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Kumari P, Bhatia M, Giri P, Uniyal PL. Mycorrhizal association and its relation with pteridophytes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1406891. [PMID: 39056010 PMCID: PMC11269221 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1406891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal association is one of the earliest and diversely distributed symbiotic associations on the Earth. This association helped early terrestrial plants to colonize the land by improved supply of nutrients like phosphate, nitrogen and zinc. It also helped plants to tolerate unfavorable soil conditions with increased water retention capacity, resistance to drought and pathogens. In return, fungi benefitted with carbon as their food source from the plants. More than 80% of terrestrial plants including pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms are reported to form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association. Plants with root systems appeared on land during the Devonian period and many of them like pteridophytes still exist today. Various molecular and fossil studies confirm that the plants belonging to Ordovician-Devonian are associated with fungi, which are very similar to genus Glomus. AM association is very common in pteridophytes and the growth of its sporophyte and gametophyte is directly affected in the presence of AM association. Pteridophytes as early land plants with root systems have a very significant place in the plant kingdom. They have evolved and adapted to fill various habitats and facilitated early terrestrialization of other land plants by providing suitable niche with the help of AM fungi. In spite of pteridophytes being a very important plant group in the land system, very few reports are available on fungal-pteridophyte association. The present review is an effort to gather information about AM association in pteridophytes that might help in unraveling the evolution and significance of plant and fungi association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Botany, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Meenam Bhatia
- Department of Botany, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priti Giri
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Prem Lal Uniyal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Kakouridis A, Yuan M, Nuccio EE, Hagen JA, Fossum CA, Moore ML, Estera-Molina KY, Nico PS, Weber PK, Pett-Ridge J, Firestone MK. Arbuscular mycorrhiza convey significant plant carbon to a diverse hyphosphere microbial food web and mineral-associated organic matter. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1661-1675. [PMID: 38358052 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) transport substantial plant carbon (C) that serves as a substrate for soil organisms, a precursor of soil organic matter (SOM), and a driver of soil microbial dynamics. Using two-chamber microcosms where an air gap isolated AMF from roots, we 13CO2-labeled Avena barbata for 6 wk and measured the C Rhizophagus intraradices transferred to SOM and hyphosphere microorganisms. NanoSIMS imaging revealed hyphae and roots had similar 13C enrichment. SOM density fractionation, 13C NMR, and IRMS showed AMF transferred 0.77 mg C g-1 of soil (increasing total C by 2% relative to non-mycorrhizal controls); 33% was found in occluded or mineral-associated pools. In the AMF hyphosphere, there was no overall change in community diversity but 36 bacterial ASVs significantly changed in relative abundance. With stable isotope probing (SIP)-enabled shotgun sequencing, we found taxa from the Solibacterales, Sphingobacteriales, Myxococcales, and Nitrososphaerales (ammonium oxidizing archaea) were highly enriched in AMF-imported 13C (> 20 atom%). Mapping sequences from 13C-SIP metagenomes to total ASVs showed at least 92 bacteria and archaea were significantly 13C-enriched. Our results illustrate the quantitative and ecological impact of hyphal C transport on the formation of potentially protective SOM pools and microbial roles in the AMF hyphosphere soil food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kakouridis
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mengting Yuan
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Erin E Nuccio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, CA, USA
| | - John A Hagen
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Madeline L Moore
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katerina Y Estera-Molina
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Nico
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter K Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550, CA, USA
- University of California Merced, Merced, 95343, CA, USA
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3
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Martin FM, van der Heijden MGA. The mycorrhizal symbiosis: research frontiers in genomics, ecology, and agricultural application. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1486-1506. [PMID: 38297461 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbioses between plants and fungi are vital for the soil structure, nutrient cycling, plant diversity, and ecosystem sustainability. More than 250 000 plant species are associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Recent advances in genomics and related approaches have revolutionized our understanding of the biology and ecology of mycorrhizal associations. The genomes of 250+ mycorrhizal fungi have been released and hundreds of genes that play pivotal roles in regulating symbiosis development and metabolism have been characterized. rDNA metabarcoding and metatranscriptomics provide novel insights into the ecological cues driving mycorrhizal communities and functions expressed by these associations, linking genes to ecological traits such as nutrient acquisition and soil organic matter decomposition. Here, we review genomic studies that have revealed genes involved in nutrient uptake and symbiosis development, and discuss adaptations that are fundamental to the evolution of mycorrhizal lifestyles. We also evaluated the ecosystem services provided by mycorrhizal networks and discuss how mycorrhizal symbioses hold promise for sustainable agriculture and forestry by enhancing nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance. Overall, unraveling the intricate dynamics of mycorrhizal symbioses is paramount for promoting ecological sustainability and addressing current pressing environmental concerns. This review ends with major frontiers for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM, Champenoux, 54280, France
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Department of Agroecology & Environment, Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
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Awad A, Pena R. An improved method for extraction of soil fungal mycelium. MethodsX 2023; 11:102477. [PMID: 38023315 PMCID: PMC10679939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal mycelium is a major component of the soil microbiome. The soil hyphosphere represents a complex and dynamic niche for specific microorganisms, where multitrophic interactions occur, affecting ecosystem processes. However, extracting fungal mycelium from the soil to enable its taxonomical, chemical, and structural characterisation is challenging in the absence of a fast, efficient, and low-cost procedure. In this study, an old method (Bingle and Paul 1985), based on successive soil wet filtrations and density gradient centrifugation, was improved and tested in three different soil types (silty clay, silty clay loam, and loamy sand). The improved method reduced the number of filtrations by about five times and the centrifugation time from 40 min to 1 min. It avoided using any chemical substance which may impair further chemical analyses or DNA isolation and amplification. The method efficiency was about 50 % in the clay and 23 % in the sandy soils. However, a pre-step consisting of removing the fine-root fragments and other debris under the stereomicroscope may increase the method efficiency to more than 65 %, independent of the soil type.•A simple, efficient, and low-cost method suitable for extracting soil mycelium from a large number of samples.•The protocol includes successive soil wet filtrations and sucrose gradient centrifugation.•The method efficiency increases if the fine-root fragments and other debris are previously removed from the soil.
