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Ferreira ABDM, Ribeiro BLL, Medeiros da Silva I, Fontenele-Araújo J, Luis Mortatti A. Effect of Training Load Intensification on the Sleep Pattern of Young Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2025; 96:11-20. [PMID: 38959982 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2359608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how intensifying training loads over a week affects the sleep patterns of young soccer players on the nights immediately following the intensified training sessions. Methods: Quasi-experimental study. Fifteen young athletes participants of a team engaged in national level competition, underwent two weeks of training with varying load magnitudes-Week 1: low accumulated training load and Week 2: intensified training loads [40% increase in external training load(ETL)]. To characterize the intensification of the workload, the methods PlayerLoad and RPE-Session were employed to measure ETL and internal training load(ITL), respectively. Total sleep time(TST), total time in bed(TTB), sleep efficiency(SE), sleep latency(SL), and wake after sleep onset(WASO) were obtained using actigraphy and daily sleep log. The variables were compared among the days of week (e.g. Monday of week 1 with Monday of week 2, and so forth). Results: Acute training intensification in week 2 led to significant increases in ETL and ITL on Monday and on Wednesday(p < .05), and ETL(p < .05) on Friday on the second week. Improvements in sleep were observed (Tuesday-TST:+80 min, WASO:-29.3 min, SL:-8 min, SE:+9%; Thursday-TST:+86 min, SL:-4 min, SE:+4%; Saturday-TST:+40 min, SL:+1 min) compared to the same day of the previous week. Correlations between ETL and ITL(r = 0.637), ITL and TST(r = 0.572), ITL and SE(r = 0.548) were found. Conclusion: Intensification of training loads results in alterations in sleep variables, notably an elevated TST and SE in the days subsequent to the acute load increment.
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Urbański PK, Brewer BW, Starczewski M, Ng K, Tasiemski T, Tomczak M, Urbanski PK. Sleep and stress in athletes with disabilities around the 2021 Tokyo Paralympic games during the pandemic. Sci Rep 2025; 15:6822. [PMID: 40000691 PMCID: PMC11862188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-80178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
This research evaluated the relation and fluctuations in stress and sleep quality in athletes with disabilities (AwD) during the period before and after the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Assessments were conducted every 3 months over a period of 10 months, encompassing three distinct pandemic phases. Results showed significant variations in perceived stress (F = 9.41, ηp2 = 0.09, p < 0.01) and sleep quality (F = 10.55, ηp2 = 0.10, p < 0.001), with initial increased stress and poorer sleep, improving at the midpoint. Sleep quality components varied over time (p < 0.05), except for sleep medication use and daytime dysfunction. Results indicated a direct relationship where poor sleep potentially causes increased stress (β = 0.24, p < 0.01; β = 0.13, p < 0.05). The study underscores the need for regular stress assessments and development of sleep routines independent of external circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kazimierz Urbański
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Michał Starczewski
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kwok Ng
- Physical Activity and Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Institute of Innovation and Sports Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Faculty of Education, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomasz Tasiemski
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Tomczak
- Department of Psychology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Kazimierz Urbanski
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
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Morrison M, Weakley J, Roach GD, Sargent C, Miller DJ, Nyman L, Gardiner C, Munteanu G, Pahnke MD, Halson SL. Minimal Influence of Formulated Nutritional Interventions on Sleep and Next-Morning Physical Performance, Cognitive Function, and Postural Sway in Adult Males: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2025:1-14. [PMID: 39983739 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2025] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
Athletes often experience poor sleep quality and quantity which may hinder physical performance and cognitive function. Presleep nutritional strategies may be an alternative to pharmacological interventions to improve sleep. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of two different doses of a nutritional intervention (both containing high Glycemic Index carbohydrate, whey, tryptophan, theanine, and 5'AMP) versus placebo on objective and subjective sleep, next-morning physical performance, cognitive function, and postural sway. Seventeen healthy, trained adult males completed three double-blind trials in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. Participants were allocated to conditions using a Latin Square design. A (a) low-dose, (b) high-dose, or (c) placebo drink was provided 90 min before sleep each night. Polysomnography was used to measure objective sleep parameters. Cognitive function, postural sway, and subjective sleep quality were assessed 30 min after waking. Physical performance was assessed using a 10-min maximal effort cycling time trial each morning. All data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models and effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d. This study was registered prospectively as a clinical trial with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: NCT05032729). No significant main effects or improvements were observed in objective or subjective sleep parameters, physical performance, cognitive function, or postural sway. The low-dose intervention appeared to reduce N3 sleep duration compared with placebo (-13.6 min). The high-dose intervention appeared to increase N1 sleep duration compared with placebo (+7.4 min). However, the magnitude of changes observed were not likely to cause meaningful reductions in sleep quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | - Dean J Miller
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | - Lara Nyman
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Inc., Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Carissa Gardiner
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriella Munteanu
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew D Pahnke
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Bilgoe SC, den Hollander S, van Rensberg DJ, Hendricks S, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. Sleep interventions in elite sport - a systematic review. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2025; 37:v37i1a18811. [PMID: 39959124 PMCID: PMC11824781 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2025/v37i1a18811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Elite athletes encounter various situations and conditions that may disrupt their sleep, a crucial factor for optimal performance and well-being. Objectives The aim of this study was to synthesise existing research on the effect of sleep interventions on sleep quantity and quality in elite sports and to provide evidence-based guidance for athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders in elite sports who seek to enhance sleep quantity and quality. Methods This review followed the PRISMA guidelines, whereas the search was executed in September 2023 utilising the electronic databases SCOPUS, PubMed and Web of Science. Studies were included if they met the inclusion criteria. Results A total of 1014 studies were retrieved from the databases, and data extraction was performed on 32 studies. The included studies evaluated sleep hygiene education/strategies, acute cold exposure, light therapies, supplementation, neurostimulation/neurofeedback, and other (mindfulness and massage therapy) strategies. Sleep hygiene education was the most effective intervention to improve sleep quantity. Supplementation and light therapy interventions showed improved sleep quality and quantity. Additionally, cold water immersion and mindfulness showed improved sleep quality, but further studies are required for confirmation. Conclusion Future research should use reliable and valid methods to improve the quality of evidence and ensure conclusive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bilgoe
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S den Hollander
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dc Janse van Rensberg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Hendricks
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - G Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - V Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mason L, Connolly J, Devenney LE, Lacey K, O’Donovan J, Faulkner M, Doherty R. The Sleep, Recovery, and Nutrition Characteristics of Elite Adolescent Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:50. [PMID: 39997981 PMCID: PMC11860358 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite sport participation creates a significant burden on adolescent athletes due to demanding training schedules, high training intensities, and the complexity of puberty. As such, an athletes' ability to effectively balance stress and recovery is essential for their athletic performance and requires appropriate management throughout the competitive season. This research aimed to investigate: (i) the quantity, quality, and timing of sleep; (ii) general and sport-specific nutrition knowledge; (iii) recovery practices; and (iv) the relationships between sleep, nutrition, and recovery practices in elite adolescent athletes. METHODS A total of 51 athletes completed a battery of previously validated and reliable questionnaires which investigated their sleep characteristics, nutrition knowledge, and recovery practices. RESULTS Statistically significant moderate correlations were observed between their Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score, Sleep Difficulty Classification (SDC), and Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q Sport) scales, with small significant correlations observed between the SDC and REST-Q recovery scales. Participants had lower scores in both their sport (36.10 ± 12.13) and total (40.25 ± 11.18) nutrition knowledge compared to their general nutrition knowledge (49.53 ± 16.46). Moderate levels of general (1.50 ± 0.86) and sport-specific (1.57 ± 0.85) stress and high levels of general (3.92 ± 0.74) and sport-specific (3.72 ± 0.96) recovery were demonstrated. Furthermore, 94% reported their sleep quality to be "fairly good" (n = 30) or "very good" (n = 18). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the necessity of further investigating the effect of educational strategies on improving sleep, nutrition, and recovery knowledge in athletes to aid recovery and dietary behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcán Mason
- Department of Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - James Connolly
- Department of Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
- School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Northland Rd., Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK
| | - Lydia E. Devenney
- Department of Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Karl Lacey
- Department of Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Jim O’Donovan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, Collins Avenue Extension, Dublin 9, D09 Y8VX Dublin, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Faulkner
- Department of Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Department of Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
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Talsnes RK, Tønnessen E, Bucher Sandbakk S, Haugen T, Sandbakk Ø. Warning Signs, Monitoring Tools, and Actions Taken by World-Class Endurance Coaches in Cases of Underperformance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025; 20:238-245. [PMID: 39719137 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe warning signs, monitoring tools, and training- and non-training-related actions taken by world-class endurance coaches in cases of underperformance. METHODS Twelve highly acclaimed male Norwegian coaches known for coaching world-class endurance athletes with a remarkable collection of over 350 Olympic, World, and European Championship medals-primarily with Norwegian athletes-participated in the study. Data collection and analyses followed a 3-step pragmatic qualitative study design, including an initial questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and structured negotiation between researchers and coaches. RESULTS Reduced performance levels and discrepancies between external (speed or power output) and internal (heart rate, lactate concentrations, and rating of perceived exertion) training-intensity measures in competitions, key training sessions, and testing scenarios, as well as observed changes in emotional state and coach-athlete communication, were highlighted as early warning signs of underperformance. Consistently, daily follow-up, systematic use of training diaries, training-intensity measures, and information from testing scenarios were rated as the most important monitoring tools in both detection and management of underperformance. In cases of underperformance, ruling out medical conditions as underlying causes was followed by a decreased training load (intensity and volume) and actions to reduce life stress to restore athletes' performance levels. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The presented data collectively propose applying both objectively and subjectively measured monitoring tools and systems to the early detection and management of underperformance in endurance athletes. In addition, this should be complemented by the holistic and observational role of the coach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silvana Bucher Sandbakk
- Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Haugen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Borghi S, Bizzozero S, Vitale JA, Tallini E, Corazza F, La Torre A, Banfi G, Codella R. Chronotype, sleep hygiene, and sleep characteristics among athletes of different disciplines. Int J Sports Med 2025; 46:104-114. [PMID: 39437989 DOI: 10.1055/a-2421-9310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess chronotype, sleep hygiene, and sleep characteristics of Italian athletes in order to identify differences among sport disciplines (team- vs individual-sports), level of competition (Elite vs Non-Elite) and sexes. Moreover, correlations between chronotype, sleep hygiene and sleep quality were evaluated. Two hundred eighty Italian athletes (Females:113; Males:167) participated in the study. They completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) and the MorningnessEveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Among the athletes, 66.4% were intermediate-type, 21.8% were morning-type and 11.8% were evening-type. 55.4% of the sample was classified as good sleeper (PSQI<5), while 16.1% had poor sleep hygiene (SHI≥35). Females had higher total sleep time (p=0.022) than males. Individual-sports showed more morning-oriented score (p=0.001) and lower PSQI (p=0.006) and SHI (p<0.001) scores, with earlier timing of sleep (bedtime:p<0.001; wake-up time:p<0.001) compared to teamsports. Elite athletes exhibited greater sleep efficiency (p=0.009), and lower sleep latency (p=0.018) and wake after sleep onset (p=0.043) than Non-Elite athletes. Additionally, significant correlations were found between PSQI and SHI (r=0.43, p<0.001), and between MEQ and SHI (r=-0.35, p<0.001). This study yields crucial insights into the sleep behaviors of Italian athletes, revealing that nearly half of the sample were bad sleepers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elisa Tallini
