1
|
Fields ND, Martin ZT, Hoggard LS, Erving CL, Udaipuria S, Blevins KM, Parker JE, Goodson J, Murden RJ, Moore RH, Parker R, Culler L, Booker B, Barinas-Mitchell E, Quyyumi A, Vaccarino V, Lewis TT. Does stress from incarceration of family and friends contribute to signs of early vascular ageing in African American women? J Epidemiol Community Health 2024:jech-2024-222227. [PMID: 39122410 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2024-222227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early vascular ageing (EVA) contributes to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which disproportionately affects African American women. Incarceration, an event disproportionately impacting African Americans, may be a stressor contributing to EVA in African American women. Further, the subjective perspective, commonly referred to as appraisal, of incarceration may also be important for health. We hypothesised that having family and/or friends incarcerated and appraising the incarceration as upsetting would be associated with indices of EVA. METHODS In a community-based cohort of African American women aged 30-46 living in Atlanta, Georgia (n=391), participants were asked, at baseline, about family and/or friend incarceration and to appraise how upsetting the incarceration was. Multivariable linear regression examined associations between: (1) family and/or friend incarceration and indices of EVA (pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, central systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure amplification) and (2) appraisal of incarceration and EVA indices. RESULTS 45% of participants (n=174) reported having a loved one incarcerated, and 59% (n=102) reported the incarceration as upsetting. Having a loved one incarcerated was associated with a higher central SBP (b=4.30; 95% CI 1.61, 6.99) and augmentation index (b=2.29; 95% CI 0.26, 4.33). Appraisal of incarceration was only associated with central SBP. CONCLUSIONS Family or friend incarceration was highly prevalent in this cohort of African American women and associated with indices of EVA. Mass incarceration of others may affect the physical health of African American women which may contribute to CVD disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Fields
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lori S Hoggard
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Christy L Erving
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal Arts, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Shivika Udaipuria
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kennedy M Blevins
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jordan E Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaylah Goodson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raphiel J Murden
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renee H Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel Parker
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - LaKeia Culler
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bianca Booker
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Arshed Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scanlon F, Remch M, Scheidell JD, Brewer R, Dyer TV, Albis-Burdige B, Irvine N, Turpin R, Parker S, Cleland CM, Hucks-Ortiz C, Gaydos CA, Mayer KH, Khan MR. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Incarceration: The Impact on Sexual Risk-Taking, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Depression Among Black Sexual Minority Men in HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 061. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2024; 25:44-56. [PMID: 38854997 PMCID: PMC11156418 DOI: 10.1037/men0000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Black men and people belonging to sexual minority groups are disproportionately impacted by criminal legal involvement and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Traumatic experiences are often associated with later criminal legal involvement, depression symptoms, sexual risk behavior, and STIs. Research on the joint influence of trauma and incarceration on STI risk among racial and/or sexual minority people is limited. This study tested the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and incarceration on sexual risk behavior and STI among Black sexual minority men, a population that may be at higher risk for contracting STIs. Using data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 Study, a longitudinal study of adult Black sexual minority men in six U.S. cities (N = 855), we tested associations between past six-month incarceration and subsequent sexual risk behavior, STI, and depression symptoms, for those with and without pre-incarceration PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms were elevated among participants who reported Hispanic ethnicity, having sex with both men and women, and previous incarceration. Although there were not significant differences between recent incarceration and sexual risk for those with and without PTSD, incarceration was linked to some sexual risk behaviors regardless of PTSD symptoms. Among people with PTSD symptoms, there was a higher prevalence of sexual risk and depression symptoms, regardless of incarceration. These findings suggest a potentially compounding influence of PTSD symptoms and incarceration on sexual risk and infection among Black sexual minority men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharon Parker
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niño M, Harris CT, Tsuchiya K, Hearne B. Paternal Incarceration, Race and Ethnicity, and Maternal Health. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2081-2092. [PMID: 35969324 PMCID: PMC10440804 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increased attention has been placed on the potential deleterious consequences of paternal incarceration on maternal health, little empirical research has attempted to understand the physiological processes that might underlie this relationship. Moreover, exposure to incarceration and access to resources that shape family incarceration patterns are unequally distributed across racial and ethnic lines, yet few studies utilize analytic frameworks that account for this social reality. Using a within race/ethnicity analytic framework, the present study addresses these gaps by examining relationships between paternal incarceration and telomere length for Black, Latina/o, and White mothers. METHODS Data were drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal, stratified multistage probability sample of couples and children in 20 large U.S. cities. The final analytic sample consisted of 2174 mothers that were followed from pregnancy to age 9 of the focal child. RESULTS Findings revealed exposure to paternal incarceration was negatively associated with telomere length for Black mothers, but not for Latina/o and White mothers. Mediation analysis also showed paternal incarceration-telomere length relationships did not operate through secondary stressors, such as economic instability, poor mental health, and parenting stress. CONCLUSION Overall, results demonstrated that the detrimental physiological consequences of paternal incarceration for mothers depended on racial and ethnic background. Findings from this study can provide a foundation upon which health scholars and criminal justice stakeholders may better understand whether and how paternal incarceration shapes deleterious health patterns for the mothers who remain to care for the children of those incarcerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Niño
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Casey T Harris
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kazumi Tsuchiya
- Dalla Lana Social of Public Health, University of Toronto, 27 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Brittany Hearne
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adeyeba MO, Montazeri Q, Bivens-Davis T, Schrode KM, Harawa NT. Reducing Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infections Risk in African American Women with At-Risk Male Partners: A Randomized Trial. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:311-322. [PMID: 36520613 PMCID: PMC9993165 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We examined the efficacy of the Females of African American Legacy Empowering Self (FemAALES) intervention in a cohort of 203 publicly insured Black women in Los Angeles. Materials and Methods: Women who reported recent sex with a male partner who was at increased risk for infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were randomized to the six-session FemAALES intervention or to a single client-centered family planning and STI/HIV counseling session. Participants were followed at 3 and 9 months post-intervention. To investigate between-group behavioral changes in condomless sex in the prior 90 days and other HIV/STI risks, we used generalized estimating equations that accounted for repeated observations in individuals. Results: Most participants (mean age 34 ± 11 standard deviation) were low-income and unemployed, despite three-quarters having completed high school or the equivalent. The most common HIV/STI risk factors among recent male partners were incarceration (58.8%) and concurrent sex with other women (72.2%). At 3 months, the FemAALEs group showed a larger increase in the odds of asking their partner to test (adjusted odds ratio = 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-4.47; p = 0.0431) and in sexual health self-efficacy scores (adjβ = 1.82; 95% CI, 0.02-3.62; p = 0.0471) compared to the control group, although these changes did not hold at 9 months. Both groups showed statistically significant declines in the frequency of several sexual risk factors between baseline and 9 months. Conclusion: Although we did not find evidence that the FemAALES intervention was more efficacious than the less-intensive control condition in reducing sexual risk behaviors, the overall declines in risk behaviors we observed warrant further research. ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02189876).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam O. Adeyeba
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Qiana Montazeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Science and Medicine, Los Angels, California, USA
| | - Traci Bivens-Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Science and Medicine, Los Angels, California, USA
| | - Katrina M. Schrode
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Science and Medicine, Los Angels, California, USA
| | - Nina T. Harawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Science and Medicine, Los Angels, California, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angels, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knittel AK, Ferguson EG, Jackson JB, Adimora AA. The influence of social relationships on PrEP attitudes among women with incarceration experience in the Southeastern USA. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2023; 25:110-125. [PMID: 35015606 PMCID: PMC9271531 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.2023760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Women who have experienced incarceration face a disproportionately high risk of acquiring HIV. Despite efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV, very few women with incarceration histories are using PrEP. Our objective was to learn how sexual, drug-use and social relationships shape decisions about PrEP among women who have experienced incarceration. We used an inductive approach to analyse data from four focus groups undertaken with women who had previously experienced incarceration recruited from three community-based organisations. We identified public policy (medical distrust, lack of prevention in prisons and jails, and cost and coverage of PrEP); community (incarceration stigma, gossip as prevention); social and sexual network (positive peer and parenting relationships, distrust of sexual partners, and networks as a source of risk); and individual-level (active addiction or recovery, change after incarceration, and medical concerns) factors influencing the use of PrEP. Actions and interventions to improve PrEP uptake among women who have experienced incarceration must take account of the multilevel context of HIV prevention decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ella G. Ferguson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jamie B. Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan MR, Brewer R, Abrams J, Mazumdar M, Scheidell JD, Feelemyer J, Dyer TV, Turpin RE, Hucks-Ortiz C, Gaydos CA, Severe M, Irvine NM, Kaufman JS, Cleland CM, Mayer KH. Incarceration and Sexual Risk Behavior and Incident Sexually Transmitted Infection/HIV in HIV Prevention Trials Network 061: Differences by Study City and Among Black Sexual Minority Men Who Have Sex With Men, Black Sexual Minority Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women, and Black Transgender Women. Sex Transm Dis 2022; 49:284-296. [PMID: 35312668 PMCID: PMC9387752 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black sexual minority men (BSMM) and Black transgender women face a disproportionate risk of incarceration and sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV, yet research on the longitudinal association between incarceration and STI/HIV risk in these groups is limited. METHODS We used data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 061 study conducted among BSMM and Black transgender women in Atlanta, Boston, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, and Washington, DC, restricting analyses to those who returned for the 6-month follow-up visit when recent incarceration was measured (n = 1169). Using inverse probability of treatment weighting, we measured associations between incarceration and next 6-month multiple partnerships; selling or buying sex; condomless anal intercourse; and incident chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV. We explored differences by study city, and among BSMM who had sex with men only, BSMM who had sex with men and women, and Black transgender women. RESULTS Approximately 14% reported past 6-month incarceration. Incarceration was associated with next 6-month selling sex (adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.87) in the overall sample and multiple partnerships among BSMM who had sex with men and women (ARR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.63) and transgender women (ARR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.22-2.57). There is evidence suggesting that incarceration may predict gonorrhea (ARR, 2.35; 95% CI, 0.95-5.77), with particularly strong associations observed in Los Angeles (ARR, 6.48; 95% CI, 1.48-28.38). CONCLUSIONS Incarceration may increase STI/HIV risk among BSMM and Black transgender women. Additional mixed-methods research is needed to validate associations and understand pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rabia Khan
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Russell Brewer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jasmyn Abrams
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Medha Mazumdar
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan Feelemyer
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Typhanye V Dyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Rodman E Turpin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | | | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - MacRegga Severe
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Natalia M Irvine
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Jay S Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles M Cleland
- From the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, University, New York, NY
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knittel AK, Rudolph JE, Shook-Sa BE, Edmonds A, Ramirez C, Cohen M, Taylor T, Adedimeji A, Michel KG, Milam J, Cohen J, Donohue JD, Foster A, Fischl MA, Long DM, Adimora AA. Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections After Incarceration in Women with or at Risk for HIV in the United States, 2007-2017. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:382-390. [PMID: 34967695 PMCID: PMC8972014 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: U.S. women who have been incarcerated report high rates of sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Materials and Methods: We estimated the effect of incarceration on the time to first incident STI in a multicenter cohort of U.S. women with or at risk for HIV. We used marginal structural models to compare time to first self-reported gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas infection for nonincarcerated women and incarcerated women. Covariates included demographic factors, HIV status, sex exchange, drug/alcohol use, and prior incarceration. Results: Three thousand hundred twenty-four women contributed a median of 4 at-risk years and experienced 213 first incident STI events. The crude incidence of STIs was 3.7 per 100 person-years for incarcerated women and 1.9 per 100 person-years for nonincarcerated women. The weighted hazard ratio for incident STIs was 4.05 (95% confidence interval: 1.61-10.19). Conclusion: Women with or at risk for HIV in the United States who have recently experienced incarceration may be at increased STI risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bonnie E Shook-Sa
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Edmonds
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. USA
| | | | - Tonya Taylor
- Division of Infectious Disease, College of Medicine at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Katherine G Michel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joel Milam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica D Donohue
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonina Foster
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret A Fischl
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dustin M Long
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scheidell JD, Dyer TV, Knittel AK, Caniglia EC, Thorpe LE, Troxel AB, Lejuez CW, Khan MR. Incarceration and Subsequent Pregnancy Loss: Exploration of Sexually Transmitted Infections as Mediating Pathways. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:242-251. [PMID: 34061656 PMCID: PMC8864438 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Incarceration is linked to risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI) postrelease among women. There has been little examination of incarceration's association with related sexual and reproductive outcomes such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and pregnancy loss, or the role of STI in this relationship and whether these relationships differ between Black and White women. Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examined cross-sectional associations between incarceration (Wave IV; 2007-2008; ages 24-34) and history of STI and PID (n = 5,968), and longitudinal associations between incarceration and later pregnancy loss in mid-adulthood (Wave V; 2016-2018; ages 34-43) among women who had ever been pregnant (n = 2,353); we estimated racial differences. Using causal mediation, we explored whether STI mediated associations with pregnancy loss. Results: Incarceration was associated with a history of STI (White adjusted prevalence ratio [APR]: 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-2.06; Black APR: 1.26, 95% CI 1.02-1.56); the association between incarceration and PID was null among White women (APR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.47-2.09) and elevated among Black women (APR: 2.82, 95% CI 1.36-5.83). Prior incarceration did not appear associated with pregnancy loss among White women (APR: 1.01, 95% CI 0.70-1.45), but was associated among Black women (APR: 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97-1.97), with STI appearing to partially mediate. Conclusions: Pregnancy loss may be elevated among Black women who have been incarcerated, and incarceration-related increases in STI may account for some of this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy D. Scheidell
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Address correspondence to: Joy D. Scheidell, PhD, MPH, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, Office 624, New York, NY 6402, USA
| | - Typhanye V. Dyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea K. Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen C. Caniglia
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea B. Troxel
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria R. Khan
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wildeman C, Lee H. Women's Health in the Era of Mass Incarceration. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2021; 47:543-565. [PMCID: PMC10266712 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-081320-113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic increases in criminal justice contact in the United States have rendered prison and jail incarceration common for US men and their loved ones, with possible implications for women's health. This review provides the most expansive critical discussion of research on family member incarceration and women's health in five stages. First, we provide new estimates showing how common family member incarceration is for US women by race/ethnicity and level of education. Second, we discuss the precursors to family member incarceration. Third, we discuss mechanisms through which family member incarceration may have no effect on women's health, a positive effect on women's health, and a negative effect on women's health. Fourth, we review existing research on how family member incarceration is associated with women's health. Fifth, we continue our discussion of the limitations of existing research and provide some recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knittel AK, Shook-Sa BE, Rudolph JE, Edmonds A, Ramirez C, Cohen MH, Adedimeji A, Taylor TN, Michel KG, Milam J, Cohen J, Donohue JD, Foster A, Fischl M, Konkle-Parker D, Adimora AA. Incidence and Prevalence of Incarceration in a Longitudinal Cohort of Women at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States, 2007-2017. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:694-704. [PMID: 33544023 PMCID: PMC8112715 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To estimate the incidence, prevalence, frequency, and duration of incarceration and to identify risk factors for incarceration among women at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States. Methods: During semiannual study visits in a multicenter cohort study, 970 HIV sero-negative participants at risk for HIV were asked about their own incarceration (10/2007-09/2017) and incarceration of sexual partners (10/2013-09/2017). We used descriptive statistics and multivariable log-binomial regression to identify baseline predictors of incident incarceration. Results: Median follow-up time across the 970 participants was 5.5 years (IQR 3.5-9.5). Nearly half (n = 453, 46.7%) of participants were incarcerated during or before the study, and the incarceration rate was 5.5 per 100 person-years. In multivariable models, incident incarceration was associated with prior incarceration (RR 5.20, 95% CI: 3.23-8.41) and noninjection drug use (RR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.10-2.25). Conclusions: Incarceration is common for women at risk for HIV. Prevention interventions that address the complex interplay of drug use, sex exchange, and housing instability for women who have experienced incarceration have the potential to reach an important group of U.S. women at risk of HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Shook-Sa
- Department of Biostatistics and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Edmonds
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tonya N. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Katherine G. Michel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joel Milam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica D. Donohue
- WIHS Data Management and Analysis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonina Foster
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret Fischl
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah Konkle-Parker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Severe M, Scheidell JD, Dyer TV, Brewer RA, Negri A, Turpin RE, Young KE, Hucks-Ortiz C, Cleland CM, Mayer KH, Khan MR. Lifetime Burden of Incarceration and Violence, Internalized Homophobia, and HIV/STI Risk Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the HPTN 061 Study. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:1507-1517. [PMID: 32797357 PMCID: PMC8022355 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) have disproportionate HIV/STI acquisition risk. Incarceration may increase exposure to violence and exacerbate psychosocial vulnerabilities, including internalized homophobia, which are associated with HIV/STI acquisition risk. Using data from HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 (N = 1553), we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between lifetime burden of incarceration and HIV/STI risk outcomes. We measured associations between incarceration and HIV/STI risk outcomes with hypothesized mediators of recent violence victimization and internalized homophobia. Compared to those never incarcerated, those with 3-9 or ≥ 10 incarcerations had approximately 10% higher prevalence of multiple partnerships. Incarceration burden was associated with selling sex (1-2 incarcerations: APR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.14-2.03; 3-9: APR: 1.77, 95% CI 1.35-2.33; ≥ 10: APR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.37-2.51) and buying sex (≥ 10 incarcerations APR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.18-2.75). Compared to never incarcerated, 1-2 incarcerations appeared to be associated with current chlamydia (APR: 1.47, 95% CI 0.98-2.20) and 3-9 incarcerations appeared to be associated with current syphilis (APR: 1.46, 95% CI 0.92-2.30). Incarceration was independently associated with violence, which in turn was a correlate of transactional sex. Longitudinal research is warranted to clarify the role of incarceration in violence and HIV/STI risk in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MacRegga Severe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, #617J, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, #617J, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Typhanye V Dyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Alberta Negri