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Johnson D, Liu X, Burslem DFRP. Phosphorus acquisition and canopy dominance in tropical and subtropical forests: response to Brearley et al. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1335-1336. [PMID: 37758588 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Xubing Liu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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Smith AH, Bogar LM, Moeller HV. Fungal Fight Club: phylogeny and growth rate predict competitive outcomes among ectomycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad108. [PMID: 37697652 PMCID: PMC10516346 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are among the most prevalent fungal partners of plants and can constitute up to one-third of forest microbial biomass. As mutualistic partners that supply nutrients, water, and pathogen defense, these fungi impact host plant health and biogeochemical cycling. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are also extremely diverse, and the community of fungal partners on a single plant host can consist of dozens of individuals. However, the factors that govern competition and coexistence within these communities are still poorly understood. In this study, we used in vitro competitive assays between five ectomycorrhizal fungal strains to examine how competition and pH affect fungal growth. We also tested the ability of evolutionary history to predict the outcomes of fungal competition. We found that the effects of pH and competition on fungal performance varied extensively, with changes in growth media pH sometimes reversing competitive outcomes. Furthermore, when comparing the use of phylogenetic distance and growth rate in predicting competitive outcomes, we found that both methods worked equally well. Our study further highlights the complexity of ectomycorrhizal fungal competition and the importance of considering phylogenetic distance, ecologically relevant traits, and environmental conditions in predicting the outcomes of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver Auraria Campus Science Building 1150 12th St, Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Laura M Bogar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 605 Hutchison Dr Green Hall rm 1002 Davis CA 95616-5720, USA
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106-9620, USA
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Johnson D, Liu X, Burslem DFRP. Symbiotic control of canopy dominance in subtropical and tropical forests. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:995-1003. [PMID: 37087357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Subtropical and tropical forests in Asia often comprise canopy dominant trees that form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and species-rich understorey trees that form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We propose a virtuous phosphorus acquisition hypothesis to explain this distinct structure. The hypothesis is based on (i) seedlings being rapidly colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungi from established mycelial networks that generates positive feedback and resistance to pathogens, (ii) ectomycorrhizal fungi having evolved a suite of morphological, physiological, and molecular traits to enable them to capture phosphorus from a diversity of chemical forms, including organic forms, and (iii) allocation of photosynthate carbon from adult host plants to provide the energy needed to undertake these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Xubing Liu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, Cruickshank Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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Mortier E, Mounier A, Kreplak J, Martin-Laurent F, Recorbet G, Lamotte O. Evidence that a common arbuscular mycorrhizal network alleviates phosphate shortage in interconnected walnut sapling and maize plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1206047. [PMID: 37636112 PMCID: PMC10448772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Under agroforestry practices, inter-specific facilitation between tree rows and cultivated alleys occurs when plants increase the growth of their neighbors especially under nutrient limitation. Owing to a coarse root architecture limiting soil inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake, walnut trees (Juglans spp.) exhibit dependency on soil-borne symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that extend extra-radical hyphae beyond the root Pi depletion zone. To investigate the benefits of mycorrhizal walnuts in alley cropping, we experimentally simulated an agroforestry system in which walnut rootstocks RX1 (J. regia x J. microcarpa) were connected or not by a common mycelial network (CMN) to maize plants grown under two contrasting Pi levels. Mycorrhizal colonization parameters showed that the inoculum reservoir formed by inoculated walnut donor saplings allowed the mycorrhization of maize recipient roots. Relative to non-mycorrhizal plants and whatever the Pi supply, CMN enabled walnut saplings to access maize Pi fertilization residues according to significant increases in biomass, stem diameter, and expression of JrPHT1;1 and JrPHT1;2, two mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter candidates here identified by phylogenic inference of orthologs. In the lowest Pi supply, stem height, leaf Pi concentration, and biomass of RX1 were significantly higher than in non-mycorrhizal controls, showing that mycorrhizal connections between walnut and maize roots alleviated Pi deficiency in the mycorrhizal RX1 donor plant. Under Pi limitation, maize recipient plants also benefited from mycorrhization relative to controls, as inferred from larger stem diameter and height, biomass, leaf number, N content, and Pi concentration. Mycorrhization-induced Pi uptake generated a higher carbon cost for donor walnut plants than for maize plants by increasing walnut plant photosynthesis to provide the AM fungus with carbon assimilate. Here, we show that CMN alleviates Pi deficiency in co-cultivated walnut and maize plants, and may therefore contribute to limit the use of chemical P fertilizers in agroforestry systems.
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Durant E, Hoysted GA, Howard N, Sait SM, Childs DZ, Johnson D, Field KJ. Herbivore-driven disruption of arbuscular mycorrhizal carbon-for-nutrient exchange is ameliorated by neighboring plants. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00663-2. [PMID: 37290441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of most plants, forming a near-ubiquitous symbiosis1 that is typically characterized by the bi-directional exchange of fungal-acquired nutrients for plant-fixed carbon.2 Mycorrhizal fungi can form below-ground networks3,4,5,6 with potential to facilitate the movement of carbon, nutrients, and defense signals across plant communities.7,8,9 The importance of neighbors in mediating carbon-for-nutrient exchange between mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts remains equivocal, particularly when other competing pressures for plant resources are present. We manipulated carbon source and sink strengths of neighboring pairs of host plants through exposure to aphids and tracked the movement of carbon and nutrients through mycorrhizal fungal networks with isotope tracers. When carbon sink strengths of both neighboring plants were increased by aphid herbivory, plant carbon supply to extraradical mycorrhizal fungal hyphae was reduced, but mycorrhizal phosphorus supply to both plants was maintained, albeit variably, across treatments. However, when the sink strength of only one plant in a pair was increased, carbon supply to mycorrhizal fungi was restored. Our results show that loss of carbon inputs into mycorrhizal fungal hyphae from one plant may be ameliorated through inputs of a neighbor, demonstrating the responsiveness and resilience of mycorrhizal plant communities to biological stressors. Furthermore, our results indicate that mycorrhizal nutrient exchange dynamics are better understood as community-wide interactions between multiple players rather than as strict exchanges between individual plants and their symbionts, suggesting that mycorrhizal C-for-nutrient exchange is likely based more on unequal terms of trade than the "fair trade" model for symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durant
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK; School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, County Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Nathan Howard
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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Yang YM, Naseer M, Zhu Y, Wang BZ, Wang S, Ma Y, Zhang XL, Zhao XZ, Wang WY, Zhu SG, Tao HY, Xiong YC. Priming effects of nZVI on carbon sequestration and iron uptake are positively mediated by AM fungus in semiarid agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163632. [PMID: 37080320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the priming effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on carbon sink and iron uptake, and the possible mediation by AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Funneliformis mosseae) in semiarid agricultural soils. Maize seed dressings comprised of three nZVI concentrations of 0, 1, 2 g·kg-1 and was tested with and without AMF inoculation under high and low soil moistures, respectively. The ICP-OES observations indicated that both low dose of nZVI (1 g·kg-1) and high dose of nZVI (2 g·kg-1) significantly increased the iron concentrations in roots (L: 54.5-109.8 %; H: 119.1-245.4 %) and shoots (L: 40.8-78.9 %; H: 81.1-99.4 %). Importantly, the absorption and translocation rate of iron were substantially improved by AMF inoculation under the low-dose nZVI. Yet, the excess nanoparticles as a stress were efficiently relieved by rhizosphere hyphae, and the iron concentration in leaves and stems can maintain as high as about 300 mg·kg-1 while the iron translocation efficiency was reduced. Moreover, next-generation sequencing confirmed that appropriate amount of nZVI clearly improved the rhizosphere colonization of Funneliformis mosseae (p < 0.001) and the development of soil fungal community. Soil observations further showed that the hyphae development and GRSP (glomalin-related soil protein) secretion were significantly promoted (p < 0.05), with the increased R0.25 (< 0.25 mm) by 35.97-41.16 %. As a return, AMF and host plant turned to input more organic matter into soils for microbial growth and Fe uptake, and such interactions became more pronounced under drought stress. In contrast, high dose of nZVI (2 g·kg-1) tended to agglomerate on the surface of hyphae and spores, causing severe deformation and inactivation of AMF symbionts. Therefore, the priming effects of nZVI on carbon sequestration and Fe uptake in agricultural soils were positively mediated by AMF via the feedback loop of the plant-soil-microbe system for enhanced adaptation to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Minha Naseer
