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Peabody Lever JE, Li Q, Pavelkova N, Hussain SS, Bakshi S, Ren JQ, Jones LI, Kennemur J, Weupe M, Campos-Gomez J, Tang L, Lever JMP, Wang D, Stanford DD, Foote J, Harrod KS, Kim H, Phillips SE, Rowe SM. Pulmonary Fibrosis Ferret Model Demonstrates Sustained Fibrosis, Restrictive Physiology, and Aberrant Repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597198. [PMID: 38895273 PMCID: PMC11185733 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rationale The role of MUC5B mucin expression in IPF pathogenesis is unknown. Bleomycin-exposed rodent models do not exhibit sustained fibrosis or airway remodeling. Unlike mice, ferrets have human-like distribution of MUC5B expressing cell types and natively express the risk-conferring variant that induces high MUC5B expression in humans. We hypothesized that ferrets would consequently exhibit aberrant repair to propagate fibrosis similar to human IPF. Methods Bleomycin (5U/kg) or saline-control was micro-sprayed intratracheally then wild-type ferrets were evaluated through 22 wks. Clinical phenotype was assessed with lung function. Fibrosis was assessed with µCT imaging and comparative histology with Ashcroft scoring. Airway remodeling was assessed with histology and quantitative immunofluorescence. Results Bleomycin ferrets exhibited sustained restrictive physiology including decreased inspiratory capacity, decreased compliance, and shifted Pressure-Volume loops through 22 wks. Volumetric µCT analysis revealed increased opacification of the lung bleomycin-ferrets. Histology showed extensive fibrotic injury that matured over time and MUC5B-positive cystic structures in the distal lung suggestive of honeycombing. Bleomycin ferrets had increased proportion of small airways that were double-positive for CCSP and alpha-tubulin compared to controls, indicating an aberrant 'proximalization' repair phenotype. Notably, this aberrant repair was associated with extent of fibrotic injury at the airway level. Conclusions Bleomycin-exposed ferrets exhibit sustained fibrosis through 22 wks and have pathologic features of IPF not found in rodents. Ferrets exhibited proximalization of the distal airways and other pathologic features characteristic of human IPF. MUC5B expression through native cell types may play a key role in promoting airway remodeling and lung injury in IPF.
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Meliopoulos V, Honce R, Livingston B, Hargest V, Freiden P, Lazure L, Brigleb PH, Karlsson E, Sheppard H, Allen EK, Boyd D, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Diet-induced obesity affects influenza disease severity and transmission dynamics in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9137. [PMID: 38728395 PMCID: PMC11086619 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. Yet, the mechanisms are only partially understood. As the number of people, particularly children, living with obesity continues to rise, it is critical to understand the role of host status on disease pathogenesis. In these studies, we use a diet-induced obese ferret model and tools to demonstrate that, like humans, obesity resulted in notable changes to the lung microenvironment, leading to increased clinical disease and viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for a longer period, making them more likely to transmit to contacts. These data suggest that the obese ferret model may be crucial to understanding obesity's impact on influenza disease severity and community transmission and a key tool for therapeutic and intervention development for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Lazure
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela H. Brigleb
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erik Karlsson
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather Sheppard
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E. Kaity Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Pramod RK, Atul PK, Pandey M, Anbazhagan S, Mhaske ST, Barathidasan R. Care, management, and use of ferrets in biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:10. [PMID: 38532510 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is a small domesticated species of the family Mustelidae within the order Carnivora. The present article reviews and discusses the current state of knowledge about housing, care, breeding, and biomedical uses of ferrets. The management and breeding procedures of ferrets resemble those used for other carnivores. Understanding its behavior helps in the use of environmental enrichment and social housing, which promote behaviors typical of the species. Ferrets have been used in research since the beginning of the twentieth century. It is a suitable non-rodent model in biomedical research because of its hardy nature, social behavior, diet and other habits, small size, and thus the requirement of a relatively low amount of test compounds and early sexual maturity compared with dogs and non-human primates. Ferrets and humans have numerous similar anatomical, metabolic, and physiological characteristics, including the endocrine, respiratory, auditory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems. It is one of the emerging animal models used in studies such as influenza and other infectious respiratory diseases, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, cardiac research, gastrointestinal disorders, neuroscience, and toxicological studies. Ferrets are vulnerable to many human pathogenic organisms, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because air transmission of this virus between them has been observed in the laboratory. Ferrets draw the attention of the medical community compared to rodents because they occupy a distinct niche in biomedical studies, although they possess a small representation in laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India.
| | - Pravin Kumar Atul
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Mamta Pandey
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - S Anbazhagan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Suhas T Mhaske
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - R Barathidasan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
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Rowe T, Davis W, Wentworth DE, Ross T. Differential interferon responses to influenza A and B viruses in primary ferret respiratory epithelial cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0149423. [PMID: 38294251 PMCID: PMC10878268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cocirculate with influenza A viruses (IAV) and cause periodic epidemics of disease, yet antibody and cellular responses following IBV infection are less well understood. Using the ferret model for antisera generation for influenza surveillance purposes, IAV resulted in robust antibody responses following infection, whereas IBV required an additional booster dose, over 85% of the time, to generate equivalent antibody titers. In this study, we utilized primary differentiated ferret nasal epithelial cells (FNECs) which were inoculated with IAV and IBV to study differences in innate immune responses which may result in differences in adaptive immune responses in the host. FNECs were inoculated with IAV (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 subtypes) or IBV (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) and assessed for 72 h. Cells were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, and apical and basolateral supernatants were assessed for virus kinetics and interferon (IFN), respectively. Similar virus kinetics were observed with IAV and IBV in FNECs. A comparison of gene expression and protein secretion profiles demonstrated that IBV-inoculated FNEC expressed delayed type-I/II IFN responses and reduced type-III IFN secretion compared to IAV-inoculated cells. Concurrently, gene expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type-III IFN-induced gene that enhances adaptive immune responses, was significantly downregulated in IBV-inoculated FNECs. Significant differences in other proinflammatory and adaptive genes were suppressed and delayed following IBV inoculation. Following IBV infection, ex vivo cell cultures derived from the ferret upper respiratory tract exhibited reduced and delayed innate responses which may contribute to reduced antibody responses in vivo.IMPORTANCEInfluenza B viruses (IBV) represent nearly one-quarter of all human influenza cases and are responsible for significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts but do not pose the same pandemic risks as influenza A viruses (IAV) and have thus received much less attention. IBV accounts for greater severity and deaths in children, and vaccine efficacy remains low. The ferret can be readily infected with human clinical isolates and demonstrates a similar course of disease and immune responses. IBV, however, generates lower antibodies in ferrets than IAV following the challenge. To determine whether differences in initial innate responses following infection may affect the development of robust adaptive immune responses, ferret respiratory tract cells were isolated, infected with IAV/IBV, and compared. Understanding the differences in the initial innate immune responses to IAV and IBV may be important in the development of more effective vaccines and interventions to generate more robust protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - William Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Basu Thakur P, Mrotz VJ, Maines TR, Belser JA. Ferrets as a Mammalian Model to Study Influenza Virus-Bacteria Interactions. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:608-615. [PMID: 37739789 PMCID: PMC10922577 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets represent an invaluable model for the study of influenza virus pathogenicity and transmissibility. Ferrets are also employed for the study of bacterial pathogens that naturally infect humans at different anatomical sites. While viral and bacterial infection studies in isolation using animal models are important for furthering our understanding of pathogen biology and developing improved therapeutics, it is also critical to extend our knowledge to pathogen coinfections in vivo, to more closely examine interkingdom dynamics that may contribute to overall disease outcomes. We discuss how ferrets have been employed to study a diverse range of both influenza viruses and bacterial species and summarize key studies that have utilized the ferret model for primary influenza virus challenge followed by secondary bacterial infection. These copathogenesis studies have provided critical insight into the dynamic interplay between these pathogens, underscoring the utility of ferrets as a model system for investigating influenza virus-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Basu Thakur