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Corazza
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
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Gooderick J, Wood T, Abbott W, Hayes M, Maxwell N. Does a self-reported sleep duration reflect actigraphy reported sleep duration in female football players? SCI MED FOOTBALL 2025; 9:19-25. [PMID: 38174382 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2297903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is often compromised in female athletes, and the monitoring of female athletes' sleep is an important preventative and educational tool. With self-reporting of sleep common practice for athletes as part of a daily wellness assessment, there is a need to understand whether sleep indices are being reported accurately, and thus whether self-report data are useful. This study aimed to compare the agreement between self-reported and actigraphy reported sleep duration in female football players, with the intention of informing best practice for athlete monitoring. Twenty-two female footballers (mean age 19.5 ± 1.3 years) provided a daily self-report across 7 days, whilst also wearing an actigraph across the same testing period. Agreement between the two measures was assessed using Bland-Altman limits of agreement, with acceptable limits of agreement defined as <30 minutes. Results showed evident disagreement between the two methods, with a mean bias of -0.54 (32 min, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.43) and a potential disagreement range of over 2 h (Lower 95% limits of agreement -1.49 to upper 95% limits of agreement 0.40). Coaches using self-reported sleep durations as a monitoring tool for female footballers should interpret the results with caution and be aware of the potential for inaccuracies in this measure. As such, where possible, coaches should consider other methods of sleep monitoring, rather than solely relying on a self-report, to ensure they are operating with optimal practice within situational constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Wood
- School of Sport, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Will Abbott
- School of Sport, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- School of Sport, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil Maxwell
- School of Sport, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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Grade I, Esteves AM, Lira FS, Padilha CS, Stieler E, Brandt V, Silva S, Lourenço T, de Mello MT, Silva A. Knowledge About Sleep, Sleep Hygiene, and Sleep Behaviors of Paralympic Athletes. J Sport Rehabil 2025; 34:117-125. [PMID: 39527949 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding Paralympic athletes' perspectives on the importance of sleep is the first step toward developing effective sleep hygiene (SH) strategies. We aim to describe and compare the knowledge about SH and sleep behaviors practiced by medalists and nonmedalists Paralympic athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games and between sexes (female vs male), identify whether the coaching staff encourages SH, and the perspective of these athletes on the importance of SH. METHODS 98 Paralympic athletes responded to the Sleep Beliefs Scale and the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire-BR. RESULTS Medalists (68%) and nonmedalists (78%) Paralympic athletes had low knowledge about SH (60% vs 55%; P = .20), with no difference between groups. The Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire-BR score (48.7 [5.9]) for all Paralympic athletes (n = 98) indicated high practice of maladaptive sleep behaviors. Male athletes had significantly worse sleep behaviors than female athletes (49.1 [6.0] vs 39.5 [7.2]; P < .01) and less knowledge about behaviors that can affect sleep (64% vs 72%; P < .05), 26% of Paralympic athletes considered SH practices necessary, and the frequency of coaching staff encouraging SH was higher among medalists Paralympic athletes compared to nonmedalists athletes (29% vs 13%, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Most Paralympic athletes have inadequate sleep behaviors and knowledge about SH. There was no difference between knowledge about SH and sleep behaviors between medalists and nonmedalists Paralympic athletes, although medalists athletes were more encouraged to practice SH. Male Paralympic athletes had worse sleep behaviors and worse knowledge about SH than female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Grade
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Referência Paralímpico Brasileiro, Centro de Treinamento Esportivo (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Esteves
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Presidente Prudente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila S Padilha
- Presidente Prudente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Stieler
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Referência Paralímpico Brasileiro, Centro de Treinamento Esportivo (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valdênio Brandt
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marco T de Mello
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Referência Paralímpico Brasileiro, Centro de Treinamento Esportivo (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Referência Paralímpico Brasileiro, Centro de Treinamento Esportivo (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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10
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Bigalke JA, Lee KM, Bigalke JR, Scullin MK, Gallucci AR, Carter JR. Longitudinal assessment of objective sleep and power output in Division I collegiate baseball athletes. Sleep Health 2025:S2352-7218(24)00273-0. [PMID: 39893113 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2024.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many college athletes experience insufficient sleep due to athletic, academic, and social constraints. While prior studies have observed cross-sectional associations between poor sleep and performance in athletes, few studies have longitudinally assessed performance variations in relation to sleep measures. We investigated whether objectively measured sleep assessments were associated with peak power output improvements during a fall season of Division I collegiate baseball players. METHODS Peak power output was assessed weekly for 12weeks in 24 male collegiate baseball players (age: 21±1years). Objective sleep (Oura ring) was assessed over the final 6weeks to determine total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and other assessments of sleep quality, including the proportion of nights in which athletes maintained total sleep time ≥7 hours or sleep efficiency ≥90%. Bivariate correlations between sleep measures and peak power output were performed. RESULTS Greater improvements in peak power output throughout the fall season were associated with higher total sleep time (r=0.429, p=.036), higher sleep efficiency (r=0.411, p=.046), and fewer nighttime awakenings (r=-0.495, p=.014). Furthermore, the rate of change in peak power output was associated with the proportion of nights in which athletes maintained total sleep time ≥7 hours (r=0.557, p=.005) or sleep efficiency ≥90% (r=0.509, p=.011). CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between adequate sleep duration, quality, and consistency in training season performance trajectories in college athletes. DATA AVAILABILITY Data will be made available upon reasonable request by the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Bigalke
- Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Katherine M Lee
- Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Jennifer R Bigalke
- Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew R Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Jason R Carter
- Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States.
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11
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Wilson SMB, Jones MI, Draper SB, Parker JK. Irregular sleep/wake patterns in student-athletes exposed to early morning training. J Sports Sci 2025:1-10. [PMID: 39831660 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2452726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the sleep parameters and sleep/wake regularity of a cohort of student-athletes who start training between 06:30 and 07:00. Twenty-one male Rugby Union players, aged 21 ± 2 years and competing at a national level, were assessed using actigraphy over two weeks, and the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Sleep/wake regularity was calculated using the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed that nocturnal sleep preceding morning training had a significantly shorter sleep duration (1.8 hr, r = .67), and advanced sleep onset (0.9 hr, r = .50) and sleep offset times (3.2 hr, r = .85) compared to nocturnal sleep preceding free days. The variability of training demands resulted in an inconsistent sleep pattern between consecutive days, resulting in a median SRI score of 67.0 (interquartile range: 17.0). Pearson correlations revealed that lower SRI was significantly associated with a higher daily sleep duration including naps (r = -.62), delayed sleep onset (r = -.50) and sleep offset (r = -.60), and a later chronotype assessed using the ASSQ (r = .52). These findings indicate that early morning training is a factor contributing to irregular sleep/wake patterns in student-athletes, and where feasible should be scheduled at an alternative time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin I Jones
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
| | | | - John K Parker
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
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12
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Groeller H, Larsen P, Drain JR, Gibson N, Kitcher M, Alfiero L, Dascombe BJ, Sampson JA. Infantry training outcomes: are they improved with an initial reduction in load carriage mass and additional sprint intensity exercise? BMJ Mil Health 2025:e002765. [PMID: 39824542 DOI: 10.1136/military-2024-002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/20/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infantry is a physically demanding trade that is associated with elevated rates of musculoskeletal injury. A 17-week longitudinal intervention assessed the effect of a progressive increase in load carriage mass and sprint-intensity intervals on physical performance, physical complaints, medical encounters, physical activity and sleep in infantry trainees. METHODS 91 infantry trainees from 2 separate platoons, randomly assigned as control (CON) or experimental (EXP), provided written voluntary consent. Both completed a 17-week training syllabus that included physical training and military education lessons. Compared with CON, EXP completed a modified regimen that included; a 25%-30% reduction in load carriage mass (weeks 1-4), sprint (weeks 1-7) and 3 min running intervals. Endurance, strength, power and functional performance were assessed (weeks 1, 6-8), physical activity and sleep were recorded using actigraphy (each day of training, weeks 1-17), with daily physical complaints tabulated (weeks 1-7) and frequency of medical encounters retrospectively extracted from defence health records (weeks 1-17). RESULTS On-time completion of training was attained in 93% and 79% of CON and EXP, respectively. Total load carriage mass (weeks 1-4) was 27% lower in EXP (10.1 kg/hour) than CON (13.9 kg/hour). Push-up repetitions in CON (5 reps) improved compared with EXP, with functional performance improving markedly in both groups (71 m, 23%). All other fitness assessments were similar between groups. No difference in sleep quality and quantity was observed between groups, with 77% and 16% of trainees sleeping <7 hours (suboptimal) and <6 hours (sleep restricted) per night, respectively. Physical complaints in CON were higher (62), despite no difference observed in medical encounters. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in load carriage mass and inclusion of sprint interval training did not modify the adaptative or maladaptive responses to infantry training. Most trainees experienced chronic suboptimal sleep quantity and quality with over 15% classified as sleep restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Groeller
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Larsen
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J R Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Gibson
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Kitcher
- Army, Australian Defence Force, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Alfiero
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B J Dascombe
- School of Health Sciences Sport & Exercise Science, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J A Sampson
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Peng Z, Wang Z, Xu L, Shao Y, Jiao F, Lv J. Sleep deprivation impairs spatial cognitive processing and Alters brain connectivity in table tennis athletes. Neuroscience 2025; 564:13-20. [PMID: 39557189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
Spatial cognitive ability is critical for table tennis athletes to achieve excellent competitive performance, and sleep may be an important factor influencing this ability. This study investigated the impact of 36h sleep deprivation on the spatial cognitive processing of 20 s-level table tennis athletes, using event-related potentials and functional connectivity analysis to assess changes in cognitive resource allocation and inter-regional brain coordination before and after sleep deprivation. The results showed that sleep deprivation significantly prolonged reaction time and led to a decrease in P3 amplitude, reflecting a reduction in participants' attentional resource allocation and cognitive processing capacity. Functional connectivity analysis further revealed that β frequency band functional connectivity between the frontal and occipital regions significantly decreased after sleep deprivation, indicating reduced brain efficiency in processing spatial information. After 36 h of SD, the spatial cognitive ability of table tennis athletes was impaired. SD not only led to a reduction in the allocation of attentional resources and cognitive processing capabilities in these athletes, but also weakened functional connectivity between the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Peng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing, China.