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xu-Zhe Zhao
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Shuang-Guo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Karst J, Jones MD, Hoeksema JD. Positive citation bias and overinterpreted results lead to misinformation on common mycorrhizal networks in forests. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:501-511. [PMID: 36782032 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-01986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A common mycorrhizal network (CMN) is formed when mycorrhizal fungal hyphae connect the roots of multiple plants of the same or different species belowground. Recently, CMNs have captured the interest of broad audiences, especially with respect to forest function and management. We are concerned, however, that recent claims in the popular media about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence, and that bias towards citing positive effects of CMNs has developed in the scientific literature. We first evaluated the evidence supporting three common claims. The claims that CMNs are widespread in forests and that resources are transferred through CMNs to increase seedling performance are insufficiently supported because results from field studies vary too widely, have alternative explanations or are too limited to support generalizations. The claim that mature trees preferentially send resources and defence signals to offspring through CMNs has no peer-reviewed, published evidence. We next examined how the results from CMN research are cited and found that unsupported claims have doubled in the past 25 years; a bias towards citing positive effects may obscure our understanding of the structure and function of CMNs in forests. We conclude that knowledge on CMNs is presently too sparse and unsettled to inform forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason D Hoeksema
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Caballero JRI, Lalande BM, Hanna JW, Klopfenstein NB, Kim MS, Stewart JE. Genomic Comparisons of Two Armillaria Species with Different Ecological Behaviors and Their Associated Soil Microbial Communities. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:708-729. [PMID: 35312808 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Armillaria species show considerable variation in ecological roles and virulence, from mycorrhizae and saprophytes to important root pathogens of trees and horticultural crops. We studied two Armillaria species that can be found in coniferous forests of northwestern USA and southwestern Canada. Armillaria altimontana not only is considered as a weak, opportunistic pathogen of coniferous trees, but it also appears to exhibit in situ biological control against A. solidipes, formerly North American A. ostoyae, which is considered a virulent pathogen of coniferous trees. Here, we describe their genome assemblies and present a functional annotation of the predicted genes and proteins for the two Armillaria species that exhibit contrasting ecological roles. In addition, the soil microbial communities were examined in association with the two Armillaria species within a 45-year-old plantation of western white pine (Pinus monticola) in northern Idaho, USA, where A. altimontana was associated with improved tree growth and survival, while A. solidipes was associated with reduced growth and survival. The results from this study reveal a high similarity between the genomes of the beneficial/non-pathogenic A. altimontana and pathogenic A. solidipes; however, many relatively small differences in gene content were identified that could contribute to differences in ecological lifestyles and interactions with woody hosts and soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley M Lalande
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Gunnison, CO, 81230, USA
| | - John W Hanna
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA
| | - Ned B Klopfenstein
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA.
| | - Mee-Sook Kim
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jane E Stewart
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Trinchera A, Warren Raffa D. Weeds: An Insidious Enemy or a Tool to Boost Mycorrhization in Cropping Systems? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020334. [PMID: 36838299 PMCID: PMC9967897 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Weeds have always been considered an insidious enemy, capable of reducing crop production. Conversely, the agroecological vision attributes a key role to the spontaneous flora in promoting plant diversity and belowground interactions, which may improve the ecological performance of agroecosystems. We summarized the literature on the weeds' arbuscular-mycorrhizae (AM) interaction and we analyzed evidence on the: (i) AM suppressive/selective effect on weed communities; (ii) effect of weeds on AM colonization, and (iii) positive role of AM-supporting weeds on forming shared mycorrhizal hyphal connections in agroecosystems. While some authors conceptualized AM as a weed control tool, others underlined their selective effect on weed communities. Recent studies suggest that AM-host weeds can participate in the development of a common mycorrhizal mycelial network (MMN) among different plants species. Nevertheless, direct evidence of the actual exchange of nutrients and C between coexisting plants through MMN in agroecosystems is missing. Although the effect of agricultural practices on plant community-AM interactions are complex, more conservative farming management seems to foster AM populations. Future studies should focus on: (i) field studies, (ii) weed communities and their traits, rather than on the most abundant species, and (iii) the use of advanced analytical techniques, able to monitor MMN development and functionality.
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Ferreira I, Dias T, Cruz C. The Potential of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi to Modulate below and Aboveground Communities May Be Mediated by 1-Octen-3-ol. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020180. [PMID: 36836295 PMCID: PMC9961352 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can modulate below and aboveground communities. They are a key part of belowground communication as they produce a vast array of metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as 1-octen-3-ol. Here, we tested if the VOC 1-octen-3-ol may be involved in the ECM fungal mechanisms that modulate below and aboveground communities. For that, we conducted three in vitro assays with ECM fungi and the 1-octen-3-ol volatile to (i) explore the effects of mycelium growth of three ECM species, (ii) investigate the impact on the germination of six host Cistaceae species, and (iii) study the impact on host plant traits. The effects of 1-octen-3-ol on mycelium growth of the three ECM species depended on the dose and species: Boletus reticulatus was the most sensitive species to the low (VOC) dose, while T. leptoderma was the most tolerant. In general, the presence of the ECM fungi resulted in higher seed germination, while 1-octen-3-ol resulted in lower seed germination. The combined application of the ECM fungus and the volatile further inhibited seed germination, possibly due to the accumulation of 1-octen-3-ol above the plant species' threshold. Seed germination and plant development of Cistaceae species were influenced by ECM fungal volatiles, suggesting that 1-octen-3-ol may mediate changes in below and aboveground communities.
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Fine-resolution global maps of root biomass carbon colonized by arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Sci Data 2023; 10:56. [PMID: 36697422 PMCID: PMC9877027 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recognized importance of mycorrhizal associations in ecosystem functioning, the actual abundance patterns of mycorrhizal fungi belowground are still unknown. This information is key for better quantification of mycorrhizal impacts on ecosystem processes and for incorporating mycorrhizal pathways into global biogeochemical models. Here we present the first high-resolution maps of fine root stocks colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi (MgC ha-1). The maps were assembled by combining multiple open-source databases holding information on root biomass carbon, the proportion of AM and EcM tree biomass, plot-level relative abundance of plant species and intensity of AM and EcM root colonization. We calculated root-associated AM and EcM abundance in 881 spatial units, defined as the combination of ecoregions and land cover types across six continents. The highest AM abundances are observed in the (sub-)tropics, while the highest EcM abundances occur in the taiga regions. These maps serve as a basis for future research where continuous spatial estimates of root mycorrhizal stocks are needed.
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Liu H, Pausch J, Wu Y, Xu H, Liu G, Ma L, Xue S. Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Univ. of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Univ. of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Guobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - LiHui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Sha Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
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Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Biochar on Growth, Nutrient Absorption, and Physiological Properties of Maize ( Zea mays L.). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121275. [PMID: 36547608 PMCID: PMC9782859 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and biochar are two common alternatives to chemical fertilizers applied to soil to improve crop growth. However, their interactive effects on maize (Zea mays L.) growth, nutrient absorption, and physiological properties remain poorly understood. In this study, maize plants were grown in pots treated with biochar and AMFs Diversispora eburnea, alone or in combination. The results showed that the individual application of AMFs or biochar increased maize growth and mineral contents in shoots and roots (including P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn). The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents in AMF-treated leaves were significantly higher than those in the control treatment group. However, AMFs had no synergistic effects with biochar on maize growth, nutrient absorption, nor photosynthetic pigments. The application of biochar to the soil significantly reduced mycorrhizal colonization by 40.58% in the root tissues, accompanied by a significant decline in mycorrhizal dependency from 80.57% to -28.67%. We conclude that the application of biochar and AMFs can affect maize growth, nutrient uptake, and physiological properties. Our study can provide vital information for further resource use optimization in agroecosystems.