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, #617J, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Rodman E Turpin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kailyn E Young
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, #617J, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Charles M Cleland
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, #617J, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Maria R Khan
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30th St, #617J, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adams JW, Khan MR, Bessey S, Friedman SR, McMahon JM, Lurie MN, Galea S, Marshall BD. Preexposure prophylaxis strategies for African-American women affected by mass incarceration. AIDS 2021; 35:453-462. [PMID: 33170818 PMCID: PMC7855567 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effectiveness of various preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescription strategies for African-American women impacted by mass incarceration within an urban setting. DESIGN An agent-based model was utilized to evaluate prevention strategies in an efficient, ethical manner. By defining agents, their characteristics and relationships, we assessed population-level effects of PrEP on HIV incidence. METHODS We tested hypothetical PrEP prescription strategies within a simulation representing the African-American population of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Four strategies were evaluated: PrEP for women meeting CDC indicators regarding partner characteristics, PrEP for women with a recently incarcerated male partner, PrEP for women with a recently released male partner and couples-based PrEP at time of release. Interventions occurred alongside scale-up of HAART. We evaluated reductions in HIV transmissions, the number of persons on PrEP needed to avert one HIV transmission (NNT) and the resulting proportions of people on PrEP. RESULTS Scenarios prescribing PrEP based on criminal justice system involvement reduced HIV transmissions. The NNT ranged from 147 (couples-based scenario) to 300 (recently released scenario). The percentage of the female population covered by PrEP at any one time ranged from 0.14% (couples-based) to 10.8% (CDC-based). CDC-guideline scenarios were consistently less efficient compared to the justice-involved interventions. CONCLUSION Expanding PrEP for African-American women and their male partners affected by incarceration should be considered in national HIV prevention goals and correctional facilities leveraged as intervention sites. Partner characteristics in the current CDC indications may be more effective and efficient if guidelines considered criminal justice involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlla W. Adams
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Maria R. Khan
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University
| | - S.E. Bessey
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Mark N. Lurie
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
How Racial Identity and Worry About Discrimination Impact Coping Responses to Racial Discrimination Among Black American Community Members. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:641-654. [PMID: 33620713 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-00996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Every year, most Black Americans report experiencing racial discrimination, which has been shown to have a variety of negative consequences. Aspects of racial identity, particularly holding a positive perception of one's racial group (private regard), may buffer the impact of negative experiences including racial discrimination through differential coping strategy use. The current study (1) examined whether level of private regard impacted the type of coping strategies used across various forms of perceived experiences of racial discrimination and (2) tested for indirect pathways from perceived experiences of racial discrimination to different coping strategy use. Adults (N = 297) from the community who self-identified as Black American/African American completed several questionnaires on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Four-fifths (80%) of participants reported racial discrimination at least once. Racial identity-particularly private regard-was positively associated with active coping strategy use. Furthermore, results from mediation models demonstrated racial identity was an important predictor of coping strategy use, suggesting high private regard has protective effects against racial discrimination. Worry was an especially robust mediator for pathways from racial discrimination to coping strategies. Altogether, results indicate a need for targeted interventions that promote the development of private regard and address worry about racial discrimination among Black American adults.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pickett ML, Lee J, Brousseau DC, Satterwhite C, Ramaswamy M. Correlates of sexually transmitted infection testing following women's release from jail. Women Health 2020; 60:1109-1117. [PMID: 32757716 PMCID: PMC7541798 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1802397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Given incarcerated women's frequent transitions between jail and community, it is important to seize opportunities to provide comprehensive health care. A potential time to provide care might be when getting tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Our objective was to determine the proportion of women receiving STI testing and correlates, following jail release. This secondary analysis was of one-year follow-up data from women who participated in a jail-based cervical health literacy intervention in three Kansas City jails from 2014 to 2016. Most (82%) completed the survey in the community. The analysis included 133 women. Mean age 35 years (19-58 years). Sixty-two percent obtained STI testing within one-year post-intervention. Using logistic regression this was associated with younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80, 0.95), receiving high school education (OR = 4.33; 95% CI 1.00, 18.74), having insurance (OR = 4.32; 95% CI 1.25, 14.89), no illicit drug use (OR = 0.09; 95% CI 0.01, 0.81), and no drinking problem (OR = 0.04; 95% CI 0.00, 0.45). In this study, many women sought STI testing following jail release. Clinicians/public health practitioners may find it useful to engage these high-risk women in broader women's health services seeking STI testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pickett
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David C Brousseau
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Catherine Satterwhite
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pahl K, Capasso A, Lekas HM, Lee JY, Winters J, Pérez-Figueroa RE. Longitudinal predictors of male sexual partner risk among Black and Latina women in their late thirties: ethnic/racial identity commitment as a protective factor. J Behav Med 2020; 44:202-211. [PMID: 32965619 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-020-00184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate predictors of male sexual partner risk among Latinas and Black women in their late thirties. We used multiple regression analysis to examine factors associated with male sexual partner risk among 296 women who participated in two waves of the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study (New York, 2011-2013 and 2014-2016). Women who experienced childhood sexual abuse had higher risk partners than those who did not [b = 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06, 0.28]. Earlier marijuana use was a risk factor for partner risk in the late thirties (b = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.27). Higher levels of ethnic/racial identity commitment mitigated this risk (b = - 0.15, 95% CI = - 0.26, - 0.04). Ethnic/racial identity commitment can be protective against male sexual partner risk among Latina and Black women who use marijuana. Further research should explore the protective role of different dimensions of ethnic/racial identity against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Pahl
- Division of Social Solutions and Services Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ariadna Capasso
- NYU School of Global Public Health, New York University, 715/719 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Helen-Maria Lekas
- Division of Social Solutions and Services Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Jung Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 3th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jewel Winters
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E. 17th Street, Room 213, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Rafael E Pérez-Figueroa
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Bowman Hall Room 356, 151 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thompson K, Cramer R, LaPollo AB, Hubbard SH, Chesson HW, Leichliter JS. Using Mixed Methods and Multidisciplinary Research to Strengthen Policy Assessments Focusing on Populations at High Risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:32S-37S. [PMID: 32735194 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920931832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Thompson
- 6548 Research & Evaluation Group, Public Health Management Corporation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Cramer
- 1242 Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Archana Bodas LaPollo
- 6548 Research & Evaluation Group, Public Health Management Corporation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Harrell W Chesson
- 1242 Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jami S Leichliter
- 1242 Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang X, Li X, Qiao S. Patterns of comorbidity and sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates among people living with HIV in South Carolina, USA. HIV Med 2020; 21:205-216. [DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ) University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health Columbia SC USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ) University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health Columbia SC USA
| | - S Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ) University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health Columbia SC USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Knittel AK, Lambdin BH, Comfort ML, Kral AH, Lorvick J. Sexual Risk and Criminal Justice Involvement Among Women Who Use Drugs. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:3366-3374. [PMID: 30859344 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Criminal justice system involvement among US women is associated with increased risk for HIV/sexually transmitted infections, yet effects of different forms of criminal justice involvement on intimate relationships are not well understood. This study examined associations between arrest, probation, and jail incarceration on the number of sexual partners, sexual concurrency, and consistent condom use for drug-using women (n = 631) in Oakland, California. We used logistic and negative binomial regression and adjusted for demographics, sex exchange and drug use. Probation was associated with higher rates of sexual partnership and concurrency (IRR 1.87, 95% CI [1.11, 3.15]; OR 3.64, 95% CI [1.08, 12.20]). Incarceration lasting over 12 weeks was associated with higher rates of sexual partnership (IRR 2.23, 95% CI [1.41, 3.51]). Women incarcerated once in the past year had higher odds of concurrency (OR 2.15, 95% CI [1.01, 4.57]). Our results reinforce the need for risk-reduction interventions and criminal justice diversion for women who use drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knittel
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, 3031 Old Clinic Building/CB #7570, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7570, USA.