| | - Fubing Jiao
- Health Service Department of the Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Joint Staff of the Central Military Commission of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Psychology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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14
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Edwards BJ. Effects of one-night of partial sleep loss on the circadian rhythm of temperature, subjective tiredness, alertness, and standing broad jump performance; is there a sex difference? Chronobiol Int 2025; 42:85-97. [PMID: 39773111 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2445722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Maximal gross-muscular performance shows a daily variation in adult males, however, effects of sleep loss on circadian rhythms of gross-muscular tasks with a high skill element such as the standing broad jump is less well established, and differences between biological sex may exist. Thirty-one males and 24 females volunteered. Participants were familiarised with tests before completing two conditions i) Normal (N) retires at 23:30, rising at 07:30 h the night before testing, and ii) Sleep deprivation (SD) retiring at 03:00, rising at 07:30 h, administered in a randomised counterbalanced-fashion. Participants having had 8- or 4.5-h opportunity to sleep, entered the laboratory at 08:00 h and sublingual temperatures, tiredness, and alertness were measured. Thereafter, volunteers completed a warm-up (3 jumps at 40, 60, and 80% max-effort) and then performed jumps. This schedule was replicated at 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, and 04:00 h on the same day. Participants were more tired and less alert in the partial sleep deprivation condition, and time-of-day effects were evident in all variables with peaks in jump length coinciding with temperature and alertness (Ф15:44-18:24 h). Females, however, showed a preference for an ~1 h earlier peak in tiredness (mediated in the SD rather than N), with a lower mesor and/or amplitudes in alertness and jump performance than males. The results of the current investigation have important implications for athletes, particularly females suffering sleep loss, regarding strategies to cope with early peaks in tiredness and physical training demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Faro H, Franchini E, Cavalcante-Silva D, Morais da Silva RD, Barbosa BT, Gomes da Silva Machado D, de Sousa Fortes L. Do prolonged social media use or cognitive tasks impair neuroelectric and visuomotor performance in taekwondo athletes? A randomized and controlled trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2025; 76:102768. [PMID: 39419239 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare whether: (1) social media use (SMU) would induce a similar state of mental fatigue compared to the Modified Stroop task (MST); (2) the SMU and the MST would affect neuroelectric responses; and (3) sport-specific visuomotor performance in the taekwondo (TKD) athletes was impaired by mental fatigue. METHODS Fifteen TKD athletes underwent a 60-min Modified Stroop Task (MST), engaged in SMU, or watched a documentary (CON) in a randomized order. Pre and post-each conditions they responded to a Stroop task (ST) while the event-related potentials (ERP) were measured. The Visual Analogue Scale for mental tiredness (VAS-MT) was used to measure subjective feelings of mental fatigue Then, the athletes completed TKD-specific visuomotor tests. RESULTS The VAS-MT response increases progressively in the MST condition (p < 0.001). The response time of ST was slower in the MST than in SMU (p = 0.04). The accuracy dropped in MST comparing pre- and post-manipulation (p < 0.001) and was lower than post-CON (p = 0.005). The peak amplitude for N200 ERP was higher post-than pre for all conditions (p < 0.001) on the Fz channel. N200 amplitude was higher on CON than MST on post-manipulation (p = 0.02). The amplitude increased significantly from pre-to post in the CON condition (p = 0.009) on the Cz channel. There was no difference in visuomotor performance among conditions (all ps > 0.05). CONCLUSION Prolonged performance of the MST, but not SMU, induces a state of mental fatigue. Neuroelectric and cognitive responses were impaired by mental fatigue induced by MST, but the visuomotor performance remained unaffected by any condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education of Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil; Research Group in Neuroscience of Human Movement (NeuroMove), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Diego Morais da Silva
- Research Group in Neuroscience of Human Movement (NeuroMove), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Research Group in Neuroscience of Human Movement (NeuroMove), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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16
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Barba E, Casamichana D, Figueiredo P, Nakamura FY, Castellano J. The Use of Principal Component Analysis for Reduction in Sleep Quality and Quantity Data in Female Professional Soccer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 25:148. [PMID: 39796939 PMCID: PMC11722753 DOI: 10.3390/s25010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to uncover multivariate relationships between sleep quantity and quality using principal component analysis (PCA) in professional female soccer players. A second aim was to examine the extent to which objective sleep quantity and quality variables can discriminate between perceived sleep. Ten objective sleep variables from the multisensory sleep-tracker were analyzed. PCA was conducted on the sleep variables, and meaningful principal components (PCs) were identified (eigenvalue > 2). Two sleep PCs were identified, representing the 'quantity of sleep' (quantity PC: eigenvalue = 4.1 and variance explained = 45.1%) and the 'quality of sleep' (quality PC: eigenvalue = 2.4 and variance explained = 24.1%). Cluster analysis grouped the players' sleep into three types: long and efficient, short and efficient, and long and inefficient; however, no association was found between the perceived sleep and the sleep clusters. In conclusion, a combination of both quantity and quality sleep metrics is recommended for sleep monitoring of professional female soccer players. Players should undergo a training process to improve self-assessment of sleep quality recorded from a subjective questionnaire, contrasting the perceived information with the sleep quality recorded objectively during a defined period in order to optimize the validity of their perceptions. The aim is to optimize the validity of their perceptions of sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Barba
- Real Sociedad Institute, Real Sociedad de Fútbol S.A.D., 20170 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
- GIKAFIT Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - David Casamichana
- Real Sociedad Institute, Real Sociedad de Fútbol S.A.D., 20170 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Julen Castellano
- GIKAFIT Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
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17
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Mateus N, Abade E, Coutinho D, Gómez MÁ, Peñas CL, Sampaio J. Empowering the Sports Scientist with Artificial Intelligence in Training, Performance, and Health Management. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 25:139. [PMID: 39796930 PMCID: PMC11723022 DOI: 10.3390/s25010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the field of sports science by providing unprecedented insights and tools that enhance training, performance, and health management. This work examines how AI is advancing the role of sports scientists, particularly in team sports environments, by improving training load management, sports performance, and player well-being. It explores key dimensions such as load optimization, injury prevention and return-to-play, sports performance, talent identification and scouting, off-training behavior, sleep quality, and menstrual cycle management. Practical examples illustrate how AI applications have significantly advanced each area and how they support and enhance the effectiveness of sports scientists. This manuscript also underscores the importance of ensuring that AI technologies are context-specific and communicated transparently. Additionally, it calls for academic institutions to update their curriculums with AI-focused education, preparing future sports professionals to fully harness its potential. Finally, the manuscript addresses future challenges, such as the unpredictable nature of team sports, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, including clear communication and mutual understanding between sports scientists and AI experts, and the critical balance between AI-driven insights and human expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mateus
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.A.); (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.A.); (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.A.); (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Miguel-Ángel Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Lago Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, 36004 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.A.); (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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18
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Besson C, De Stefani G, Baggish AL, Schmitt L, Millet G, Gremeaux V. Comparison of 1-hour floatation-REST versus conventional napping on heart rate variability in active individuals. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 11:e002292. [PMID: 39691209 PMCID: PMC11647359 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of a 1-hour floatation-resting environmental therapy (FLO) versus conventional napping (NAP) on heart rate variability (HRV) in highly trained individuals. Methods 20 non-fatigued participants underwent a prospective randomised interventional study comparing the impacts of FLO and NAP on both supine and standing HRV. Measurements were taken before and after each intervention under controlled conditions, and subjective experiences were assessed through questionnaires. Results FLO and NAP were associated with changes in HRV parameters but did so differently. NAP significantly enhanced supine parasympathetic activity, as evidenced by increased log-transformed root mean square of successive differences (p=0.02) and power spectral density (p=0.03) relative to heart rate (HR) values, confirming its effectiveness in promoting autonomic recovery. In contrast, despite being better perceived regarding subjective well-being (p=0.04), FLO conferred no significant changes in supine root mean square of successive differences and decreased power spectral density relative to HR (p=0.02). However, post-intervention comparisons were not statistically different. While supine HR decreased significantly following both interventions, standing HR measurements showed a non-significant increase for FLO compared with NAP (p=0.056). Conclusion In highly trained individuals, FLO and NAP demonstrated minimal impact on acute autonomic function. NAP appears more effective for enhancing short-term parasympathetic activity, while FLO provides a more enjoyable experience. These findings underscore the importance of personalised recovery strategies and emphasise the need for further research into individual responses and the long-term effects of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besson
- Department of Sports
Medicine, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences,
Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Gianluca De Stefani
- Faculty of Biology and
Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Leigh Baggish
- Department of
Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Cardiovascular
Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- National School of
Mountain Sports, National Ski-Nordic Centre,
Premanon, France
| | | | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Department of Sports
Medicine, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences,
Lausanne,
Switzerland
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19
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Esen O, Walshe I, Goodall S. Energy intake, hydration status, and sleep of world-class male archers during competition. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2345358. [PMID: 38708971 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2345358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional intake and sleep, play an important role for recovery and performance in elite sport but little work has been undertaken in archery. The present study aimed to assess energy intake (EI), hydration status, and sleep parameters in world-class male archers over the course of a four-day competition. METHODS Results, Conclusions Six male, elite-standard archers participated in the study and measurements of hydration status, EI, competition load, and sleep were recorded throughout each day of competition. RESULTS Daily energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake ranged between 2,563 and 3,986 kcal, 4 and 7.1 g/kg BM, 2.2 and 3.6 g/kg BM per day, respectively. Thus, archers practiced elements of periodized nutrition such that energy and carbohydrate intake was greater on the high-volume competition days (i.e. days 1 and 3; more numbers of arrows, longer duration, and walking distance) in comparison to low-volume days (days 2 and 4) over the tournament (all p > 0.01). Additionally, urine specific gravity was higher after waking, compared to pre- and post-competition, and before bed (all p < 0.05). This indicates that archers were euhydrated pre- and post-competition and before bedtime, while they were slightly hypohydrated after waking up. Sleep data show that disturbances were kept to a minimum. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, archers appear capable of periodizing their nutritional intake according to daily physical loading during a tournament whilst, staying euhydrated and maintaining sleep quality. In part, such data can help to explain why these archers experience a sustained level of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Northumbria University, Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Walshe
- Northumbria University, Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Northumbria University, Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- North-West University Potchefstroom, Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, South Africa
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20
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Taylor MY, Hrozanova M, Nordengen L, Sandbakk Ø, Osborne JO, Noordhof DA. Influence of Menstrual-Cycle Phase on Sleep and Recovery Following High- and Low-Intensity Training in Eumenorrheic Endurance-Trained Women: The Female Endurance Athlete Project. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1491-1499. [PMID: 39442912 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of menstrual-cycle (MC) phase on objective sleep and perceived recovery following high- (HIT) and low-intensity training (LIT) in endurance-trained women. METHODS Fifteen naturally menstruating, endurance-trained women completed standardized HIT and LIT sessions during the early follicular phase (EFP), ovulatory phase (OP), and midluteal phase (MLP) of 2 MCs. Overnight sleep was monitored using a Somnofy sleep monitor after each training session, and perceived recovery was assessed after 24 hours using self-report scales. MC phases were determined using the 3-step method, and noneumenorrheic MCs were retrospectively excluded from analysis. RESULTS MC phase had a main effect on wake after sleep onset (P ≤ .001), with higher values in MLP (33 [22] min) than EFP (22 [19] min, P = .043) and OP (14 [9] min, P = .001), sleep efficiency (P = .033), with lower values in MLP (87% [6%]) than OP (90% [8%], P = .047), and light sleep (P = .023) with higher values in MLP (59% [6%]) than EFP (54% [7%], P = .037). Session type had a main effect on perceived recovery (P < .018) and perceived muscle soreness (P = .007), indicating lower perceived recovery and higher perceived muscle soreness following HIT compared to LIT (P < .001, P = .018, respectively). No interactions were found between MC phase and session type for any of the measured variables. CONCLUSIONS Objective sleep quality, but not perceived recovery, was influenced by MC phase, as indicated by small impairments to multiple indices of objective sleep during MLP. There were no interactions between MC phase and session type, indicating that the effect of MC on sleep and recovery is consistent regardless of session type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Y Taylor
