of CDV infection and disease in non-human primates raising the possibility of zoonosis. In this article we review the global occurrence of CDV and PDV, and present both historical and genetic information relating to these viruses crossing species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Kennedy
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - J.A. Philip Earle
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Shadia Omar
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Hani’ah Abdullah
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | | | - S. Louise Cosby
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
- Virology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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21
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Mandhana R, Qian LK, Horvath CM. Constitutively Active MDA5 Proteins Are Inhibited by Paramyxovirus V Proteins. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 38:319-332. [PMID: 30130154 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive interferon (IFN) production and signaling can lead to immunological and developmental defects giving rise to autoimmune diseases referred to collectively as "type I interferonopathies." A subset of these diseases is caused by monogenic mutations affecting proteins involved in nucleic acid sensing, homeostasis, and metabolism. Interferonopathic mutations in the cytosolic antiviral sensor MDA5 render it constitutively hyperactive, resulting in chronic IFN production and IFN-stimulated gene expression. Few therapeutic options are available for patients with interferonopathic diseases, but a large number of IFN evasion and antagonism strategies have evolved in viral pathogens that can counteract IFN production and signaling to enhance virus replication. To test the hypothesis that these natural IFN suppressors could be used to subdue the activity of interferonopathic signaling proteins, hyperactive MDA5 variants were assessed for susceptibility to a family of viral MDA5 inhibitors. In this study, Paramyxovirus V proteins were tested for their ability to counteract constitutively active MDA5 proteins. Results indicate that the V proteins are able to bind to and disrupt the signaling activity of these MDA5 proteins, irrespective of their specific mutations, reducing IFN production and IFN-stimulated gene expression to effectively suppress the hyperactive antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roli Mandhana
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lily K Qian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
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22
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Mandary MB, Masomian M, Poh CL. Impact of RNA Virus Evolution on Quasispecies Formation and Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4657. [PMID: 31546962 PMCID: PMC6770471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are known to replicate by low fidelity polymerases and have high mutation rates whereby the resulting virus population tends to exist as a distribution of mutants. In this review, we aim to explore how genetic events such as spontaneous mutations could alter the genomic organization of RNA viruses in such a way that they impact virus replications and plaque morphology. The phenomenon of quasispecies within a viral population is also discussed to reflect virulence and its implications for RNA viruses. An understanding of how such events occur will provide further evidence about whether there are molecular determinants for plaque morphology of RNA viruses or whether different plaque phenotypes arise due to the presence of quasispecies within a population. Ultimately this review gives an insight into whether the intrinsically high error rates due to the low fidelity of RNA polymerases is responsible for the variation in plaque morphology and diversity in virulence. This can be a useful tool in characterizing mechanisms that facilitate virus adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiiha Bibi Mandary
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Malihe Masomian
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
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23
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Generation of recombinant measles virus containing the wild-type P gene to improve its oncolytic efficiency. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103631. [PMID: 31381964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are increasing. In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (SARS coronavirus), re-emerging (Ebola virus, Zika virus) or zoonotic (avian influenza H5N1) virus infections. In the absence of a targeted vaccine or a pathogen-specific antiviral, broad-spectrum antivirals would function to limit virus spread. Given the direct antiviral effects of type I interferons (IFNs) in inhibiting the replication of both DNA and RNA viruses at different stages of their replicative cycles, and the effects of type I IFNs on activating immune cell populations to clear virus infections, IFNs-α/β present as ideal candidate broad-spectrum antivirals.