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Community structure of AM fungal species of six host plant species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Bi Y, Wang X, Cai Y, Christie P. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increases plant above-belowground feedback in a northwest Chinese coal mining-degraded soil by increasing photosynthetic carbon assimilation and allocation to maize. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:72612-72627. [PMID: 35610456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A three-compartment culture system was used to study the mechanism by which the AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae influences host plant growth and soil organic carbon (SOC) content in a northwest China coal mining area. A 13CO2 pulse tracing technique was used to trace the allocation of maize photosynthetic C in shoots, roots, AM fungus, and soil. Carbon accumulation and allocation in mycorrhizal (inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae) and non-mycorrhizal treatments were detected. AM fungal inoculation significantly increased the 13C concentration and content in both above- and below-ground plant parts and also significantly enhanced anti-aging ability by increasing soluble sugars and catalase activity (CAT) in maize leaves while reducing foliar malondialdehyde content (MDA) and leaf temperature and promoted plant growth. AM fungi also increased P uptake to promote maize growth. Soil organic carbon (SOC), glomalin, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and nitrogen (MBN) contents increased significantly after inoculation. A mutually beneficial system was established involving maize, the AM fungus and the microbiome, and the AM fungus became an important regulator of C flux between the above- and below-ground parts of the system. Inoculation with the AM fungus promoted plant growth, C fixation and allocation belowground to enhance soil quality. A positive above-belowground feedback appeared to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinli Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
- Institute of Ecological Environmental Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Institute of Ecological Environmental Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
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Guy P, Sibly R, Smart SM, Tibbett M, Pickles BJ. Mycorrhizal type of woody plants influences understory species richness in British broadleaved woodlands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2046-2053. [PMID: 35622460 PMCID: PMC9543792 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mature temperate woodlands are commonly dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees, whereas understory plants predominantly form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Due to differences in plant-fungus compatibility between canopy and ground layer vegetation the 'mycorrhizal mediation hypothesis' predicts that herbaceous plant establishment may be limited by a lack of suitable mycorrhizal fungal inoculum. We examined plant species data for 103 woodlands across Great Britain recorded in 1971 and in 2000 to test whether herbaceous plant species richness was related to the proportion of arbuscular mycorrhizal woody plants. We compared the effect of mycorrhizal type with other important drivers of woodland plant species richness. We found a positive effect of the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal woody plants on herbaceous plant species richness. The size of the observed effect was smaller than that of pH. Moreover, the effect persisted over time, despite many woodlands undergoing marked successional change and increased understorey shading. This work supports the mycorrhizal mediation hypothesis in British woodlands and suggests that increased abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal woody plants is associated with greater understory plant species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Guy
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Health and Life Sciences BuildingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6EXUK
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6BZUK
| | - Richard Sibly
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Health and Life Sciences BuildingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6EXUK
| | - Simon M. Smart
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyLibrary Avenue, BailriggLancasterLA1 4APUK
| | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6BZUK
| | - Brian J. Pickles
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Health and Life Sciences BuildingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6EXUK
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21
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Johnson DC, Teague R, Apfelbaum S, Thompson R, Byck P. Adaptive multi-paddock grazing management's influence on soil food web community structure for: increasing pasture forage production, soil organic carbon, and reducing soil respiration rates in southeastern USA ranches. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13750. [PMID: 35873909 PMCID: PMC9306548 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of two grazing management's influence on pasture productivity, soil food web structure, soil organic carbon and soil microbial respiration efficiency was conducted on five southeastern US, across-the-fence ranch pairs to compare adaptive multi-paddock grazing (AMP) management, using short grazing events with planned, adaptive recovery periods, to conventional grazing (CG) management, with continuous grazing at low stock density. Methodology A point-in-time experimental field analysis was conducted to compare five AMP or CG ranch pairs to better understand the influence of grazing management on (a) standing crop biomass productivity; (b) soil food web community population, structure and functionality; (c) soil organic carbon accrual; and d) soil-C (CO2) respiration kinetics. Results AMP grazing systems outperformed CG systems by generating: (a) 92.68 g m-2 more standing crop biomass (SCB), promoting 46% higher pasture photosynthetic capacity (Two sample Mann-Whitney; Z = 6.1836; no DF in MW; p = 6.26 × 10-10; Effect size = 0.35) (b) a strong positive linear relationship of SCB with fungal biomass (R = 0.9915; F(1,3) = 175.35; p = 0.015); fungal to bacterial (F:B) biomass ratio (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a soil food web proxy (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a concurrent very strong inverse relationship with bacteria biomass (R = -0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015); (c) significant predator/prey interactions with an inverse relationship with bacterial population biomass (R = - 0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015) and a positive relationship with total protozoa enumeration (R = 0.9826; F(1,3) = 83.68; p = 0.003) when compared to SCB; (d) a 19.52% reduction in soil C (CO2) respiration rates (Two sample t-test; T = -2.3581; DF = 52.3541; p = 0.0221; Effect size = 0.59); and (e) a 20.6% increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 10 cm of soil profile (Two sample Mann-Whitney; Z = 2.6507; no DF in MW; p = 0.008; Effect size = 0.24). Rancher conversion to AMP grazing strategies would appear to regenerate soil food web population, structure, diversity and biological functionality helping to improve: carbon flow into plant biomass, buildup of soil carbon, predator/prey nutrient cycling and soil microbial respiration efficiency while offering improved climate resilience and a strategy to increase the capture and storage of atmospheric CO2 in soils of the world's rangeland.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Johnson
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Richard Teague
- AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Vernon, TX, United States of America,Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Steven Apfelbaum
- Applied Ecological Institute, Inc., Juda, WI, United States of America
| | - Ry Thompson
- Resource Environmental Solutions, Broadhead, WI, United States of America
| | - Peter Byck
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America,Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
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22
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Agricultural management and pesticide use reduce the functioning of beneficial plant symbionts. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1145-1154. [PMID: 35798840 PMCID: PMC7613230 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) acquisition is key for plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help plants acquire P from soil. Understanding which factors drive AMF-supported nutrient uptake is essential to develop more sustainable agroecosystems. Here we collected soils from 150 cereal fields and 60 non-cropped grassland sites across a 3,000 km trans-European gradient. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the ability of AMF in these soils to forage for the radioisotope 33P from a hyphal compartment. AMF communities in grassland soils were much more efficient in acquiring 33P and transferred 64% more 33P to plants compared with AMF in cropland soils. Fungicide application best explained hyphal 33P transfer in cropland soils. The use of fungicides and subsequent decline in AMF richness in croplands reduced 33P uptake by 43%. Our results suggest that land-use intensity and fungicide use are major deterrents to the functioning and natural nutrient uptake capacity of AMF in agroecosystems.