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria J Mrotz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kristensen C, Laybourn HA, Crumpton JC, Martiny K, Webb A, Ryt-Hansen P, Trebbien R, Jensen HE, Nissen JN, Skovgaard K, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with "pre-pandemic," human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011838. [PMID: 38048355 PMCID: PMC10721187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are RNA viruses that cause epidemics in humans and are enzootic in the pig population globally. In 2009, pig-to-human transmission of a reassortant H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. This study investigated the infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and lesions in pigs and ferrets inoculated with natural isolates of swine-adapted, human-adapted, and "pre-pandemic" H1N1pdm09 viruses. Additionally, the direct-contact and aerosol transmission properties of the three H1N1pdm09 isolates were assessed in ferrets. In pigs, inoculated ferrets, and ferrets infected by direct contact with inoculated ferrets, the pre-pandemic H1N1pdm09 virus induced an intermediary viral load, caused the most severe lesions, and had the highest clinical impact. The swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused intermediary lesions, and had the least clinical impact in pigs. The human-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused the mildest lesions, and had the least clinical impact in ferrets infected by direct contact. The discrepancy between viral load and clinical impact presumably reflects the importance of viral host adaptation. Interestingly, the swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus was transmitted by aerosols to two-thirds of the ferrets. Further work is needed to assess the risk of human-to-human aerosol transmission of swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Helena A. Laybourn
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeri-Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Karen Martiny
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ashley Webb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ramona Trebbien
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Henrik E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob N. Nissen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Jolly A, Fernández B, Mundo SL, Elguezabal N. Modeling Paratuberculosis in Laboratory Animals, Cells, or Tissues: A Focus on Their Applications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Vaccines, and Therapy Studies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3553. [PMID: 38003170 PMCID: PMC10668694 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. It is considered one of the diseases with the highest economic impact on the ruminant industry. Despite many efforts and intensive research, paratuberculosis control still remains controversial, and the existing diagnostic and immunoprophylactic tools have great limitations. Thus, models play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis of infection and disease, and in testing novel vaccine candidates. Ruminant animal models can be restricted by several reasons, related to space requirements, the cost of the animals, and the maintenance of the facilities. Therefore, we review the potential and limitations of the different experimental approaches currently used in paratuberculosis research, focusing on laboratory animals and cell-based models. The aim of this review is to offer a vision of the models that have been used, and what has been achieved or discovered with each one, so that the reader can choose the best model to answer their scientific questions and prove their hypotheses. Also, we bring forward new approaches that we consider worth exploring in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jolly
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
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Cross RW, Fenton KA, Foster SL, Geisbert JB, Geisbert TW. Modelling Marburg Virus Disease in Syrian Golden Hamsters: Contrasted Virulence Between Angola and Ci67 Strains. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S559-S570. [PMID: 37610176 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marburg virus (MARV) has caused numerous sporadic outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Human case fatality rates of Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreaks range from 20% to 90%. Viral genotypes of MARV can differ by over 20%, suggesting variable virulence between lineages may accompany this genetic divergence. Comparison of existing animal models of MVD employing different strains of MARV support differences in virulence across MARV genetic lineages; however, there are few systematic comparisons in models that recapitulate human disease available. METHODS We compared features of disease pathogenesis in uniformly lethal hamster models of MVD made possible through serial adaptation in rodents. RESULTS No further adaptation from a previously reported guinea pig-adapted (GPA) isolate of MARV-Angola was necessary to achieve uniform lethality in hamsters. Three passages of GPA MARV-Ci67 resulted in uniform lethality, where 4 passages of a GPA Ravn virus was 75% lethal. Hamster-adapted MARV-Ci67 demonstrated delayed time to death, protracted weight loss, lower viral burden, and slower histologic alteration compared to GPA MARV-Angola. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest isolate-dependent virulence differences are maintained even after serial adaptation in rodents and may serve to guide choice of variant and model used for development of vaccines or therapeutics for MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Anderson-Mondella CJJ, Maines TR, Tansey CM, Belser JA. Meeting Ferret Enrichment Needs in Infectious Disease Laboratory Settings. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:518-524. [PMID: 37857467 PMCID: PMC10772907 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment is a necessary component of all research vivarium settings. However, appropriate enrichment decisions vary greatly depending on the species involved and the research use of the animals. The increasing use of ferrets in research settings-notably for modeling the pathogenicity and transmissibility of viral pathogens that require containment in ABSL-2 to -4 environments-presents a particular challenge for veterinary and research staff to ensure that enrichment needs for these animals are met consistently. Here, we discuss the species-specific enrichment needs of ferrets, enrichment considerations for ferrets housed in research settings, and the challenges and importance of providing appropriate enrichment during experimentation, including when ferrets are housed in high-containment facilities. This article is organized to support the easy availability of information that will facilitate the design and implementation of optimal environmental enrichment for ferrets used in diverse research efforts in vivarium settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Challie JJ Anderson-Mondella
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia; and
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cassandra M Tansey
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Meliopoulos V, Honce R, Livingston B, Hargest V, Freiden P, Lazure L, Brigleb PH, Karlsson E, Tillman H, Allen EK, Boyd D, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Diet-induced obesity impacts influenza disease severity and transmission dynamics in ferrets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.558609. [PMID: 37808835 PMCID: PMC10557597 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.558609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. Yet the mechanisms are only partially understood. As the number of people, particularly children, living with obesity continues to rise, it is critical to understand the role of host status on disease pathogenesis. In these studies, we use a novel diet-induced obese ferret model and new tools to demonstrate that like humans, obesity resulted in significant changes to the lung microenvironment leading to increased clinical disease and viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for longer making them more likely to transmit to contacts. These data suggest the obese ferret model may be crucial to understanding obesity's impact on influenza disease severity and community transmission, and a key tool for therapeutic and intervention development for this high-risk population. Teaser A new ferret model and tools to explore obesity's impact on respiratory virus infection, susceptibility, and community transmission.