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25
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Pöyhönen L, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q. Life-Threatening Infections Due to Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Early Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:376-390. [PMID: 31123910 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) can protect humans against 12 viral and three bacterial diseases. By definition, any clinical infection caused by a LAV that is sufficiently severe to require medical intervention attests to an inherited or acquired immunodeficiency that must be diagnosed or identified. Self-healing infections can also result from milder forms of immunodeficiency. We review here the inherited forms of immunodeficiency underlying severe infections of LAVs. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), oral poliovirus (OPV), vaccine measles virus (vMeV), and oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) disease have been described from 1951, 1963, 1966, and 2009 onward, respectively. For each of these four LAVs, the underlying IEIs show immunological homogeneity despite genetic heterogeneity. Specifically, BCG disease is due to inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity, OPV disease to inborn errors of B cell immunity, vMeV disease to inborn errors of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ immunity, and ORV disease to adaptive immunity. Severe reactions to the other 11 LAVs have been described yet remain "idiopathic," in the absence of known underlying inherited or acquired immunodeficiencies, and are warranted to be the focus of research efforts. The study of IEIs underlying life-threatening LAV infections is clinically important for the affected patients and their families, as well as immunologically, for the study of the molecular and cellular basis of host defense against both attenuated and parental pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöyhönen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Mesev EV, LeDesma RA, Ploss A. Decoding type I and III interferon signalling during viral infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:914-924. [PMID: 30936491 PMCID: PMC6554024 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are central to host defence against viral infection. Despite the existence of at least 20 IFNs, there are only three known cell surface receptors. IFN signalling and viral evasion mechanisms form an immensely complex network that differs across species. In this Review, we begin by highlighting some of the advances that have been made towards understanding the complexity of differential IFN signalling inputs and outputs that contribute to antiviral defences. Next, we explore some of the ways viruses can interfere with, or circumvent, these defences. Lastly, we address the largely under-reviewed impact of IFN signalling on host tropism, and we offer perspectives on the future of research into IFN signalling complexity and viral evasion across species. This Review highlights some of the advances that have been made towards understanding the complexity of differential interferon (IFN) signalling inputs and outputs as well as some of the strategies viruses use to interfere with or circumvent IFN-induced antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Mesev
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A LeDesma
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Manjunath S, Saxena S, Mishra B, Santra L, Sahu AR, Wani SA, Tiwari AK, Mishra BP, Singh RK, Janga SC, Kumar GR. Early transcriptome profile of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with peste des petits ruminant's vaccine virus (Sungri/96) revealed induction of antiviral response in an interferon independent manner. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:166-177. [PMID: 30903969 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sungri/96 vaccine strain is considered the most potent vaccine providing long-term immunity against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in India. Previous studies in our laboratory highlighted induction of robust antiviral response in an interferon independent manner at 48 h and 120 h post infection (p.i.). However, immune response at the earliest time point 6 h p.i. (time taken to complete one PPRV life cycle), in PBMCs infected with Sungri/96 vaccine virus has not been investigated. This study was taken up to understand the global gene expression profiling of goat PBMCs after Sungri/96 PPRV vaccine strain infection at 6 h post infection (p.i.). A total of 1926 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with 616 - upregulated and 1310 - downregulated. TLR7/TLR3, IRF7/IRF1, ISG20, IFIT1/IFIT2, IFITM3, IL27 and TREX1 were identified as key immune sensors and antiviral candidate genes. Interestingly, type I interferons (IFNα/β) were not differentially expressed at this time point as well. TREX1, an exonuclease which inhibits type I interferons at the early stage of virus infection was found to be highly upregulated. IL27, an important antiviral host immune factor was significantly upregulated. ISG20, an antiviral interferon induced gene with exonuclease activity specific to ssRNA viruses was highly expressed. Functional profiling of DEGs showed significant enrichment of immune system processes with 233 genes indicating initiation of immune defense response in host cells. Protein interaction network showed important innate immune molecules in the immune network with high connectivity. The study highlights important immune and antiviral genes at the earliest time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa Manjunath
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 5021 Health Information and Translational Sciences (HITS), 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Lakshman Santra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Sajad Ahmed Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University, 719 Indiana Ave Ste 319, Walker Plaza Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 5021 Health Information and Translational Sciences (HITS), 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Gandham Ravi Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India.