| | - Barrot H Lambdin
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan L Comfort
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex H Kral
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Community Health and Implementation Research Program, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Knittel AK, Lorvick J. Self-reported sexually-transmitted infections and criminal justice involvement among women who use drugs. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 10:100219. [PMID: 31692579 PMCID: PMC6806366 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women involved in the criminal justice system in the United States have high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is unknown whether criminal justice involvement is a marker for other risk behavior, such as sex exchange or drug use, or criminal justice involvement itself increases risk directly. Methods This study examines the relationship between STI and the frequency and duration of arrest, probation, and incarceration in a sample of women who use drugs (n = 394) in Oakland, California who reported having been tested for STI in the past six months. Logistic regression models of STI using criminal justice measures as independent variables were used, and subsequent estimates were adjusted for demographics, sex exchange, specific drugs used, and number of sexual partners. Results Any time spent in jail in the past year was associated with higher odds of recent STI (UOR = 2.28, 95%CI [1.41–3.51]), and short incarcerations (2–3 weeks) in jail most substantially increased the odds of an STI diagnosis (UOR = 7.65, 95%CI [1.03, 56.68]). Arrest and probation were not significantly associated with STI. After adjusting for the covariates, particularly sex exchange and opioid use, none of the criminal justice-related variables were significantly associated with STI. Conclusions A substantial portion of the increased risk of STI that is associated with criminal justice involvement for women who use drugs is likely due to sex exchange. Longitudinal studies are needed to temporally separate criminal justice exposures, drug use, sex exchange, and STI outcomes. Criminal justice involvement is common for women who use drugs. Short jail incarcerations (2–3 weeks) were associated with an increased odds of STI, largely accounted for by sex exchange and opioid use. Qualitative studies that examine why women's sexual partnerships, opioid use, and sex exchange change after incarceration are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Knittel
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wise A, Finlayson T, Sionean C, Paz-Bailey G. Incarceration, HIV Risk-Related Behaviors, and Partner Characteristics Among Heterosexual Men at Increased Risk of HIV Infection, 20 US Cities. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:63S-70S. [PMID: 31059417 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919833435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of incarceration on HIV risk-related behaviors among at-risk heterosexual men is understudied. The objective of our study was to examine the association between incarceration and HIV risk-related behaviors among a sample of predominantly non-Hispanic black and Hispanic heterosexual men residing in urban areas in the United States with a high prevalence of AIDS. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2013 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system on 5321 at-risk heterosexual men using log-linked Poisson regression models, adjusted for demographic characteristics and clustered on city. RESULTS Of 5321 men, 1417 (26.6%) had recently been incarcerated (in the past 12 months), 2781 (52.3%) had ever been incarcerated but not in the past 12 months, and 1123 (21.1%) had never been incarcerated. Recent incarceration was associated with multiple casual female sexual partners (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.44), condomless sex with multiple female sexual partners (aPR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.66), injection drug use (aPR = 3.75; 95% CI, 2.64-5.32), and having sexual partners who were more likely to have ever injected drugs (aPR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.48-2.28), been incarcerated (aPR = 2.28; 95% CI, 2.01-2.59), or had a concurrent sexual partner (aPR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.05-1.11), as compared with never-incarcerated men. CONCLUSIONS Incarceration history was associated with HIV risk-related behaviors among heterosexual men from urban areas in the United States. Correctional rehabilitation initiatives are needed to promote strategies that mitigate HIV risk-related behaviors and promote healthy reentry into communities among heterosexual men at high risk for HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akilah Wise
- 1 Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,2 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teresa Finlayson
- 2 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catlainn Sionean
- 2 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- 2 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cramer R, Hexem S, Thompson K, LaPollo AB, Chesson HW, Leichliter JS. State policies in the United States impacting drug-related convictions and their consequences in 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5. [PMID: 31777660 DOI: 10.1177/2050324519863491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Criminal justice system involvement has been associated with health issues, including sexually transmitted disease. Both incarceration and sexually transmitted disease share associations with various social conditions, including poverty, stigma, and drug use. Methods United States state laws (including Washington, D.C.) regarding drug possession and consequences of drug-related criminal convictions were collected and coded. Drug possession policies focused on mandatory sentences for possession of marijuana, crack cocaine and methamphetamines. Consequences of drug-related convictions included ineligibility for public programmes, ineligibility for occupational licences and whether employers may ask prospective employees about criminal history. We analysed correlations between state sexually transmitted disease rates and percentage of a state's population convicted of a felony. Results First-time possession of marijuana results in mandatory incarceration in one state; first-time possession of crack cocaine or methamphetamines results in mandatory incarceration in 12 (23.5%) states. Many states provide enhanced punishment upon a third possession conviction. A felony drug conviction results in mandatory ineligibility for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and/or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families in 17 (33.3%) states. Nine (17.6%) states prohibit criminal history questions on job applications. Criminal convictions limit eligibility for various professional licences in all states. State chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis rates were positively associated with the percentage of the state population convicted of a felony (p < 0.05). Conclusion While associations between crime, poverty, stigma and health have been investigated, our findings could be used to investigate the relationship between the likelihood of criminal justice system interactions, their consequences and public health outcomes including sexually transmitted disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Cramer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | - Sarah Hexem
- National Nurse-Led Care Consortium, an affiliate of Public Health Management Corporation, USA
| | - Kelly Thompson
- Research & Evaluation Group at Public Health Management Corporation, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adams JW, Lurie MN, King MRF, Brady KA, Galea S, Friedman SR, Khan MR, Marshall BDL. Decreasing HIV transmissions to African American women through interventions for men living with HIV post-incarceration: An agent-based modeling study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219361. [PMID: 31306464 PMCID: PMC6629075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incarceration and HIV disproportionately impact African American communities. The mass incarceration of African American men is hypothesized to increase HIV acquisition risk for African American women. Interventions optimizing HIV care engagement and minimizing sexual risk behaviors for men living with HIV post-incarceration may decrease HIV incidence. Methods Using an agent-based model, we simulated a sexual and injection drug using network representing the African American population of Philadelphia. We compared intervention strategies for men living with HIV post-incarceration by the number of averted HIV transmissions to women within the community. Three interventions were evaluated: a 90-90-90 scenario scaling up HIV testing, ART provision, and ART adherence; a behavioral intervention decreasing sexual risk behaviors; and a combination intervention involving both. Results The status quo scenario projected 2,836 HIV transmissions to women over twenty years. HIV transmissions to women decreased by 29% with the 90-90-90 intervention, 23% with the behavioral intervention, and 37% with both. The number of men living with HIV receiving the intervention needed in order to prevent a single HIV transmission ranged between 6 and 10. Conclusion Interventions to improve care engagement and decrease sexual risk behaviors post-incarceration for men living with HIV have the potential to decrease HIV incidence within African American heterosexual networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlla W. Adams
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Lurie
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Maximilian R. F. King
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Brady
- AIDS Activities Coordinating Office, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Friedman
- National Development and Research Institutes, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria R. Khan
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandon D. L. Marshall
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan MR, McGinnis KA, Grov C, Scheidell JD, Hawks L, Edelman EJ, Fiellin DA, McInnes DK, Braithwaite RS, Justice AC, Wang EA. Past year and prior incarceration and HIV transmission risk among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in the US .. AIDS Care 2019; 31:349-356. [PMID: 30064277 PMCID: PMC6699634 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1499861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Three quarters of new HIV infections in the US are among men who have sex with men (MSM). In other populations, incarceration is a social determinant of elevations in viral load and HIV-related substance use and sex risk behavior. There has been limited research on incarceration and these HIV transmission risk determinants in HIV-positive MSM. We used the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) 2011-2012 follow-up survey to measure associations between past year and prior (more than one year ago) incarceration and HIV viral load and substance use and sex risk behavior among HIV-positive MSM (N = 532). Approximately 40% had ever been incarcerated, including 9% in the past year. In analyses adjusting for sociodemographic factors, past year and prior incarceration were strongly associated with detectable viral load (HIV-1 RNA >500 copies/mL) (past year adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.50 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.59, 7.71; prior AOR: 2.48 95% CI: 1.44, 4.29) and past 12 month injection drug use (AORs > 6), multiple sex partnerships (AORs > 1.8), and condomless sex in the context of substance use (AORs > 3). Past year incarceration also was strongly associated with alcohol and non-injection drug use (AOR > 2.5). Less than one in five HIV-positive MSM recently released from incarceration took advantage of a jail/prison re-entry health care program available to veterans. We need to reach HIV-positive MSM leaving jails and prisons to improve linkage to care and clinical outcomes and reduce transmission risk upon release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Khan
- a Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | | | - Christian Grov
- c CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy & The CUNY Institute for Implementation Science and Population Health , New York , NY , USA
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- a Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Laura Hawks
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - E Jennifer Edelman
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
- e Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - David A Fiellin
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
- e Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - D Keith McInnes
- f Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial VA Medical Center , Bedford , MA , USA
- g Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - R Scott Braithwaite
- a Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- b VA Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , CT , USA
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
- e Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Emily A Wang
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Interaction of Sexual Validation, Criminal Justice Involvement, and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Among Adolescent and Young Adult Males. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 45:189-194. [PMID: 29420448 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young men who have been involved with the criminal justice system are more likely to have concurrent sexual partners, a key driver of sexually transmitted infections. The value men place on having sexual relationships to validate themselves may play an important role in understanding this association. METHODS Data were from a household survey. Young men (N = 132), aged 16 to 24 years, self-reported whether they ever spent time in jail or juvenile detention and if they had sexual partnerships that overlapped in time. A novel scale, "Validation through Sex and Sexual Relationships" (VTSSR) assessed the importance young men place on sex and sexual relationships (α = 0.91). Weighted logistic regression accounted for the sampling design. RESULTS The mean (SD) VTSSR score was 23.7 (8.8) with no differences by race. Both criminal justice involvement (CJI) (odds ratio [OR], 3.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-12.1) and sexual validation (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16) were associated with an increased odds of concurrency; however, CJI did not remain associated with concurrency in the fully adjusted model. There was effect modification, CJI was associated with concurrency among those who scored high on sexual validation (OR, 9.18; 95% CI, 1.73-48.6]; however, there was no association among those who scored low on sexual validation. Racial differences were observed between CJI and concurrency, but not between sexual validation and concurrency. CONCLUSIONS Sexual validation may be an important driver of concurrency for men who have been involved with the criminal justice system. Study findings have important implications on how sexual validation may explain racial differences in rates of concurrency.