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11
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Mao C, Li J, Feng L, Gao W. Beyond antibody fucosylation: α-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) as a potential new therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Antib Ther 2023; 6:87-96. [PMID: 37077473 PMCID: PMC10108557 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant post-translational glycosylation is a well-established hallmark of cancer. Altered core fucosylation mediated by α-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is one of the key changes in tumor glycan patterns that contributes to neoplastic transformation, tumor metastasis, and immune evasion. Increased Fut8 expression and activity are associated with many types of human cancers, including lung, breast, melanoma, liver, colorectal, ovarian, prostate, thyroid, and pancreatic cancer. In animal models, inhibition of Fut8 activity by gene knockout, RNA interference, and small analogue inhibitors led to reduced tumor growth/metastasis, downregulation of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1/2, and B7-H3, and reversal of the suppressive state of tumor microenvironment. Although the biologics field has long benefited tremendously from using FUT8 -/- Chinese hamster ovary cells to manufacture IgGs with greatly enhanced effector function of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity for therapy, it is only in recent years that the roles of Fut8 itself in cancer biology have been studied. Here, we summarize the pro-oncogenic mechanisms involved in cancer development that are regulated by Fut8-mediated core fucosylation, and call for more research in this area where modifying the activity of this sole enzyme responsible for core fucosylation could potentially bring rewarding surprises in fighting cancer, infections, and other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lili Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P. R. China
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Canton, MA 02021, USA
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12
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Menzorov AG. Pluripotent Stem Cells of Order Carnivora: Technical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043905. [PMID: 36835318 PMCID: PMC9963171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are widely used for studying early embryonic development and for modeling of human diseases. Derivation and studying of PSCs from model organisms beyond commonly used mice and rats may provide new insights into the modeling and treating human diseases. The order Carnivora representatives possess unique features and are already used for modeling human-related traits. This review focuses on the technical aspects of derivation of the Carnivora species PSCs as well as their characterization. Current data on dog, feline, ferret, and American mink PSCs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei G. Menzorov
- Sector of Cell Collections, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Osborne AJ, Hussain SS, Helman EE, Foote JB, Kiupel M, Rowe SM, Collins DE. Ferret Systemic Coronavirus in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Knockout Ferrets. Comp Med 2022; 72:410-415. [PMID: 36104147 PMCID: PMC9827607 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV) causes a highly fatal disease of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). It is believed to be a mutated variant of ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) and has a clinical presentation similar to that of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in cats. The interplay of infectious diseases and host genetics will become a greater issue in the research environment as genetically modified species other than rodents become available due to advances in gene editing technology. In this case series, we present the clinical and histopathologic features of a FRSCV outbreak that affected 5 out of 10 ferrets with α-1 antitrypsin knockout (AAT KO) over an approximately 1-y period. Clinical features varied, with the affected ferrets presenting with some combination of wasting, hind limb paralysis, incontinence or sudden death. Multiple ferrets had gross pathologic lesions consistent with FRSCV, but the lesions were typically mild. Microscopic pyogranulomatous inflammation was present in 4 ferrets. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-feline coronavirus antibody that cross reacts with ferret coronavirus confirmed infection of intralesional macrophages in 4 out of 5 animals with suspected FRSCV infection. PCR testing of formalin fixed tissue was negative for all ferrets. PCR testing of feces from healthy wild-type ferrets indicated that the endemic presence of FRECV genotype 2, while PCR surveillance testing of other in-house AAT KO ferrets revealed both enteric coronavirus genotypes 1 and 2. This case series highlights the potential for greater disease incidence in the future as genetically modified ferrets are used more often, and may support exclusion of FRECV and similar viruses from highly susceptible ferret genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Osborne
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shah S Hussain
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Emily E Helman
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Steven M Rowe
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dalis E Collins
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;,
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14
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Advances in the development of chordoma models for drug discovery and precision medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Lynch TJ, Ahlers BA, Swatek AM, Ievlev V, Pai AC, Brooks L, Tang Y, Evans IA, Meyerholz DK, Engelhardt JF, Parekh KR. Ferret Lung Transplantation Models Differential Lymphoid Aggregate Morphology Between Restrictive and Obstructive Forms of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction. Transplantation 2022; 106:1974-1989. [PMID: 35442232 PMCID: PMC9529760 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term survival after lung transplantation remains limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). CLAD has 2 histologic phenotypes, namely obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) and restrictive alveolar fibroelastosis (AFE), which have distinct clinical presentations, pathologies, and outcomes. Understanding of OB versus AFE pathogenesis would improve with better animal models. METHODS We utilized a ferret orthotopic single-lung transplantation model to characterize allograft fibrosis as a histologic measure of CLAD. Native lobes and "No CLAD" allografts lacking aberrant histology were used as controls. We used morphometric analysis to evaluate the size and abundance of B-cell aggregates and tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) and their cell composition. Quantitative RNA expression of 47 target genes was performed simultaneously using a custom QuantiGene Plex Assay. RESULTS Ferret lung allografts develop the full spectrum of human CLAD histology including OB and AFE subtypes. While both OB and AFE allografts developed TLOs, TLO size and number were greater with AFE histology. More activated germinal center cells marked by B-cell lymphoma 6 Transcription Repressor, (B-cell lymphoma 6) expression and fewer cells expressing forkhead box P3 correlated with AFE, congruent with greater diffuse immunoglobulin, plasma cell abundance, and complement 4d staining. Furthermore, forkhead box P3 RNA induction was significant in OB allografts specifically. RNA expression changes were seen in native lobes of animals with AFE but not OB when compared with No CLAD native lobes. CONCLUSIONS The orthotopic ferret single-lung transplant model provides unique opportunities to better understand factors that dispose allografts to OB versus AFE. This will help develop potential immunomodulatory therapies and antifibrotic approaches for lung transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Lynch
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bethany A. Ahlers
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anthony M. Swatek
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Vitaly Ievlev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Albert C. Pai
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Leonard Brooks
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yinghua Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Idil A. Evans
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kalpaj R. Parekh
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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16
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Jansen EB, Orvold SN, Swan CL, Yourkowski A, Thivierge BM, Francis ME, Ge A, Rioux M, Darbellay J, Howland JG, Kelvin AA. After the virus has cleared-Can preclinical models be employed for Long COVID research? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010741. [PMID: 36070309 PMCID: PMC9451097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the life-threatening acute respiratory disease called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) as well as debilitating multiorgan dysfunction that persists after the initial viral phase has resolved. Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is manifested by a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, myalgia, heart palpitations, and memory issues sometimes affecting between 30% and 75% of recovering COVID-19 patients. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing Long COVID and there are no widely accepted treatments or therapeutics. After introducing the clinical aspects of acute COVID-19 and Long COVID in humans, we summarize the work in animals (mice, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs)) to model human COVID-19. The virology, pathology, immune responses, and multiorgan involvement are explored. Additionally, any studies investigating time points longer than 14 days post infection (pi) are highlighted for insight into possible long-term disease characteristics. Finally, we discuss how the models can be leveraged for treatment evaluation, including pharmacological agents that are currently in human clinical trials for treating Long COVID. The establishment of a recognized Long COVID preclinical model representing the human condition would allow the identification of mechanisms causing disease as well as serve as a vehicle for evaluating potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Spencer N. Orvold