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Cyclical adaptation of measles virus quasispecies to epithelial and lymphocytic cells: To V, or not to V. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007605. [PMID: 30768648 PMCID: PMC6395005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is dual-tropic: it replicates first in lymphatic tissues and then in epithelial cells. This switch in tropism raises the question of whether, and how, intra-host evolution occurs. Towards addressing this question, we adapted MeV either to lymphocytic (Granta-519) or epithelial (H358) cells. We also passaged it consecutively in both human cell lines. Since passaged MeV had different replication kinetics, we sought to investigate the underlying genetic mechanisms of growth differences by performing deep-sequencing analyses. Lymphocytic adaptation reproducibly resulted in accumulation of variants mapping within an 11-nucleotide sequence located in the middle of the phosphoprotein (P) gene. This sequence mediates polymerase slippage and addition of a pseudo-templated guanosine to the P mRNA. This form of co-transcriptional RNA editing results in expression of an interferon antagonist, named V, in place of a polymerase co-factor, named P. We show that lymphocytic-adapted MeV indeed produce minimal amounts of edited transcripts and V protein. In contrast, parental and epithelial-adapted MeV produce similar levels of edited and non-edited transcripts, and of V and P proteins. Raji, another lymphocytic cell line, also positively selects V-deficient MeV genomes. On the other hand, in epithelial cells V-competent MeV genomes rapidly out-compete the V-deficient variants. To characterize the mechanisms of genome re-equilibration we rescued four recombinant MeV carrying individual editing site-proximal mutations. Three mutations interfered with RNA editing, resulting in almost exclusive P protein expression. The fourth preserved RNA editing and a standard P-to-V protein expression ratio. However, it altered a histidine involved in Zn2+ binding, inactivating V function. Thus, the lymphocytic environment favors replication of V-deficient MeV, while the epithelial environment has the opposite effect, resulting in rapid and thorough cyclical quasispecies re-equilibration. Analogous processes may occur in natural infections with other dual-tropic RNA viruses. Key questions in infectious disease are how pathogens adapt to different cells of their hosts, and how the interplay between the virus and host factors controls the outcome of infection. Human measles virus (MeV) and related animal morbilliviruses provide important models of pathogenesis because they are dual-tropic: they replicate first in immune cells for spread through the body, and then in epithelial cells for transmission. We sought here to define the underlying molecular and evolutionary processes that allow MeV to spread rapidly in either lymphocytic or epithelial cells. We discovered unexpectedly rapid and thorough genome adaptation to these two tissues. Genome variants that cannot express functional V protein, an innate immunity control protein, are rapidly selected in lymphocytic cells. These variants express only the P protein, a polymerase co-factor, instead of expressing P and V at similar levels. Upon passaging in epithelial cells, V-competent MeV genome variants rapidly re-gain dominance. These results suggest that cyclical quasispecies re-equilibration may occur in acute MeV infections of humans, and that suboptimal variants in one environment constitute a low frequency reservoir for adaptation to the other, where they become dominant.
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Bagdassarian E, Doceul V, Pellerin M, Demange A, Meyer L, Jouvenet N, Pavio N. The Amino-Terminal Region of Hepatitis E Virus ORF1 Containing a Methyltransferase (Met) and a Papain-Like Cysteine Protease (PCP) Domain Counteracts Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120726. [PMID: 30567349 PMCID: PMC6315852 DOI: 10.3390/v10120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for large waterborne epidemics of hepatitis in endemic countries and is an emerging zoonotic pathogen worldwide. In endemic regions, HEV-1 or HEV-2 genotypes are frequently associated with fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women, while with zoonotic HEV (HEV-3 and HEV-4), chronic cases of hepatitis and severe neurological disorders are reported. Hence, it is important to characterize the interactions between HEV and its host. Here, we investigated the ability of the nonstructural polyprotein encoded by the first open reading frame (ORF1) of HEV to modulate the host early antiviral response and, in particular, the type I interferon (IFN-I) system. We found that the amino-terminal region of HEV-3 ORF1 (MetYPCP), containing a putative methyltransferase (Met) and a papain-like cysteine protease (PCP) functional domain, inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activation and the expression of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in response to IFN-I. We showed that the MetYPCP domain interfered with the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of the transcription protein (STAT) signalling pathway by inhibiting STAT1 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation after IFN-I treatment. In contrast, MetYPCP had no effect on STAT2 phosphorylation and a limited impact on the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway after IFN-II stimulation. This inhibitory function seemed to be genotype-dependent, as MetYPCP from HEV-1 had no significant effect on the JAK/STAT pathway. Overall, this study provides evidence that the predicted MetYPCP domain of HEV ORF1 antagonises STAT1 activation to modulate the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Bagdassarian
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Virginie Doceul
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Marie Pellerin
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Antonin Demange
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Léa Meyer
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- CNRS-UMR3569, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nicole Pavio
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Abstract
Measles remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine. The current measles virus (MeV) vaccine was developed empirically by attenuation of wild-type (WT) MeV by in vitro passage in human and chicken cells and licensed in 1963. Additional passages led to further attenuation and the successful vaccine strains in widespread use today. Attenuation is associated with decreased replication in lymphoid tissue, but the molecular basis for this restriction has not been identified. The immune response is age dependent, inhibited by maternal antibody (Ab) and involves induction of both Ab and T cell responses that resemble the responses to WT MeV infection, but are lower in magnitude. Protective immunity is correlated with levels of neutralizing Ab, but the actual immunologic determinants of protection are not known. Because measles is highly transmissible, control requires high levels of population immunity. Delivery of the two doses of vaccine needed to achieve >90% immunity is accomplished by routine immunization of infants at 9-15 months of age followed by a second dose delivered before school entry or by periodic mass