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Hrozanova
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Nordengen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John O Osborne
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Isenmann E, Veit S, Flenker U, Lesch A, Lachenmeier DW, Diel P. Influence of short-term chronic oral cannabidiol application on muscle recovery and performance after an intensive training protocol - a randomized double-blind crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2337252. [PMID: 38572744 PMCID: PMC10997358 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2337252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid regeneration after intense exercise is essential for competitive athletes. Based on this assumption, supplementation strategies, focusing on food supplements, are increasing to improve the recovery processes. One such supplement is cannabidiol (CBD) which is gaining more attention in competitive sports. However, the evidence is still lacking and there are no data available about the effect of a short-term chronic application. METHODS A three-arm double-blind cross-over study was conducted to determine the effects of two different CBD products on performance, muscle damage and inflammatory processes in well-trained athletes. In total 17 subjects took successfully part in this study. Each subject underwent the six-day, high-intensity training protocol three times. After each training session, each subject took either a placebo or a CBD product (60 mg of oil or solubilisate). Between the intervention phases, at least four weeks of washout period was conducted. Before and after the training protocols the performance capacity in countermovement jump (CMJ), back squat (BS), bench press (BP) and 1-mile run were measured and biomarkers for muscle damage (creatine kinase, myoglobin), inflammatory processes (interleukin 6 and 10) and immune cell activity (ratios of neutrophil granulocytes, lymphocytes and, platelets) were analyzed. For statistical analyses, the current version of R and a linear mixed model was used. RESULTS It could identify different effects of the training protocol depending on performance level (advanced or highly advanced athletes) (p < .05). Regardless of the performance level, muscle damage and a reduction in performance could be induced by the training protocol. Only CBD oil was associated with a reduction in myoglobin concentration (p < .05) in advanced athletes. Concerning immune activity, a significant decrease in platelets lymphocyte ratios was observed in advanced athletes after placebo treatment (p < .05). CBD oil application showed a slight inhibitory effect (p < .10). Moreover, the reduction in performance differs between the performance levels. A significant decrease in CMJ was observed in advanced athletes and a decreasing trend in BS was observed in highly advanced athletes after placebo treatment (p < 0.10). Both CBD products do not affect performance parameters. For inflammatory parameters, no effects were observed. CONCLUSION It was found that the performance level of the subjects was a decisive factor and that they responded differently to the training protocol and the CBD application. However, no clear effects of either CBD product were found and further research is needed to identify the long-term effects of CBD application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Isenmann
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- IST Hochschule of Applied Sciences, Department of Fitness and Health, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Veit
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flenker
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessio Lesch
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Diel
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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22
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da Cruz WM, Coimbra DR, Vilarino GT, dos Santos AMC, da Silva VF, Mancone S, Falese L, Diotaiuti P, Andrade A. Did social isolation affect anxiety and sleep quality of elite soccer players during the COVID-19 lockdown? Comparisons to training before distancing in the pandemic and outlook for mental health. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1490862. [PMID: 39679156 PMCID: PMC11641121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1490862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the anxiety levels and sleep quality of elite soccer athletes in training pre-pandemic and during the lockdown caused by COVID-19. Method This is an exploratory study with a longitudinal design carried out with elite soccer athletes from two Brazilian soccer clubs. Data collection took place in person pre-pandemic (training) and online (during lockdown) between February and May 2020. The instruments used to assess sleep, daytime sleepiness, and anxiety were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Daytime Sleepiness Scale-(ESS-BR), and Competitive Anxiety Scale (SCAT). For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, maximum and minimum) and non-parametric inferential statistics were used, establishing a significance of p < 0.05. Results In total, 76 male soccer athletes participated in the study. A significant increase was observed in anxiety levels in confinement compared to pre-pandemic training (p = 0.017; g = 0.83), and sleepiness significantly reduced in training compared to baseline levels (p = 0.007; g = 0.48). The athletes demonstrated good sleep quality and the pandemic did not significantly alter daytime sleepiness compared to training and baseline. Conclusion From the results it can be concluded that elite soccer athletes presented alterations in anxiety levels compared to training during confinement, however, no effects of confinement were observed on sleep quality and sleepiness. New studies are needed to analyze the long-term consequences of the pandemic and the relationships between anxiety and sleep in training and competition in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whyllerton Mayron da Cruz
- Center of Health and Sport Science—CEFID, Santa Catarina State University-UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danilo Reis Coimbra
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Torres Vilarino
- Center of Health and Sport Science—CEFID, Santa Catarina State University-UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Vernon Furtado da Silva
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Visiting Professor, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rondônia, (UNIR), Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Stefania Mancone
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Lavinia Falese
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Center of Health and Sport Science—CEFID, Santa Catarina State University-UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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23
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Ritland BM, Judkins JL, Naylor JA, Kardouni JR, Pasiakos SM, Jayne JM. The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers. BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:491-494. [PMID: 36792225 PMCID: PMC11672034 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep and pain in military personnel and to determine if metrics of sleep and pain intensity differ between the injured and uninjured in this population. METHODS Active-duty US Army Soldiers (n=308; 26.8±6.5 years, 82% male) from the 2nd Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, and 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questionnaires about current musculoskeletal injuries and pain intensity (0=no pain to 10=worst imaginable pain). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between pain and sleep. Differences in sleep and pain between injured and uninjured participants were determined using an analysis of covariance. RESULTS Pain intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality (global PSQI score, r=0.337, p<0.001) and daytime sleepiness (ESS score, r=0.163, p=0.005), and negatively associated with sleep duration (r=-0.118, p=0.039). Injured participants accounted for 37.7% (n=116) of the study population. Injured participants reported greater pain intensity (3.7±2.5 vs 1.3±1.9, p<0.001), were older (28.5±7.4 years vs 25.8±5.7 years, p=0.001) and in the service longer (6.3±6.3 years vs 4.6±4.7 years, p=0.013) than uninjured participants. Injured participants had higher global PSQI scores (9.0±4.1 vs 6.4±3.4, p<0.001), including each of the seven PSQI components (all p<0.050), and reported sleeping less per night than uninjured participants (5.7±1.3 hours vs 6.1±1.2 hours, p=0.026). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that pain intensity is associated with sleep in active-duty US Army Soldiers and that those who report a musculoskeletal injury, regardless of age and time in service, report poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep durations, and greater levels of pain than uninjured Soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Ritland
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
| | - J L Judkins
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
| | - J A Naylor
- US Army Forces Command, Tacoma, Washington, 98433, USA
| | - J R Kardouni
- US Army Forces Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 28310, USA
| | - S M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
| | - J M Jayne
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
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24
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Shannon ES, Carter SE. The effect of a 2-week ischaemic preconditioning intervention on anaerobic performance in male academy football players: a randomized, single-blinded, SHAM-Controlled study. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:939-955. [PMID: 38126743 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2297192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), brief periods of ischaemia immediately followed by reperfusion applied to a vascular bed, has emerged as a method to improve exercise performance. There is, however, a lack of research exploring repeated episodes of IPC on anaerobic performance. The aim of this study was to determine if a 2-week repeated IPC intervention could enhance anaerobic performance in male academy football players. Eight male academy football players completed two, 2-week intervention trials: six IPC episodes (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg per episode), and six SHAM episodes (4 × 5 min at 20 mmHg per episode). Prior to and following each intervention trial, the participants completed assessments of anaerobic performance (Running Anaerobic Sprint Test [RAST]), and superficial femoral artery endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]). IPC significantly enhanced peak and mean power output by 12% (p = 0.026) and 11% (p = 0.019) and significantly improved superficial femoral artery FMD (p = 0.049). The increase in endothelial function suggests that this may be a mechanism contributing to this enhancement of anaerobic performance. The present study supports the use of repeated IPC prior to matches and training sessions to enhance anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Spencer Shannon
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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25
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Wilson SMB, Sparks KV, Cline A, Draper SB, Jones MI, Parker JK. Behavioral interventions and behavior change techniques used to improve sleep outcomes in athlete populations: A scoping review. Behav Sleep Med 2024; 22:820-842. [PMID: 38965766 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2024.2374257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes display a high prevalence of undesired sleep characteristics that may affect both performance and wellbeing. OBJECTIVES This scoping review aimed to identify and map the existing evidence of behavioral sleep interventions and their effects on sleep outcomes in athletes, and retrospectively code the behavior change techniques (BCTs) implemented using the Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (BCTTv1). METHODS Conducted following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, four online databases were used to identify prospective interventions with at least one behavioral component in competitive athletes, and reporting a sleep outcome pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 892 participants with a median age of 23. Five intervention categories were identified (education, mind-body practices, direct, multi-component, and other), with each demonstrating mixed efficacy but the potential to improve sleep outcomes. The BCTs varied in type and frequency between each category, with only 18 unique BCTs identified across all studies. CONCLUSIONS The varied efficacy of previous studies at improving sleep outcomes may be attributed to the lack of behavior change theory applied during intervention development. Designing interventions following a targeted specification of the behavioral problem, and the integration of corresponding BCTs should be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine V Sparks
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Staffordshire University, Stoke-On-Trent, UK
| | - Alice Cline
- Public Health Wales, National Health Service Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Martin I Jones
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
| | - John K Parker
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
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26
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Jeukendrup AE, Areta JL, Van Genechten L, Langan-Evans C, Pedlar CR, Rodas G, Sale C, Walsh NP. Does Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Syndrome Exist? Sports Med 2024; 54:2793-2816. [PMID: 39287777 PMCID: PMC11561064 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) is a widely adopted model, originally proposed by an International Olympic Committee (IOC) expert panel in 2014 and recently updated in an IOC 2023 consensus statement. The model describes how low energy availability (LEA) causes a wide range of deleterious health and performance outcomes in athletes. With increasing frequency, sports practitioners are diagnosing athletes with "REDs," or "REDs syndrome," based largely upon symptom presentation. The purpose of this review is not to "debunk" REDs but to challenge dogmas and encourage rigorous scientific processes. We critically discuss the REDs concept and existing empirical evidence available to support the model. The consensus (IOC 2023) is that energy availability, which is at the core of REDs syndrome, is impossible to measure accurately enough in the field, and therefore, the only way to diagnose an athlete with REDs appears to be by studying symptom presentation and risk factors. However, the symptoms are rather generic, and the causes likely multifactorial. Here we discuss that (1) it is very difficult to isolate the effects of LEA from other potential causes of the same symptoms (in the laboratory but even more so in the field); (2) the model is grounded in the idea that one factor causes symptoms rather than a combination of factors adding up to the etiology. For example, the model does not allow for high allostatic load (psychophysiological "wear and tear") to explain the symptoms; (3) the REDs diagnosis is by definition biased because one is trying to prove that the correct diagnosis is REDs, by excluding other potential causes (referred to as differential diagnosis, although a differential diagnosis is supposed to find the cause, not demonstrate that it is a pre-determined cause); (4) observational/cross-sectional studies have typically been short duration (< 7 days) and do not address the long term "problematic LEA," as described in the IOC 2023 consensus statement; and (5) the evidence is not as convincing as it is sometimes believed to be (i.e., many practitioners believe REDs is well established). Very few studies can demonstrate causality between LEA and symptoms, most studies demonstrate associations and there is a worrying number of (narrative) reviews on the topic, relative to original research. Here we suggest that the athlete is best served by an unbiased approach that places health at the center, leaving open all possible explanations for the presented symptoms. Practitioners could use a checklist that addresses eight categories of potential causes and involve the relevant experts if and when needed. The Athlete Health and Readiness Checklist (AHaRC) we introduce here simply consists of tools that have already been developed by various expert/consensus statements to monitor and troubleshoot aspects of athlete health and performance issues. Isolating the purported effects of LEA from the myriad of other potential causes of REDs symptoms is experimentally challenging. This renders the REDs model somewhat immune to falsification and we may never definitively answer the question, "does REDs syndrome exist?" From a practical point of view, it is not necessary to isolate LEA as a cause because all potential areas of health and performance improvement should be identified and tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asker E Jeukendrup