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittany M. Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Past pandemic influenza viruses with sustained human-to-human transmissibility have emerged from animal influenza viruses. Employment of experimental models to assess the pandemic risk of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses provides critical information supporting public health efforts. Ferret transmission experiments have been utilized to predict the human-to-human transmission potential of novel influenza viruses. However, small sample sizes and a lack of standardized protocols can introduce interlaboratory variability, complicating interpretation of transmission experimental data. To assess the range of variation in ferret transmission experiments, a global exercise was conducted by 11 laboratories using two common stock H1N1 influenza viruses with different transmission characteristics in ferrets. Parameters known to affect transmission were standardized, including the inoculation route, dose, and volume, as well as a strict 1:1 donor/contact ratio for respiratory droplet transmission. Additional host and environmental parameters likely to affect influenza transmission kinetics were monitored and analyzed. The overall transmission outcomes for both viruses across 11 laboratories were concordant, suggesting the robustness of the ferret model for zoonotic influenza risk assessment. Among environmental parameters that varied across laboratories, donor-to-contact airflow directionality was associated with increased transmissibility. To attain high confidence in identifying viruses with moderate to high transmissibility or low transmissibility under a smaller number of participating laboratories, our analyses support the notion that as few as three but as many as five laboratories, respectively, would need to independently perform viral transmission experiments with concordant results. This exercise facilitates the development of a more homogenous protocol for ferret transmission experiments that are employed for the purposes of risk assessment.
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18
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Froggatt HM, Heaton NS. Nonrespiratory sites of influenza-associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study. FEBS J 2022; 289:4038-4060. [PMID: 35060315 PMCID: PMC9300775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The productive replication of human influenza viruses is almost exclusively restricted to cells in the respiratory tract. However, a key aspect of the host response to viral infection is the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are not similarly tissue restricted. As such, circulating inflammatory mediators, as well as the resulting activated immune cells, can induce damage throughout the body, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions. As a result, more holistic experimental approaches are required to fully understand the pathogenesis and scope of influenza virus-induced disease. This review summarizes what is known about some of the most well-appreciated nonrespiratory tract sites of influenza virus-induced disease, including neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular and fetal developmental phenotypes. In the context of this discussion, we describe the in vivo experimental systems currently being used to study nonrespiratory symptoms. Finally, we highlight important future questions and potential models that can be used for a more complete understanding of influenza virus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nicholas S. Heaton, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (MGM),
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19
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She Y, Mangat R, Tsai S, Proctor SD, Richard C. The Interplay of Obesity, Dyslipidemia and Immune Dysfunction: A Brief Overview on Pathophysiology, Animal Models, and Nutritional Modulation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:840209. [PMID: 35252310 PMCID: PMC8891442 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.840209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a leading global health concern. It is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which impairs insulin signaling, lipid metabolism and immune function. Recent findings from animal and clinical studies have begun to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune dysfunction seen in the context of obesity. Here, we provide a brief review on the current understanding of the interplay between obesity, dyslipidemia and immunity. We also emphasize the advantages and shortcomings of numerous applicable research models including rodents and large animal swine that aim at unraveling the molecular basis of disease and clinical manifestations. Although there is no perfect model to answer all questions at once, they are often used to complement each other. Finally, we highlight some emerging nutritional strategies to improve immune function in the context of obesity with a particular focus on choline and foods that contains high amounts of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo She
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Sun J, Min YQ, Li Y, Sun X, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Animal Model of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:797189. [PMID: 35087498 PMCID: PMC8787146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.797189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging life-threatening infectious disease caused by SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV; genus Bandavirus, family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales), has been a significant medical problem. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or specific therapeutic agents available and the viral pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Developing appropriate animal models capable of recapitulating SFTSV infection in humans is crucial for both the study of the viral pathogenic processes and the development of treatment and prevention strategies. Here, we review the current progress in animal models for SFTSV infection by summarizing susceptibility of various potential animal models to SFTSV challenge and the clinical manifestations and histopathological changes in these models. Together with exemplification of studies on SFTSV molecular mechanisms, vaccine candidates, and antiviral drugs, in which animal infection models are utilized, the strengths and limitations of the existing SFTSV animal models and some important directions for future research are also discussed. Further exploration and optimization of SFTSV animal models and the corresponding experimental methods will be undoubtedly valuable for elucidating the viral infection and pathogenesis and evaluating vaccines and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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21
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Bannantine JP, Gupta T, Zinniel DK, Hikal A, Quinn FD, Barletta RG. Use of a Ferret Model to Test Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Live Attenuated Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2411:95-104. [PMID: 34816400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Native hosts for the bacterial agent that causes Johne's disease are ruminants, which include cattle, sheep and goats among others. These large animals are often too costly to be used in testing experimental vaccines. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods to use an inexpensive and more manageable animal host, the ferret, to test efficacy and immunogenicity of live-attenuated Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) mutant strains prior to consideration as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuhina Gupta
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Denise K Zinniel
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ahmed Hikal
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frederick D Quinn
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Raul G Barletta
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Lincoln, NE, USA
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22