vaccination campaigns. Because delivery by injection creates hurdles to sustained high coverage, there are efforts to deliver MeV vaccine by inhalation. In addition, the safety record for the vaccine combined with advances in reverse genetics for negative strand viruses has expanded proposed uses for recombinant versions of measles vaccine as vectors for immunization against other infections and as oncolytic agents for a variety of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral disease with initial amplification of infection in lymphoid tissue and subsequent spread over 10–14 days to multiple organs. Failure of the innate response to control initial measles virus (MeV) replication is associated with the ability of MeV to inhibit the induction of type I interferon and interferon-stimulated antiviral genes. Rather, the innate response is characterized by the expression of proteins regulated by nuclear factor kappa B and the inflammasome. With eventual development of the adaptive response, the rash appears with immune cell infiltration into sites of virus replication to initiate the clearance of infectious virus. However, MeV RNA is cleared much more slowly than recoverable infectious virus and remains present in lymphoid tissue for at least 6 months after infection. Persistence of viral RNA and protein suggests persistent low-level replication in lymphoid tissue that may facilitate maturation of the immune response, resulting in lifelong protection from reinfection, while persistence in other tissues (for example, the nervous system) may predispose to development of late disease such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Further studies are needed to identify mechanisms of viral clearance and to understand the relationship between persistence and development of lifelong immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ashley N Nelson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Son HA, Zhang L, Cuong BK, Van Tong H, Cuong LD, Hang NT, Nhung HTM, Yamamoto N, Toan NL. Combination of Vaccine-Strain Measles and Mumps Viruses Enhances Oncolytic Activity against Human Solid Malignancies. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:106-117. [PMID: 29485292 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1434539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic measles and mumps viruses (MeV, MuV) have a potential for anti-cancer treatment. We examined the anti-tumor activity of MeV, MuV, and MeV-MuV combination (MM) against human solid malignancies (HSM). MeV, MuV, and MM targeted and significantly killed various cancer cell lines of HSM but not normal cells. MM demonstrated a greater anti-tumor effect and prolonged survival in a human prostate cancer xenograft tumor model compared to MeV and MuV. MeV, MuV, and MM significantly induced the expression of immunogenic cell death markers and enhanced spleen-infiltrating immune cells. In conclusion, MM combination significantly improves the treatment of human solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Anh Son
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - LiFeng Zhang
- b Department of Microbiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,e Department of immunology , Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Bui Khac Cuong
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam.,c Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Le Duy Cuong
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thu Hang
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | | | - Naoki Yamamoto
- b Department of Microbiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Vietnam Military Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
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Pfeffermann K, Dörr M, Zirkel F, von Messling V. Morbillivirus Pathogenesis and Virus-Host Interactions. Adv Virus Res 2018; 100:75-98. [PMID: 29551144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines against measles and several animal morbilliviruses, they continue to cause regular outbreaks and epidemics in susceptible populations. Morbilliviruses are highly contagious and share a similar pathogenesis in their respective hosts. This review provides an overview of morbillivirus history and the general replication cycle and recapitulates Morbillivirus pathogenesis focusing on common and unique aspects seen in different hosts. It also summarizes the state of knowledge regarding virus-host interactions on the cellular level with an emphasis on viral interference with innate immune response activation, and highlights remaining knowledge gaps.
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34
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Griffin DE. The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100282. [PMID: 27754341 PMCID: PMC5086614 DOI: 10.3390/v8100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10–14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2–3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Yu X, Shahriari S, Li HM, Ghildyal R. Measles Virus Matrix Protein Inhibits Host Cell Transcription. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161360. [PMID: 27551716 PMCID: PMC4994966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious virus that still causes annual epidemics in developing countries despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Additionally, importation from endemic countries causes frequent outbreaks in countries where it has been eliminated. The M protein of MeV plays a key role in virus assembly and cytopathogenesis; interestingly, M is localised in nucleus, cytoplasm and membranes of infected cells. We have used transient expression of M in transfected cells and in-cell transcription assays to show that only some MeV M localizes to the nucleus, in addition to cell membranes and the cytoplasm as previously described, and can inhibit cellular transcription via binding to nuclear factors. Additionally, MeV M was able to inhibit in vitro transcription in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, a proportion of M is also localized to nucleus of MeV infected cells at early times in infection, correlating with inhibition of cellular transcription. Our data show, for the first time, that MeV M may play a role early in infection by inhibiting host cell transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yu
- Section of Epidemiology & Statistics, Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 XinYi Road, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Shadi Shahriari
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
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36