Collapse
|
25
|
Adams JW, Lurie MN, King MRF, Brady KA, Galea S, Friedman SR, Khan MR, Marshall BDL. Potential drivers of HIV acquisition in African-American women related to mass incarceration: an agent-based modelling study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1387. [PMID: 30563496 PMCID: PMC6299641 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. Incarceration can increase HIV risk behaviors for individuals involved with the criminal justice system and may be a driver of HIV acquisition within the community. Methods We used an agent-based model to simulate HIV transmission in a sexual-contact network representing heterosexual African American men and women in Philadelphia to identify factors influencing the impact of male mass incarceration on HIV acquisition in women. The model was calibrated using surveillance data and assumed incarceration increased the number of sexual contacts and decreased HIV care engagement for men post-release. Incarceration of a partner increased the number of sexual contacts for women. We compared a counterfactual scenario with no incarceration to scenarios varying key parameters to determine what factors drove HIV acquisition in women. Results Setting the duration of male high-risk sexual behavior to two years post-release increased the number of HIV transmissions to women by more than 20%. Decreasing post-release HIV care engagement and increasing HIV acquisition risk attributable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also increased the number of HIV transmissions to women. Changing the duration of risk behavior for women, the proportion of women engaging in higher risk behavior, and the relative risk of incarceration for HIV-infected men had minimal impact. Conclusion The mass incarceration of African American men can increase HIV acquisition in African American women on a population-level through factors including post-release high-risk behaviors, disruption of HIV care engagement among formerly incarcerated men, and increased STI prevalence. These findings suggest that the most influential points of intervention may be programs seeking to reduce male risk behaviors and promote HIV care engagement post-release, as well as STI testing and treatment programs for recently incarcerated men, as well as women with incarcerated partners. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6304-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlla W Adams
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Mark N Lurie
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Maximilian R F King
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kathleen A Brady
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, AIDS Activities Coordinating Office, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel R Friedman
- National Development and Research Institutes, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Maria R Khan
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
But Everyone is Doing It (Sort of)! Perceived Sexual Risks in the Social Environment and the Impact on Homeless Youth Engagement in Concurrent Sexual Relationships. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:3508-3518. [PMID: 29725788 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although homeless youth are likely to engage in concurrent sexual relationships and doing so can accelerate HIV transmission, the issue of sexual concurrency (i.e., having sexual partnerships that overlap in time) has received scarce attention in this vulnerable population. The literature that exists tends to focus on individuals' characteristics that may be associated with concurrency and overlooks the influence of their social environment. Informed by the risk amplification and abatement model (RAAM), this study explored the association between pro-social and problematic social network connections, and sexual concurrency among homeless youth using drop-in center services (N = 841). Nearly 37% of youth engaged in concurrency. Partially consistent with the RAAM, regression analyses showed that affiliation with more problematic ties (i.e., having more network members who practice concurrency and unprotected sex) was associated with greater sexual concurrency. Programs addressing HIV risk among homeless youth in drop-in centers should consider the role youths' network composition may play in concurrency.
Collapse
|
27
|
Knittel A, Ti A, Schear S, Comfort M. Evidence-based recommendations to improve reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women. Int J Prison Health 2018; 13:200-206. [PMID: 28914121 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-07-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe standards for evidence-based reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women. Design/methodology/approach The literature on reproductive healthcare in the US criminal justice system and recommendations from professional organizations were reviewed and critical areas of concern were identified. Within these areas, studies and expert opinion were synthesized and policy recommendations were formulated through an iterative process of group discussion and document revision. This brief specifically addresses women's incarceration in the USA, but the recommendations are grounded in a human rights framework with global relevance. Findings Women who are incarcerated have health needs that are distinct from those of men, and there is a clear need for gender-responsive reproductive healthcare within the criminal justice system. This brief identifies five core domains of reproductive healthcare: routine screening, menstruation-related concerns, prenatal and postpartum care, contraception and abortion, and sexually transmitted infections. The recommendations emphasize the continuity between the criminal justice system and the community, as well as the dignity and self-determination of incarcerated women. Originality/value This brief provides a unique synthesis of the available evidence with concrete recommendations for improving the reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Knittel
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angeline Ti
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Schear
- School of Public Health, UC Berkeley - UC San Francisco Joint Medical Program, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fields JC, King KM, Alexander KA, Smith KC, Sherman SG, Knowlton A. Recently released Black men's perceptions of the impact of incarceration on sexual partnering. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2018; 20:55-68. [PMID: 28532296 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1325009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that men with recent histories of incarceration are more likely to engage in high-risk sexual activity, however there is limited research exploring how having been recently released from prison might impact men's sexual risk behaviours or sexual partnering. This qualitative study explores the ways in which exposure to incarceration impacts the dynamics of sexual partnering among recently released Black men in Baltimore, USA. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 recently released Black men between 21-45 years of age living in the city. Data were analysed using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches. Participants reported that women living in the neighbourhoods to which they returned found recently released men to be highly desirable sexual partners because they offered increased potential for sexual gratification, were perceived as healthier than other sexual partners in their communities and represented opportunities for attaining financial stability and the potential for establishing romantic partnerships. As a result, men reported they had more opportunities for sex and more power to negotiate sex with women. Recently released Black men's perceptions of their own sexual desirability among women raise important implications regarding power in the sexual relationships of recently released men that may increase HIV- and sexually transmitted infection-related risk for recently released men and their sexual partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Fields
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Kelly M King
- b Department of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Kamila A Alexander
- c School of Nursing , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Katherine C Smith
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Susan G Sherman
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| | - Amy Knowlton
- a Department of Health, Behaviour and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Puryear S, Burnett P, Page KR, Muvva R, Chaulk P, Ghanem KG, Monroe A. HIV seroconversion among Baltimore City residents tested at a mobile van programme. Sex Transm Infect 2017; 94:37-39. [PMID: 28899995 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2017-053104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many individuals with HIV in the USA are unaware of their diagnosis, and therefore cannot be engaged in treatment services, have worse clinical outcomes and are more likely to transmit HIV to others. Mobile van testing may increase HIV testing and diagnosis. Our objective was to characterise risk factors for HIV seroconversion among individuals using mobile van testing. METHODS A case cohort study (n=543) was conducted within an HIV surveillance dataset of mobile van testing users with at least two HIV tests between September 2004 and August 2009 in Baltimore, Maryland. A subcohort (n=423) was randomly selected; all additional cases were added from the parent cohort. Cases (n=122 total, two from random subcohort) had documented seroconversion at the follow-up visit. A unique aspect of the analysis was use of Department of Corrections data to document incarceration between the times of initial and subsequent testing. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare HIV transmission risk factors between individuals who seroconverted and those who did not. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-two HIV seroconversions occurred among 8756 individuals (1.4%), a rate higher than that in Baltimore City Health Department's STD Clinic clients (1%). Increased HIV seroconversion risk was associated with men who have sex with men (MSM) (HR 32.76, 95% CI 5.62 to 191.12), sex with an HIV positive partner (HR 70.2, 95% CI 9.58 to 514.89), and intravenous drug use (IDU) (HR 5.65, 95% CI 2.41 to 13.23). CONCLUSIONS HIV testing is a crucial first step in the HIV care continuum and an important HIV prevention tool. This study confirmed the need to reach high-risk populations (MSM, sex with HIV-positive individuals, individuals with IDU) and to increase comprehensive prevention services so that high-risk individuals stay HIV uninfected. HIV testing in mobile vans may be an effective outreach strategy for identifying infection in certain populations at high risk for HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Puryear
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kathleen R Page
- Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Patrick Chaulk
- Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Khalil G Ghanem
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Monroe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Linton SL, Cooper HLF, Luo R, Karnes C, Renneker K, Haley DF, Dauria EF, Hunter-Jones J, Ross Z, Wingood GM, Adimora AA, Bonney L, Rothenberg R. Changing Places and Partners: Associations of Neighborhood Conditions With Sexual Network Turnover Among African American Adults Relocated From Public Housing. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:925-936. [PMID: 26927277 PMCID: PMC5003751 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood conditions and sexual network turnover have been associated with the acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, few studies investigate the influence of neighborhood conditions on sexual network turnover. This longitudinal study used data collected across 7 visits from a predominantly substance-misusing cohort of 172 African American adults relocated from public housing in Atlanta, Georgia, to determine whether post-relocation changes in exposure to neighborhood conditions influence sexual network stability, the number of new partners joining sexual networks, and the number of partners leaving sexual networks over time. At each visit, participant and sexual network characteristics were captured via survey, and administrative data were analyzed to describe the census tracts where participants lived. Multilevel models were used to longitudinally assess the relationships of tract-level characteristics to sexual network dynamics over time. On average, participants relocated to neighborhoods that were less economically deprived and violent, and had lower alcohol outlet densities. Post-relocation reductions in exposure to alcohol outlet density were associated with fewer new partners joining sexual networks. Reduced perceived community violence was associated with more sexual partners leaving sexual networks. These associations were marginally significant. No post-relocation changes in place characteristics were significantly associated with overall sexual network stability. Neighborhood social context may influence sexual network turnover. To increase understanding of the social-ecological determinants of HIV/STIs, a new line of research should investigate the combined influence of neighborhood conditions and sexual network dynamics on HIV/STI transmission over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Hannah L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruiyan Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Conny Karnes
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen Renneker
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Danielle F Haley
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emily F Dauria
- Division of Infectious Disease, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Josalin Hunter-Jones
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gina M Wingood
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Loida Bonney
- Department of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Fayetteville, GA, USA
| | - Richard Rothenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bowleg L, Del Río-González AM, Holt SL, Pérez C, Massie JS, Mandell JE, A Boone C. Intersectional Epistemologies of Ignorance: How Behavioral and Social Science Research Shapes What We Know, Think We Know, and Don't Know About U.S. Black Men's Sexualities. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:577-603. [PMID: 28287844 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Epistemologies of ignorance describe how ignorance influences the production of knowledge. Advancing an intersectional epistemologies of ignorance approach that examines how conscious (or unconscious) ignorance about racism, heterosexism, and classism shapes empirical knowledge about Black men's sexualities, we conducted a critical review of the behavioral and social science research on U.S. Black men, ages 18 and older, for two time frames: pre-1981 and the most recent decade, 2006-2016. Our search yielded 668 articles, which we classified into five categories: sexual violence, sexual experiences and expressions, sexual identities, cultural and social-structural influences, and sexual health and sexual risk. We found that most of the research, particularly pre-1981, centered the experiences of White heterosexual men as normative and implicitly constructed Black men as hypersexual or deviant. Most of the research also color-blinded White privilege and ignored how racism, heterosexism, and classism structured Black men's inequities. We also found notable exceptions to these trends. Black men who are gay, bisexual, or who have sex with men, and research on HIV risk were prominent in the past decade, as was research that emphasized the social-structural (e.g., poverty, heterosexism, racism) and cultural (e.g., masculinity, religion) contexts of Black men's lives and sexualities. We provide 10 recommendations to avoid intersectional epistemic ignorance in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bowleg
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University
| | | | - Sidney L Holt
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University
| | - Carolin Pérez
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University
| | - Jenné S Massie
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University
| | | | - Cheriko A Boone
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wildeman C, Wang EA. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet 2017; 389:1464-1474. [PMID: 28402828 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this Series paper, we examine how mass incarceration shapes inequality in health. The USA is the world leader in incarceration, which disproportionately affects black populations. Nearly one in three black men will ever be imprisoned, and nearly half of black women currently have a family member or extended family member who is in prison. However, until recently the public health implications of mass incarceration were unclear. Most research in this area has focused on the health of current and former inmates, with findings suggesting that incarceration could produce some short-term improvements in physical health during imprisonment but has profoundly harmful effects on physical and mental health after release. The emerging literature on the family and community effects of mass incarceration points to negative health impacts on the female partners and children of incarcerated men, and raises concerns that excessive incarceration could harm entire communities and thus might partly underlie health disparities both in the USA and between the USA and other developed countries. Research into interventions, policies, and practices that could mitigate the harms of incarceration and the post-incarceration period is urgently needed, particularly studies using rigorous experimental or quasi-experimental designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC, USA; Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Emily A Wang
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Bureau of Justice Assistance, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stigma, sexual risks, and the war on drugs: Examining drug policy and HIV/AIDS inequities among African Americans using the Drug War HIV/AIDS Inequities Model. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 37:31-41. [PMID: 27565526 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between drug policy and HIV vulnerability is well documented. However, little research examines the links between racial/ethnic HIV disparities via the Drug War, sexual risk, and stigma. The Drug War HIV/AIDS Inequities Model has been developed to address this dearth. This model contends that inequitable policing and sentencing promotes sexual risks, resource deprivation, and ultimately greater HIV risk for African-Americans. The Drug War also socially marginalizes African Americans and compounds stigma for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated persons living with HIV/AIDS. This marginalization has implications for sexual risk-taking, access to health-promoting resources, and continuum of care participation. The Drug War HIV/AIDS Inequities Model may help illuminate mechanisms that promote increased HIV vulnerability as well as inform structural intervention development and targeting to address racial/ethnic disparities.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gesink D, Li Y. What can we infer about incarceration and sexually transmitted diseases? Sex Transm Dis 2016; 42:329-30. [PMID: 25970310 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Gesink
- From the *Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and †Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Spohr SA, Suzuki S, Marshall B, Taxman FS, Walters ST. Social support quality and availability affects risk behaviors in offenders. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2016; 4:2. [PMID: 27054059 PMCID: PMC4766225 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-016-0033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People involved in the justice system are at 2.5 times the risk of HIV infection compared to the general population, which is further complicated by substance abuse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of social network quality and quantity on unprotected sex, criminal risk, and substance use. METHODS We used data from 330 drug-involved offenders. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to model and test path directionality and magnitude between the latent constructs of social support quality and quantity on risky behaviors. RESULTS The SEM indicated the latent construct of social support quality was significantly associated with reduced sexual risk behavior (β = -0.27), criminal risk (β = -0.26), and reduced substance use (β = -0.33). Additionally, the proposed model found that social support quantity was significantly positively associated with increased sexual risk behavior (β = 0.40) and substance use (β = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Social support quality is an important predictor of risky behaviors; as the quality of an offender's social support increases, engagement in risky behaviors decreases. Probationers who had broader social support availability also had increased substance use and unprotected sex. Probation systems may be able to reduce substance use and STD/HIV infection risk in offenders by strengthening the quality of social support networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| | | | | | - Scott T Walters