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Renn M, Bartok E, Zillinger T, Hartmann G, Behrendt R. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107931. [PMID: 34171328 PMCID: PMC8219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infections of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 continue to spread around the globe, causing Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. Infected people are at risk of developing acute interstitial pneumonia, which can result in lethal complications, particularly in patients with pre-existing co-morbidities. Novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are urgently needed to limit the infection-associated health risk for the population and to contain the pandemic. Animal models are indispensable to assessing the efficacy and safety of potential new antivirals, vaccines, and other innovative therapies, such as nucleic acid agonists of innate immune sensing receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of the commonly used animal models to study SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including a summary of their susceptibility to infection, the spectrum of symptoms elicited, and the potential for drug development in each model. We hope that this review will help researchers to decide on the right model organism to quickly address their specific scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Renn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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23
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Terrier O, Si-Tahar M, Ducatez M, Chevalier C, Pizzorno A, Le Goffic R, Crépin T, Simon G, Naffakh N. Influenza viruses and coronaviruses: Knowns, unknowns, and common research challenges. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010106. [PMID: 34969061 PMCID: PMC8718010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines in a record time after the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a remarkable achievement, partly based on the experience gained from multiple viral outbreaks in the past decades. However, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis also revealed weaknesses in the global pandemic response and large gaps that remain in our knowledge of the biology of coronaviruses (CoVs) and influenza viruses, the 2 major respiratory viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we review current knowns and unknowns of influenza viruses and CoVs, and we highlight common research challenges they pose in 3 areas: the mechanisms of viral emergence and adaptation to humans, the physiological and molecular determinants of disease severity, and the development of control strategies. We outline multidisciplinary approaches and technological innovations that need to be harnessed in order to improve preparedeness to the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Terrier
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Inserm U1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thibaut Crépin
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- RNA Biology and Influenza Virus Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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24
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Hundakova A, Leva L, Toman M, Knotek Z. A ferret model of immunosuppression induced with dexamethasone. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 243:110362. [PMID: 34826685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferrets are nowadays frequently used as animal models for biomedical purposes; in many cases, immunosuppression of experimental animals is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intramuscular dexamethasone administration (2 mg/kg as the initiation dose continued with 1 mg/kg q 12 h applied 5 times) on ferret's immune system. In comparison with ferrets which received the saline (n = 5), significantly lower total counts of leukocytes (P < 0.01), lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and monocyte (P < 0.05), as well as absolute numbers of CD4+CD8- (P < 0.01) and CD4-CD8+ (P < 0.01) subsets were noted in dexamethasone treated ferrets (n = 5) the first day after the treatment (D1). Absolute number of CD79+ lymphocytes remained unchanged throughout the experiment. The proliferation activity of lymphocytes in dexamethasone treated ferrets was lower only in D1 using concanavalin A (conA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM); statistical significance was noted using PHA 40 (P < 0.05) and PWM 10 (P < 0.01). Lower neutrophil activity (P < 0.01) was detected in D1 after the dexamethasone treatment in both production of reactive oxygen species (chemiluminescence test) and ingestion of particles (phagocytosis assay). The dexamethasone treatment proved to be useful for short-term immunosuppression in ferrets. The results closely resembled data previously reported in human studies and indicate classification of ferrets as steroid-resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hundakova
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho trida 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho trida 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Knotek
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho trida 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
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Vazquez-Pagan A, Schultz-Cherry S. Serological Responses to Influenza Vaccination during Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112305. [PMID: 34835431 PMCID: PMC8619416 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women, newborns, and infants under six months old are at the highest risk of developing severe and even fatal influenza. This risk is compounded by the inability to vaccinate infants under six months, highlighting the importance of vertically transferred immunity. This review identifies novel insights that have emerged from recent studies using animal models of pregnancy and vaccination. We also discuss the knowledge obtained using existing clinical trials that have evaluated influenza-specific serological responses in pregnant women and how these responses may impact early life immunity. We delineate the mechanisms involved in transferring specific maternal antibodies and discuss the consequences for early life immunity. Most importantly, we highlight the need for continued research using pregnant animal models and the inclusion of pregnant women, a commonly neglected population, when evaluating novel vaccine platforms to better serve and treat communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vazquez-Pagan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Correspondence:
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26
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Mao C, Near R, Zhong X, Gao W. Cross-species higher sensitivities of FcγRIIIA/FcγRIV to afucosylated IgG for enhanced ADCC. Antib Ther 2021; 4:159-170. [PMID: 34485821 PMCID: PMC8408537 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expressing afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells deficient of α-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) is being more and more accepted as a routine method to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of therapeutic antibodies, especially for anti-cancer regimens. However, in pre-clinical studies relying on disease models other than mice and primates, e.g., those underrepresented species for infectious diseases, it is less clear whether such afucosylated antibodies can demonstrate enhanced therapeutic index. This is because the orthologues of human FcγRIIIA or mouse FcγRIV from those species have not been well characterized. Methods We set up a luciferase-based ADCC assay with Jurkat reporter cells expressing FcγRIIIA/FcγRIV from human, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, ferret, rabbit, cat, dog, pig and monkey, and also produced human, mouse, hamster, rabbit and pig IgG from wild type and Fut8−/− CHO cells or hybridomas. Results We confirmed that enhanced stimulation through FcγRIIIA/FcγRIV by afucosylated IgG, as compared with wild type IgG, is a cross-species phenomenon. Conclusions Thus, efficacy and toxicology studies of the next generation afucosylated therapeutic IgG and Fc fusion proteins in these underrepresented animal models should be expected to generate translatable data for treating human diseases, leading to the expanded applications of this new class of glycoengineered biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Near
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Canton, MA 02021, USA
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27
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:746. [PMID: 33923198 PMCID: PMC8145662 DOI: 10.3390/v13050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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30
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Rioux M, Francis ME, Swan CL, Ge A, Kroeker A, Kelvin AA. The Intersection of Age and Influenza Severity: Utility of Ferrets for Dissecting the Age-Dependent Immune Responses and Relevance to Age-Specific Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:678. [PMID: 33920917 PMCID: PMC8071347 DOI: 10.3390/v13040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors impact the host response to influenza virus infection and vaccination. Ferrets have been an indispensable reagent for influenza virus research for almost one hundred years. One of the most significant and well-known factors affecting human disease after infection is host age. Another significant factor is the virus, as strain-specific disease severity is well known. Studying age-related impacts on viral infection and vaccination outcomes requires an animal model that reflects both the physiological and immunological changes that occur with human aging, and sensitivity to differentially virulent influenza viruses. The ferret is uniquely susceptible to a plethora of influenza viruses impacting humans and has proven extremely useful in studying the clinical and immunological pictures of influenza virus infection. Moreover, ferrets developmentally have several of the age-related physiological changes that occur in humans throughout infancy, adulthood, old age, and pregnancy. In this review, we discuss ferret susceptibility to influenza viruses, summarize previous influenza studies using ferrets as models of age, and finally, highlight the application of ferret age models in the pursuit of prophylactic and therapeutic agents to address age-related influenza disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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31