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Audsley MD, Jans DA, Moseley GW. Roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand RNA viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2463-2481. [PMID: 27498841 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense RNA viruses (NSVs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many NSV-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. Nuclear trafficking has been reported both for NSV accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and V, W and C proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. Trafficking of the former is thought to enable accessory functions in viral modulation of antiviral responses including the type I IFN system, but the intranuclear roles of structural proteins such as nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, which have critical roles in extranuclear replication and viral assembly, are less clear. Nevertheless, nuclear trafficking of matrix protein has been reported to be critical for efficient production of Nipah virus and Respiratory syncytial virus, and nuclear localization of nucleocapsid protein of several morbilliviruses has been linked to mechanisms of immune evasion. Together, these data point to the nucleus as a significant host interface for viral proteins during infection by NSVs with otherwise cytoplasmic life cycles. Importantly, several lines of evidence now suggest that nuclear trafficking of these proteins may be critical to pathogenesis and thus could provide new targets for vaccine development and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Audsley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIO21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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García-León ML, Bonifaz LC, Espinosa-Torres B, Hernández-Pérez B, Cardiel-Marmolejo L, Santos-Preciado JI, Wong-Chew RM. A correlation of measles specific antibodies and the number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells is observed after measles vaccination in 9 month old infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1762-9. [PMID: 26075901 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1032488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) represents one of the main causes of death among young children, particularly in developing countries. Upon infection, MeV controls both interferon induction (IFN) and the interferon signaling pathway which results in a severe host immunosuppression that can persists for up to 6 mo after infection. Despite the global biology of MeV infection is well studied, the role of the plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) during the host innate immune response after measles vaccination remains largely uncharacterized. Here we investigated the role of pDCs, the major producers of interferon in response to viral infections, in the development of adaptive immune response against MeV vaccine. We report that there is a strong correlation between pDCs population and the humoral immune response to Edmonston Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccination in 9-month-old mexican infants. Five infants were further evaluated after vaccination, showing a clear increase in pDCs at baseline, one week and 3 months after immunization. Three months postvaccination they showed increase in memory T-cells and pDCs populations, high induction of adaptive immunity and also observed a correlation between pDCs number and the humoral immune response. These findings suggest that the development and magnitude of the adaptive immune response following measles immunization is directly dependent on the number of pDCs of the innate immune response.
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Key Words
- (-) ssRNA, nonsegmented negative single-stranded RNA
- DCs, dendritic cells
- EZ, Edmonston Zagreb
- GMT, Geometric mean titers
- IFN, interferon
- MMR, measles, mumps, rubella vaccine
- MeV, Measles virus
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PRN, plaque reduction neutralization
- cellular and humoral immunity
- mDCs, myeloid dendritic cells
- measles vaccine
- pDCs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- plasmacytoid dendritic cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L García-León
- a Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ; México City , México
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Lieu KG, Marsh GA, Wang LF, Netter HJ. The non-pathogenic Henipavirus Cedar paramyxovirus phosphoprotein has a compromised ability to target STAT1 and STAT2. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:69-76. [PMID: 26526590 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion by the lethal henipaviruses, Hendra (HeV) and Nipah virus, is mediated by its interferon (IFN) antagonist P gene products, phosphoprotein (P), and the related V and W proteins, which can target the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2 proteins to inhibit IFN/STAT signaling. However, it is not clear if the recently identified non-pathogenic Henipavirus, Cedar paramyxovirus (CedPV), is also able to antagonize the STAT proteins. We performed comparative studies between the HeV P gene products (P/V/W) and CedPV-P (CedPV does not encode V or W) and demonstrate that differences exist in their ability to engage the STAT proteins using immunoprecipitation and quantitative confocal microscopic analysis. In contrast to HeV-P gene encoded proteins, the ability of CedPV-P to interact with and relocalize STAT1 or STAT2 is compromised, correlating with a reduced capacity to inhibit the mRNA synthesis of IFN-inducible gene MxA. Furthermore, infection studies with HeV and CedPV demonstrate that HeV is more potent than CedPV in inhibiting the IFN-α-mediated nuclear accumulation of STAT1. These results strongly suggest that the ability of CedPV to counteract the IFN/STAT response is compromised compared to HeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim G Lieu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hans J Netter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Millar EL, Rennick LJ, Weissbrich B, Schneider-Schaulies J, Duprex WP, Rima BK. The phosphoprotein genes of measles viruses from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cases encode functional as well as non-functional proteins and display reduced editing. Virus Res 2015; 211:29-37. [PMID: 26428304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Products expressed from the second (P/V/C) gene are important in replication and abrogating innate immune responses during acute measles virus (MV) infection. Thirteen clone sets were derived from the P/V/C genes of measles virus (MV) RNA extracted from brains of a unique collection of seven cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) caused by persistent MV in the central nervous system (CNS). Whether these functions are fully maintained when MV replicates in the CNS has not been previously determined. Co-transcriptional editing of the P mRNAs by non-template insertion of guanine (G) nucleotides, which generates mRNAs encoding the viral V protein, occurs much less frequently (9%) in the SSPE derived samples than during the acute infection (30-50%). Thus it is likely that less V protein, which is involved in combatting the innate immune response, is produced. The P genes in MV from SSPE cases were not altered by biased hypermutation but exhibited a high degree of variation within each case. Most but not all SSPE derived phospho-(P) proteins were functional in mini genome replication/transcription assays. An eight amino acid truncation of the carboxyl-terminus made the P protein non-functional while the insertion of an additional glycine residue by insertion of G nucleotides at the editing site had no effect on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Millar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L J Rennick
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - B Weissbrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - W P Duprex
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - B K Rima
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK.