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rowell-Cunsolo TL, El-Bassel N, Hart CL. Black Americans and Incarceration: A Neglected Public Health Opportunity for HIV Risk Reduction. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2016; 27:114-130. [PMID: 27763462 PMCID: PMC5111428 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2016.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Black Americans are incarcerated at disproportionate rates, largely due to racial differences in the application of drug laws. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates among Black Americans are also disproportionately high. Moreover, availability of and access to HIV prevention services in correctional settings are limited. Recognizing that Blacks are at an elevated risk of contracting HIV, and that incarceration worsens health outcomes, this paper addresses the importance of implementing comprehensive prison-based HIV programs and prevention interventions to improve the health of this vulnerable population. In the absence of a vaccine, prevention interventions can serve as an effective method of systematically addressing HIV-related health disparities. Prevention strategies offered within correctional settings provide a unique opportunity to engage a high-risk population when its members may be receptive to behavior modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila El-Bassel
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY
| | - Carl L. Hart
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wiehe SE, Rosenman MB, Aalsma MC, Scanlon ML, Fortenberry JD. Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Offenders Following Arrest or Incarceration. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e26-32. [PMID: 26469659 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to estimate rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among criminal offenders in the 1 year after arrest or release from incarceration. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of risk of having a positive STI (chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis) or incident-positive HIV test in the 1 year following arrest or incarceration in Marion County (Indianapolis), Indiana. Participants were 247,211 individuals with arrest or incarceration in jail, prison, or juvenile detention between 2003 and 2008. RESULTS Test positivity rates (per 100,000 and per year) were highest for chlamydia (2968) and gonorrhea (2305), and lower for syphilis (278) and HIV (61). Rates of positive STI and HIV were between 1.5 and 2.8 times higher in female than male participants and between 2.7 and 6.9 times higher for Blacks than Whites. Compared with nonoffenders, offenders had a relative risk of 3.9 for chlamydia, 6.6 for gonorrhea, 3.6 for syphilis, and 4.6 for HIV. CONCLUSIONS The 1-year period following arrest or release from incarceration represents a high-impact opportunity to reduce STI and HIV infection rates at a population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wiehe
- Sarah E. Wiehe, Marc B. Rosenman, and Michael L. Scanlon are with Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Sarah E. Wiehe and Marc B. Rosenman are also with Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis. Matthew C. Aalsma and J. Dennis Fortenberry are with Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Marc B Rosenman
- Sarah E. Wiehe, Marc B. Rosenman, and Michael L. Scanlon are with Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Sarah E. Wiehe and Marc B. Rosenman are also with Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis. Matthew C. Aalsma and J. Dennis Fortenberry are with Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Sarah E. Wiehe, Marc B. Rosenman, and Michael L. Scanlon are with Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Sarah E. Wiehe and Marc B. Rosenman are also with Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis. Matthew C. Aalsma and J. Dennis Fortenberry are with Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Michael L Scanlon
- Sarah E. Wiehe, Marc B. Rosenman, and Michael L. Scanlon are with Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Sarah E. Wiehe and Marc B. Rosenman are also with Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis. Matthew C. Aalsma and J. Dennis Fortenberry are with Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - J Dennis Fortenberry
- Sarah E. Wiehe, Marc B. Rosenman, and Michael L. Scanlon are with Children's Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Sarah E. Wiehe and Marc B. Rosenman are also with Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis. Matthew C. Aalsma and J. Dennis Fortenberry are with Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
STI/HIV Sexual Risk Behavior and Prevalent STI Among Incarcerated African American Men in Committed Partnerships: The Significance of Poverty, Mood Disorders, and Substance Use. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:1478-90. [PMID: 25863467 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
African Americans face disproportionate sexually transmitted infection including HIV (STI/HIV), with those passing through a correctional facility at heightened risk. There is a need to identify modifiable STI/HIV risk factors among incarcerated African Americans. Project DISRUPT is a cohort study of incarcerated African American men recruited from September 2011 through January 2014 from prisons in North Carolina who were in committed partnerships with women at prison entry (N = 207). During the baseline (in-prison) study visit, participants responded to a risk behavior survey and provided a urine specimen, which was tested for STIs. Substantial proportions reported multiple partnerships (42 %), concurrent partnerships (33 %), and buying sex (11 %) in the 6 months before incarceration, and 9 % tested positive for an STI at baseline (chlamydia: 5.3 %, gonorrhea: 0.5 %, trichomoniasis: 4.9 %). Poverty and depression appeared to be strongly associated with sexual risk behaviors. Substance use was linked to prevalent STI, with binge drinking the strongest independent risk factor (adjusted odds ratio: 3.79, 95 % CI 1.19-12.04). There is a continued need for improved prison-based STI testing, treatment, and prevention education as well as mental health and substance use diagnosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Test positivity for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis infection among a cohort of individuals released from jail in Marion County, Indiana. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42:30-6. [PMID: 25504298 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals entering jails have high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI), but there are few data on STI in the postincarceration period. This study aimed to describe rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis infection among individuals released from Marion County (Indianapolis), Indiana jails. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals incarcerated in Marion County, Indiana jails from 2003 to 2008 (n = 118,670). We linked county jail and public health data to identify individuals with positive STI test results in the 1 year after release from jail. Rates per 100,000 individuals and Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed for each STI, stratified by demographic, STI, and jail characteristics. RESULTS We found significantly higher rates of STI in this cohort than in the general population, with rates in the 1 year after release being 2 to 7 times higher for chlamydia, 5 to 24 times higher for gonorrhea, and 19 to 32 times higher for syphilis compared with rates in the general population. Characteristics most associated with increased risk of a positive STI test result among this cohort were younger age for chlamydia and gonorrhea, older age for syphilis, black race for men, being jailed for prostitution for women, history of STI, and history of prior incarceration. CONCLUSIONS This study found high rates of STIs among a cohort of individuals recently released from jail and identified a number of risk factors. Further study is needed to improve targeted STI testing and treatment among this high-risk population.
Collapse
|
40
|
Cooper HLF, Linton S, Haley DF, Kelley ME, Dauria EF, Karnes CC, Ross Z, Hunter-Jones J, Renneker KK, Del Rio C, Adimora A, Wingood G, Rothenberg R, Bonney LE. Changes in Exposure to Neighborhood Characteristics are Associated with Sexual Network Characteristics in a Cohort of Adults Relocating from Public Housing. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:1016-30. [PMID: 25150728 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-014-0883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecologic and cross-sectional multilevel analyses suggest that characteristics of the places where people live influence their vulnerability to HIV and other sexually-transmitted infections (STIs). Using data from a predominately substance-misusing cohort of African-American adults relocating from US public housing complexes, this multilevel longitudinal study tested the hypothesis that participants who experienced greater post-relocation improvements in economic disadvantage, violent crime, and male:female sex ratios would experience greater reductions in perceived partner risk and in the odds of having a partner who had another partner (i.e., indirect concurrency). Baseline data were collected from 172 public housing residents before relocations occurred; three waves of post-relocation data were collected every 9 months. Participants who experienced greater improvements in community violence and in economic conditions experienced greater reductions in partner risk. Reduced community violence was associated with reduced indirect concurrency. Structural interventions that decrease exposure to violence and economic disadvantage may reduce vulnerability to HIV/STIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, NE Room 526, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cooper HLF, Caruso B, Barham T, Embry V, Dauria E, Clark CD, Comfort ML. Partner Incarceration and African-American Women's Sexual Relationships and Risk: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study. J Urban Health 2015; 92:527-47. [PMID: 25694224 PMCID: PMC4456473 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-015-9941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Racialized mass incarceration is associated with racial/ethnic disparities in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the US. The purpose of this longitudinal qualitative study was to learn about the processes through which partner incarceration affects African-American women's sexual risk. Four waves of in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted in 2010-2011 with 30 women in Atlanta, Georgia (US) who had recently incarcerated partners. Approximately half the sample misused substances at baseline. Transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory. For over half the sample (N = 19), partner incarceration resulted in destitution, and half of this group (N = 9) developed new partnerships to secure shelter or food; most misused substances. Other women (N = 9) initiated casual relationships to meet emotional or sexual needs. When considered with past research, these findings suggest that reducing incarceration rates among African-American men may reduce HIV/STIs among African-American women, particularly among substance-misusing women, as might rapidly linking women with recently incarcerated partners to housing and economic support and drug treatment.