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Pai AC, Parekh KR, Engelhardt JF, Lynch TJ. Ferret respiratory disease models for the study of lung stem cells. LUNG STEM CELLS IN DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021:273-289. [DOI: 10.1183/2312508x.10010320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
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32
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Stadlbauer D, Waal LD, Beaulieu E, Strohmeier S, Kroeze EJBV, Boutet P, Osterhaus ADME, Krammer F, Innis BL, Nachbagauer R, Stittelaar KJ, Mallett CP. AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 inactivated split virion vaccines induce cross-reactive and protective responses in ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:40. [PMID: 33742000 PMCID: PMC7979725 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. Serological analyses demonstrated that homologous hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibody titers were detectable in the ferrets after the first immunization with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines that were further boosted by the second immunization. In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. In addition, microscopic examination post-challenge showed animals immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines had the least signs of lung injury and inflammation, consistent with the greater relative efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccines. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.,The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce L Innis
- GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA.,PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Koert J Stittelaar
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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33
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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34
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T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020199. [PMID: 33525620 PMCID: PMC7911237 DOI: 10.3390/v13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
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35
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Jiang W, Wong J, Tan HX, Kelly HG, Whitney PG, Barr I, Layton DS, Kent SJ, Wheatley AK, Juno JA. Screening and development of monoclonal antibodies for identification of ferret T follicular helper cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1864. [PMID: 33479388 PMCID: PMC7820401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ferret is a key animal model for investigating the pathogenicity and transmissibility of important human viruses, and for the pre‐clinical assessment of vaccines. However, relatively little is known about the ferret immune system, due in part to a paucity of ferret‐reactive reagents. In particular, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical in the generation of effective humoral responses in humans, mice and other animal models but to date it has not been possible to identify Tfh in ferrets. Here, we describe the screening and development of ferret-reactive BCL6, CXCR5 and PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. We found two commercial anti-BCL6 antibodies (clone K112-91 and clone IG191E/A8) had cross-reactivity with lymph node cells from influenza-infected ferrets. We next developed two murine monoclonal antibodies against ferret CXCR5 (clone feX5-C05) and PD-1 (clone fePD-CL1) using a single B cell PCR-based method. We were able to clearly identify Tfh cells in lymph nodes from influenza infected ferrets using these antibodies. The development of ferret Tfh marker antibodies and the identification of ferret Tfh cells will assist the evaluation of vaccine-induced Tfh responses in the ferret model and the design of novel vaccines against the infection of influenza and other viruses, including SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julius Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research On Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research On Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic and Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Central Clinical School, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:81. [PMID: 33398055 PMCID: PMC7782478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report a dose titration study of SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model. After a high (5 × 106 pfu) and medium (5 × 104 pfu) dose of virus is delivered, intranasally, viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is observed in 6/6 animals, however, only 1/6 ferrets show similar signs after low dose (5 × 102 pfu) challenge. Following sequential culls pathological signs of mild multifocal bronchopneumonia in approximately 5–15% of the lung is seen on day 3, in high and medium dosed groups. Ferrets re-challenged, after virus shedding ceased, are fully protected from acute lung pathology. The endpoints of URT viral RNA replication & distinct lung pathology are observed most consistently in the high dose group. This ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a mild clinical disease. SARS-CoV-2 induces mild infection in ferret model. Here, Ryan et al. characterise optimal infection dosage inducing upper respiratory tract (UTR) viral shedding, progression time of viral shedding, and pathology in ferrets and finally provide evidence for protection after re-challenge.
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Honce R, Wohlgemuth N, Meliopoulos VA, Short KR, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza in High-Risk Hosts-Lessons Learned from Animal Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a038604. [PMID: 31871227 PMCID: PMC7706577 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Factoring significantly into the global burden of influenza disease are high-risk populations that suffer the bulk of infections. Classically, the very young, very old, and pregnant women have been identified as high-risk populations; however, recent research has uncovered several other conditions that contribute to severe infection. By using varied animal models, researchers have identified molecular mechanisms underpinning the increased likelihood for infection due to obesity and malnourishment, as well as insight into the role sex hormones play in antiviral immunity in males, in females, and across the life span. Additionally, novel comorbidity models have helped elucidate the role of chronic infectious and genetic diseases in influenza virus pathogenesis. Animal models play a vital role in understanding the contribution of host factors to influenza severity and immunity. An in-depth understanding of these host factors represents an important step in reducing the burden of influenza among the growing number of people living with one or more chronic medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Nicholas Wohlgemuth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
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Abstract
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
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Entrican G, Lunney JK, Wattegedera SR, Mwangi W, Hope JC, Hammond JA. The Veterinary Immunological Toolbox: Past, Present, and Future. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1651. [PMID: 32849568 PMCID: PMC7399100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-recognized that research capability in veterinary species is restricted by a lack of immunological reagents relative to the extensive toolboxes for small rodent biomedical model species and humans. This creates a barrier to the strategic development of disease control solutions for livestock, companion animals and wildlife that not only affects animal health but can affect human health by increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. There have been a number of projects aimed at reducing the capability gaps in the veterinary immunological toolbox, the majority of these focusing on livestock species. Various approaches have been taken to veterinary immunological reagent development across the globe and technological advances in molecular biology and protein biochemistry have accelerated toolbox development. While short-term funding initiatives can address specific gaps in capability, they do not account for long-term sustainability of reagents and databases that requires a different funding model. We review the past, present and future of the veterinary immunological toolbox with specific reference to recent developments discussed at the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) Immune Toolkit Workshop at the 12th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Seattle, USA, 16–19 August 2019. The future availability of these reagents is critical to research for improving animal health, responses to infectious pathogens and vaccine design as well as for important analyses of zoonotic pathogens and the animal /human interface for One Health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Entrican
- The Roslin Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sean R Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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40