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Ma X, Yang X, Nian X, Zhang Z, Dou Y, Zhang X, Luo X, Su J, Zhu Q, Cai X. Identification of amino-acid residues in the V protein of peste des petits ruminants essential for interference and suppression of STAT-mediated interferon signaling. Virology 2015; 483:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Actin-Modulating Protein Cofilin Is Involved in the Formation of Measles Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complex at the Perinuclear Region. J Virol 2015; 89:10524-31. [PMID: 26269174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01819-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In measles virus (MV)-infected cells, the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, comprised of the viral genome and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, phosphoprotein (P protein), and large protein, assembles at the perinuclear region and synthesizes viral RNAs. The cellular proteins involved in the formation of the RNP complex are largely unknown. In this report, we show that cofilin, an actin-modulating host protein, interacts with the MV N protein and aids in the formation of the RNP complex. Knockdown of cofilin using the short hairpin RNA reduces the formation of the RNP complex after MV infection and that of the RNP complex-like structure after plasmid-mediated expression of MV N and P proteins. A lower level of formation of the RNP complex results in the reduction of viral RNA synthesis. Cofilin phosphorylation on the serine residue at position 3, an enzymatically inactive form, is increased after MV infection and the phosphorylated form of cofilin is preferentially included in the complex. These results indicate that cofilin plays an important role in MV replication by increasing formation of the RNP complex and viral RNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE Many RNA viruses induce within infected cells the structure called the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in which viral RNA synthesis occurs. It is comprised of the viral genome and proteins that include the viral RNA polymerase. The cellular proteins involved in the formation of the RNP complex are largely unknown. In this report, we show that cofilin, an actin-modulating host protein, binds to the measles virus (MV) nucleocapsid protein and plays an important role in the formation of the MV RNP complex and MV RNA synthesis. The level of the phosphorylated form of cofilin, enzymatically inactive, is increased after MV infection, and the phosphorylated form is preferentially associated with the RNP complex. Our findings determined with cofilin will help us better understand the mechanism by which the RNP complex is formed in virus-infected cells and develop new antiviral drugs targeting the RNP complex.
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Shahni R, Cale CM, Anderson G, Osellame LD, Hambleton S, Jacques TS, Wedatilake Y, Taanman JW, Chan E, Qasim W, Plagnol V, Chalasani A, Duchen MR, Gilmour KC, Rahman S. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 deficiency is a novel disorder of mitochondrial fission. Brain 2015; 138:2834-46. [PMID: 26122121 PMCID: PMC5808733 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects of mitochondrial dynamics are emerging causes of neurological disease. In two children presenting with severe neurological deterioration following viral infection we identified a novel homozygous STAT2 mutation, c.1836 C>A (p.Cys612Ter), using whole exome sequencing. In muscle and fibroblasts from these patients, and a third unrelated STAT2-deficient patient, we observed extremely elongated mitochondria. Western blot analysis revealed absence of the STAT2 protein and that the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 (encoded by DNM1L) is inactive, as shown by its phosphorylation state. All three patients harboured decreased levels of DRP1 phosphorylated at serine residue 616 (P-DRP1(S616)), a post-translational modification known to activate DRP1, and increased levels of DRP1 phosphorylated at serine 637 (P-DRP1(S637)), associated with the inactive state of the DRP1 GTPase. Knockdown of STAT2 in SHSY5Y cells recapitulated the fission defect, with elongated mitochondria and decreased P-DRP1(S616) levels. Furthermore the mitochondrial fission defect in patient fibroblasts was rescued following lentiviral transduction with wild-type STAT2 in all three patients, with normalization of mitochondrial length and increased P-DRP1(S616) levels. Taken together, these findings implicate STAT2 as a novel regulator of DRP1 phosphorylation at serine 616, and thus of mitochondrial fission, and suggest that there are interactions between immunity and mitochondria. This is the first study to link the innate immune system to mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. We hypothesize that variability in JAK-STAT signalling may contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of mitochondrial disease, and may explain why some patients with underlying mitochondrial disease decompensate after seemingly trivial viral infections. Modulating JAK-STAT activity may represent a novel therapeutic avenue for mitochondrial diseases, which remain largely untreatable. This may also be relevant for more common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, in which abnormalities of mitochondrial morphology have been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojeen Shahni
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine M Cale
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- 3 Histopathology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laura D Osellame
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- 5 Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- 3 Histopathology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK 6 Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Yehani Wedatilake