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Netherlands Olympic Committee, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Craig Sale
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil P Walsh
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Owoeye OBA, Breitbach A, Esposito F, Nguyen N, Bender AM, Neme JR. Snooze it or Lose it: Understanding Sleep Disturbance and Injuries in Soccer and Basketball Student-Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:610-614. [PMID: 38980669 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the sleep characteristics of collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes and explore the associations between sleep and injury risk. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING NCAA D1 and NAIA Tier 1. PARTICIPANTS One hundred eighty-one collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes (42% female; mean age: 20.0 ± 1.7 years). INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Questionnaires were administered during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 preseason, collecting demographic, injury history, medical history, and sleep information, including sleep difficulty category scores of 0 to 4 (none), 5 to 7 (mild), and ≥8 (moderate/severe) and other sleep disturbance measures derived from the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), including insufficient sleep duration (<7 hours of sleep) and poor subjective sleep quality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-complaint knee and ankle injuries. RESULTS According to the ASSQ, 25.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.9-34.3) of the student-athletes had mild sleep difficulty and 12.7% (95% CI, 7.3-20.1) had moderate/severe sleep difficulty. 36.1% (95% CI, 29.1-43.6) had insufficient sleep duration. 17.1% (95% CI, 11.7-23.7) were not satisfied with the quality of their sleep (poor sleep quality), and 13.8% (95% CI, 9.1-19.7) had an "eveningness" chronotype. Based on multivariable logistic regression models, student-athletes with poor sleep quality had significantly higher odds for injury (OR: 2.2, 95% CI, 1.04-4.79, P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant dysfunctional sleep patterns are prevalent among collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with injury risk among student-athletes. Findings suggest a substantial sleep problem in collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes and warrant that student-athletes are regularly screened and timely interventions applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyosi B A Owoeye
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anthony Breitbach
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Flavio Esposito
- Department of Computer Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Natania Nguyen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amy M Bender
- Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jamil R Neme
- Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Boukhris O, Suppiah H, Halson S, Russell S, Clarke A, Geneau MC, Stutter L, Driller M. The acute effects of nonsleep deep rest on perceptual responses, physical, and cognitive performance in physically active participants. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024; 16:1967-1987. [PMID: 38953770 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of nonsleep deep rest (NSDR) on physical and cognitive performance, as well as sleepiness, acute readiness, recovery, stress, and mood state in physically active participants. A total of 65 physically active participants (42 male, 23 female) were randomly assigned into two groups: an experimental group (NSDR, n = 34), in which participants completed a 10-min NSDR intervention, and a control group (CON, n = 31), whereby participants sat passively for 10 min. Testing measures were assessed immediately pre and 10 min post each condition and comprised completing a hand grip strength dynamometer test and a countermovement jump test on force plates, cognitive function measures via a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT-B), and a Simon task test, along with four questionnaires to assess sleep, recovery, and mood state. A significant Group × Time interaction favored the NSDR condition for handgrip strength, median reaction time during the PVT-B, and accuracy percentage during the Simon task. Questionnaire responses demonstrated NSDR to be associated with significant benefits to physical readiness, emotional balance, overall recovery, negative emotional state, overall stress, and tension in comparison to CON (p < .05). The NSDR intervention could be a valuable strategy for acutely enhancing overall well-being and readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boukhris
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haresh Suppiah
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shona Halson
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suzanna Russell
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthea Clarke
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary C Geneau
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Stutter
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Driller
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Nassis GP, Millet GP. Key factors to prioritize when preparing for the Olympic Games. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:719-721. [PMID: 38797437 PMCID: PMC11336362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- George P Nassis
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Daly LS, Catháin CÓ, Kelly DT. Gaelic Games Players' and Practitioners' Perceptions of Recovery Strategies. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1128-1136. [PMID: 39179221 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study both investigated and compared Gaelic games players' and practitioners' perceptions of the importance of postexercise recovery strategies. METHODS Gaelic players (n = 1178 [n = 574 female], age 24.6 [6.6] y) and practitioners (n = 148 [n = 29 female], age 35.9 [8.7] y) completed a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of various postexercise recovery strategies (importance ranked out of 5 [1 "not important at all" to 5 "extremely important"]). Players were further categorized by playing standard into developmental (club/collegiate; n = 869) and national (intercounty; n = 309) levels and by sport: Gaelic football (n = 813), camogie/hurling (n = 342), and Gaelic handball (n = 23). Practitioners were categorized as sport coaches (n = 67), strength and conditioning staff (n = 34), nutrition staff (n = 15), and athletic rehabilitation staff (n = 32). RESULTS Gaelic players prevalently perceived sleep (76.4%), rehydration (72.5%), postexercise meal (48.4%), stretching (47.6%), active cool-down (25.1%), foam rolling (23.1%), and massage by therapist (22.6%) as "extremely important." Practitioners prevalently perceived sleep (90.1%), rehydration (83.6%), postexercise meal (76.6%), daytime naps (36.2%), stretching (25.4%), discussion with teammates (24.6%), and getting into nature (19.4%) as "extremely important." CONCLUSIONS While strategies with well-documented efficacy such as sleep, nutrition, and rehydration were rated as most important, a distinct and possibly problematic disconnect exists between the perceived importance of many strategies and their empirically demonstrated effectiveness. For instance, active cool-downs and stretching were perceived as highly important despite prevailing evidence suggesting that their effects are often small in magnitude. Collectively, work promoting optimal recovery practices and aligning player-practitioner perspectives would be beneficial to maximize time and resource allocation and enhance player buy-in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan S Daly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
- Sport and Human Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Ó Catháin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
| | - David T Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
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Bergeron MF, Côté J, Cumming SP, Purcell R, Armstrong N, Basilico L, Burrows K, Charrin JB, Felix A, Groesswang H, Iwasaki Y, Kocher MS, Martowicz M, McConnell K, Moran J, Holm Moseid C, Mountjoy M, Soligard T, Tetelbaum E, Thiel A, Vertommen T, Viseras G, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U. IOC consensus statement on elite youth athletes competing at the Olympic Games: essentials to a healthy, safe and sustainable paradigm. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:946-965. [PMID: 39197945 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
With the pronounced ongoing growth of global youth sports, opportunities for and participation of youth athletes on the world sports stage, including the Olympic Games, are expected to escalate. Yet, adolescence is a vulnerable period of development and inherently dynamic, with non-linear and asynchronous progression of physical, physiological, psychological and social attributes. These non-concurrent changes within and between individuals are accompanied by irregular and unpredictable threats and impediments. Likewise, the evident age-based criteria and conventional path for those youth athletes deemed eligible candidates for the Olympic Games are not well or consistently defined. Furthermore, the unstructured and largely varying policies and practices across the sporting International Federations specific to youth participation underscore the need to establish a contemporary universal paradigm that would enable elite youth athletes to navigate an individualised healthy pathway to personal, athletic and sport success. First, we reviewed and summarised key challenges facing elite youth athletes and the relevant evidence fundamental to facilitating and supporting central aspects of health and well-being, while empowering safe, sustainable and positive engagement during athletic and personal advancement and competition. Second, we developed and present a modern elite youth athlete model that emphasises a child-centred, practical framework with corresponding guidelines and recommendations to protect health and well-being while safely and favourably managing international sport competition. Our proposed evidence-informed paradigm will enable and support individualised pathways for healthy, well-rounded and sustainable positive engagement while achieving sport success for youth contending or aiming to compete at world-class international sporting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Performance Health, WTA Women's Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Jamaica, Canada
| | | | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Armstrong
- Childrens Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luca Basilico
- World Skate, Maison du Sport International, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kirsty Burrows
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Charrin
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allyson Felix
- Athletes' Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heike Groesswang
- International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation (IBSF), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yasunobu Iwasaki
- Anti-Doping, Medical and Scientific Commission, Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Anshinkai Anshin Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magali Martowicz
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kit McConnell
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane Moran
- Medical Commission, International Skating Union, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Holm Moseid
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia Tetelbaum
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- President, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Expertise Center People and Well-being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gloria Viseras
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Halson SL, Johnston RD, Pearson M, Minahan C. Menstrual-Cycle Symptoms and Sleep Characteristics in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:914-920. [PMID: 39048089 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether menstrual-cycle symptoms are associated with sleep in elite female athletes. METHODS Sleep was assessed for a minimum of 25 nights (range = 25-31) using activity monitoring and sleep diaries. Menstrual-cycle symptoms were collected over the same duration in 12 elite female professional soccer players. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the relationship between the day of the menstrual cycle (from day 1) and total menstrual-cycle symptoms on sleep characteristics. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between sleep duration and the day of the menstrual cycle (P = .042) and total symptoms reported that day (P < .001), with sleep duration increasing by 21 minutes for every symptom reported. There was a negative day × symptom interaction on sleep duration (P = .004), indicating that with increased symptoms, the day of the menstrual cycle had a smaller relationship with sleep duration. Sleep efficiency (P = .950), wake after sleep onset (P = .217), and subjective sleep quality (P = .080) were not related to the day of the menstrual cycle. The total symptoms reported had no relationship with sleep efficiency (P = .220), subjective sleep quality (P = .502), or sleep latency (P = .740) but did significantly relate to wake after sleep onset (P < .001), with a significant day × symptom interaction (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Sleep duration increased from day 1 of the menstrual cycle and was associated with the number of menstrual-cycle symptoms reported. All other sleep metrics remained unchanged; however, total symptoms reported were related to wake after sleep onset. Monitoring and managing menstrual-cycle symptoms should be encouraged due to a potential relationship with sleep characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Recovery Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Faculty of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Recovery Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Faculty of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Madison Pearson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Recovery Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Faculty of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Dunican IC, Galpin A, Turner M, Reale R. Sleep Behaviors and Nutritional Knowledge in Amateur and Professional Combat Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1627-1634. [PMID: 38985931 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dunican, IC, Galpin, A, Turner, M, and Reale, R. Sleep behaviors and nutritional knowledge in amateur and professional combat sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1627-1634, 2024-Combat sports is a term applied to various competitive contact sports involving 2 competitors engaging in a bout or contest under a specific ruleset. Little is known about combat sports athletes' sleep and nutritional knowledge. This study aimed to assess (a) sleep behaviors, (b) alcohol and shiftwork disorders, and (c) the nutritional knowledge of combat sports athletes. Subjects completed various demographic questions and estimations of their weight management practices and validated surveys, including the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire, Shiftwork Disorder (SWD) Screening Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and the Abridged Nutrition for Sports Knowledge Questionnaire. A total of 844 combat sports athletes completed the survey, 79% male, height of 177 ± 10 (cm), and body mass of 79 ± 15 (kg). Subjects were categorized into their specific combat sport type (e.g., boxing or Brazilian jiu-jitsu [BJJ]) and by their level (professional or amateur). Sleep quality was average for all combat sport types and risk prevalence of shiftwork disorder at 11%. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that amateurs, compared with professional strikers ( p = 0.046, CLES = 0.80), boxers ( p = 0.01, CLES = 0.78), and BJJ ( p = 0.046, CLES = 0.61) athletes, consumed significantly more alcohol. A Friedman test showed significant ( p < 0.001, W = 0.51) differences in weight between time points, with most combat sports athletes reducing weight for competition. An overall nutritional knowledge average of 55% was reported. This study highlights a critical gap in the knowledge and practices of combat sports athletes in relation to sleep behaviors and disorders, alcohol consumption, and nutritional knowledge, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Dunican