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Ayasoufi K, Pfaller CK. Seek and hide: the manipulating interplay of measles virus with the innate immune system. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:18-30. [PMID: 32330821 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections with pathogens. It provides direct antiviral mechanisms to suppress the viral life cycle at multiple steps. Innate immune cells are specialized to recognize pathogen infections and activate and modulate adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation, co-stimulation and release of cytokines and chemokines. Measles virus, which causes long-lasting immunosuppression and immune-amnesia, primarily infects and replicates in innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells and B cells. To achieve efficient replication, measles virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate innate immune responses by both stimulation and blocking of specific signals necessary for antiviral immunity. This review will highlight our current knowledge in this and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Ayasoufi
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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41
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Basil MC, Morrisey EE. Lung regeneration: a tale of mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:88-100. [PMID: 31761445 PMCID: PMC7909713 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is the main site of gas exchange with the external environment in complex terrestrial animals. Within the trachea and lungs are multiple different tissue niches each consisting of a myriad of cells types with critical roles in air conduction, gas exchange, providing important niche specific cell-cell interactions, connection to the cardiovascular system, and immune surveillance. How the respiratory system responds to external insults and executes the appropriate regenerative response remains challenging to study given the plethora of cell and tissue interactions for this to occur properly. This review will examine the various cell types and tissue niches found within the respiratory system and provide a comparison between mouse and human lungs and trachea to highlight important similarities and differences. Defining the critical gaps in knowledge in human lung and tracheal regeneration is critical for future development of therapies directed towards respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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42
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Krammer F, Weir JP, Engelhardt O, Katz JM, Cox RJ. Meeting report and review: Immunological assays and correlates of protection for next-generation influenza vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 14:237-243. [PMID: 31837101 PMCID: PMC7040967 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the "Immunological Assays and Correlates of Protection for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccines" meeting which took place in Siena, Italy, from March 31, 2019, to April 2, 2019. CONCLUSIONS Furthermore, we review current correlates of protection against influenza virus infection and disease and their usefulness for the development of next generation broadly protective and universal influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Othmar Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Formerly Influenza Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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43
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Yang Z, Bedugnis A, Levinson S, DiNubile M, Stossel T, Lu Q, Kobzik L. Delayed administration of recombinant plasma gelsolin improves survival in a murine model of severe influenza. F1000Res 2019; 8:1860. [PMID: 31824672 PMCID: PMC6894358 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21082.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Host-derived inflammatory responses contribute to the morbidity and mortality of severe influenza, suggesting that immunomodulatory therapy may improve outcomes. The normally circulating protein, human plasma gelsolin, is available in recombinant form (rhu-pGSN) and has beneficial effects in a variety of pre-clinical models of inflammation and injury. Methods: We evaluated delayed therapy with subcutaneous rhu-pGSN initiated 3 to 6 days after intra-nasal viral challenge in a mouse model of influenza A/PR/8/34. Results: Rhu-pGSN administered starting on day 3 or day 6 increased survival (12-day survival: 62 % vs 39 %, pGSN vs vehicle; p < 0.00001, summary of 18 trials), reduced morbidity, and decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression. Conclusions: Rhu-pGSN improves outcomes in a highly lethal influenza model when given after a clinically relevant delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Bedugnis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Mark DiNubile
- BioAegis Therapeutics, North Brunswick, NJ, 07960, USA
| | | | - Quan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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44
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Yang Z, Bedugnis A, Levinson S, DiNubile M, Stossel T, Lu Q, Kobzik L. Delayed administration of recombinant plasma gelsolin improves survival in a murine model of severe influenza. F1000Res 2019; 8:1860. [PMID: 31824672 PMCID: PMC6894358 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21082.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Host-derived inflammatory responses contribute to the morbidity and mortality of severe influenza, suggesting that immunomodulatory therapy may improve outcomes. The normally circulating protein, human plasma gelsolin, is available in recombinant form (rhu-pGSN) and has beneficial effects in a variety of pre-clinical models of inflammation and injury. Methods: We evaluated delayed therapy with subcutaneous rhu-pGSN initiated 3 to 6 days after intra-nasal viral challenge in a mouse model of influenza A/PR/8/34. Results: Rhu-pGSN administered starting on day 3 or day 6 increased survival (12-day survival: 62 % vs 39 %, pGSN vs vehicle; p < 0.00001, summary of 18 trials), reduced morbidity, and decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression. Conclusions: Rhu-pGSN improves outcomes in a highly lethal influenza model when given after a clinically relevant delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Bedugnis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Mark DiNubile
- BioAegis Therapeutics, North Brunswick, NJ, 07960, USA
| | | | - Quan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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45
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Wong J, Layton D, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Improving immunological insights into the ferret model of human viral infectious disease. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:535-546. [PMID: 31583825 PMCID: PMC6800307 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are a well-established model for studying both the pathogenesis and transmission of human respiratory viruses and evaluation of antiviral vaccines. Advanced immunological studies would add substantial value to the ferret models of disease but are hindered by the low number of ferret-reactive reagents available for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, progress has been made to understand immune responses in the ferret model with a limited set of ferret-specific reagents and assays. This review examines current immunological insights gained from the ferret model across relevant human respiratory diseases, with a focus on influenza viruses. We highlight key knowledge gaps that need to be bridged to advance the utility of ferrets for immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Wong
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Daniel Layton
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityAustralian Animal Health LaboratoriesGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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46
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Sellers RS, Nelson K, Bennet B, Wolf J, Tripathi N, Chamanza R, Perron Lepage MF, Adkins K, Laurent S, Troth SP. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider*: Approaches to the Conduct and Interpretation of Vaccine Safety Studies for Clinical and Anatomic Pathologists. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:257-276. [PMID: 31594486 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319875085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The design and execution of toxicology studies supporting vaccine development have some unique considerations relative to those supporting traditional small molecules and biologics. A working group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee conducted a review of the scientific, technical, and regulatory considerations for veterinary pathologists and toxicologists related to the design and evaluation of regulatory toxicology studies supporting vaccine clinical trials. Much of the information in this document focuses on the development of prophylactic vaccines for infectious agents. Many of these considerations also apply to therapeutic vaccine development (such as vaccines directed against cancer epitopes); important differences will be identified in various sections as appropriate. The topics addressed in this Points to Consider article include regulatory guidelines for nonclinical vaccine studies, study design (including species selection), technical considerations in dosing and injection site collection, study end point evaluation, and data interpretation. The intent of this publication is to share learnings related to nonclinical studies to support vaccine development to help others as they move into this therapeutic area. [Box: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bindu Bennet