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23
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Chaudhary VB, Holland EP, Charman-Anderson S, Guzman A, Bell-Dereske L, Cheeke TE, Corrales A, Duchicela J, Egan C, Gupta MM, Hannula SE, Hestrin R, Hoosein S, Kumar A, Mhretu G, Neuenkamp L, Soti P, Xie Y, Helgason T. What are mycorrhizal traits? Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:573-581. [PMID: 35504748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traits are inherent properties of organisms, but how are they defined for organismal networks such as mycorrhizal symbioses? Mycorrhizal symbioses are complex and diverse belowground symbioses between plants and fungi that have proved challenging to fit into a unified and coherent trait framework. We propose an inclusive mycorrhizal trait framework that classifies traits as morphological, physiological, and phenological features that have functional implications for the symbiosis. We further classify mycorrhizal traits by location - plant, fungus, or the symbiosis - which highlights new questions in trait-based mycorrhizal ecology designed to charge and challenge the scientific community. This new framework is an opportunity for researchers to interrogate their data to identify novel insights and gaps in our understanding of mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | | | | | - Aidee Guzman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lukas Bell-Dereske
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tanya E Cheeke
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Adriana Corrales
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110151, Colombia
| | - Jessica Duchicela
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Cameron Egan
- Department of Biology, Okanagan College, 1000 KLO Rd, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1Y 4X8
| | - Manju M Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Delhi, Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi 110017, India
| | - S Emilia Hannula
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Hestrin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Shabana Hoosein
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Genet Mhretu
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
| | - Lena Neuenkamp
- University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Berne 3013, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Multidisciplinary Institute for Environment Studies 'Ramon Margalef', University of Alicante, Alicante 03009, Spain
| | - Pushpa Soti
- Biology Department, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Yichun Xie
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077
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Authier L, Violle C, Richard F. Ectomycorrhizal Networks in the Anthropocene: From Natural Ecosystems to Urban Planning. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:900231. [PMID: 35845640 PMCID: PMC9280895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trees acquire hydric and mineral soil resources through root mutualistic associations. In most boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests, these functions are realized by a chimeric structure called ectomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are highly diversified and vary widely in their specificity toward plant hosts. Reciprocally, association patterns of ECM plants range from highly specialist to generalist. As a consequence, ECM symbiosis creates interaction networks, which also mediate plant-plant nutrient interactions among different individuals and drive plant community dynamics. Our knowledge of ECM networks essentially relies on a corpus acquired in temperate ecosystems, whereas the below-ground facets of both anthropogenic ECM forests and inter-tropical forests remain poorly investigated. Here, we successively (1) review the current knowledge of ECM networks, (2) examine the content of early literature produced in ECM cultivated forests, (3) analyze the recent progress that has been made in understanding the place of ECM networks in urban soils, and (4) provide directions for future research based on the identification of knowledge gaps. From the examined corpus of knowledge, we reach three main conclusions. First, the emergence of metabarcoding tools has propelled a resurgence of interest in applying network theory to ECM symbiosis. These methods revealed an unexpected interconnection between mutualistic plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) herbaceous plants, embedding ECM mycelia through root-endophytic interactions. This affinity of ECM fungi to bind VA and ECM plants, raises questions on the nature of the associated functions. Second, despite the central place of ECM trees in cultivated forests, little attention has been paid to these man-made landscapes and in-depth research on this topic is lacking. Third, we report a lag in applying the ECM network theory to urban soils, despite management initiatives striving to interconnect motile organisms through ecological corridors, and the highly challenging task of interconnecting fixed organisms in urban greenspaces is discussed. In particular, we observe a pauperized nature of resident ECM inoculum and a spatial conflict between belowground human pipelines and ECM networks. Finally, we identify the main directions of future research to make the needed link between the current picture of plant functioning and the understanding of belowground ECM networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Authier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier - CNRS - EPHE - IRD, Montpellier, France
- Ilex Paysage + Urbanisme, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier - CNRS - EPHE - IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Richard
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier - CNRS - EPHE - IRD, Montpellier, France
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25
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Weemstra M, Kuyper TW, Sterck FJ, Umaña MN. Incorporating belowground traits: avenues towards a whole‐tree perspective on performance. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Weemstra
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - María Natalia Umaña
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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26
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Eisenhauer N, Bonfante P, Buscot F, Cesarz S, Guerra C, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Patoine G, Rillig M, Schmid B, Verheyen K, Wirth C, Ferlian O. Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Context-Dependent Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e85873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity drives the maintenance and stability of ecosystem functioning as well as many of nature’s benefits to people, yet people cause substantial biodiversity change. Despite broad consensus about a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF), the underlying mechanisms and their context-dependencies are not well understood. This proposal, submitted to the European Research Council (ERC), aims at filling this knowledge gap by providing a novel conceptual framework for integrating biotic interactions across guilds of organisms, i.e. plants and mycorrhizal fungi, to explain the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity change. The overarching hypothesis is that EF increases when more tree species associate with functionally dissimilar mycorrhizal fungi. Taking a whole-ecosystem perspective, we propose to explore the role of tree-mycorrhiza interactions in driving BEF across environmental contexts and how this relates to nutrient dynamics. Given the significant role that mycorrhizae play in soil nutrient and water uptake, BEF relationships will be investigated under normal and drought conditions. Resulting ecosystem consequences will be explored by studying main energy channels and ecosystem multifunctionality using food web energy fluxes and by assessing carbon storage. Synthesising drivers of biotic interactions will allow us to understand context-dependent BEF relationships. This interdisciplinary and integrative project spans the whole gradient from local-scale process assessments to global relationships by building on unique experimental infrastructures like the MyDiv Experiment, iDiv Ecotron and the global network TreeDivNet, to link ecological mechanisms to reforestation initiatives. This innovative combination of basic scientific research with real-world interventions links trait-based community ecology, global change research and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of BEF research and represents a significant step towards implementing BEF theory for human needs.
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Mycelium chemistry differs markedly between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Commun Biol 2022; 5:398. [PMID: 35484190 PMCID: PMC9050698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical quality of soil carbon (C) inputs is a major factor controlling litter decomposition and soil C dynamics. Mycorrhizal fungi constitute one of the dominant pools of soil microbial C, while their litter quality (chemical proxies of litter decomposability) is understood poorly, leading to major uncertainties in estimating soil C dynamics. We examined litter decomposability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species using samples obtained from in vitro cultivation. We showed that the chemical composition of AM and EM fungal mycelium differs significantly: EM fungi have higher concentrations of labile (water-soluble, ethanol-soluble) and recalcitrant (non-extractable) chemical components, while AM fungi have higher concentrations of acid-hydrolysable components. Our results imply that differences in decomposability traits among mycorrhizal fungal guilds represent a critically important driver of the soil C cycle, which could be as vital as is recognized for differences among aboveground plant litter.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae: natural modulators of plant–nutrient relation and growth in stressful environments. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:264. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bell CA, Magkourilou E, Urwin PE, Field KJ. Disruption of carbon for nutrient exchange between potato and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced cyst nematode fitness and host pest tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:269-279. [PMID: 35020195 PMCID: PMC9304131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants simultaneously interact with a range of biotrophic symbionts, ranging from mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to parasites such as the potato cyst nematode (PCN). The exchange of mycorrhizal-acquired nutrients for plant-fixed carbon (C) is well studied; however, the impact of competing symbionts remains underexplored. In this study, we examined mycorrhizal nutrient and host resource allocation in potato with and without AMF and PCN using radioisotope tracing, whilst determining the consequences of such allocation. The presence of PCN disrupted C for nutrient exchange between plants and AMF, with plant C overwhelmingly obtained by the nematodes. Despite this, AMF maintained transfer of nutrients on PCN-infected potato, ultimately losing out in their C for nutrient exchange with the host. Whilst PCN exploited the greater nutrient reserves to drive population growth on AMF-potato, the fungus imparted tolerance to allow the host to bear the parasitic burden. Our findings provide important insights into the belowground dynamics of plant-AMF symbioses, where simultaneous nutritional and nonnutritional benefits conferred by AMF to hosts and their parasites are seldom considered in plant community dynamics. Our findings suggest this may be a critical oversight, particularly in the consideration of C and nutrient flows in plant and soil communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Bell