Collapse
|
42
|
Stoltey JE, Li Y, Bernstein KT, Philip SS. Ecological analysis examining the association between census tract-level incarceration and reported chlamydia incidence among female adolescents and young adults in San Francisco. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:370-4. [PMID: 25609259 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Incarceration has been linked to increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We conducted a census tract-level ecological analysis to explore the relationship between neighbourhood incarceration rates and chlamydia incidence among adolescent girls and young women under age 25 in San Francisco in 2010 to focus public health efforts in neighbourhoods at risk. METHODS Female chlamydial cases under age 25 that were reported to the San Francisco Department of Public Health in 2010 were geocoded to census tract, and chlamydia incidence was calculated. Addresses of incarcerated individuals were geocoded, and census tract-specific incarceration was estimated. American Community Survey data from 2005 to 2009 provided tract-specific survey estimates of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of communities to allow for evaluation of potential census tract-level confounders. A Poisson mixed model was used to assess the relationship of census tract-level incarceration rate with chlamydial case rate. RESULTS Accounting for spatial dependence in neighbouring regions, there was a positive association between incarceration rates and chlamydia incidence in young women under age 25 in San Francisco, and this association decreased as poverty increased, after controlling for other risk factors in the model. CONCLUSIONS This ecological analysis supports the neighbourhood role of incarceration in the risk of chlamydia among young women. These results have important implications for directing limited public health resources to local areas at risk in order to geographically focus prevention interventions and provide improved access to STI services in specific neighbourhoods with high incarceration rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E Stoltey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle T Bernstein
- STD Prevention and Control Services, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susan S Philip
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA STD Prevention and Control Services, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Scott CK, Grella CE, Dennis ML, Funk RR. PREDICTORS OF RECIDIVISM OVER 3 YEARS AMONG SUBSTANCE-USING WOMEN RELEASED FROM JAIL. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 41:1257-1289. [PMID: 35783536 PMCID: PMC9248854 DOI: 10.1177/0093854814546894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examines predictors of recidivism over 3 years for 624 women released from a county jail using a comprehensive range of standardized measures derived from gender-responsive and gender-neutral criminogenic recidivism models. Although more than a dozen factors were related to recidivism in the univariate analysis, the multivariate analysis shows that recidivism can be reliably predicted (area under the curve = 0.90) with just four factors: age, no custody of children, substance use frequency, and number of substance problems. Exploratory analysis of women who recidivated in post-release months 1 to 3, 4 to 12, and 13 to 36 revealed that the effects of several variables (age, super optimism, and number of weeks in the jail treatment program) were dependent on the time elapsed since release from jail, whereas others (substance use and custody) had persistent effects over time. These findings support the development of re-entry services tailored for female offenders who address both gender-responsive and gender-neutral criminogenic risk factors.
Collapse
|
44
|
Fogel CI, Crandell JL, Neevel AM, Parker SD, Carry M, White BL, Fasula AM, Herbst JH, Gelaude DJ. Efficacy of an adapted HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention intervention for incarcerated women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health 2014; 105:802-9. [PMID: 25211714 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the efficacy of an adapted evidence-based HIV-sexually transmitted infection (STI) behavioral intervention (Providing Opportunities for Women's Empowerment, Risk-Reduction, and Relationships, or POWER) among incarcerated women. METHODS We conducted a randomized trial with 521 women aged 18 to 60 years in 2 correctional facilities in North Carolina in 2010 and 2011. Intervention participants attended 8 POWER sessions; control participants received a single standard-of-care STI prevention session. We followed up at 3 and 6 months after release. We examined intervention efficacy with mixed-effects models. RESULTS POWER participants reported fewer male sexual partners than did control participants at 3 months, although this finding did not reach statistical significance; at 6 months they reported significantly less vaginal intercourse without a condom outside of a monogamous relationship and more condom use with a main male partner. POWER participants also reported significantly fewer condom barriers, and greater HIV knowledge, health-protective communication, and tangible social support. The intervention had no significant effects on incident STIs. CONCLUSIONS POWER is a behavioral intervention with potential to reduce risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV and STIs among incarcerated women returning to their communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine I Fogel
- Catherine I. Fogel, Jamie L. Crandell, A. M. Neevel, and Sharon D. Parker are with the School of Nursing, and Becky L. White is with the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). Monique Carry, Amy M. Fasula, Jeffrey H. Herbst, and Deborah J. Gelaude are with the Prevention Research Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wallace AR, Blood EA, Crosby RA, Shrier LA. Differences in correlates of condom use between young adults and adults attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 26:526-33. [PMID: 25070945 DOI: 10.1177/0956462414545525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite developmental differences between young adults and adults, studies of condom use have not typically considered young adults as a distinct age group. This study sought to examine how condom use and its correlates differed between high-risk young adults and adults. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic patients (n = 763) reported STI history, contraception, negative condom attitudes, fear of partner reaction to condom use and risky behaviours. Past 3-month condom use was examined as unprotected vaginal sex (UVS) acts, proportional condom use and consistent condom use. Regression models tested associations of age group and potential correlates with each condom use outcome. Interaction models tested whether associations differed by age group. Proportional condom use was greater in young adults than adults (mean 0.55 vs. 0.47); UVS and consistent condom use were similar between age groups. Young adults with a recent STI reported less condom use, whereas for older adults, a distant STI was associated with less condom use, compared to others in their age groups. Negative condom attitudes were more strongly linked to UVS acts for younger versus older adults. STI prevention efforts for younger adults may be improved by intensifying counselling about condom use immediately following STI diagnosis and targeting negative condom attitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Wallace
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Blood
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Crosby
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lydia A Shrier
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hispanics, incarceration, and TB/HIV screening: a missed opportunity for prevention. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 15:711-7. [PMID: 23292731 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in incarceration rates and in prison-based TB/HIV testing may contribute to health disparities in the communities most affected by incarceration. We analyzed Bureau of Justice Statistics surveys of federal and state prison inmates to assess TB and HIV screening rates for US-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks, and non-Hispanic whites. Screening rates were high overall but foreign-born Hispanic inmates had significantly lower odds of being tested for TB in both state (AOR 0.55) and federal prisons (AOR 0.31) compared to white inmates. Foreign-born Hispanics also had lower odds of being tested for HIV in state prisons and Hispanics had lower odds of being tested for HIV in federal prisons compared to white inmates. Screening for infectious diseases in state and federal prisons is high but Hispanics have higher odds of going untested; this has important consequences for prevention of further transmission in the communities to which they return.
Collapse
|
47
|
Valente AM, Auerswald CL. Gender differences in sexual risk and sexually transmitted infections correlate with gender differences in social networks among San Francisco homeless youth. J Adolesc Health 2013; 53:486-91. [PMID: 23871131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether gender differences in sexual risk and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among homeless youth may be explained in part by gender differences in their social networks. METHODS Our sample includes 258 youth (64% male) recruited in San Francisco from street venues and transitional programs. Participants completed an audio computer-administered self-interview survey regarding their housing status and risk behaviors and an interviewer-administered survey regarding their social networks, and were tested for STIs (chlamydia and gonorrhea). We examined relationships between sexual risk and STI rates and social network characteristics by gender. RESULTS Condom use was lower in young women than in young men, whereas young women were more likely to have an injection drug user (IDU) sex partner and to be diagnosed with an STI. Homeless young men were more likely to have stably housed contacts and same-sex friendships in their social networks than were young women. Stably housed network contacts were associated with increased condom use and decreased STI prevalence in young men. Same-sex friends were associated with increased condom use in young women. No young woman with a family member in her network had an IDU sex partner. Having a network member who had been recently incarcerated was associated with having an IDU sex partner for young women. CONCLUSIONS Homeless young women's networks may place them at greater risk for STIs than young men. Increasing mainstream contacts and same-gender friendships may protect all homeless youth from STIs. Interventions addressing homeless young women's social networks may decrease their gender-disparate STI risk.
Collapse
|
48
|
Dumont DM, Gjelsvik A, Redmond N, Rich JD. Jails as Public Health Partners: Incarceration and Disparities Among Medically Underserved Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEN'S HEALTH 2013; 12:213-227. [PMID: 25374479 PMCID: PMC4217308 DOI: 10.3149/jmh.1203.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There were nearly 12 million admissions to U.S. jails in 2011, the majority of them Black or Hispanic. We analyzed data on men's health screenings from the last Bureau of Justice Statistics Survey of Inmates in Local Jails. Black and Hispanic men had the same or higher odds of reporting nearly all types of screenings compared to White male inmates. Because many prisoners are medically underserved, jails can be crucial public health partners in reducing disparities by identifying men in need of health care. The anticipated expansion of Medicaid eligibility in 2014 constitutes an important opportunity for correctional and public health authorities to work together to ensure linkage to care following release from incarceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora M. Dumont
- The Miriam Hospital
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School
| | | | - Nicole Redmond
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Preventive Medicine
| | - Josiah D. Rich
- The Miriam Hospital
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School
| |
Collapse
|