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Ronnie Chamanza
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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47
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McMahon M, Asthagiri Arunkumar G, Liu WC, Stadlbauer D, Albrecht RA, Pavot V, Aramouni M, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Krammer F. Vaccination With Viral Vectors Expressing Chimeric Hemagglutinin, NP and M1 Antigens Protects Ferrets Against Influenza Virus Challenge. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2005. [PMID: 31497029 PMCID: PMC6712942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in the global population every year. Although seasonal vaccination limits disease, mismatches between the circulating strain and the vaccine strain can severely impair vaccine effectiveness. Because of this, there is an urgent need for a universal vaccine that induces broad protection against drifted seasonal and emerging pandemic influenza viruses. Targeting the conserved stalk region of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), the major glycoprotein on the surface of the virus, results in the production of broadly protective antibody responses. Furthermore, replication deficient viral vectors based on Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1 (ChAdOx1) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing the influenza virus internal antigens, the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 1 (M1) protein, can induce strong heterosubtypic influenza virus-specific T cell responses in vaccinated individuals. Here, we combine these two platforms to evaluate the efficacy of a viral vectored vaccination regimen in protecting ferrets from H3N2 influenza virus infection. We observed that viral vectored vaccines expressing both stalk-targeting, chimeric HA constructs, and the NP+M1 fusion protein, in a prime-boost regimen resulted in the production of antibodies toward group 2 HAs, the HA stalk, NP and M1, as well as in induction of influenza virus-specific-IFNγ responses. The immune response induced by this vaccination regime ultimately reduced viral titers in the respiratory tract of influenza virus infected ferrets. Overall, these results improve our understanding of vaccination platforms capable of harnessing both cellular and humoral immunity with the goal of developing a universal influenza virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincent Pavot
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Aramouni
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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48
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Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1071. [PMID: 31134099 PMCID: PMC6523028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of obesity has come an increasing awareness of its impact on communicable disease. As a consequence of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus pandemic, obesity was identified for the first time as a risk factor for increased disease severity and mortality in infected individuals. Over-nutrition that results in obesity causes a chronic state of meta-inflammation with systemic implications for immunity. Obese hosts exhibit delayed and blunted antiviral responses to influenza virus infection, and they experience poor recovery from the disease. Furthermore, the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines is reduced in this population and obesity may also play a role in altering the viral life cycle, thus complementing the already weakened immune response and leading to severe pathogenesis. Case studies and basic research in human cohorts and animal models have highlighted the prolonged viral shed in the obese host, as well as a microenvironment that permits the emergence of virulent minor variants. This review focuses on influenza A virus pathogenesis in the obese host, and on the impact of obesity on the antiviral response, viral shed, and viral evolution. We comprehensively analyze the recent literature on how and why viral pathogenesis is altered in the obese host along with the impact of the altered host and pathogenic state on viral evolutionary dynamics in multiple models. Finally, we summarized the effectiveness of current vaccines and antivirals in this populations and the questions that remain to be answered. If current trends continue, nearly 50% of the worldwide population is projected to be obese by 2050. This population will have a growing impact on both non-communicable and communicable diseases and may affect global evolutionary trends of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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49
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Liu WC, Nachbagauer R, Stadlbauer D, Solórzano A, Berlanda-Scorza F, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F, Albrecht RA. Sequential Immunization With Live-Attenuated Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Vaccines Confers Heterosubtypic Immunity Against Influenza A Viruses in a Preclinical Ferret Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:756. [PMID: 31105689 PMCID: PMC6499175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to continuous antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift, influenza viruses escape from human adaptive immunity resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Therefore, to avoid the need for annual reformulation and readministration of seasonal influenza virus vaccines, we are developing a novel chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA)-based universal influenza virus vaccine, which is comprised of sequential immunization with antigens containing a conserved stalk domain derived from a circulating pandemic H1N1 strain in combination with “exotic” head domains. Here, we show that this prime-boost sequential immunization strategy redirects antibody responses toward the conserved stalk region. We compared the vaccine efficacy elicited by distinct vaccination approaches in the preclinical ferret model of influenza. All ferrets immunized with cHA-based vaccines developed stalk-specific and broadly cross-reactive antibody responses. Two consecutive vaccinations with live-attenuated influenza viruses (LAIV-LAIV) conferred superior protection against pH1N1 and H6N1 challenge infection. Sequential immunization with LAIV followed by inactivated influenza vaccine (LAIV-IIV regimen) also induced robust antibody responses. Importantly, the LAIV-LAIV immunization regimen also induced HA stalk-specific CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+ effector T cell responses in peripheral blood that were recalled by pH1N1 viral challenge. The findings from this preclinical study suggest that an LAIV-LAIV vaccination regimen would be more efficient in providing broadly protective immunity against influenza virus infection as compared to other approaches tested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alicia Solórzano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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50
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Hutchinson EB, Chatterjee M, Reyes L, Djankpa FT, Valiant WG, Dardzinski B, Mattapallil JJ, Pierpaoli C, Juliano SL. The effect of Zika virus infection in the ferret. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1706-1719. [PMID: 30680733 PMCID: PMC6593673 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although initial observations of infections with the Zika virus describe a mild illness, more recent reports show that infections by Zika result in neurotropism. In 2015, substantial congenital malformations were observed, with numerous infants born with microcephaly in Brazil. To study the underlying mechanism and effects of the disease, it is critical to find suitable animal models. Rodents lack an immune system parallel to humans and also have lissencephalic brains, which are likely to react differently to infections. As the smallest gyrencephalic mammal, ferrets may provide an important animal model to study the Zika virus, as their brains share many characteristics with humans. To evaluate the prospect of using ferrets to study Zika virus infection, we injected seven pregnant jills with the PR strain subcutaneously on gestational day 21, corresponding to the initiation of corticogenesis. These injections resulted in mixed effects. Two animals died of apparent infection, and all kits were resorbed in another animal that did not die. The other four animals remained pregnant until gestational day 40, when the kits were delivered by caesarian section. We evaluated the animals using CT, MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and immunohistochemistry. The kits displayed a number of features compatible with an infection that impacted both the brain and skull. The outcomes, however, were variable and differed within and across litters, which ranged from the absence of observable abnormalities to prominent changes, suggesting differential vulnerability of kits to infection by the Zika virus or to subsequent mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Hutchinson
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Laura Reyes
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland.,Program in Emerging and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlo Pierpaoli
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sharon L Juliano
- Program in Neuroscience, USUHS, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Anatomy Physiology and Genetics, Bethesda, Maryland
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