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Emily Magkourilou
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and SoilSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - P. E. Urwin
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and SoilSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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See CR, Keller AB, Hobbie SE, Kennedy PG, Weber PK, Pett-Ridge J. Hyphae move matter and microbes to mineral microsites: Integrating the hyphosphere into conceptual models of soil organic matter stabilization. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2527-2540. [PMID: 34989058 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Associations between soil minerals and microbially derived organic matter (often referred to as mineral-associated organic matter or MAOM) form a large pool of slowly cycling carbon (C). The rhizosphere, soil immediately adjacent to roots, is thought to control the spatial extent of MAOM formation because it is the dominant entry point of new C inputs to soil. However, emphasis on the rhizosphere implicitly assumes that microbial redistribution of C into bulk (non-rhizosphere) soils is minimal. We question this assumption, arguing that because of extensive fungal exploration and rapid hyphal turnover, fungal redistribution of soil C from the rhizosphere to bulk soil minerals is common, and encourages MAOM formation. First, we summarize published estimates of fungal hyphal length density and turnover rates and demonstrate that fungal C inputs are high throughout the rhizosphere-bulk soil continuum. Second, because colonization of hyphal surfaces is a common dispersal mechanism for soil bacteria, we argue that hyphal exploration allows for the non-random colonization of mineral surfaces by hyphae-associated taxa. Third, these bacterial communities and their fungal hosts determine the chemical form of organic matter deposited on colonized mineral surfaces. Collectively, our analysis demonstrates that omission of the hyphosphere from conceptual models of soil C flow overlooks key mechanisms for MAOM formation in bulk soils. Moving forward, there is a clear need for spatially explicit, quantitative research characterizing the environmental drivers of hyphal exploration and hyphosphere community composition across systems, as these are important controls over the rate and organic chemistry of C deposited on minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R See
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adrienne B Keller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, California, USA
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Jevon FV, Lang AK. Tree biomass allocation differs by mycorrhizal association. Ecology 2022; 103:e3688. [PMID: 35324010 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tree biomass allocation to leaves, roots, and wood affects the residence time of carbon in forests, with potentially dramatic implications for ecosystem carbon storage. However, drivers of tree biomass allocation remain poorly quantified. Using a combination of global datasets, we tested the relative importance of climate, leaf habit, and tree mycorrhizal associations on biomass allocation. We show that trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi allocate roughly 4% more of their biomass to root tissue than trees that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Further, the effect of mycorrhizal association on root biomass allocation was greater than that of climate and similar in magnitude to that of leaf habit (evergreen vs. deciduous). These patterns in whole-plant biomass allocation are likely due to differences in carbon investment toward root vs fungal tissues, where trees with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi favor root production while trees with ectomycorrhizal fungi favor fungal tissue production. These results suggest that considering tree mycorrhizal associations could improve our understanding of ecosystem carbon storage in terrestrial biosphere models: specifically, that greater within-tree allocation to root biomass in AM-associated tree species may contribute to stable soil carbon pools in forests dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V Jevon
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ashley K Lang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Fall AF, Nakabonge G, Ssekandi J, Founoune-Mboup H, Apori SO, Ndiaye A, Badji A, Ngom K. Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Fertility: Contribution in the Improvement of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of the Soil. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:723892. [PMID: 37746193 PMCID: PMC10512336 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.723892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Many of the world's soils are experiencing degradation at an alarming rate. Climate change and some agricultural management practices, such as tillage and excessive use of chemicals, have all contributed to the degradation of soil fertility. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs) contribute to the improvement of soil fertility. Here, a short review focusing on the role of AMF in improving soil fertility is presented. The aim of this review was to explore the role of AMF in improving the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil. We highlight some beneficial effects of AMF on soil carbon sequestration, nutrient contents, microbial activities, and soil structure. AMF has a positive impact on the soil by producing organic acids and glomalin, which protect from soil erosion, chelate heavy metals, improve carbon sequestration, and stabilize soil macro-aggregation. AMF also recruits bacteria that produce alkaline phosphatase, a mineralization soil enzyme associated with organic phosphorus availability. Moreover, AMFs influence the composition, diversity, and activity of microbial communities in the soil through mechanisms of antagonism or cooperation. All of these AMF activities contribute to improve soil fertility. Knowledge gaps are identified and discussed in the context of future research in this review. This will help us better understand AMF, stimulate further research, and help in sustaining the soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Fofana Fall
- African Center of Excellence in Agroecology and Livelihood Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda
- Fungi Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant Biology Department, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Grace Nakabonge
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ssekandi
- African Center of Excellence in Agroecology and Livelihood Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda
| | - Hassna Founoune-Mboup
- ISRA_LNRPV, Laboratoire National de Recherches sur les Productions Végétales (LNRPV), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Samuel Obeng Apori
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abibatou Ndiaye
- African Center of Excellence in Agroecology and Livelihood Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda
| | - Arfang Badji
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Khady Ngom
- African Center of Excellence in Agroecology and Livelihood Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda
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Life and death in the soil microbiome: how ecological processes influence biogeochemistry. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:415-430. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Qian Y, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhao H, Mutter TY, Huang X. Combined Bioremediation of Bensulfuron-Methyl Contaminated Soils With Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Hansschlegelia zhihuaiae S113. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:843525. [PMID: 35295293 PMCID: PMC8918986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, because of large-scale bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) application, environmental residues of BSM have massively increased, causing severe toxicity in rotation-sensitive crops. The removal of BSM from the environment has become essential. In this study, the combined bioremediation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus intraradices and BSM-degrading strain Hansschlegelia zhihuaiae S113 of BSM-polluted soil was investigated. BSM degradation by S113 in the maize rhizosphere could better promote AMF infection in the roots of maize, achieving an infection rate of 86.70% on the 36th day in the AMF + S113 + BSM group. Similarly, AMF enhanced the colonization and survival of S113 in maize rhizosphere, contributing 4.65 × 105 cells/g soil on the 15th day and 3.78 × 104 cells/g soil on the 20th day to a population of colonized-S113 (based possibly on the strong root system established by promoting plant-growth AMF). Both S113 and AMF coexisted in rhizosphere soil. The BSM-degrading strain S113 could completely remove BSM at 3 mg/kg from the maize rhizosphere soil within 12 days. AMF also promoted the growth of maize seedlings. When planted in BSM-contaminated soil, maize roots had a fresh weight of 2.59 ± 0.26 g in group S113 + AMF, 2.54 ± 0.20 g in group S113 + AMF + BSM, 2.02 ± 0.16 g in group S113 + BSM, and 2.61 ± 0.25 g in the AMF group, all of which exceeded weights of the control group on the 36th day except for the S113 + BSM group. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing results indicated that simultaneous inoculation with AMF and strain S113 of BSM-polluted maize root-soil almost left the indigenous bacterial community diversity and richness in maize rhizosphere soil unaltered. This represents a major advantage of bioremediation approaches resulting from the existing vital interactions among local microorganisms and plants in the soil. These findings may provide theoretical guidance for utilizing novel joint-bioremediation technologies, and constitute an important contribution to environmental pollution bioremediation while simultaneously ensuring crop safety and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qian