- Center for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Melius Consulting, Mount Hawthorn, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Galpin
- Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Mitchell Turner
- Melius Consulting, Mount Hawthorn, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Reid Reale
- UFC Performance Institute, Shanghai, Performance Nutrition Department, Shanghai, China
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de Mello MT, Stieler E, Grade I, Filho AFC, Mendes G, Ituassu N, Silva A. The Sleep Parameters of Olympic Athletes: Characteristics and Assessment Instruments. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:715-723. [PMID: 38113920 DOI: 10.1055/a-2233-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to identify the sleep parameters of Olympic athletes and the instruments used to assess and monitor the sleep of these athletes. The search was conducted until February 2023 and was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. This systematic review has included studies that investigated at least one of the following sleep parameters: total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), awakenings after sleep onset (WASO), quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype; the participants were Olympic athletes. The search returned a total of 280 studies. After screening based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, 11 studies were included. The main results demonstrate that Olympic athletes have TST of 06:10 h, SE of 84%, SOL of 28 min, and WASO of 49 min. The most predominant chronotype is indifferent; over half of the athletes have poor sleep quality and complaints. Furthermore, actigraphy was the most used method to assess sleep. It is concluded that Olympic athletes have TST, SE, and WASO poor than the recommended values. In addition, sleep complaints and poor sleep quality were also observed. Among the objective sleep assessment methods, actigraphy was the method most frequently used in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Stieler
- Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isadora Grade
- Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Mendes
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natália Ituassu
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Stevenson S, Suppiah H, Ruddy J, Murphy S, Driller M. Higher Levels of Morning and Daytime Light Exposure Associated with Positive Sleep Indices in Professional Team Sport Athletes. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:1279-1290. [PMID: 39219616 PMCID: PMC11366245 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s471017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Light exposure techniques have been recommended to combat sleep issues caused by disruption to circadian regularity in the athletic population, although studies are lacking. Methods A total of 17 professional male Australian Football athletes (age ± SD: 22 ± 3 years) wore a wrist actigraph to measure sleep parameters, and a wearable light sensor to measure melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (mEDI, in lux) for 14 days. Participants completed three sleep questionnaires at the end of the data collection period and completed well-being surveys 6 times. The Sleep Regularity Index (SRI) for each player was also calculated from actigraphy data. Light exposure data were organised into three different timeframes: morning (wake time + 2 hours), daytime (end of morning to 6 pm), and evening (2 hours leading up to bedtime) for analysis. Repeated measures correlation was conducted for objective sleep measures and mEDI values per timeframe. Pearson's correlation was conducted on subjective sleep measures and well-being measures against mEDI values per timeframe. Results Higher morning light was associated with significantly (p < 0.001) greater total sleep time (r = 0.31). Higher daytime light exposure was associated with higher subjective sleep quality (r = 0.48, p < 0.05). Higher evening light exposure was associated with higher Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) global scores (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). There were no other significant correlations between light exposure and sleep or well-being measures (p > 0.05). Conclusion Higher morning and daylight exposure levels were associated with various positive objective and subjective sleep measures in professional team sport athletes, supporting the need for education on optimising light exposure to improve circadian function, sleep, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Stevenson
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haresh Suppiah
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sean Murphy
- Essendon Football Club, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Driller
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Souabni MJ, Souabni M, Hammouda O, Driss T. Are Adolescent Athletes Sleeping Enough? An Observational Study of Sleep Parameters during Schooldays and Holidays. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1044. [PMID: 39334576 PMCID: PMC11429551 DOI: 10.3390/children11091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Background: Inconsistent sleep schedules, frequent awakening after sleep onset (WASO), and decreased sleep efficiency (SE) are common issues among adolescent team sports athletes. Moreover, research indicates that sleep problems are enhanced across schooldays. The aim of the present study was to assess sleep patterns of adolescent athletes and compare sleep parameters between schooldays and holidays. Methods: The chronotype and sleep quality of twelve adolescent basketball players (mean age: 15.58 ± 0.67 years) were assessed. Objective sleep parameters were then analyzed using actigraphy over a 12-day period, which included six days during the school period and six days during holidays. Results: Data showed that total sleep time (TST), SE, and WASO (382.48 min, 81.81%, and 66.70 min, respectively) did not meet international recommendations for sleep quantity and quality. During school weekdays, time in bed (TIB), TST, and SE significantly decreased compared to weekends (p < 0.001, d = -1.49; p < 0.001, d = -1.64; and p = 0.01, d = -0.89, respectively). On weekdays, TIB, TST, and WASO were significantly lower on schooldays compared to holidays (p < 0.001, d = -1.83; p < 0.01, d = -1.01; and p = 0.02, d = -0.77, respectively). While no significant difference was observed in social jetlag, the mid-point of sleep was significantly later on holiday weekdays compared to school weekdays (p < 0.05, d = 0.65). Conclusions: Adolescent athletes experience insufficient sleep, especially on school weekdays, which is partially improved during weekends and holidays. Although sleep duration was longer during holidays, our results suggest that adolescent athletes' sleep was more fragmented. Consequently, it remains crucial to implement strategies to enhance their sleep health (e.g., napping).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi J Souabni
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Maher Souabni
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
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Chauvineau M, Pasquier F, Duforez F, Guilhem G, Nedelec M. Increased training load promotes sleep propensity and slow-wave sleep in endurance runners: Can a high-heat-capacity mattress topper modulate this effect? J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14132. [PMID: 38148606 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to: (1) investigate sleep architecture in response to an overload training and taper periods among endurance runners; and (2) assess the sleep benefits of a high-heat-capacity mattress topper. Twenty-one trained male endurance runners performed a 2-week usual training regimen (baseline) followed by 2-week overload and taper periods. From overload to the end of the taper period, they were assigned into two groups based on the mattress topper used: high-heat-capacity mattress topper (n = 11) or low-heat-capacity mattress topper (n = 10). Training load was assessed daily using the session rating of perceived exertion. Following each period, sleep was monitored by polysomnography, and nocturnal core body temperature was recorded throughout the night. Irrespective of the group, awakening episodes > 5 min decreased following overload compared with baseline (-0.48, p = 0.05). Independently of mattress topper, each 100 A.U. increase in 7-day training load prior to polysomnographic recording was associated with higher slow-wave sleep proportion (β = +0.13%; p = 0.05), lower sleep-onset latency (β = -0.49 min; p = 0.05), and a reduction in the probability of transition from N1 sleep stage to wakefulness (β = -0.12%; p = 0.05). Sleeping on a high-heat-capacity mattress topper did not affect any sleep variable compared with a low-heat-capacity mattress topper. Increased training loads promote slow-wave sleep and sleep propensity, highlighting the adaptative nature of sleep to diurnal activity and the role of sleep in physiological recovery. Further studies are required on the potential benefits of high-heat-capacity mattress toppers on sleep architecture among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chauvineau
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Florane Pasquier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | | | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Bonamino C, Watling C, Polman R. Sleep and lucid dreaming in adolescent athletes and non-athletes. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1566-1578. [PMID: 39299932 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2401687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
During lucid dreaming (LD), dreamers are aware of experiencing a dream and may consciously influence its content. This study used an online questionnaire to investigate the LD frequency and applications in 193 adolescent athletes and non-athletes (17.40 ± 2.09 years; 46% athletes, 54% controls). Given the critical role that sleep plays in adolescent health, development, and performance, associations of LD with various sleep parameters were also explored. LD is prominent in adolescents (67.4% experienced it at least once, 30.0% once a month or more, 12.9% at least once a week), but similar in terms of frequency and uses between athletes and non-athletes. A higher proportion of those who practiced sports/dance during LD reported improved waking self-efficacy (57.1%) over sport performance (42.9%). There was no indication that chronotype preference may influence LD nor that LD may be detrimental to adolescent sleep. Athletes and controls had similar sleep durations, daytime sleepiness, and sleep disturbances frequency, but athletes reported higher sleep quality. Despite, on average, meeting the minimum sleep recommendation guidelines for their age, a relatively large proportion of adolescents did not attain sufficient sleep, particularly on weeknights (47.4% 14-17 years; 20.0% 18-21 years), suggesting that restricted sleep remains prevalent in adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarita Bonamino
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher Watling
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Berwick, Australia
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Daniel NVS, Barreira J, Bastos AM, Dos Santos NE, Franco B, Esteves AM, Belli T. Ultramarathon runners and support crew: The influence of pre-race sleep and training profiles on performance in a 217-km mountain race. Sleep Med 2024; 120:85-89. [PMID: 38909481 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effects of pre-race sleep and training characteristics among ultra-athletes and support crew, and the influence of these factors on the athlete's performance in a 217-km ultramarathon. A total of 38 ultramarathon runners and 59 support crew members were assessed. The participants answered questionnaires about chronotype, sleep quality, sleepiness, basic demographics, and pre-race training. The clinical trial registration number is RBR-7j6d23v. The results showed that athletes and support crew had a morning-type chronotype and good sleep efficiency; most had poor-quality sleep. The athletes who finished the race had a higher sleep latency than non-finishers (p < 0.001). The quality of sleep may have impacted performance because the athletes with good sleep quality trained one day more per week than those without (p < 0.001), and training frequency was highly correlated with the race time (r = -0.59). These findings are novel, expand the data about sleep, training, and performance in an ultramarathon, and innovate by addressing the support crew.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Barreira
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (FEF/UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Marana Bastos
- School of Appiied Sciences, University of Campinas (FCA/UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Franco
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (FEF/UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Maculano Esteves
- School of Appiied Sciences, University of Campinas (FCA/UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taisa Belli
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (FEF/UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Edwards BJ, Adam RL, Drummond D, Gallagher C, Pullinger SA, Hulton AT, Richardson LD, Donovan TF. Effects of an Acute Dose of Zinc Monomethionine Asparate and Magnesium Asparate (ZMA) on Subsequent Sleep and Next-Day Morning Performance (Countermovement Jumps, Repeated Sprints and Stroop Test). Nutrients 2024; 16:2466. [PMID: 39125347 PMCID: PMC11313716 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine whether an acute dose of a zinc-containing nutritional supplement (ZMA) has any effects on sleep and morning performance in recreationally trained males. Nineteen males participated in a repeated-measures within-subjects study to assess objective and subjective measures of sleep, completed counter-movement jumps (CMJ) and repeated sprint morning performance (RSP). Three days of baseline food intake showed no major deficiencies of zinc, magnesium or vitamin B6 for all participants (11.9 ± 3.4, 395 ± 103 and 2.7 ± 0.9 mg.day-1, respectively). Sleep (22:30-06:30 h) was assessed via actimetry, and either a control (no tablets, NoPill), dextrose placebo (PLAC) or ZMA was ingested 30-60 min before retiring to bed for two nights. The participants undertook the three conditions (NoPill, PLAC or ZMA) administered in a counterbalanced order. The data were analyzed using general linear models with repeated measures. In healthy active males who consume diets of adequate micronutrients, sleep normally and maintain good sleep hygiene (time to bed and wake times), ZMA supplementation had no beneficial effect on RSP or performance in the Stroop test (p > 0.05) but did improve CMJ height (p < 0.001) compared to that of PLAC but not NoPill (p > 0.05). Supplementation of ZMA for two nights had no effect on sleep, RSP or cognitive function. The NoPill condition elucidated the effects of the intervention under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (R.L.A.); (C.G.); (L.D.R.); (T.F.D.)