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Emma Chan
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Waseem Qasim
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Annapurna Chalasani
- 9 Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- 10 Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | | | - Shamima Rahman
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
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Enkirch T, von Messling V. Ferret models of viral pathogenesis. Virology 2015; 479-480:259-70. [PMID: 25816764 PMCID: PMC7111696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and well-known viral diseases remain one the most important global public health threats. A better understanding of their pathogenesis and mechanisms of transmission requires animal models that accurately reproduce these aspects of the disease. Here we review the role of ferrets as an animal model for the pathogenesis of different respiratory viruses with an emphasis on influenza and paramyxoviruses. We will describe the anatomic and physiologic characteristics that contribute to the natural susceptibility of ferrets to these viruses, and provide an overview of the approaches available to analyze their immune responses. Recent insights gained using this model will be highlighted, including the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. To provide decision criteria for the use of this animal model, its strengths and limitations will be discussed. Ferrets as models for respiratory virus pathogenesis. Ferrets as models for vaccine and drug efficacy assessment. Immunological tools for ferrets. Housing and handling of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Enkirch
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - V von Messling
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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44
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Zhang LF, Tan DQC, Jeyasekharan AD, Hsieh WS, Ho AS, Ichiyama K, Ye M, Pang B, Ohba K, Liu X, de Mel S, Cuong BK, Chng WJ, Ryo A, Suzuki Y, Yeoh KG, Toan NL, Yamamoto N. Combination of vaccine-strain measles and mumps virus synergistically kills a wide range of human hematological cancer cells: Special focus on acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:272-80. [PMID: 25193462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through combining vaccine-derived measles and mumps viruses (MM), we efficiently targeted a wide range of hematopoietic cancer cell lines. MM synergistically killed many cell lines including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Further investigation suggested that enhanced oncolytic effect of MM was due to increased apoptosis induction. In an U937 xenograft AML mouse model, MM displayed greater tumor suppression and prolonged survival. Furthermore, MM efficiently killed blasts from 16 out of 20 AML patients and elicited more efficient killing effect on 11 patients when co-administered with Ara-C. Our results demonstrate that MM is a promising therapeutic candidate for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren Qian Cheng Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wen Son Hsieh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anh Son Ho
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Koji Ichiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendan Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System and National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Bui Khac Cuong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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45
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Chowdhury FZ, Farrar JD. STAT2: A shape-shifting anti-viral super STAT. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23633. [PMID: 24058798 PMCID: PMC3670274 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT2 is unique among the STAT family of transcription factors in that its activation is driven predominantly by only two classes of cell surface receptors: Type I and III interferon receptors. As such, STAT2 plays a critical role in host defenses against viral infections. Viruses have evolved to target STAT2 by either inhibiting its expression, blocking its activity, or by targeting it for degradation. Consequently, these viral onslaughts have driven remarkable divergence in the STAT2 gene across species that is not observed in other STAT family members. Thus, the evolution of STAT2 may preserve its activity and protect each species in the face of an ever-changing viral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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46
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Kumar N, Maherchandani S, Kashyap SK, Singh SV, Sharma S, Chaubey KK, Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review. Viruses 2014; 6:2287-327. [PMID: 24915458 PMCID: PMC4074929 DOI: 10.3390/v6062287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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47
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Paingankar MS, Arankalle VA. Identification of chikungunya virus interacting proteins in mammalian cells. J Biosci 2014; 39:389-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Pinto AK, Ramos HJ, Wu X, Aggarwal S, Shrestha B, Gorman M, Kim KY, Suthar MS, Atkinson JP, Gale Jr M, Diamond MS. Deficient IFN signaling by myeloid cells leads to MAVS-dependent virus-induced sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004086. [PMID: 24743949 PMCID: PMC3990718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) signaling response limits infection of many RNA and DNA viruses. To define key cell types that require type I IFN signaling to orchestrate immunity against West Nile virus (WNV), we infected mice with conditional deletions of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) gene. Deletion of the Ifnar gene in subsets of myeloid cells resulted in uncontrolled