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huazhu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Thamer Y. Mutter
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Impact of Fungi on Agriculture Production, Productivity, and Sustainability. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Faghihinia M, Jansa J. Mycorrhiza governs plant-plant interactions through preferential allocation of shared nutritional resources: A triple ( 13C, 15N and 33P) labeling study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1047270. [PMID: 36589136 PMCID: PMC9799978 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1047270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-plant interactions and coexistence can be directly mediated by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi through asymmetric resource exchange between the plant and fungal partners. However, little is known about the effects of AM fungal presence on resource allocation in mixed plant stands. Here, we examined how phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) resources were distributed between coexisting con- and heterospecific plant individuals in the presence or absence of AM fungus, using radio- and stable isotopes. Congeneric plant species, Panicum bisulcatum and P. maximum, inoculated or not with Rhizophagus irregularis, were grown in two different culture systems, mono- and mixed-species stands. Pots were subjected to different shading regimes to manipulate C sink-source strengths. In monocultures, P. maximum gained more mycorrhizal phosphorus uptake benefits than P.bisulcatum. However, in the mixed culture, the AM fungus appeared to preferentially transfer nutrients (33P and 15N) to P.bisulcatum compared to P. maximum. Further, we observed higher 13C allocation to mycorrhiza by P.bisulcatum in mixed- compared to the mono-systems, which likely contributed to improved competitiveness in the mixed cultures of P.bisulcatum vs. P. maximum regardless of the shading regime. Our results suggest that the presence of mycorrhiza influenced competitiveness of the two Panicum species in mixed stands in favor of those with high quality partner, P. bisulcatum, which provided more C to the mycorrhizal networks. However, in mono-species systems where the AM fungus had no partner choice, even the lower quality partner (i.e., P.maximum) could also have benefitted from the symbiosis. Future research should separate the various contributors (roots vs. common mycorrhizal network) and mechanisms of resource exchange in such a multifaceted interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maede Faghihinia
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan Jansa,
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Agnihotri R, Sahni S, Sharma MP, Gupta MM. Facets of AM Fungi in Sequestering Soil Carbon and Improving Soil Health. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of Early, Small-Scale Nitrogen Addition on Germination and Early Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings and on the Recruitment of the Root-Associated Fungal Community. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most economically important species to the Swedish forest industry, and cost-efficient planting methods are needed to ensure successful reestablishment after harvesting forest stands. While the majority of clear-cuts are replanted with pre-grown seedlings, direct seeding can be a viable option on poorer sites. Organic fertilizer has been shown to improve planted seedling establishment, but the effect on direct seeding is less well known. Therefore, at a scarified (disc trencher harrowed) clear-cut site in northern Sweden, we evaluated the effect of early, small-scale nitrogen addition on establishment and early recruitment of fungi from the disturbed soil community by site-planted Scots pine seeds. Individual seeds were planted using a moisture retaining germination matrix containing 10 mg nitrogen in the form of either arginine phosphate or ammonium nitrate. After one growing season, we collected seedlings and assessed the fungal community of seedling roots and the surrounding soil. Our results demonstrate that early, small-scale N addition increases seedling survival and needle carbon content, that there is rapid recruitment of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the roots and rhizosphere of the young seedlings and that this rapid recruitment was modified but not prevented by N addition.
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
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Sportes A, Hériché M, Boussageon R, Noceto PA, van Tuinen D, Wipf D, Courty PE. A historical perspective on mycorrhizal mutualism emphasizing arbuscular mycorrhizas and their emerging challenges. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:637-653. [PMID: 34657204 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, one of the oldest interactions on earth (~ 450 million years old) and a first-class partner for plants to colonize emerged land, is considered one of the most pervasive ecological relationships on the globe. Despite how important and old this interaction is, its discovery was very recent compared to the long story of land plant evolution. The story of the arbuscular mycorrhiza cannot be addressed apart from the history, controversies, and speculations about mycorrhiza in its broad sense. The chronicle of mycorrhizal research is marked by multiple key milestones such as the initial description of a "persistent epiderm and pellicular wall structure" by Hartig; the introduction of the "Symbiotismus" and "Mycorrhiza" concepts by Frank; the description of diverse root-fungal morphologies; the first description of arbuscules by Gallaud; Mosse's pivotal statement of the beneficial nature of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis; the impact of molecular tools on the taxonomy of mycorrhizal fungi as well as the development of in vitro root organ cultures for producing axenic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). An appreciation of the story - full of twists and turns - of the arbuscular mycorrhiza, going from the roots of mycorrhiza history, along with the discovery of different mycorrhiza types such as ectomycorrhiza, can improve research to help face our days' challenge of developing sustainable agriculture that integrates the arbuscular mycorrhiza and its ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sportes
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Hériché
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Raphaël Boussageon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Noceto
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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Zhou J, Gui H, Yang S, Yang X, Shi L. Fungal Interactions Matter: Tricholoma matsutake Domination Affect Fungal Diversity and Function in Mountain Forest Soils. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1051. [PMID: 34681150 PMCID: PMC8533266 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake forms a symbiotic association with coniferous trees, developing mycelial aggregations, called 'shiro', which are characterized by distinct chemical and physical properties from nearby forest bulk soil. The fungal diversity living in shiro soil play key roles in nutrient cycles for this economically important mushroom, but have not been profiled across large spatial and environmental gradients. Samples of shiro and non-shiro (nearby bulk soil) were taken from five field sites where sporocarps naturally formed. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were combined to identify fungal biomass and community structure. Matsutake dominated in the shiro, which had a significantly reduced saprotrophic fungi biomass compared to non-shiro soil. Fungal diversity was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of T. matsutake in the shiro soil. The fungal community in the shiro was characterized by similar fungal species composition in most samples regardless of forest types. Matsutake coexisted with a specific fungal community due to competition or nutrient interactions. Oidiodendron was positively correlated with the abundance of T. matsutake, commonly cohabitant in the shiro. In contrast, Helotiales and Mortierella were negatively correlated with T. matsutake, both of which commonly inhabit the non-shiro soil but do not occur in shiro soils. We conclude that T. matsutake generate a dominance effect to shape the fungal community and diversity in shiro soil across distinctive forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Science, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Heng Gui
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China;
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Shujiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China;
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang 674100, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Science, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China;
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Steidinger BS, Peay KG. Optimal Allocation Ratios: A Square Root Relationship between the Ratios of Symbiotic Costs and Benefits. Am Nat 2021; 198:460-472. [PMID: 34559611 DOI: 10.1086/716182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAll organisms struggle to make sense of environmental stimuli in order to maximize their fitness. For animals, the responses of single cells and superorganisms to stimuli are generally proportional to stimulus ratios, a phenomenon described by Weber's law. However, Weber's law has not yet been used to predict how plants respond to stimuli generated from their symbiotic partners. Here we develop a model for quantitatively predicting the ratios of carbon (C) allocation to symbionts that provide nutrients to their plant host. Consistent with Weber's law, our model demonstrates that the optimal ratio of resources allocated to a less beneficial relative to a more beneficial symbiont scale to the ratio of the growth benefits of the two strains. As C allocation to symbionts increases, the ratio of C allocation to two strains approaches the square root of the ratio of symbiotic growth benefits (e.g., a worse symbiont providing one-fourth the benefits gets 1/4=1/2 the C of a better symbiont). We document a compelling correspondence between our square root model prediction and a meta-analysis of experimental literature on C allocation. This type of preferential allocation can promote coexistence between more beneficial and less beneficial symbionts, offering a potential mechanism behind the high diversity of microbial symbionts observed in nature.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi and trees: brothers in arms in the face of anthropogenic activities and their consequences. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. Carbon for nutrient exchange between Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophytes is unresponsive to high atmospheric CO 2. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:431-440. [PMID: 33884466 PMCID: PMC8266774 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-vascular plants associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' (MFRE) fungi derive greater benefits from their fungal associates under higher atmospheric [CO2] (a[CO2]) than ambient; however, nothing is known about how changes in a[CO2] affect MFRE function in vascular plants. We measured movement of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) between the lycophyte Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophyte fungi using 33P-orthophosphate, 15 N-ammonium chloride and 14CO2 isotope tracers under ambient and elevated a[CO2] concentrations of 440 and 800 ppm, respectively. Transfers of 33P and 15 N from MFRE to plants were unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. There was a slight increase in C transfer from plants to MFRE under elevated a[CO2]. Our results demonstrate that the exchange of C-for-nutrients between a vascular plant and Mucoromycotina FRE is largely unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. Unravelling the role of MFRE in host plant nutrition and potential C-for-N trade changes between symbionts under different abiotic conditions is imperative to further our understanding of the past, present and future roles of plant-fungal symbioses in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Koovalamkadu Velayudhan P, Singh A, Korekallu Srinivasa A. Exploring the global research trends in biofertilizers: a bibliometric approach. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:304. [PMID: 34194897 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This research article attempts a bibliometric analysis of global research on biofertilizers carried out from 2000 to 2019. The main purpose of this analysis is in technology foresight; to understand where the research interest lies within the domain of biofertilizer and also to identify the major research networks. The analysis is based on 344 research articles identified using the ISI Web of Science tool, which is processed further using VOSviewer. The results demonstrated that there is an increase in the number of articles, particularly from countries like Brazil, India China, the USA, and Iran. The research focus has been on the assessment of nitrogen fixation capacity of biofertilizers, and the yield improvement due to biofertilizers, and the economics of biofertilizer application. Our findings can act as a useful reference for the researchers, and provide insights for directing future research on biofertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alka Singh
- Division of Agricultural Economics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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The Coevolution of Plants and Microbes Underpins Sustainable Agriculture. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051036. [PMID: 34065848 PMCID: PMC8151373 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants evolution occurred in the presence of microbes, the phytomicrobiome. The rhizosphere microbial community is the most abundant and diverse subset of the phytomicrobiome and can include both beneficial and parasitic/pathogenic microbes. Prokaryotes of the phytomicrobiome have evolved relationships with plants that range from non-dependent interactions to dependent endosymbionts. The most extreme endosymbiotic examples are the chloroplasts and mitochondria, which have become organelles and integral parts of the plant, leading to some similarity in DNA sequence between plant tissues and cyanobacteria, the prokaryotic symbiont of ancestral plants. Microbes were associated with the precursors of land plants, green algae, and helped algae transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. In the terrestrial setting the phytomicrobiome contributes to plant growth and development by (1) establishing symbiotic relationships between plant growth-promoting microbes, including rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, (2) conferring biotic stress resistance by producing antibiotic compounds, and (3) secreting microbe-to-plant signal compounds, such as phytohormones or their analogues, that regulate aspects of plant physiology, including stress resistance. As plants have evolved, they recruited microbes to assist in the adaptation to available growing environments. Microbes serve themselves by promoting plant growth, which in turn provides microbes with nutrition (root exudates, a source of reduced carbon) and a desirable habitat (the rhizosphere or within plant tissues). The outcome of this coevolution is the diverse and metabolically rich microbial community that now exists in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants. The holobiont, the unit made up of the phytomicrobiome and the plant host, results from this wide range of coevolved relationships. We are just beginning to appreciate the many ways in which this complex and subtle coevolution acts in agricultural systems.
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Hagenbo A, Piñuela Y, Castaño C, Martínez de Aragón J, de-Miguel S, Alday JG, Bonet JA. Production and turnover of mycorrhizal soil mycelium relate to variation in drought conditions in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus ilex forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1609-1622. [PMID: 33091152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In forests, ectomycorrhizal mycelium is pivotal for driving soil carbon and nutrient cycles, but how ectomycorrhizal mycelial dynamics vary in ecosystems with drought periods is unknown. We quantified the production and turnover of mycorrhizal mycelium in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus ilex forests and related the estimates to standardised precipitation index (SPI), to study how mycelial dynamics relates to tree species and drought-moisture conditions. Production and turnover of mycelium was estimated between July and February, by quantifying the fungal biomass (ergosterol) in ingrowth mesh bags and using statistical modelling. SPI for time scales of 1-3 months was calculated from precipitation records and precipitation data over the study period. Forests dominated by Pinus trees displayed higher biomass but were seasonally more variable, as opposed to Q. ilex forests where the mycelial biomass remained lower and stable over the season. Production and turnover, respectively, varied between 1.4-5.9 kg ha-1 d-1 and 7.2-9.9 times yr-1 over the different forest types and were positively correlated with 2-month and 3-month SPI over the study period. Our results demonstrated that mycorrhizal mycelial biomass varied with season and tree species and we speculate that production and turnover are related to physiology and plant host performance during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hagenbo
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-701 82, Sweden
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Yasmine Piñuela
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - Carles Castaño
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | | | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
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Li C, Jia Z, Peng X, Zhai L, Zhang B, Liu X, Zhang J. Functions of mineral-solubilizing microbes and a water retaining agent for the remediation of abandoned mine sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143215. [PMID: 33160670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in abandoned mines across China, Consequently, external-soil spray seeding technologies have emerged as a common method for their remediation. However, slope soils are typically unstable and easily collapsed and the nutrients absorbed by plants are insufficient, which complicate ecological restoration. For this study, we added mineral-solubilizing microbes and a water retaining agent to an external-soil spray seeding substrate in Lespedeza bicolor pots. We investigated the soil nutrients, soil enzyme activities, root growth parameters, root tensile properties, and root-reinforced soil shear strengths. The results revealed that the addition of microbes enhanced soil nutrients, soil enzyme activities, and the content of lignin and hemicellulose, which promoted root growth. Further, the addition of a water retaining agent promoted Lespedeza bicolor root growth but decreased the root tensile strength and force. Shear stress under the microbe treatment was more robust than without it. Finally, root growth was correlated with soil nutrients and enzyme activities, whereas the root tensile force and strength were correlated with lignin and cellulose. Our results suggested that the addition of mineral-solubilizing microbes had the capacity to enhance the quality of soils to facilitate the growth of plants. These results provide a new and viable strategy for the ecological restoration of abandon mine sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Zhaohui Jia
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xiaonan Peng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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Van't Padje A, Oyarte Galvez L, Klein M, Hink MA, Postma M, Shimizu T, Kiers ET. Temporal tracking of quantum-dot apatite across in vitro mycorrhizal networks shows how host demand can influence fungal nutrient transfer strategies. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:435-449. [PMID: 32989245 PMCID: PMC8027207 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi function as conduits for underground nutrient transport. While the fungal partner is dependent on the plant host for its carbon (C) needs, the amount of nutrients that the fungus allocates to hosts can vary with context. Because fungal allocation patterns to hosts can change over time, they have historically been difficult to quantify accurately. We developed a technique to tag rock phosphorus (P) apatite with fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) nanoparticles of three different colors, allowing us to study nutrient transfer in an in vitro fungal network formed between two host roots of different ages and different P demands over a 3-week period. Using confocal microscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy, we could distinguish between P transfer from the hyphae to the roots and P retention in the hyphae. By tracking QD-apatite from its point of origin, we found that the P demands of the younger root influenced both: (1) how the fungus distributed nutrients among different root hosts and (2) the storage patterns in the fungus itself. Our work highlights that fungal trade strategies are highly dynamic over time to local conditions, and stresses the need for precise measurements of symbiotic nutrient transfer across both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Van't Padje
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loreto Oyarte Galvez
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Shimizu
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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