| | - Ryan L. Adam
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (R.L.A.); (C.G.); (L.D.R.); (T.F.D.)
| | - Dan Drummond
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (R.L.A.); (C.G.); (L.D.R.); (T.F.D.)
| | - Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (R.L.A.); (C.G.); (L.D.R.); (T.F.D.)
| | - Samuel A. Pullinger
- Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Vidyanagar, Bellary 583275, India;
| | - Andrew T. Hulton
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Lucinda D. Richardson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (R.L.A.); (C.G.); (L.D.R.); (T.F.D.)
| | - Timothy F. Donovan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (R.L.A.); (C.G.); (L.D.R.); (T.F.D.)
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Edwards BJ, Adam RL, Gallagher C, Germaine M, Hulton AT, Pullinger SA, Chester NJ. In Males with Adequate Dietary Needs Who Present No Sleep Disturbances, Is an Acute Intake of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate, Following Either Two Consecutive Nights of 8 or 4 h of Sleep Deprivation, Beneficial for Sleep and Morning Stroop Interference Performance? Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:622. [PMID: 39062445 PMCID: PMC11274203 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Purpose: We examined whether supplementation of zinc magnesium aspartate (ZMA) in two groups of males, either partially sleep-restricted (4 h) or with habitual sleep (8 h) for 2 nights, was beneficial for sleep and subsequent morning Stroop performance. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to two independent groups who either had 4 h (33 males) or 8 h (36 males) sleep for two nights. Using a double-blinded, randomised counterbalanced design, they then completed five sessions, (i) two familiarisation sessions including 7 days of sleep and dietary intake, (ii) three conditions with 4 h or 8 h sleep and either NoPill control (NoPill), placebo (PLAC) or ZMA (ZMA). Sleep was assessed by actimetry and sleep questionnaires, and cognitive performance was assessed by the Stroop test. The data were analysed using a general linear model with repeated measures. RESULTS A main effect for "sleep" (4 or 8 h) was found, where more opportunity to sleep resulted in better "sleep" metrics (both objective and subjective) as well as better Stroop scores (lower colour-interference and word-interference scores and lower error in words). No main effect for "Pill" was found other than the mood state depression, where subjective ratings for the PLAC group were lower than the other two conditions. Interactions were found in anger, ease to sleep and waking time. CONCLUSION Having 8 h opportunity to sleep resulted in better "sleep" metrics as well as better Stroop scores compared to 4 h. Supplementation of ZMA for 4 or 8 h for 2 nights had no effect on subsequent morning cognitive performance but reduced sleep or total sleep time by ~0.46 h compared to the other conditions. An interaction was found where sleep time was reduced by ~0.94 h in the ZMA group in the 8 h condition compared to NoPill or PLAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK (C.G.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Ryan L. Adam
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK (C.G.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK (C.G.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Mark Germaine
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrew T. Hulton
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Samuel A. Pullinger
- Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Vidyanagar, Bellary 583275, India;
| | - Neil J. Chester
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK (C.G.); (N.J.C.)
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Salem A, Trabelsi K, Żmijewski P, Jahrami H, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Effects of Different Caffeine Dosages on Maximal Physical Performance and Potential Side Effects in Low-Consumer Female Athletes: Morning vs. Evening Administration. Nutrients 2024; 16:2223. [PMID: 39064667 PMCID: PMC11279619 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While previous studies have explored a range of factors governing the optimal use of caffeine (CAF) in athletes, limited research has explored how time of day (TOD) affects the ergogenic effects of various CAF dosages on physical performance. This study aimed to increase knowledge about how different recommended CAF doses (3 mg/kg vs. 6 mg/kg) ingested at different TODs affected maximal high-intensity physical performance and the perception of potential side effects in female athletes. In this double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced study, 15 low CAF consumer athletes (aged 18.3 ± 0.5 y) underwent six trials, including three testing conditions assessed across two TODs: one in the morning (08:00 a.m.) and one in the evening (06:00 p.m.). During each condition, the participants ingested either a placebo, 3 mg/kg CAF (CAF (3 mg)), or 6 mg/kg CAF (CAF (6 mg)) capsules 60 min before each test with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. In each trial, the participants performed a countermovement jumps test (CMJ), a modified agility t test (MATT), a repeated sprint ability (RSA), a rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and finally, a CAF side effects questionnaire. Our findings indicate the absence of an ergogenic effect on CMJ, MAT, and RSA performance in the evening after administering CAF (3 mg) or CAF (6 mg) compared to a placebo. Likewise, when CAF was ingested in the morning, there was an improvement in these performances with both CAF (3 mg) and CAF (6 mg), with greater improvement observed after CAF (6 mg). Additionally, neither the CAF dosage nor the TOD had a significant effect on the RPE. The occurrence of side effects increased significantly after the evening ingestion of CAF, particularly with a moderate dose of CAF (6 mg). Our findings indicate that the effectiveness of CAF depends on the TOD and CAF dosage. When ingested in the morning, a moderate dose of CAF (6 mg), rather than CAF (3 mg), is more effective in improving short-term physical performance without affecting CAF side effects in female athletes. Nevertheless, when ingested in the evening, neither dose was sufficient to enhance short-term physical performance, and both dosages increased the incidence of CAF side effects, particularly at a moderate dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia;
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Atef Salem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Piotr Żmijewski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain;
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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Gong M, Sun M, Sun Y, Jin L, Li S. Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Sporting Performance in Athletes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:935-948. [PMID: 39006249 PMCID: PMC11246080 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s467531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Using meta-analysis to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the impact of acute sleep deprivation on different sports performance of athletes, this study aims to provide scientific guidance for coaches in optimizing and adjusting training and competition arrangements. Methods Establishing literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, we conducted searches in both Chinese and English databases. Using stata 14.0, we analyzed 75 indicators from 27 included literature, focusing on three aspects: the impact of acute sleep deprivation on overall athletic performance, the impact on sporting performance across various athletic abilities, and the disparities in athletic performance between morning and afternoon following acute sleep deprivation. Results The effect size of acute sleep deprivation on overall athletic performance was -0.56 (P<0.05). Sub-analyses revealed effect sizes of -0.23 (P<0.05) for whole night sleep deprivation, -1.17 (P<0.05) for partial sleep deprivation at the end of the night, and -0.25 (P>0.05) for partial sleep deprivation in the beginning of the night. The effect sizes of acute sleep deprivation on high intensity intermittent exercise, skill control, speed, aerobic endurance, and explosive power indicators were -1.57, -1.06, -0.67, -0.54, and -0.39 respectively (P<0.05). The effect sizes of acute sleep deprivation on the overall athletic performance in the morning and afternoon were -0.30, and -1.11, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Acute sleep deprivation significantly impairs the overall athletic performance of athletes, with a more pronounced negative impact observed with partial sleep deprivation at the end of the night. Various types of exercise performance are adversely affected by acute sleep deprivation, with magnitude of impact ranking high intensity intermittent, skill control, speed, aerobic endurance, and explosive power. Following acute sleep deprivation, athletes' overall sporting performance in the afternoon is inferior to that in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Gong
- Sports Training College, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Sun
- Sports Training College, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Sun
- Mental Health Institute, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Jin
- Sports Training College, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Li
- Psychoneuromodulation Center, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Tan C, Wang J, Lu J, Yin J, An Y, Ye J, Cao G, Qiu J. The Limitations of Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to Assess Athletes' Sleep Quality: Evidence from Reliability and Validity in Chinese Professional Athletes. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2603-2617. [PMID: 38984170 PMCID: PMC11232883 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s463289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to assess the structural validity of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Chinese professional athletes and examine its test-retest reliability and convergent validity across different timeframes. Methods 581 Chinese professional athletes participated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the Chinese version of the PSQI. Test-retest reliability was assessed over 2 weeks, 1 week, and 2-3 days within a 1-month timeframe. Additional reliability analysis over a 2-day interval was conducted within a 1-week timeframe. Convergent validity was assessed using Chinese versions of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), and actigraphy. A 1-month tracking was conducted, with weekly completion of the PSQI using a one-week timeframe, supplemented by assessments in the second and fourth week using two-week and one-month timeframes. Relationships between weekly results and those over two weeks and one month examined, along with convergent validity, using sleep diary and actigraphy. Results The PSQI exhibited a two-factor structure (sleep quality and sleep efficiency), with good model fit (CFI = 0.960, AGFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.925, RMSEA = 0.085). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory for intervals of one week or more (r = 0.721 ~ 0.753). Using a one-week timeframe, the total score and two dimensions exhibited good reliability (r = 0.769 ~ 0.881), but only the total score and sleep quality showed high correlations with ISI and ASSQ (r = 0.701 ~ 0.839). Throughout the tracking, monthly responses correlated well with the most recent weeks (r = 0.732 ~ 0.866). Conclusion The PSQI demonstrates a two-factor structure in Chinese athletes, with sleep quality being predominant. Test-retest reliability within a one-month timeframe is unstable, suggesting a one-week timeframe performs better. Distinguishing between the two dimensions, employing shorter timeframes, and incorporating objective measures are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Tan
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhao Wang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Lu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan An
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Ye
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohuan Cao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Skare K, Viberg B, Hölmich P, Kerr S, Kaldau NC. Cross-sectional study assessing sleep behavior and musculoskeletal symptoms in elite junior badminton athletes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38698. [PMID: 38968530 PMCID: PMC11224883 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep inadequacy has previously been associated with increased risk of injury and reduced performance. It is unclear if sleep disorders are associated with musculoskeletal symptoms, which may be a predictor of serious injury and affect performance. The aim was therefore to assess sleep behavior in elite junior badminton players and its association to musculoskeletal symptoms. In 2018, players at the World Junior Badminton Championship completed the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and a modified version of the World Olympic Association Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire. Participants were categorized with poor or moderate/good sleep behavior as the independent variable. Musculoskeletal symptoms were the primary outcome and was categorized using yes/no questions. Relevant musculoskeletal symptoms were defined as pain higher than 30 mm Numeric Rating Scale pain score or more than 30 minutes of joint stiffness a day. Group comparison was performed using chi-square analysis and logistic regression for primary outcome adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, previous injury, training load, and resting days. Of the 153 participants, 28% reported poor sleep scores. There was no difference between poor and moderate/good sleep score concerning demographic variables such as sex, age, ethnicity, previous injury, training load, and resting days. There were 27% with current musculoskeletal symptoms but with no difference in groups between poor and moderate/good sleep score (P = .376). This yielded an adjusted odds ratio of 1.23 (95% confidence intervals 0.52; 2.90). Twenty-eight percent of the participants reported poor sleep behavior. Twenty-seven percent experienced current musculoskeletal symptoms. We found no statistical differences in reported musculoskeletal symptoms when comparing athletes with poor sleep behavior to athletes with moderate/good sleep behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Skare