WNV replication, vasoactive cytokine production, sepsis, organ damage, and death that were remarkably similar to infection of Ifnar−/− mice completely lacking type I IFN signaling. In Mavs−/−×Ifnar−/− myeloid cells and mice lacking both Ifnar and the RIG-I-like receptor adaptor gene Mavs, cytokine production was muted despite high levels of WNV infection. Thus, in myeloid cells, viral infection triggers signaling through MAVS to induce proinflammatory cytokines that can result in sepsis and organ damage. Viral pathogenesis was caused in part by massive complement activation, as liver damage was minimized in animals lacking complement components C3 or factor B or treated with neutralizing anti-C5 antibodies. Disease in Ifnar−/− and CD11c Cre+Ifnarf/f mice also was facilitated by the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, as blocking antibodies diminished complement activation and prolonged survival without altering viral burden. Collectively, our findings establish the dominant role of type I IFN signaling in myeloid cells in restricting virus infection and controlling pathological inflammation and tissue injury. Although it is well established that the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway restricts infection by many viruses, the key cell types in vivo that contribute to this process remain poorly characterized. To address this question in the context of West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenesis, we infected mice that specifically delete the type I IFN receptor gene (Ifnar) in subsets of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. Remarkably, mice lacking Ifnar expression only in myeloid cell subsets rapidly developed a sepsis-like syndrome that was characterized by enhanced WNV infection and visceral organ injury and caused by massive proinflammatory cytokine production and complement activation. By using additional gene targeted deletion mice, we show that WNV infection triggered signaling through the RIG-I like receptor adaptor protein MAVS to cause complement activation, sepsis, and tissue damage. Indeed, liver damage was minimized in animals lacking specific complement components, or treated with neutralizing anti-complement or anti-TNF-α antibodies. Our results establish how type I IFN signaling in dendritic cells and macrophages restricts infection, controls inflammatory cascades, and prevents pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hilario J. Ramos
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shilpa Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bimmi Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gorman
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristin Y. Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale Jr
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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John L, Samuel CE. Induction of stress granules by interferon and down-regulation by the cellular RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1. Virology 2014; 454-455:299-310. [PMID: 24725957 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) deficient in C protein (C(ko)) expression efficiently induces both stress granules (SG) and interferon (IFNβ), whereas isogenic wild-type (WT) and V mutant (V(ko)) viruses do not. We therefore examined the effect of IFNβ pretreatment on SG formation, and the roles played by the IFN-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and dsRNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR1). SG formation in ADAR1-sufficient cells infected with WT or V(ko) mutant virus was enhanced by IFN treatment and was PKR-dependent. SG formation in C(ko) virus-infected cells was already high without IFN treatment and was not further enhanced by IFN. IFN treatment alone, in the absence of infection, induced SG formation in ADAR1-deficient but not ADAR1-sufficient cells. Type I IFN-induced enhancement in SG formation occurred by a canonical IFN signaling response dependent upon STAT1 and STAT2. These results further establish ADAR1 as a suppressor of the interferon and SG innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijo John
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Charles E Samuel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States; Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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50
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Liu YP, Suksanpaisan L, Steele MB, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Induction of antiviral genes by the tumor microenvironment confers resistance to virotherapy. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2375. [PMID: 23921465 PMCID: PMC3736178 DOI: 10.1038/srep02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses obliterate tumor cells in tissue culture but not against the same tumors in vivo. We report that macrophages can induce a powerfully protective antiviral state in ovarian and breast tumors, rendering them resistant to oncolytic virotherapy. These tumors have activated JAK/STAT pathways and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) is upregulated. Gene expression profiling (GEP) of human primary ovarian and breast tumors confirmed constitutive activation of ISGs. The tumors were heavily infiltrated with CD68+ macrophages. Exposure of OV-susceptible tumor cell lines to conditioned media from RAW264.7 or primary macrophages activated antiviral ISGs, JAK/STAT signaling and an antiviral state. Anti-IFN antibodies and shRNA knockdown studies show that this effect is mediated by an extremely low concentration of macrophage-derived IFNβ. JAK inhibitors reversed the macrophage-induced antiviral state. This study points to a new role for tumor-associated macrophages in the induction of a constitutive antiviral state that shields tumors from viral attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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