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center – Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Viberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Hölmich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center – Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stewart Kerr
- Life Fit Wellness, Healthcare & Exercise Centre, Falkirk, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Christian Kaldau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center – Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Trabelsi K, Almarzooqi MA, Aljaloud KS, Ghazzawi HA, Alenezi AF, Salem A, Kerkeni M, Kerkeni M, Chtourou H, Ammar A, Boukhris O, Pandi-Perumal SR, Driller MW, Jahrami H. Adapting the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire (ASBQ) for Arabic-speaking populations: Translation, reliability testing, and validation using classical theory and item response theory. Sleep Med 2024; 119:267-275. [PMID: 38710132 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for athletes' physical performance as well as their general health, well-being, and quality of life. To assess athletes' sleep behaviors, the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) was developed in the English language. However, a validated Arabic-version of the ASBQ is lacking. This study aimed to translate the ASBQ into Arabic (ASBQ-AR) and evaluate its reliability and validity among Arabic-speaking athletes. A total of 458 participants (254 athletes, 202 non-athletes) from four Arabic countries completed the ASBQ-AR and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires. The psychometric properties of the ASBQ-AR were examined using unidimensional reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Item Response Theory (IRT), and convergent validity. The ASBQ-AR had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.723, McDonald's ω = 0.725) and a factorial structure, confirming its construct validity. CFA demonstrated improved model fit indices after the removal of two potentially misfitting items (items 4 and 13); however, the model's fit to the data remains suboptimal. IRT results indicated that the majority of items demonstrated a good model fit, suggesting effective measurement of the intended construct without significant interference, except for ASBQ-AR 4. Additionally, ASBQ-AR 4 appears to present the highest level of difficulty for respondents. In terms of convergent validity, the mean ASBQ-AR global score was correlated with the mean ISI global score (r = 0.5, p < 0.0001). The ASBQ-AR is a reliable and valid tool for assessing maladaptive sleep practices among Arabic-speaking athletes. Additional refinements to the ASBQ-AR are warranted to optimize its psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | | | - Khalid S Aljaloud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi
- Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Agriculture School, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942 Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ahmad F Alenezi
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Atef Salem
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Kerkeni
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Manel Kerkeni
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Activité Physique, Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany; Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France.
| | - Omar Boukhris
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Matthew W Driller
- SIESTA Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
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Koutouvakis NG, Geladas ND, Mouratidis A, Toubekis AG, Botonis PG. Habitual Nocturnal Sleep, Napping Behavior, and Recovery Following Training and Competition in Elite Water Polo: Sex-Related Effects. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:651-660. [PMID: 38754855 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine nocturnal sleep patterns, napping behaviors, and subjective wellness responses of elite water polo players within an in-season week and to identify whether sleeping patterns differ between men and women. METHODS Sleep characteristics of 10 male and 17 female professional water polo players were objectively assessed during 1 week of the in-season period, including 5 training days, 1 match day, and 1 day of rest. Internal load (rating of perceived exertion × duration of training or match) was assessed 30 minutes posttraining or postmatch, and the total quality of recovery was recorded every morning. A series of multilevel models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Time in bed and wake-up time were earlier on both training (P < .001) and rest days (P < .001) than on the day of the match. Internal workload did not predict any of the players' sleeping patterns. Midday naps predicted less time in bed (P = .03) and likely less sleep time (P = .08). The total quality of recovery was predicted only by the total sleep time (P < .01). Women exhibited higher sleep efficiency (P < .001), less waking after sleep onset (P = .01), and a lower number of awakenings (P = .02) than men. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that the nocturnal sleep patterns of elite water polo players are not associated with internal load and that women display better nocturnal sleep quality compared with men. As long naps interfere with nocturnal sleep, and total nocturnal sleep time predicts total quality of recovery, we suggest that athletes follow hygiene sleep strategies to facilitate adequate nocturnal sleep and next-day recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickos G Koutouvakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mouratidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros G Botonis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Knowles OE, Soria M, Saner NJ, Trewin AJ, Alexander SE, Roberts SSH, Hiam D, Garnham AP, Drinkwater EJ, Aisbett B, Lamon S. The interactive effect of sustained sleep restriction and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle transcriptomics in young females. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:506-518. [PMID: 38766755 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00010.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Both sleep loss and exercise regulate gene expression in skeletal muscle, yet little is known about how the interaction of these stressors affects the transcriptome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nine nights of sleep restriction (SR), with repeated resistance exercise (REx) sessions, on the skeletal muscle transcriptome of young, trained females. Ten healthy females aged 18-35 yr old undertook a randomized cross-over study of nine nights of SR (5 h time in bed) and normal sleep (NS; ≥7 h time in bed) with a minimum 6-wk washout. Participants completed four REx sessions per condition (days 3, 5, 7, and 9). Muscle biopsies were collected both pre- and post-REx on days 3 and 9. Gene and protein expression were assessed by RNA sequencing and Western blot, respectively. Three or nine nights of SR had no effect on the muscle transcriptome independently of exercise. However, close to 3,000 transcripts were differentially regulated (false discovery rate < 0.05) 48 h after the completion of three resistance exercise sessions in both NS and SR conditions. Only 39% of downregulated genes and 18% of upregulated genes were common between both conditions, indicating a moderating effect of SR on the response to exercise. SR and REx interacted to alter the enrichment of skeletal muscle transcriptomic pathways in young, resistance-trained females. Performing exercise when sleep restricted may not provide the same adaptive response for individuals as if they were fully rested.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated the effect of nine nights of sleep restriction, with repeated resistance exercise sessions, on the skeletal muscle transcriptome of young, trained females. Sleep restriction and resistance exercise interacted to alter the enrichment of skeletal muscle transcriptomic pathways in young, resistance-trained females. Performing exercise when sleep restricted may not provide the same adaptive response for individuals as if they were fully rested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E Knowles
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Soria
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah E Alexander
- Cardiometabolic Health and Exercise Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer S H Roberts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew P Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Vorster APA, Erlacher D, Birrer D, Röthlin P. Sleep Difficulties in Swiss Elite Athletes. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:779. [PMID: 38929761 PMCID: PMC11204926 DOI: 10.3390/life14060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For athletes, sleep is essential for recovery and performance. Yet, up to two-thirds of athletes report poor sleep quality. Comprehensive data across all sports disciplines on the underlying causes of sleep problems are missing. We reanalyzed a data set of N = 1004 Swiss top athletes across an extensive array of 88 sports to gain knowledge on the specific deficits in sleep health with respect to gender, sport classes, sport-related factors, and well-being. We found that 18% of athletes were affected by at least two out of five high-risk sleep factors: 9% of athletes slept less than 6 h per day, 30% were dissatisfied with their sleep, 17% showed problems falling asleep within 30 min, 18% of athletes reported difficulty maintaining sleep more than three times a week, and 6% of athletes used sleeping pills more than once a week. We found sleep health strongly linked to overall well-being and mental health (22% showed at least moderate symptoms of either depression or anxiety). Therefore, screening and treating sleep disorders might effectively improve mental health and general well-being as well as performance among athletes around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht P. A. Vorster
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Interdisciplinary Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center, University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Erlacher
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Daniel Birrer
- Elite Sport Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland;
| | - Philipp Röthlin
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.E.); (P.R.)
- Elite Sport Department, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland;
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50
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Marinos G, Lamprinos D, Papapanou M, Sofroni A, Papaioannou A, Miletis DN, Deligiorgi P, Papavassiliou KA, Siasos G, Oikonomou E, Rachiotis G, Tsamakis K, Schizas D. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Elite Swimmers and Water Polo Players: Lessons for the Future. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 5:289-308. [PMID: 38920755 PMCID: PMC11203378 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global daily life, including the world of elite athletes. This paper examines the multifaceted impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on elite swimmers and water polo athletes, specifically their mental health, their concerns over the virus, their intentions of getting vaccinated, and sleep disturbances that they may have faced. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on elite swimmers and water polo players, using an anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 200 elite athletes participated. The majority of the participants reported a negative impact on their mental health, screened positive for insomnia (n = 107 (53.5%), with females (n = 101; 57.7%), swimmers (n = 100, 66.7%), and university students (n = 71, 71.7%) being more vulnerable (p < 0.001). Concerns about contracting the disease especially during important training or tournament periods and potential career disruption also affected their psychological well-being. While the majority (75%) had the intention of getting vaccinated, an alarming percentage was yet uncertain over its decision. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the significant psychological distress faced by elite aquatic athletes during the pandemic. It emphasizes the difficulties faced by elite swimmers and water polo athletes and determines not only the importance of addressing the vaccination intentions of athletes, but also how critical it is to confront the challenges they face both for their personal health and for the restoration of world sports to their pre-pandemic state. More large-scale studies are required to inform policies targeted at minimizing disruption to the athletes' career, provision of information on preventive measures and vaccination, and improvement in psychological well-being in case of similar major public health issues in the future. Additionally, this study calls for further research to explore the unique challenges faced by aquatic athletes, such as those related to their training environments and fear of contagion, to better support them in future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Marinos
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agiou Thoma 17, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Lamprinos
- Emergency Care Department, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Michail Papapanou
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, “Aretaieion Hospital”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Sofroni
- Emergency Care Department, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.S.); (P.D.)
| | | | | | - Paraskevi Deligiorgi
- Emergency Care Department, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Kostas A. Papavassiliou
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, “Sotiria” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.); (E.O.)
- Third Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital Sotiria, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.); (E.O.)
- Third Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital Sotiria, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Rachiotis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Tsamakis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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